Note: Page numbers in boldface refer to maps.
All page numbers refer to the print edition of One Thousand Roads to Mecca. Please use the search feature on your reader to locate the text that corresponds to the index entries below.
al-Abbasi, Ali Bey, 75–76, 123–57, 320–21
background of, 123
in Cairo, 124, 138–39
death of, 126
failed attempt to reach Medina, 125, 153–57
in Fez, 124, 131–33
in Marrakesh, 124, 133–36
in Mecca, 124–25, 140–47
pilgrimage to Arafat, 147–52
robbed, 152–53
route taken by, 123–25
rules guiding travels of, 125–26
Semelalia villa, 124, 133–35
in Tangier, 123–24, 126–31
Abbasid Empire, 6, 7, 33, 181n.
Abd al-Hamid II, Ottoman Sultan, 295n., 302, 321
Abd al-Rahman I, Amir of Cordoba, 33
Abd al-Salem, Moulay, Prince of Morocco, 133, 135–36, 154
Abdellah Hammoudi, 429, 539–63
Abdullah, King of Jordan, 408
Abdullah, son of Saʿud, 210
Abraham, xiv, xvii, 40, 82n., 99, 116n.
God’s testing of, xxi, xxin., xxiii, 80, 80n., 84, 84n., 471, 533
Abu al-Ala of Maʿarra, 15–16
Abu Bakr Dolaf osh-Shebli, Shaykh, 284, 284n.
Abu Daher, Qarmatian chief, 173–74
Abu Inan, Sultan of Morocco, 51, 53
Abu Mansur Shahmardan, Vizier of Fars, 29
Abu Noqta, Sharif, 150
Abu Numayy I, Sharif, 7
Abu Numayy II, Sharif, 7
Abu Qubays mountain, 21
Abu Saʿid, ruler of Lahsa, 27, 28
Abu Simbel, 88, 293
Adam, vii, xiv, xvii, xxiii, 82n., 97, 116, 117n., 150, 177, 467, 536, 536n.
Aden, 18, 22, 28, 74, 78, 235
Aden-Arabie (Nizan), 473
al-Adil, General, 61n.
Afghanistan, 3, 356
rail travel from, 267
African pilgrimage routes, from 1300–1900, 602
Ahmad, Pasha Izat, 219–20, 223, 230, 230, 233–34
Ahmadiyya, 540
Ahmed, Jalal Al-e, 541
Ahmed, Qanta, 564–590
Air travel, xxvi—xxvii, 423, 425, 447–48, 429, 473, 478–80, 497–99, 512, 517
Saudia national airline, 432
Aisha (wife of Muhammad), 206, 207–208, 208n., 551
Ajarima tribe of Bedouin, 60
Alchemy, 132, 199, 214
Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 429, 445–74
background of, 445–47
at Jidda airport, 447, 448–50
in Mecca, 459–66
in Medina, 450–58
reasons for making the Hajj, 463, 473, 474
return flight, 473–74
sacrifice of sheep and, 447, 467–68, 470–73
Aleppo, 125, 158–59
population of, 173
Alexandria:
in Medieval period, 17–19, 36–37, 56
from 1503 to 1814, 88, 109–10, 122, 124
from 1853 to 1908, 195–196
Algiers:
Dey of, 101, 105, 105n., 106
revolution in, 136
slavery in, 100, 101–102, 102n., 104–107, 108
Ali, ibn Abu Talib, 38
Ali, Qasim, 226
Alid, 26, 26n.
AL-Llah (Meccan deity), xvi
Always Bells (Stegar), 338, 339–52
American travel writers, 475–92, 512–38
Amini, Husayn, Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, 490
Andalusia, 33
Angola, 101
Arab American Oil Company, 426n.
