Adamthwaite, Anthony 4
Al Shaab 168
Aldrich, Richard 85
Alexander, Albert Victor (A.V.) 105
Allen, George 76
The American Forces Network 149
American wartime monitoring 84–6
in California 86
Foreign Broadcasts Information Service (FBIS) 85–6
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 161
Annual Report and Accounts
in 1953 91
in 1956-57 175
Applebaum, Ann 41
ASIDE telegrams 55–6, 141, 166, 187, 203n. 13
Attlee, Clement 15, 28, 37, 96, 106, 108, 110
Austrian State Treaty 121, 220n. 9
Baghdad Pact’s communication strategy, 1955 162
the American FBIS’ Daily Reports 154
BBCM in Caversham role 139, 155
in Caversham 139
Editorial Unit 83
principles of professional monitoring 82–3
Reception Unit 82
Summary of World Broadcasts 154
US and UK co-operation in 84–8
volume of material to be monitored 84
BBC Transcription Service 92
Benes, Dr Edouard 36
Benn, William (Viscount) see Stansgate, Lord
Benton, Frank 84
Beveridge Report 14
Bevin, Ernest 19, 35, 38–9, 41, 76, 78, 95, 100, 103, 109–10
Black, John 5
Borsanyi, Gyula (Colonel Bell) 151
Both Sides of the Hill 5
Bracken, Brendan 15
Briggs, Lord Asa 4–5, 20, 29, 82, 166, 173
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
accommodating government attitudes, in programming 170
adult radio listeners in Europe 53
allocation of wavelengths and broadcast infrastructure 27
Annual Report and Accounts, 1956-57 175
approach to Iron Curtain audiences 71 (see also Central and Eastern Europe broadcast)
Arabic and Greek services, course hosted on radio communications 182
Aside and guidance telegrams, for Bush House 166
Attlee’s announcement, no ininquiry into future of 194n. 25
audience in Czechoslovakia 36
audience size in Hungary, understanding 147–8
Bracken’s view 15
British interpretation of events 1
broadcast to world, Hungarian nation’s voice 144
Broadcasting Policy White Paper, 1946 165
broadcasting to East (see Middle and Far East broadcast)
challenging broadcasting crisis 139
changing Hungarian leadership within 142
character, reach and editorial practice of 2
Charter, Licence and Agreement 17–18
Cold War audiences, editorial effort for communicating 187–8
Committee on Overseas Broadcasting (GEN 542) 159
confrontation with government 157–8
content of overseas broadcasts, and government control 170–1
coverage of Hungarian uprising 155–6
Dodds-Parker draft letter for 173–4, 176
Drogheda Report recommendations 159–60
Eastern Services talks series 163
editorial affinity with listeners, in the Soviet sphere 187
editorial independence of 19–20, 181
enforcing governmental editorial control on 157
engaged in the activities with Advisory Committee 182
events editorial interpretation, challenge for 142–3
expenditure on overseas publicity 158
external and internal pressures 185
External Services (see External Services of BBC)
finance as determinant, of overseas broadcasting 186
flow of information, by BBCM and CRU 140–1
FO liaison officer in Bush House 157, 172–3, 175–6
FO telegrams, for reporting events 141, 166
front-line details use 142
GEN 542’s Interim Report on 166
George Mikes, report from Budapest 134
government assistance in funding 21–4
government control over overseas broadcasting 20–5
Grant-in-Aid income, and rising expenditure gap 186
Hungarian section, announces Soviet control over Budapest Radio 146–7
Hungarian section, devoted to ‘Writers’ Revolt 135
information gathering 55
initial refusal to Menzies’s, to broadcast 168–9
Jacob’s analysis, of External Services 181
