Please note that page numbers are not accurate for the e-book edition.
abortion: of female fetuses, 29–31; restricting access to, 105, 178
Aché nomadic hunter-gatherers, Paraguay: gender equality, 117; hunting by females, 119; hunting by males, 111–12; role of grandmothers, 164
The Age of Scientific Sexism (Ruti), 9
alleles (genes), 39
alloparents: and cooperative breeding, 105; defined, 102; grandmothers as, 165–66
American Anthropological Association, male bias, 108–109
amygdala, sex differences in, 86, 92
Anderson, Wyatt, 134–35
androgen, 25–26, 59–61. See also sex hormones
“The Angel in the House” (Patmore), 16
animals, research involving: animal orgasm studies, 145; applicability to humans, 58; chromosome research on mice, 41; impacts of sex hormones on brain growth and behavior, 55–57; and male guarding behaviors, 143; sex biases in, 43; species showing female dominance, 151–53. See also primatology
anthropology: contributions to understanding of gender identity, 26–27; focus on male behaviors, 107–10; and the hunting hypothesis, 107–13, 115; on male contributions to human longevity, 172; and studies of modern-day hunter-gatherer societies, 101–2, 117; and women as tool inventors and users, 110
archaeology, data on sex differences from, 94–95
Ardrey, Robert, 108
Arnold, Arthur, 38–41, 43–44, 46
Ashworth, Ann, 31
Asia, South Asia: cultural preferences for male children, 29–32, 104, 178; extended families in, 163
Austad, Steven, 33–37, 40, 42–43
autism: as extreme version of the systemizing brain, 52, 54–55; relationship with fetal sex hormones, 68–69
autoimmune disease, sex differences in, 36–37
Ayers, Beverley, 174
baboons, 99, 154
Baranowski, Andreas, 132
Baron-Cohen, Simon: empathizing-systemizing theory, 52–55, 63, 67–68; studies of fetal testosterone and brain development, 51–52, 66–69; study on gender differences in newborns, 53–54
Bateman, Angus John: critiques of fruit fly study, 127–28, 132, 134–35; fruit fly mating studies, 121–25, 136–37; and sexual selection theory, 129
“beauty map” of British women (Galton), 17
Beery, Annaliese, 43
Behan, Peter, 56–57
behavioral research, 49–54, 129–31
Bennett, Craig, on functional magnetic resonance imaging, 82–83
Berthold, Adolph, experiments with cockerel testes, 22–23
Bethlehem Royal Hospital (Bedlam), postmenopausal women in, 157–58
biological research, 14–15, 36, 42–43
Bird, Rebecca Bliege, 112, 118–19
Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, 18
Blair-Bell, William, 25
bluebirds, 134
Bluhm, Cynthia, 130
bonobos: bonds between females, 100, 153; casual sex among, 152–53; dominance of females over males, 150–52; fertility patterns and behaviors, 102–3; hunting by females, 153; identification as separate species, 151
“Boys Will Be Boys” (Pinker), 125–26
brains, human: composition and architecture, 77–78; diversity and uniqueness, 90–92; neural connections in, 78–79; plasticity, 89–92; size, as ratio to body size, 76
brains, sex differences research: blood flow studies, 76–77; critiques of, 77–78, 81–82, 85–86; dimorphism assumptions, 84; and gender stereotyping, 88, 90, 93; and hippocampus size, 84–85; weight and volume studies, 72–76. See also Baron-Cohen, Simon
breast ironing, 142
Bribiescas, Richard Gutierrez, 102–3, 105–6, 111
Brown, Gillian, 131
Brown-Séquard, Charles-Édouard, 23
Burnell, Jocelyn Bell, 9
Buss, David, 125
Cahill, Larry, 86–87, 89
Cameroon, West Africa, breast ironing in, 142
Carosi, Monica, 145
Cerebral Dominance (Geschwind and Galaburda), 57
chess, dominance of males in, 87
childbirth: and cultural restrictions on female equality, 119; differences between primates and humans, 102; and female failure to evolve, 15; mortality associated with, 163