Arabia Deserta (Doughty), 292n., 414, 418, 508
Arabian Days: An Autobiography (Philby), 376–96
Arabia Felix, see Yemen
Arabian Transport Company, 425
Arabic, classical, 214–15
Arafat, Plain and Mountain of, xvii, xxii–xxiii, 304–306
in Medieval period, 13, 44–45
from 1503 to 1814, 97–99, 116, 147–51, 160, 174–82
from 1853 to 1908, 193, 254–58
from 1925 to 1933, 372–73, 379, 380, 383–87, 411–12, 414–16
from 1947 to 2000, 439, 442, 466–68, 487, 489, 507–508, 534–37, 561–562
highway system, 425, 427
motor vehicle travel to and from, 398, 411, 412, 425, 427, 429, 466–67, 513, 534
route from Mecca to Mina, Muzdalifa, and, 439, 441–42, 594
Rush from Arafat, 83n., 182, 425
Aramco, 426, 426n.
Aristotle, 33
Asad, Muhammad, 311, 312, 353–73
background of, 353–54
conversion of, 353, 359, 359n.
death of first wife, 353, 362–63, 371
ibn Saʿud and, 354, 355
in Jidda, 363–64
in Mecca, 366–71
route taken by, 360–62, 364–66
Asad, Pola, 354
Association for Promoting the Discovery of the Interior of Africa, 123, 123n., 158, 191n.
Astrology, 132–33
Astronomy, 132–33
Attash al-Wayt (River of Fire), 122
Australian travel writer, 337–52
Autobiography of Malcolm X, The (Malcolm X and Haley), 476, 478–92
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), 15, 15n.
Aydhab, port of, 35, 37, 58
al-Azhar University, 12, 213
al-Azraqi, Abu al-Walid Muhammad, 8, 172n., 172–73
Azzam, Dr. Omar, 484–85, 486
Bacon, Roger, 70
Badia y Leyblich, Domingo, see al-Abbasi, Ali Bey
Badr, 435, 435n., 451
Baghdad, 3, 12, 77
Baghdad caravan, xxvi, 4, 5
Baghdad Road, 5
Bahra, 334, 365
Baku, 268, 271–74
Balakhaneh oil field, 272
Baldwin, James, 476, 491
Balfour Declaration, 313
Balkans, 70
Balm of Gilead, 412
Banks, Sir Joseph, 123, 158, 159
Banks and banking:
absence of, 286, 289, 303
from 1947 to 2000, 425
letters of credit, 161, 286
see also Money changers
Banu Abbas tribe, 208
Banu Ali tribe, 286, 296, 297
Banu Harb tribe, xxv, 216, 397, 405
Banu Shayba tribe, 390
see also Shayba Clan; Keeper of the Keys
Banu Utayba tribe, xxv, 372, 428
al-Baqi’, 550
al-Baqiyyaʿ, (cemetery), 205, 205n., 298, 452, 452n.
Baraheni, Reza, 445
baraka, 553
Barakat dynasty, 7
Barbary Coast, 139
Basan Well, 178
Bashir Agha college, 213
Basra, 26–27, 29–31
Bastami, Beyazid, 460, 460n., 462
Batum, 274n., 274–75, 283–84
Baybars, al-Zahir, Mamluk Sultan, 181n., 208
Bayt Allah, 111, 114–17, 141
see also Kaʿba
Bayt al-Haram, see Haram mosque
Bedouins, xxv, 177–78, 181n., 234–36, 289, 294–97, 375, 466, 467
ibn Saʿud and, 315
pilgrim encounters with, xxv
in Medieval period, 13, 60
from 1503 to 1814, 83n., 89, 174
from 1853 to 1908, 220, 225–26, 233, 234–36, 294–97
from 1925 to 1933, 348–49, 405
from 1947 to 2000, 466–67
train travel and economy of, 186, 286, 294–96
see also individual tribes
Bedrihonem, 94
Beggars, 223–24, 227, 240, 251, 258, 260, 350–51, 368, 390, 397, 405, 410–11, 443, 509
Begum of Bhopal, see Bhopal, Begum of
Berbers of Morocco, 397, 545
Bhopal, Begum of, 188–89, 219–36
banquet attended by, 227–29
letter from the Sharif of Mecca, 229–30
on Mecca, 226–27
Medina avoided by, 232–36
Bhopal, Begum of (continued)
misfortunes endured during Hajj by, 219–20, 221–23, 224–26
relatives accompanying, 220, 222, 224–26
royal caravan to Mecca from Jidda, 223–24
visit to Sharif’s harem, 230–32
Bibi Miriam, 235, 235n., 236
Black Death, 70
Black Like Me (Griffin), 491
Black Sea, 267–68, 274n.