Kirkpatrick’s analysis and suggestions, over government control of 171–2
Latey’s commentary broadcast 147
letters received after the Europe liberation 186
Lloyd’s view, lack of trust between government circles and 159–60
Lockhart’s view, on funding and control over 185–6
Macdonald’s analysis, on cultural differences between RFE 153
to maintain anti-Nasser sentiment, role of 168
message broadcast, received from Radio Budapest 145
monitored events closely, Hungarian section 136, 138–40
Monitoring Service 4
as the monopoly broadcaster 1
Morrison’s committee 17
needs of censorship in war, Haley’s view 181
obstacles to government control 165–6
overseas broadcasting, objectives of 165
overseas services, funded through parliamentary grantin-aid 194n. 9
political warfare and propaganda activities 13
post-war overseas broadcasting strategy 17–19
post-war relationship with British government 7–9
post-war reorganization of 17–18
‘The Principles and Purpose of the BBC’s External Services’ 18
profile of listenership 16
publicity requirements, government demands 181
quoting virtually Budapest Radio 141–2
recommendations for services elimination, categories 232n. 80
relationship with government 4–9, 18–25, 182–3
report, about life in Hungary 154
and Report of the Drogheda Committee 113–16
role in managing expectations, of possibility of western intervention in Hungary 155
role played, in Hungarian uprising 154–5
Russian Service case, tension with government 183–4
services in the Cold War 75
services to foreign countries 15–17 (see also External Services of BBC)
source material for broadcast 5–6
against Soviet propaganda 37–8
Spanish and Portuguese Services 1
Suez crisis exposed, corporate obligations resting on 181
Wilson’s role in Bush House 176–7
‘Working Group’ formation, on Soviet Union broadcasting 183
Written Archive Centre 4
British government’s overseas information services 5
The British Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 161
British public diplomacy 4
British Thought and the British Way of Life 162
Broadcast revolution, and Hungarian uprising
assistance by FO and British Legation 141
broadcasting crisis, faced by Bush House 139–40
changing nature of revolution, and events 143–4
the CRU role in 140
FO telegrams 142
radio, as cartographer of 138
Radio Budapest, as news source for Bush House 140–2
broadcasting
history of overseas 5
as an instrument of peace 1
Broadcasting Policy, White Paper 1946 2, 18, 23, 44, 97, 165, 177, 185
Brusak, Karl 136
from 1949 known as Kossuth Radio, after Lajos Kossuth 222n. 3
ceasefire and new government announcement by 143
news source, problem being main 141–2
as revolution cartographer 138
in Soviet hands 146
Bulganin, Nikolai 121, 123–4, 130, 159
Bush House
broadcasting crisis, faced 139–40
European service news room in 139
first occupied by the BBC European Services, in January 1941 193n. 2
offered listeners behind the Iron Curtain, interpretation of developments 138
relations with FO, on broadcasts to Soviet Satellites 135
relationship with Whitehall, discord over overseas services funding 160
telegrams reporting on events, copied to 141
White Paper on Broadcasting Policy, 1946 177–8
Butler, Lord Richard (R.A) 109–10, 170, 173–4, 183
Cabinet Committee (GEN 81) 17, 185
Cabinet’s Colonial Information Policy Committee (CIPC) 62
Cadogan, Sir Alexander 105, 173, 183
Caute, David 3
Cecil, Robert (5th Marquess of Salisbury)see Salisbury, Lord
Central and Eastern Europe broadcast 66, 100
Communism in Practice 72