children: early environment and brain development, 112–13; and emergence of gender identity, 50–51; external stimulation and brain function, 71–72; factors influencing survival, 166; importance of community supports, 106; male, cultural preferences for, 29–30, 32, 104, 178; parental investment in, 123–24; role of parents in gender socializing, 63, 71; sex differences in health and physiology, 31–33; survival of, and grandmother effect, 163, 166. See also infanticide, feticide
chimpanzees: birthing behaviors, 102; dominance of males among, 97; female tool-using skills, 110; male coercion of females by, 149–50; male preference for older females, 170
China, foot binding in, 142
“Choosy But Not Chaste: Multiple Mating in Human Females” (Scelza), 130–31
Cimpian, Andrei, 66
Clark, Russell, 120–21, 127, 132–33
Clayton, Janine, 44–45, 47
clitoris removal, during female genital mutilation, 139–40
Coall, David, 106, 166
Coates, John, 27
cockerel testes, 22–23
cognitive neuroscience, 82. See also neuroscience
Colom, Roberto, 65
complementarity principle, 17, 80–81, 94
Confucius, 142
congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 63
Connellan, Jennifer, 53–54, 66–68
consciousness-raising, 134
Cooper, Wendy, 160
cooperative breeding systems, 102–5, 107, 115–16
Craig, Michael, 104
The Creation of Patriarchy (Lerner), 146–47
Crittenden, Alyssa, 171–73
Croft, Darren, 166–67
Cronin, Helena, 51–52
cultural/social factors: and the encouragement of high-achieving males, 65–66; and excess mortality among girl babies, 32; and female vs. male response to disease, 37–38; impact on female equality, 119
Curie, Marie, 8
Cut: One Woman’s Fight Against FGM in Britain Today (Wardere), 141
Darwin, Charles: assumptions about male superiority, 14, 18, 95, 107; Kennard’s letter to, 13–16; and sexual selection theory, 122
Datoga pastoralist-warriors, 106
Day, Alice Chenoweth. See Gardener, Helen Hamilton
de Beauvoir, Simone, 13
Delusions of Gender (Fine), 67, 84
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (Darwin), 14–15, 121
de Waal, Frans, 153
diffusion tensor imaging, 78
“digging sticks,” 110
digoxin, sex-related research findings, 45–46
Disteche, Christine, 40
Do Babies Matter: Gender and Family in the Ivory Tower (Mason, Wolfinger, and Goulden), 4
Dogon communities, Mali, 142
“Do Men Need to Cheat on Their Women? A New Science Says Yes” (Playboy), 124
ducks, mallard, 130
Dyble, Mark, 116–17
Eddy, Sarah, 5–6
education, sexism in, 8
Ehrenberg, Israel, 177
Eliot, Lise, 85
empathizing-systemizing theory (Baron-Cohen): critiques, 63, 67–70; supporting evidence, popularity, 52–55, 57, 63
endocrinology. See estrogen; hormone therapy for menopause; sex hormones; testosterone
Engels, Friedrich, 146
the Enlightenment, view of science during, 16
Equal Pay Act, UK, and the gender pay gap, 5
The Essential Difference (Baron-Cohen), 54–55
essentialism, 93
Estioko-Griffin, Agnes, 114–15 estrogen: loss of, and menopausal symptoms, 159–60; in men, discovery of and implications, 25–26. See also hormone replacement therapy for menopause; menopause; sex hormones
Eté, Democratic Republic of the Congo, alloparenting among, 102
Evans, Herbert, 26
Eve, as subservient woman, 19
evolutionary biology: data on sex differences, 94–95; and the development of language and intelligence, 112–13; explanations for female orgasm, 145; explanations for menopause and postmenopausal survival, 161–63, 165, 168–69; and the importance of primate research, 98–99, 154; sexist assumptions, 19, 14–22, 98–99, 116–17, 134, 136; and sexual selection theory, 121–25
evolutionary psychology, and gender-based concepts of monogamy and polygamy, 125–26
The Evolution of Desire: Strategies of Human Mating (Buss), 126
The Evolution of Human Sexuality (Symons), 125
The Evolution of Sex (Geddes and Thomson), 17
The Evolution of Woman, an Inquiry into the Dogma of Her Inferiority to Man (Gamble), 20
extended families, and the grandmother hypothesis, 163
extended longevity hypothesis, 165, 168