Black Stone, xxin.
in Medieval period, 28, 40, 43, 63, 65
from 1503 to 1814, 97, 112, 141–42
from 1853 to 1908, 193, 264
from 1925 to 1933, 369–70, 390, 391, 413–14
from 1947 to 2000, 463, 523, 525, 556
removed and returned, 28
reverence of, reasons for, 370
Blake, Alice, 337
Blue-rock pigeons, 254
Bogary, Hamza, 429, 431–44
background of, 432
employed by Hajj agent, 432, 440–44
journey from Mecca to Medina, 431, 433–37
in Medina, 438–39
trip to Mina, 441–44
Bonaparte, Joseph, 125
The Book of Earth’s Roads (Ibn Hawkal), 8
The Book of Routes and Provinces (Ibn Khurdadhbih), 8
Book of Travels (Khosraw), 11–31
Boorstin, Daniel J., 74
Borujerdi, Ayatollah Muhammad Husayn, 453, 453n.
Bosari (Pasha’s physician), 163–68
Bosnia, 70
Britain, 123, 166, 188, 335
disease prevention and, 268
ibn Saʿud and, 316, 375, 376
influence on the Hajj in last half of nineteenth century, 185–86, 192–93
mandate system in Middle East and, 314, 315
World War I and, 313
see also England
British (English) travel writers, accounts of, 100–22, 185–218, 237–66, 285–307, 374–417, 493–511
Bulaq, 139
Burckhardt, John Lewis, xxv, xxvi, 54, 75–76, 88n., 123, 125, 158–82, 185, 193, 194, 209n., 210, 213n., 215, 312, 321, 332, 385n., 410, 522, 522n., 530, 534
at Arafat, 176–82
background of, 158
death of, 160
disguises of, 158–59, 161–62, 169, 239
Haram Mosque, descriptions of, 160, 171
incorporation of earlier accounts by, 8, 160
in Jidda, 161–63
in London, 158–59
in Mecca, 159–60, 168–74
Niger River exploration and, 158–59, 160
other authors’ use of works by, 160
procession to Arafat, 174–76
at Ta’if, 163–68
Burial shroud, 118, 265, 463, 497
Burton, Sir Richard, ix, x, 8, 78, 81n., 82n., 83n., 188, 189, 191–218, 312, 410, 494, 522, 524
in Alexandria, 195–196
background of, 191
in Cairo, 197–200
on Damascus caravan to Mecca, 193, 215–18
disguises of, 192, 195, 196–197
as Indian physician, 199–204
as explorer, 191
incorporation of earlier accounts by, 8, 193–194
in Mecca, 193
Ismaʿili sect and, 192
on Medina, 193, 204–14, 217–18
route taken by, 192, 193, 195
Buses, see Motor vehicles, travel to pilgrimage sites by
Busra, 60
Cagliostro, Count (Giuseppe Balsamo), 213
caïd, 546–547
Cairo, 70
in Medieval period, 12, 18–20, 35, 59
from 1503 to 1814, 88, 121–22, 124, 138–39
from 1853 to 1908, 192, 197, 203
from 1925 to 1933, 319, 396
from 1947 to 2000, 476, 477, 478–79, 493, 494, 495–97
Mamluk rule of, 77, 124
Muslim power centered in, 3, 6
opening of the canal, 19–20
palace of the Sultan, 19
Sunni and Sh’ite control of, 7, 35
Cairo airport, 478–80, 497–98
Cairo caravan, xviii
in Medieval period, 4, 5
from 1503 to 1814, 80, 88–95, 97–99, 109, 118–21, 174
beginning of voyage, 91–92
lights for night travel, 119
notable sights, 93–94
order of march, 92–93, 119
preparations, 89–91
time for travel and rest, 92
Caliph, 48, 328, 328n.