difference between Yugoslavia and the Soviet satellites 68
editorial arrangements 74
format of transmissions 74
jamming issue 73
peculiarity of programmes 69
position of Yugoslavia and 68
positive publicity of Western democracies 69
in Serbo-Croat and Slovene 68
Tito/Cominform split 69
see also External Services of BBC; Russian broadcast
Churchill, Winston 14, 28, 110, 113, 218n. 71
Clark, John Beresford (J. B.) 31, 76, 87, 101, 113, 115–16, 124–6, 128, 131–2, 160, 162, 175–7
Cold War, battle of airwaves 150, 154
Cold War broadcasting, and international radio in Hungary 149, 152
Colombo Plan for Cooperative Economic Development 94
Colonial Information Policy Committee (CIPC) 62, 73, 83, 103–5, 107, 115
Colville, John 28
Committee on Anti-Communist Propaganda 105
Committee on Colonial Information Policy 43
Committee on Overseas Broadcasting (GEN 542) 154, 164, 166
Committee on Overseas Broadcasting (GEN 554) 170
Commonwealth Broadcaster’s Conference, in Australia 172
Commonwealth Sigint Organisation (CSO) 211n. 73
‘Communist Conflict in Hungary’ 136
Condon, Richard 152
Co-operative European programming 97
Cripps, Stafford 102–3, 105, 108
Crookshank, Harry 20
Crowsley Park, reception centre for Monitoring 210n. 57
Cull, Nicholas 3
Cviic, Christopher 70
Czechoslovak coup 36
Daily Digest of World Broadcasts 83
Davies, Ernest 112
Defence of the Peace Acts 54
Defty, Andrew 6
Denning, Lord Justice 71
Deutscher, Isaac 70
Director of Eastern Services (DES) 32
Displaced Person Camps, in Germany 58
Dodds-Parker, Douglas 159, 165, 170, 173, 182
Dodds-Parker’s Committee on Overseas Broadcasting 165
Donfried, Mark 4
Drogheda Committee 110–16, 119–20, 158, 164, 186
Drogheda Committee Report 113–15, 159
Dulles, John Foster 169
East vs. West, in terms of access to information 54
Eastern Europe, problem of 35
Ede, James Chuter 105
Eden, Anthony 115, 164, 168–70, 173, 178, 180, 182
Egypt
acts of war, and issued ultimatums 174
Britain, Israel and France, engineering war against 158
broadcasting operation, as threat to British interests 161
events in, military coup in 1952 160–1
failure to comply, Anglo-French bombing of 174–5
fear of Egyptian radio’s influence 163
links with Soviet Union 169–70
London Conference of Maritime Nations, to deal canal dispute 168
propaganda campaign, against the Western powers 161–5
Suez crisis, Egyptian perspective on 168–9
threat to Britain’s key strategic interest 161
United Kingdom’s policy, towards 157
Eisenhower, Dwight D. 29, 150–1
English-language General Overseas Service 3, 125
European Broadcasting Union (EBU) 100
European Recovery Programme (Marshall Plan) 71
External Services of BBC 4, 6, 27
aims and objectives of 34, 91–2
audiences, lack of information 187
blueprint for reorganization, in Grey April paper 165
Britain’s overseas publicity 38–9, 41
British influence overseas, constitutional significance 181
British Missions comments, reporting on 42
in Central and Eastern Europe 66–74
CIPC ‘Three Year Plan’ 105
constitutional arrangements 34
cost of overseas information services 102–3
cost-benefit analysis, and Drogheda Committee setup 186
daily programmes to Eastern Europe 41
Drogheda Report recommendations, and overseas services abolition 159–60
Eastern Service 93
editorial principles for overseas broadcasting 45–6
engagement with audiences overseas, defining objective 186–7
extra-constitutional practices 32
in favor of British national interest 150
FO’s liaison officer appointment for 172, 175–6
full-scale programmes of refuting Soviet misrepresentations 44