Facts and Fictions of Life (Gardener), 74
fathers, fathering, 103, 106–7. See also alloparents; partible patrimony
Fausto-Sterling, Anne: on fetal sex hormones and brain development, 70; on human beings as developmental systems, 70; newborn and baby research, 55, 71–72; on Victorian concepts of femininity, 25; on Wilson’s sexist language, 160
female dominance, animals that show, 151–53
female genital mutilation (FGM), 139–41
females, women: and alloparents, 101–2; biases against in high-achieving disciplines, 2–5, 66; as biologically predetermined, 3, 120–21, 131, 133, 143; childcare role, and development of language, 112–13; and choice of mate, benefits to children, 130; and concepts of femaleness, femininity, 16, 23–28, 90; cooperation among, 156; disease incidence and virulence in, 36–37, 40–41; economic limitations and restrictions, 17–18; educational limitations and restrictions, 8; endurance and strength, 31–33, 113–14, 177; experience of, brain effects, 89; as gatherers, work involved in, 109–10; and the gender pay gap, 5; as hunters, 110, 114–15; intelligence and skill acquisition, 63–65, 72–76, 84, 90, 110; and the maternal instinct, 103–4; and mate selectivity, 133; monthly cycles, physiology of, 159; as natural leaders, 177–78; as naturally monogamous, 121–26; pro-male gender bias shown by, 5; sexual assertiveness, 128; sex-related response to medications, 44–45; unique characteristics, 61–62; unpaid labor performed by, 4–5; violence against, 178–79. See also empathizing-systemizing theory; menopause; sex hormones; sexuality, female; virginity, female chastity
Feminine Forever (Wilson), 159–60
feminism, contributions to the practice of good science, 3, 10–12, 21–22, 27, 74, 128, 134, 179–81
Feminist Approaches to Science (Hrdy), 128
fetal brain development, impact of sex hormones, 55–58, 68–70
fetuses, as initially female, 23–24
FGM. See female genital mutilation (FGM)
Fields medal for mathematics, 2
Fine, Cordelia, 67, 84, 89–90
five-alpha-reductase deficiency, 59
Flinn, Mark, 107, 131
Flint, Marcha, 174
Florida State University experiment on casual sex, 120, 132–33
follicles: depletion of, 168; monthly release of, 159
foot binding, China, 142
Foreman, Amanda, 142
Fossey, Dian, 96
Franklin, Rosalind, 9
From Eve to Evolution: Darwin, Science, and Women’s Rights in Gilded Age America (Hamlin), 19
functional magnetic resonance imaging, 81–83
Galaburda, Albert, 56–57
Galton, Francis, 17
Gamble, Eliza Burt, 19–22, 27, 74, 108
Gardener, Helen Hamilton (Alice
Chenoweth Day), 74–76, 81 gathering activities, 109–10
Geddes, Patrick, 17
Geertz, Clifford, 125
gender: and limitations on women’s work, 16; women’s rights movement, 16–17, 21
gender, gender identity: as biologically determined, 3, 12, 18, 27, 48, 52–54, 80–81; complementarity principle, 17, 80–81, 94; emergence of, in early childhood, 50–51; gender similarities hypothesis, 61, 64; in human embryos, 24; and neurosexism, 84; in newborns, 53–54; and primate studies, 55–56; and sexual behaviors, 120–21; sex vs., 28; as socially and culturally determined, 14–17, 19–20, 28, 50–51, 56, 88–93, 127, 146, 180; spectrum for, 26, 70. See also females, women; males, men; sex hormones; sexuality, female
“Gender Differences in Receptivity to Sexual Offers” (Clark and Hatfield), 121
genetic research, 38–41
genitals, sex effects, 92
Geschwind, Norman (Geschwind-Behan-Balabura theory), 56–57
gibbons, 155
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, 18, 74
Gliga, Teodora: on challenges of baby research, 50–51; on gender differences as a continuum, 70; on the importance of replication, 67–68; on sex differences in performance, 64
Goodall, Jane, 96, 110, 149–50
Goulden, Marc, 4
Gowaty, Patricia, 130, 133–37
Goy, Robert, 55–56
the grandmother hypothesis: critiques of, 173; Gurven’s two-sex model for, 172; Hawkes’s research, 163–65, 168–69; survival benefits, 166, 167; Williams’ elaboration of, 163