as figurehead, 6
Prophet’s Mosque and, 206n., 206–209
see also names of individual caliphs
Camels, 349–50, 386–87, 532
bells of, 119, 175
howdahs borne by, 41
loss of, on departing Arafat, 182
mahmal, see Mahmal (camel-mounted ark)
milk from, 24
minimal water needs of, 121
motor vehicle travel along with, 380
shevria, see Shevria
shubreya (palanquin), 175, 215, 417
shugduf, see Shugduf, camel-borne
supplying of, 118–19, 175, 215–16, 240, 268, 280, 280n., 280, 299, 317
takhtruans (deluxe litter), 175
theft of, 121
Camus, Albert, 445
Canetti, Elias, 516
Caravan routes to Mecca and Medina, xxiv–xxvii, 423
advent of steamship and trains and, 186
in Medieval period, 4–5, 13, 34–35, 50, 52
from 1503 to 1814, 98, 108–9, 148, 158
from 1853 to 1908, 186, 215–18, 220, 221
from 1925 to 1933, 314
protective guards, 24, 25, 423
trade along, 4, 88–89, 91
see also Baghdad caravan; Cairo caravan; Damascus caravan; India, Hindi caravan; Jidda-Mecca caravan; Mecca, routes to Medina from; Maghrib caravan; Tayyara caravan; Yambu-Medina caravan route
Carlyle, Thomas, 160, 523
Cassius Clay, 482–83, 489
Cathcart, James, 102n.
Caucasus, rail travel from, 267, 274n.
Cervantes, Miguel de, 102n.
Chale, David, x
Charlemagne, 33
Chatillon, Reynald de, 34, 61n.
Chevron, 426n.
China, 51
Cholera, 186–87, 239, 265, 268–69, 305, 496, 507–508
Christians, 51
accounts of Muslim pretenders, xiii, 312, 397, 410
from 1503 to 1814, 69–177
from 1853 to 1908, 185–218, 237–66, 285–307
forced conversions to Islam, 100, 102, 106
nineteenth century accounts by Muslim converts from Christianity, 311–419
Roman Catholic Church, 70–71, see Roman Catholic Church
as slave owners, 101
in Spain’s golden age of tolerance, 33
stoning of, 238, 251–53
twentieth century accounts by Muslim converts to Christianity, 319–52, 374–419
Christians at Mecca (Ralli), 188
Cobbold, Lady Evelyn, 311, 396–419
audience with the Pope, 396
background of, 396
Hajj rites performed by, 413–18
in Jidda, 396–97, 399–404
in Mecca, 411, 416–19
in Medina, 397, 406–10
route taken by, 396, 406, 410–12
Ibn Saʿud and, see Ibn Saʿud
Collins, Ella, 475
Conrad, Joseph, 185–86
Constantine, 55
Constantinople, 50, 157, 165, 166, 181, 210, 211, 214
Constantinople Agreement, 313
Córdoba, 4, 33–34
Cox, Sir Percy, 374–375
Crowds and Power (Canetti), 516
Crusades, 32, 34, 35, 37, 57, 61n., 70–71, 72
Dalil, see Guides
Damascus, 3, 72
in Medieval period, 52, 59–60
from 1853 to 1908, 288–290
from 1925 to 1933, 335
Pasha of, 174, 175, 178, 179–82
population of, 173
rail line to . . . from Medina, 285, 286, 289, 290–94, 295n., 295–97, 313, 321, 397, 409–10
completion of, 186
Damascus caravan, xviii, 289
in Medieval period, 4, 5, 35, 60–62
from 1503 to 1814, 77, 98, 109, 148, 174, 175
from 1853 to 1908, 193, 215–18, 285
Damietta, city of, 57–58
Dante Alligheri, 70
Darb Sharki, 215
Darb Sultani road, 215
Davis, Ossie, 477
Day of Judgment, xxiii, xiiin., 40, 535
Day of Resurrection, 42
Day of Standing, xxii, 254, 305, 379, 384–86, 389, 487
Death of pilgrims, 65, 122, 226–27, 268–69, 326, 366, 394
Elsa Weiss, 353, 362–63, 371
will preparation prior to Hajj, 340
DeCaro, Lewis, Jr., 477
Defoe, Daniel, 103–104
Delhi, 4, 50, 53
Dervishes, 57, 114, 191, 192, 196, 197n.