government’s demand, of cutting expenses 173
Grey April paper, review and conclusions 158–60
guidance by phone on day-to-day questions 32
imposing greater control, by government 174
Jacob and Kirkpatrick, role of 31
key role, to project British government’s case to world 169
Kirkpatrick’s suggestion for 171–2
Latin American Services 31–2, 93
Lennox-Boyd’s view about 171
life, reporting on 42
limits of broadcast 188
Middle/Far East services, less expenditure 166
network of institutional and personal interfaces 32
news of events behind the Iron Curtain 42
North America Service 92
pattern of broadcasting overseas 41
platform, for promoting British interests in Middle East 180
Policy Review Committee for 165
post-war, designed for world at peace 186
post-war settlement of 167
programmes for India and Pakistan 93
quality and integrity of news 45
rebroadcasting of programmes 92–3
re-conceptualization of Britain’s overseas information policy 40
reductions in budget 101–2, 104, 107–10, 157–8
selection of broadcast items relevant to particular audiences 44
against Soviet propaganda 37–9
West Africa and the West Indies 93–4
Western Europe broadcasting, costing 166
Western Europe services, abolishment 157
Western Union broadcasting 95–100
Wilson’s role in raising, conflicting government demands 176–7
see also Central and Eastern Europe broadcast; Middle and Far East broadcast; Russian broadcast; Western Union broadcasting
Foot, Robert 14
Foreign Broadcasts Information Service (FBIS) 85–6
Foreign Office telegrams 55–6, 141–2
foreign-language broadcasting 13
Foster, Peter 141
Fraser, Robert 103
Freedom Under the Law 71
funding for BBC
cost of overseas information services 102–3
devaluation of sterling and 104
Grant-in-Aid funding 7, 21–3, 83, 110
Lockhart’s view, on funding 185–6
Marshall Aid 102
operating estimate for 1950/51 and 1951/52 106–7
reductions in budget 101–2, 104, 107–10
relationship with Whitehall, overseas services 160
restrictions 106
Gaitskell, Hugh 108–10, 168, 170, 178
Gati, Charles 151
GEN 542’s Interim Report 160, 166
General Overseas Service 92, 200n. 43
Gero, Erno 133–4, 137, 139, 142–3
Gienow-Hecht, Jessica 4
Goldberg, Anatol 58–9, 62, 94, 122, 125, 145, 183
Gomulka, Wladyslaw 138
Grant-in-Aid funding 7, 21–3, 83, 110
Greene, Hugh Carleton 60–4, 71–2, 182, 187
Grey, Paul 120, 127, 155, 158–60, 165–6, 175, 178, 183
Grisewood, Harman 175
Gromov, Colonel-General 57
Gullion, Edmund 4
Hale, Julian 57
Haley, William 1–2, 14–17, 20–4, 29–32, 45, 83, 113, 178, 181
Hammerskjold, Dag 146
Highlight (TV programme) 140
Hill, Charles (later Lord) 5, 170, 182–3, 185–6
Hillelson, Sigmar 81
History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom 5
Hobsbawm, Eric 138
Hodson, Donald 72
House of Commons Select Committee Report, on Estimates 22
Hungarian Central Committee 139
Hungarian revolution, of 1956 137, 144
allegations against foreign broadcasters 149–50
BBC monitoring, of Petofi Club events 136
Budapest Radio, Soviet captured 146
changing nature of revolution, and events 143–4
communism with Soviet face, criticism 135
dissolved ties with Warsaw Treaty 144–5
dominated broadcast output 139–40
events forcing the uprising 137–8
function performed by radio in 154–5
Gero’s speech and impact 134
international broadcasting, role in Hungarians lives 149
interpretation to developments, BBC analysis 136–7
IRD suggestion, about Russian influence impact 135–6
Latey’s commentary broadcast 147
Nagy’s reform agenda 144