Griffin, Bion, 114–15, 118
Grossi, Giordana, 66–67
Grunspan, Dan, 5–6
Guillebaud, John, 38
Gur, Raquel, 78–80, 84, 88
Gur, Ruben: complementarity hypothesis, 79–81; critiques of, 84, 88; on sex differences in the human brain, 76–79, 93; support for, 85–86
Gurven, Michael: on bias in human research, 173; on male contributions to human longevity, 172; on male nipples, 170; revision of hunting hypothesis, 111–12, 118
Hadza hunter-gatherers, Tanzania: alloparents among, 102; differing anthropological perspectives on, 164; fathering among, 106; gender equality, 117; male hunting, 111; role of older women, 171
Halpern, Diane, 90–91
Hamadryas baboons, 149
Hamlin, Kimberly, 7, 19, 21
Hammond, William Alexander, 74–76
Hanuman langur monkeys, 97–98, 149, 154
“Hardworking Hadza Grandmothers” (Hawkes), 164
Hatfield, Elaine, 120–21, 127, 132–33
Hawkes, Kristen: critiques of, 112, 173; on feminist contributions to science, 12; and the grandmother hypothesis, 163–64, 168–69, 174–75; on hunting as a reliable food source, 111; support for, 171, 174
health differences, female vs. male, 32, 34–41, 45–47
Heape, Walter, 21–22
Hecht, Heiko, 132–33
Hill, Kim, 107, 111–12, 117–18, 131
Himba nomadic farmers, Namibia, 129–30, 132
Hines, Melissa: on replication in science, 62; research with intersex people, 61–62; studies of impacts of prenatal testosterone, 58, 69, 72; studies of sex differences in intelligence and behavior, 63–65, 84
hippocampus, sex-related size differences, 84–85
Holmes, Donna, 173
hormone replacement therapy for menopause, 160–61
hormones, role of, 23. See also sex hormones
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer: challenges to gender stereotypes, 98–99, 103–4, 142–43, 147–48; cooperative breeding systems, 102; on language development in humans, 112; on multiple mating, 127; primatology research and findings, 96–98, 100–101, 103–4; resistance to sexism in science, 99–100, 128; and the role of grandmothers, 165–66
human beings, as developmental systems, 70–71
hunter-gatherer societies: alloparents, 102; anthropological studies of, 101–2; and the division of workloads, 113–14; egalitarian, 116–18; and female hunters, 114–15, 118–19; importance to human evolutionary history, 107–8
hunting: by females, evidence from chimpanzees, 110–11; by females among the Nanadukan Agta, 114–15; by males, assumptions about, 3, 107–13; and strength required of female gatherers, 113; as variable food source, implications, 111; view of as incompatible with motherhood, 118
The Hunting Hypothesis (Ardrey), 108
Hurtado, Ana Magdalena, 119
Hyde, Janet Shibley, 64
immune system, female, 35–36
India, preference for male children, 29–30
infanticide, feticide, 97–98, 104, 178
infants. See children
infibulation, 140
intelligence, sex-related differences, 63–65, 72–76, 84, 90, 110, 112–13
intersex people, 59–61
intuitiveness, as female trait, 80. See also empathizing-systemizing theory
Jacklin, Carol Nagy, 64
Jacobson, Anne Jaap, 92–93
Japanese macaques, 145
Joel, Daphna, 84, 91–93
Jordan-Young, Rebecca, 89–90
Kachel, Friederike, 168
Kaiser, Anelis, 89–90
Kennard, Caroline, 13–16
Khurana, Mitu, 29–30
Kidd, Celeste, 112–13
killer whales (orcas), 162, 166–67
Kim, Yong-Kyu, 135
Klein, Sabra, 37
Konner, Melvin, 117–18, 146, 177–78
Kuhle, Barry, 167–68
!Kung hunter-gatherers, southern Africa: alloparents among, 102; hunting by males, 111; role of women, 109, 113
Laland, Kevin, 131
Lancaster, Chet, 108
language development in humans, 112
Lawn, Joy, 31–32, 34
Lee, Richard, 109, 113
left-handedness, 57
Lerner, Gerda, 146–47
Leslie, Sarah-Jane, 66
life expectancy, sex differences in, 33, 165, 168–72
life-span-artifact hypothesis, 165
Linton, Sally (Sally Slocum), 108–10, 112
Lummaa, Virpi, 167–68, 170
Lutchmaya, Svetlana, 68