Description of the Yearely Voyage or Pilgrimage of the Muslims, Turks, and Moors unto Arabia, A, 89–99
Desert processional, to Arafat
explanation of, xxii–xxiii
see also Arafat, Plain and Mountain of; Mina Valley; Muzdalifa
Devil, stoning of the, see Stoning rite
Dhu al-Hulayfa mosque, 62, 206, 206n.
al-Din, Munshi Saraj, 225
Dinesen, Isak, 285
al-Din Lu’lu,’ Husam, 37
Direction of prayer, xxi, xxin., 14, 14n., 205, 243, 369, 384
Dirʿiyya, 146, 209
Dix ans à travers d’Islam, 1834–1844 (Roche), x
Dos Passos, John, xxvi
Doughty, Charles Montagu, 292, 292n., 414, 418, 508
Doves of Mecca, 84n., 84
Dukkala, Ben Ahmad, 133
East India Company, 192
Ecclesiastes, 77
Eckehart, Johannes, 70
Effendi, Sadiq, Qadi of Mecca, 164–65, 166, 167–68, 169, 181
Egypt, 34, 35, 36–37, 50, 51, 77, 139, 165, 166
see also Cairo
as British dependency, 185, 188, 314
Hajj visas, lottery for, 494, 495
from 1925 to 1933, 319
Six-Day War and, 494, 495
travel to Mecca from:
Cairo caravan, see Cairo caravan
in Medieval period, 16–19, 36–40
Elijah Muhammad, 475–76, 483, 487–88, 490–91
England, 102, 103, 124, 165
slave trade and, 101
see also Britain
English (British) travel writers, accounts of, 100–22, 185–218, 237–66, 285–307, 374–419, 493–511
Enlightenment, 123
Epidemics, 267, 507–508
cholera, 186–87, 239, 268, 269, 305, 496, 507–508
plague, 70, 122, 329
quarantine stations, see Quarantine stations
smallpox, 265, 496, 507
typhus, 265
Eraif, Shaykh Abdullah, 491
Ethiopia, 80–81
Euclid, 33
European Christians, accounts by, 312–13, 397, 402, 410
evolution of Western travel writing about the East, 71–76
from 1503 to 1814, 71–182
from 1853 to 1908, 185–218, 237–66, 285–307
see also Western travel writing
European influence over Hajj travel from 1853 to 1908, 185–89
waning of, 319
see also Crusades
Eve, xiv, xvii, xxiii, 97–98, 116, 150, 467, 536n.
Eve’s tomb, Jidda, 223
Exxon, 426n.
Fabri, Felix, 73
Fahd ibn Abd al-Aziz, King, 555
Falaj, 24–26
Farahani, Mohammad Hosayn, 186, 188–89, 267–84
in Baku, 268, 271–74
on Batum, 274–75, 283–84
on camel brokers, 280, 280n., 281
on guides, 277, 278n., 278–80
on quarantine stations, 268–69, 276–77, 281–82
route taken by, 267–69, 270–71, 274–76, 604
train travel, 267, 274–76
Fars, 30, 31
Fasi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-, 173, 173n., 522, 522n.