Petofi debate, about cultural and political freedoms 136
Poland, mass dissent on display in Poznan 137
political scene, priorities and direction of 134–5
radio, became cartographer of 138
Rakosi’s, dismissal as PM 134, 137
recrudescence of Soviet authority, over Hungarian affairs 146–7
reforming demands, by Petofi Circle 133
rejection of Soviet control, over Hungarian affairs 134
removal of Moscow’s influence, and advantages 138
replacement of Nagy with Hegedus 134
Soviet troops attack on Budapest 145–6
Hungarian Writers’ Association 135
Hunyadi, Katlin 152
Index to the Daily Digest 83
Information Policy Department (IPD) 6
established in April, 1946 199n. 24
Information Research Department (IRD) 6
international broadcasting 4
International Trade Fair in Poznan, and riots 137
Irodalmi Ujsag 135
Iron Curtain 36, 40–2, 65, 68–9, 72–3, 78, 95
Isaacs, Gerald (2nd Marquess of Reading) see Reading, Lord
Italo-Abyssinian war, 1935 81
Jacob, Sir Ian 20, 39, 41–6, 48–9, 53, 58, 62–3, 70–1, 73–4, 76, 79–80, 87, 95–8, 103–5, 108–11, 113, 115, 119, 122, 126–30, 188
about Russian language service 40
agreed for, new line in publicity to Yugoslavia 69
on Americans establishing broadcasting stations 79
analysis, of BBC’s External Services 181
as Controller of European Services 27–8
criticisms about lack of consultation, for budget cuts 173–4
debate over broadcasts to Russia 128
development of policies and practices of government 29–30
editorial strategy for broadcasting over the Iron Curtain 129
‘intelligence’ needs of services 53–4
July 1946 directive for European Services 30–1
letter to, Peake’s suggestion 202n. 12
medium-wave transmitter installation, in Middle East 164
meeting with Kirkpatrick, impact on overseas services 166–7
on money spent on information services 107–8
Nutting meeting with, about budget cut of External Services 157–9
overseas broadcasting management 29–30
paper for FO, ‘The External Services of the BBC’ 181
perception of role of BBC 30
Political Information Section 55–6
response to Nutting’s proposals 173
sought advice of the Board of Governors, BBC unusual situation 170
supports funds increase, to build up a global service 166
Task of the Overseas Services of the BBC, paper by 67
thinking on Russian audience requirements 122, 126–9
visit to Commonwealth Broadcaster’s Conference 172
jamming of BBC broadcasts 75–81, 122–5
in Central and Eastern Europe 73
of Vatican Radio broadcasts 78
see also British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC)
Jenks, John 6
Jennings, Sir Ivor 163
Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 36
Jones, Arthur Creech 105
Keightley, General Charles 178
Kerensky, Alexander 59
Keynes, John Maynard 102
Khrushchev, Nikita 121, 123–4, 130–1, 133, 138, 143–4, 159, 162
Kirkpatrick, Ivone 22, 27–9, 31, 37–8, 40, 166–7, 171–2, 178
Kohler, Foy David 79
Kolarz, Walter 65, 70, 72, 94, 136, 140–1
Kossuth Radio see Budapest Radio
Kovacs, Bela 143
Kovacs, Istvan 146
Latey, Maurice 143, 147, 155, 176
The Law at Work 72
Lean, David 42
Lean, Edward Tangye 5, 42–3, 55–6, 68, 72, 96, 147, 157, 164, 173
Lean, Tangye 42, 55–6, 64, 68, 72, 96
Let Truth be Told 5
literary men, revolt of 135
Litterati, Gyula 152
Lloyd, Selwyn 159–60, 165, 168–9
Lockhart, Sir Robert Bruce 36, 185, 198n. 6
London Conference, Arabic translation transmission of 169
London Conference of Maritime Nations 168
McCall, Robert 43
Macdonald, Gregory 135, 141–2, 147, 152–3
Mackintosh, Malcolm 71
Macmillan, Harold 26, 119, 164, 182
Maleter, Pal 146
Manchester Evening News 14