Lyon, Mary Frances, 40
Maccoby, Eleanor, 64
Maguire, Eleanor, 89
males, men: behavioral differences, baby research, 50; brain size studies, 72–73; disease incidence and virulence, 34, 36–37, 39–41; hormonal response to contact with babies, 105; intelligence of, comparisons with females, 64–65, 75; mate guarding behaviors, 141–43; as naturally polygamous, 121–26; and the patriarch theory, 167, 170–71; preference for younger women, 169–71, 173; response to medications, 44–46; sexual behaviors, 120–21; and sexual insecurity, 137–38, 146, 178; sperm activity as metaphor for, 17; stereotypes associated with, 5, 9, 16, 23–26, 52, 61–64, 66, 84, 110; and the Y chromosome, 39
malnutrition, 38
Man the Hunter (Washburn and Lancaster), 108
“Man the Hunter” symposium, University of Chicago, 107–8
Marlowe, Frank, 170–73
Martin, Carol Lynn, 50–51
Martu hunter-gatherers, Western Australia, 119
Mason, Mary Ann, 4
mate guarding behaviors. See sexual jealousy, mate guarding
maternal instinct, myths about, 103–4
math, math achievement: changing sex ratios associated with, 90; underrepresentation of women, 2, 65–66
Matthews, Paul: on cognitive neuroscience, 82; on diffusion tensor imaging, 78; on early research errors, 83–84; on inter-individual variability in brain function, 93; on studies of brain plasticity in adults, 89; study of toy type and brain development, 76, 90
Mbendjele hunter-gathers, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 116–17
McEwen, Bruce, 55–56
McManus, Chris, 57
Mead, Margaret, 26–27
medical research: binary nature of, 47; exclusion of women from, rationale, 43; focus on males, 43; implications for women’s health and treatment, 44–45, 48; requirement to include women as test subjects, 47; sex differences in treatment response, 44–47
Meitner, Lise, 8–9
men. See males, men
Men: Evolutionary and Life History (Bribiescas), 105–6
menopause: alternatives to the grandmother hypothesis, 168; changing attitudes towards, 161, 174; and depletion of sex hormones, 159; evolutionary origins, 165, 169–73; evolution of, factors contributing to, 162–67; first recorded mention, 165; historical misunderstanding and fear of, 158; and hormone replacement therapy, 160–61; medicalization of, 160, 174; in nonhuman species, 162; as protective, 163
menstruation, 35–36, 38
Meriam hunter-gatherers, Torres Strait Islands, 118
Mesopotamia, ancient, female subjugation in, 146–47
Miller, Amber, 113
Miller, David, 90–91
Miller, Geoffrey, 126
The Mind Has No Sex? Women in the Origins of Modern Science (Schiebinger), 7
The Mismeasure of Woman: Why Women Are Not the Better Sex, the Inferior Sex, or the Opposite Sex (Tavris), 179–80
modesty, female. See virginity, female chastity
monogamy: evolution of, factors contributing to, 125–26; and partible patrimony, 107; and sexual selection theory, 121–25; stereotypes associated with, 121–22
Montagu, Ashley, 29, 176–78
Montagu, Mary Wortley, 177
Morton, Richard, 169–171, 173
Moss-Racusin, Corinne, 5
Mosuo society, China, 130–31
motherhood, mothers: and alloparents, 101–2, 165–66; hormonal response to contact with babies, 105; humans compared with primates, 100–101; primate mothers, 101; role in gender-socializing of infants, 71–72; stereotypes about, 118. See also children; the grandmother hypothesis
Mother Nature (Hrdy), 146–48
Mothers and Others: The Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding (Hrdy), 101–2, 165–66
Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff, 131
Muller, Martin, 106, 149
multiple mating among females, 127, 129–31
Nanadukan Agta hunter-gathers, Luzon, Philippines, 114–16, 118
Nash, Alison, 66–67
National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act, 47
The Natural Superiority of Women (Ashley Montagu), 176, 178
The Nature and Evolution of Female Sexuality (Sherfey), 144–46
Nepal, work expected of female children in, 30