Fatima, Lady, 409
Fatimid Caliphate, 6, 11, 12
Fayez, Mohamed, 526, 529
al-Faysal, Abdullah Amir, Vice-Governor of the Hijaz, 403
Faysal, Muhammad, 492
Faysal ibn Abd al-Aziz al-Saʿud:
as Amir, Viceroy of the Hijaz, 397, 402, 403, 410
as King of Saudi Arabia, 476–77, 489, 491–92
Feast of Fasting, 90n., 96
Feast of Sacrifice, xxiii, 96, 116, 117, 329, 393–95, 412, 417, 418
see also Sacrifice, rite of
Fez, 124, 131–33
Fictional accounts of travel to Mecca, 71–74
The Fifth Pillar: The Story of a Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina (Khalifa), 493, 495–511
Flooding of Mecca, 239, 262–65
Flying caravan, see Tayyara caravan
France:
disease prevention and, 268
influence on the Hajj, 186
mandate system in the Middle East and, 314, 315, 335
slave trade and, 101
World War I and, 313
Franciscans, 70
Frankfurter Zeitung, 353, 357
Freud, Sigmund, 74–75, 353
Fruits, 65
dates, 26, 28, 65, 94, 293, 351, 458
in Mecca, 24, 41, 95, 161, 351
al-Furaysh tribe, 437, 443
Gabriel, xvi–xvii, xxiii, 113, 117n., 141, 147, 177, 205
Galen, 33
Galician travel writer, 353–73
Gama, Vasco da, 74, 78
Garvey, Marcus, 475
Gerard of Cremona, 34
Ghalib, Sharif, 7, 124–25, 141, 143–45, 147, 151, 209, 209n.
Ghatghat tribe or community, 334n., 334–35
al-Ghazali, Muhammad, 234, 234n.
Gibraltar, region of Strait of, 599
Ginseng, 203
God’s House, see Haram Mosque
Gordon, General Charles George, 385, 385n.–86n.
Great Britain, see Britain
Great Depression, 316, 317, 376, 379
Great Mosque, see Haram Mosque
Grenada, 32, 34, 36
Griffin, John, 491
Grindlay, Captain Henry, 195
Guides, xxiv–xxv, 423
in Medieval period, 24–25
from 1503 to 1814, 111n., 111–12, 146–47, 168
from 1853 to 1908, 212, 228, 268, 277, 278n., 278–80, 280, 298
from 1925 to 1933, 317, 322–23, 325–26, 367, 413–14
from 1947 to 2000, 428, 448, 452, 458, 460, 480, 481, 482, 486–87, 495, 499, 500, 501, 507, 508, 515, 516, 526–27
female, 494
Hajja Thakafy (the “Turkish Tyrant”), 501, 502–503, 505, 507, 508, 510, 511
Gulek, Kasem, 490–91
Gurdjieff, George, xiii
Gypsies, 70
Hadda, 141, 225, 241–42, 380
The Hadj: An American’s Pilgrimage to Mecca (Wolfe), 513, 514–38
Hagar, xvii, 82n., 96, 99
grave of, xxi
rite of running and, xxii, 243, 462, 487, 520
Hajar al-Aswad, see Black Stone
Hajj:
Medieval period, accounts from, 3–67
essential conditions of, 391
from 1503 to 1814, 69–177
from 1853 to 1908, 185–307
from 1925 to 1933, 311–419
from 1947 to 2000, 423–538
renovation and expansion of sites, 424–27
security and safety, 427–28, 442, 443
travel arrangements and services, 428
history of, xiii
honeymooners on, xxiv, 464, 531
ibn Saud’s reforms, see Ibn Saʿud, Abd al-Aziz, the Hajj reformed under
limited to Muslims, see Haram or sacred territory, limited to Muslims
name change after, xxiv, 110, 115–16, 256, 393, 416, 516
numbers performing the, xiii, 240, 301, 321, 376, 379, 413
from 1947 to 2000, 423, 424, 426, 428, 490, 507, 512, 513, 516, 527
purpose of, xiii
redefined by Muhammad, xvii
requirements of, xx, 389, 515
rites of, see Rites of the Hajj
significance of, xxiv, 511, 538
slave accounts of, 100–22
surrogate pilgrims, 279, 279n., 416, 440–41, 470–71, 474
televising of, 427
timing of, xx, 379
al-Hakim bin-Amri ʿAllah (Fatimid Caliph), 18, 208
Hakim II, Ummayid caliph, 34
Hakluyt, Richard, 88
Haley, Alex, 476, 478
Halak Nisai, see Rites of Hajj, ritual haircut
Hama, population of, 173
Hamra, 155
Hamza, Fuʿad, 377, 378, 397, 402
Hamza, tomb of (uncle of Muhammad), 294, 296
Hanafi school of Sunni Islam, 59n., 63, 212, 212n.