Mansell, Gerard 5
Marett, Robert 5
Marquis, Frederick (1st Earl of Woolton) see Woolton, Lord
Martin, Kingsley 59
Mayhew, Christopher 38, 40, 43, 46, 60, 69, 96–7
Menzies, Sir Robert 168, 231n. 55
Michie, Allan 152
Middle and Far East broadcast 160
attempts to improve the reach, BBC in 163–4
BBC Arabic Service, reflecting British policy and concerns in 162
BBC/British government response, to Nasser’s decision 162
BBC’s External Services, slashing of expenditure on 164
British authorities, strategies to enhance prominence of UK policy 161
British publicity in, response to the hostile propaganda 163
Cairo Radio, most effective propaganda medium in 161, 163–4
low-powered VHF stations, in Persian Gulf 162
medium-wave transmitter installation in 164
nature of Britain’s engagement in and criticisms faced 175
overseas broadcasting, objectives 165
radio, and international broadcasting role 161
Radio Baghdad, not operational 162
The Voice of the Arabs (VOTA) 161, 163
Whitehall reliance, on the BBC’s services to 162
Whitehall’s response, arms deal 162
Whitehall’s ‘Sovietisation’ of the Middle Eastern propaganda war 163
Middle East Information Department (MEID) 32
Mikes, George 134
Ministerial Committee on Overseas Information Services 26
Ministry of Radio Engineering Industry 126
Mirror of the West 162
Monitoring Report 84
Monitoring Service structure 210n. 45
Morrison, Lord Herbert 17, 23–4, 109–10, 185
Mosley, Gordon 72
Munnich, Ferenc 146
Murray, Ralph 39–40, 43, 72, 107
Nagy, Imre 134–5, 142–6, 150, 155
Nasser, Abdel Gamal 160–2, 168–70, 172
Near East Arab Broadcasting Station (NEABS) 179
Nelson, Michael 6
Nicholls, Jack 112
Notes by Our Observer series 59, 145
Nutting, Anthony 111–2, 120, 157–9, 163, 173
Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) 95
Overseas Information Service, White Paper on 184
Overseas Intelligence Department 35
Overseas publicity 24, 27, 38–9
aim of 67
Papp, Etele 139
Peake, Charles 55
Peterson, Sir Maurice 60
Petofi Circle 133
Petofi, Sandor 136
Polish United Worker’s Party (PZPR) 137
Political Information Section 55–6
Political Warfare Executive (PWE) 13, 19
Ponomareva, Nina 127
Poston, Ralph 179
‘Projection of Britain Overseas’ 26
Public Opinion in Soviet Russia 65
radio 4
radio arms race 75
Radio Free Europe (RFE) 138, 148, 154
broadcast, provoked expectations of assistance from West 152
cultural differences between the BBC and 153
editorial approach assessments, and public criticism 151
Macdonald’s analysis, assumptions of 152–3
popular, as per USIA study 148
problems in running of 153
report, in January 1956 152
Radio Free Europe (RFE) report 6, 129, 148
Radio Liberty 6
Radio Madrid 149
Radio Paris 149
Radio Polskie 137
Radio Vatican 149
Radio Vienna 149
Radiodiffusion Francaise 99
Ransome, Patrick 47, 61, 65, 67, 69, 93
Reading, Lord 115
Rennie, Jack 163
Report on Broadcasting Policy, by GEN 81 17
Rév, István 149
RIAS (Radio in the American Sector, Berlin) 149
Royal Charter 2, 7, 14, 35, 53, 75
‘Rumblings in Hungary’ 136
Russian broadcast
abandonment of 66
barriers to regular broadcasting 57
Britain’s communication strategy to Russia 57–8
critiques about 59
effect of atmospheric conditions on short-wave propagation 64
effect of Soviet indoctrination 60
implementation of ‘crash starts’ 63–4
jamming of, impact 61–3, 123–5
political and cultural freedom 65
profile of Russian listeners 57–8, 60, 63–4
projection of Anglo-Russian friendship 57
purpose to 57
radio diplomacy between BBC and Soviet broadcasters 124–6