neurofeminism, 92–93
neuroscience: neurosexism, 83–84; and sex differences research, 75, 77, 83–84; technological innovations, implications, 81–82
Nobel Prize, 2
No Change: Biological Revolution for Women (Cooper), 160
Noether, Emmy, 8
the Nordic Paradox, 179
nuclear families, 107
O’Connell, James, 111
O’Connor, Cliodhna, 88
Oertelt-Prigione, Sabine, 35–38, 40–42, 47
orangutans, male dominance, 149
orgasm, female, 125, 144–45
Oudshoorn, Nelly, 24, 26
the ovum, female egg, 17
oxytocin, and response to babies, 105
Palanan Agta hunter-gatherers, Philippines, 116–17
Paleofantasy (Zuk), 113
“Parental Investment and Sexual Selection” (Trivers), 123
Parish, Amy, 150–54, 156
partible patrimony, 107, 131
Patmore, Coventry, 16
patriarchal societies, establishment of, 146–49
patriarch theory of male longevity (patriarch hypothesis), 170–72
Pavlicev, Mihaela, 145
pharmacology research, focus on males, 43
physics, women working in, 2
Piaget, Jean, 50
Piantadosi, Steven, 112–13
pigeons, male dominance in, 137–38
Pinker, Steven, 51–52, 125–26
plasticity, brain, 89–92
PLOS ONE, apology for gender bias in editorial policy, 6
polygamy, 121–26
postmenopausal women: healthy and active, challenges posed by, 161–62, 165–66, 173; and hormone treatments, 159; incarceration, 157–58; infertility of, 158–59. See also the grandmother hypothesis; menopause patriarch theory of male longevity
“preferential-looking” experiments, 53
pregnancy, 32–33, 35–36, 113
primates: close relationship of mothers with children, 100–101; fertility, 102; gender-cooperative species, 155; life expectancy among, 165; males, dominance behaviors, 148–49
primatology: female researchers, 96; focus on chimpanzees, 151; importance to human evolutionary history, 94–95, 154; male focused research, 97–100; and the origins of patriarchy, 148–49
property, women as, and sexual repression of women, 146–48
psychologists, evolutionary, data on sex-related differences, 94–95
The Psychology of Sex Differences (Maccoby and Jacklin), 64
Puleston, Cedric, 172
Quinton, Richard, 23–24, 27, 59–60
Radcliffe, Paula, 113
Rademaker, Marius, 44
Ralls, Katherine, 155
replication of scientific research, importance, 62, 67–68, 135
reproductive cost hypothesis for menopause, 168
rhesus macaque, 149
Richardson, Sarah, 42, 45, 47
right-brain development, 56–57
Rippon, Gina: on brain plasticity studies, 89–90; on complementarity, 81, 87; on neurosexism, 83–84; on the political implications of research, 87–88; on uniqueness of each brain, 91
Romanes, George John, 17, 75–76
Rosenberg, Karen, 102
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 80–81
Royal Society of London, election of women to, 7
Ruble, Diane, 50
running, endurance, 113
Ruti, Mari, 9
Sandberg, Kathryn, 34–36, 38, 45
Saudi Arabia, women in, 143–44
Scelza, Brooke, 128–33
Schiebinger, Londa, 7–8, 16
scientific research: blind experimental designs, 66; as more gray than black and white, 11–12; myth of objectivity of, 55, 87; replication and, 62, 67–68, 135; on sex differences, 9–10, 56–58, 62; sexism in research approaches and findings, 3–4, 9, 21, 56, 87, 99; standard deviation and significance, 62–63; by women, 2, 4–5, 7–9, 65–66. See also specific scientific disciplines
Sear, Rebecca, 106, 166, 170
senescence hypothesis for menopause, 168
sex, gender vs., 28
Sex Antagonism (Heape), 21–22
sex chromosomes, 38–42
sex hormones: behavioral impacts, 55–56; behavioral impacts, animal research, 55–56; biological function, 23–24; and brain development, 52, 55–58, 68–70; and definitions of masculinity and femininity, 25; discovery of, 23, 26; female, and immune system advantages, 35–37; and gender identity, 25–26, 61; intersex individuals, 59–61; ongoing research related to, 27; as treatments, 24–25, 159. See also menopause
“Sex in Brain” talk (Gardener), 74