restructuring of programmes 127–32
Soviet propaganda 56–8, 60, 62
tie-up with Soviet resources 63
variations in the pitch of 62
see also Central and Eastern Europe broadcast; External Services of BBC
‘Russian Jamming’ report, by J. B. Clarke 207n. 2
Ruthven-Murray, Barabara 47
Said, Nuri 168
Salem, Major Salah 168
Salisbury, Lord 111
Sargent, Sir Orme 37
Schwartz, Lowell 6
Selverstone, Mark 69
Shaw, Tony 6
Sherwood, J. 94
Short World Press Review 152
Slavonic Orthodox Church 64
Smith, Patrick 36
Special Survey of the Suez Canal Crisis 168
Spectator magazine 183
Stansgate, Lord 28
The State Treaty 136
Stephenson, Donald 32–3, 182, 187
sterling devaluation, consequences of 79, 102
Sterndale-Bennett, John 55
BBC Arabic Service, presenting British government’s policies 177
BBC’s Arabic Service, analysis of 162
Britain’s post-Suez place in world 182
Bush House role, in giving voice to 169
Bush House’s relations with Whitehall, in post-Suez context 183
Canal nationalization, debates in Whitehall 161, 164, 168
as cover for toppling Nasser 172
criticism fired from Whitehall during 180
deepening, and impact on BBC’s services 169–70
disaster for British government 176
Eden’s domestic television broadcast concerning 169
Eden’s resignation and 180
Egyptian perspective on, by Salah Salem 168
exposed different appreciations, obligations resting on BBC 181
government’s psychological warfare plans, as problem 178
not operational, Radio Baghdad at time of 162
Sharq-al-Adna refused to broadcast 179
threat to Britain’s key strategic interest 161
The Voice of Britain disaster and 179
in Whitehall, an all-consuming crisis 168
Suez Canal nationalization, in July 1956 157, 160
Summary of World Broadcasts 83
Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) 15, 83
Suslov, Mikhail 143
Szabad Nep 133
Szabo, Laszlo 135
Taylor, Philip 3
Thayler, Charles 79
Through the Back Door 5
Thury, Zoltan 152
Tildy, Zoltan 143
Tokaev, Grigori 59
Topic of Today 162
Treasury Grant-in-Aid see Grant-in-Aid funding
Trend, Burke 173
Tusa, John 5
United Nations’ Special Committee Report, on the Problem of Hungary 153–4
The United States Information Agency (USIA) 148
United States Information Service (USIS) 80
Vansittart, Lord 59
Vansittart, Robert (Baron) see Vansittart, Lord
Vaughan, James 6
Venables, H. G. 66
Veress, Laszlo 143
Voice of America (VOA) 6, 73, 78, 80, 138, 148, 150–1
The Voice of Britain (VOB) radio 178–9
Voice of Free Hungary see Radio Free Europe (RFE)
The Voice of the Arabs (VOTA), from Cairo Radio 161, 163
Voice of the USA 63
Voices in the Darkness 5
Walker, Patrick Gordon 163
War of the Black Heavens 6
Warner, Christopher 37–8, 40, 43, 46–8, 56, 60, 69–70, 72, 76, 95, 112, 202n. 12
Warsaw Treaty 121, 143–4, 220n. 10
wedge strategy 69
Western broadcasters 6
Western broadcasters, in Hungary
allegations made against, by leadership 149–50
audience studies conducted, for benefit of 225n. 77
BBC, RFE, VOA 148
cross-listening evidence of 149
western radios
transmitting in Russian 123
Western Union broadcasting 95–100
planned co-operation between European broadcasters 99
Western European Commentaries 98, 100
see also External Services of BBC
Western Union Committee 96
White Paper
based on the Drogheda Report 113–15
on Broadcasting Policy, 1946 2, 18, 23, 44, 97, 165, 177, 185
on Overseas Information Service 184, 186
Whyte, Colonel 85
Wilford, Hugh 6
Wint, Guy 169
Wooferton 208n. 15
Woolton Committee, in 1944 185
Woolton, Lord 15
A World in Your Ear 5
Writers’ Revolt 135