Sex Itself: The Search for Male and Female in the Human Genome (Richardson), 41–42,45
sex ratios, skewing of towards males, 30
Sexual Differentiation of the Brain (Goy and McEwen), 56
sexual dimorphism, 93
sexuality, female: and assumptions about norms, 121; and breast ironing, 142; Engels’s views on, 146; and female genital mutilation, 139–41; and female orgasm, 125, 144–45; and foot binding, 142; forced marriage, domestic violence and rape, 143–44; and Hrdy’s views on, 144–45; and infidelity, Scelza’s findings, 128–29; and menstrual huts, 142; and moral double standards, 143–44, 146–48; and Sherfey’s views on, 144, 145–46; and slavery, 147; stereotypes associated with, 120–21, 128; and women as property, 146–48. See also sexual jealousy, mate guarding; virginity, female chastity
sexual jealousy, mate guarding, 138, 141, 143, 146–47, 149
sexual selection theory, 121–25, 128, 135–37
Seymour, Jane Katherine, 25
Sherfey, Mary Jane, 144–46
Short, Nigel, 87
Singh, Rama, 169–71, 173
Smuts, Barbara, 148–51, 154
Somalia, female genital mutilation in, 139
South Asia. See Asia, South Asia
spatial processing: as male skill, 80; role of white matter in, 79
Spitzka, Edward, 75
standard deviation, 62–63
Stanford, Craig, 150, 153
Starin, Dawn, 101, 103, 127
Steinem, Gloria, 157
Steinichen, Rebecca, 134–35
Stevens, Nettie Maria, 8
Stone, Jonathon, 169–71, 173
subsistence living, strength and endurance required for, 113
Summers, Lawrence, 2, 51–52, 65
survival, females vs. males, 32–37, 41, 114
Symons, Don: critique of Gowaty’s research, 135–36; critique of Hrdy’s research, 128; critique of Sherfey’s research, 144; sexual selection theory, 125–26
Tang-Martínez, Zuleyma, 127–28, 136–37
Tapscott, Rebecca, 142
Tavris, Carol, 179–80
testosterone, 25, 27. See also sex hormones
Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall, 164–65
Thomson, John Arthur, 17, 22
titi and tamarin monkeys, 103, 155
tools, female vs. male use of, 110
toys: sex preferences, 3, 68, 71; sex-typed toys, 62–63; types of, impact on brain development, 76, 90
Trevathan, Wenda, 102
Trivers, Robert: critique of Gowaty’s research, 135–36; critique of Hrdy’s research, 99; pigeon observations, 137–38; on sexual desire and reproductive capacity, 129–30; and sexual selection theory, 123–25
Troisi, Alfonso, 145
Tuljapurkar, Shripad, 172
Verma, Ragini, 80
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (Wollstonecraft), 18
violence against women. See sexual jealousy, mate guarding; virginity, female chastity
virginity, female chastity: approaches to insuring, 141–42; emphasis on in patriarchal societies, 143–44, 146–48; importance of religious beliefs, 143–44; and violence against women, 178–79. See also sexuality, female
vote, right to, biological arguments against, 16–17, 21
Wagner, Günter, 145
Walker, Robert, 107, 131
Wardere, Hibo, 139–41
Washburn, Sherwood, 108
Whitehead, Saffron, 160–61
Why Can’t a Woman Be More Like a Man? (Wolpert), 55
“Why Do Men Hunt?” (Gurven and Hill), 112
“Why Men Matter: Mating Patterns Drive Evolution of Human Lifespan” (Gurven, Tuljapurkar, and Puleston), 172
wife, role of, 16–17, 25, 80, 87
Wilder, Burt Green, 76
Williams, George, 162–63
Wilson, Robert, 159–60
Wolf, Naomi, 120
Wolfe, Albert, 21–22
Wolfinger, Nicholas, 4
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 18, 49, 139
Wolpert, Lewis, 55
The Woman That Never Evolved (Hrdy), 128, 143
Woman the Gatherer (Dahlberg), Zihlman chapter in, 109, 113
“Woman the Gatherer: Male Bias in Anthropology” (Linton), 108–9
women. See females, women
Women After All: Sex, Evolution, and the End of Male Supremacy (Konner), 177–78
Wrangham, Richard, 154
X-linked disorders, 39–41, 65
Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman, 96
Yamanaka, Miki, 31
Zihlman, Adrienne, 109–11, 113–14
zolpidem (ambien), metabolism of, 46
Zondek, Bernhard, 26
Zuk, Marlene, 113