Hanbali school of Sunni Islam, 59n., 63, 212, 212n., 382
Haram or sacred territory, xix, 299–300, 378, 383, 412, 414
limited to Muslims, xix, 187, 238, 287, 288–89, 292, 481, 500, 519
accounts of Muslim pretenders, xiii, 69–177, 185–218, 237–69, 285–307
Haram Mosque, Mecca, xix, xx–xxi, 596
in Medieval period, 11–12, 21–22, 40
Haram Mosque, Mecca (continued)
from 1503 to 1814, 95–96, 112–15, 141–43, 160, 168, 171
from 1853 to 1908, 246–47, 258, 263, 264
from 1925 to 1933, 320, 324, 352, 368, 378, 390, 413–14, 416, 418
from 1947 to 2000, 424, 426–27, 427–28, 446–47, 460–61, 486–87, 505–506, 520–25, 528–31, 575
flooding of Mecca and, 263, 264
gates to, 21, 81, 81n., 96, 112, 114, 117, 141, 168, 521, 530
plan of, 596
renovation and expansion of, 424, 426–27, 446–47, 450–51, 463, 486, 521
during World War I, 322
Harb tribe, 405
see also Banu Harb
Harem of Muhammad Ali, 164
Harem of Sharif of Mecca, 230–31
Harff, Arnold von, 74
Harkon, Shaykh Muhammad, 485
Hasa Desert, 13
Hasan Pasha, 164
al-Hasani, Abdullah, 58
Hashimite family, 7, 314n.
Hashish, 199, 199n.
Hastings, Battle of, 12
Health certificates, 186, 270
see also Epidemics; Medical examinations; Medical services on modern Hajj; Quarantine stations
Hermann of Carinthia, 34
Hermitage of Rabiʿ, 65
Herodotus, 203
Highways, xxvi, 425, 494, 531, 533
Hijaz Railway, 286, 289, 290–94, 295n., 295–96, 313, 321, 397, 410
completion of, 186
Hijaz region, xv, 552
in Medieval period, 35, 38, 39, 65
from 1503 to 1814, 77, 161, 162, 166, 179
from 1853 to 1908, 186, 187, 188–89, 195, 219, 220, 267, 269, 280, 281
warfare in, 286, 290, 294–97
from 1925 to 1933, 319, 375, 397
warfare in, 313, 315, 317, 321–22
from 1947 to 2000, 431, 518, 519
hydrography of, 195
sharifs of, xviii
see also Sharifs, of Mecca
during World War I, 313
Hindustani, 199, 264
see also Urdu.
Hippocrates, 33
Hira, see Mount Hira
Hiring of surrogate to make the pilgrimage, see Surrogate pilgrims
Hodgson, Marshall, 3
Holy Cities of Arabia, The (Rutter), 321–36
Horyallah, Ahmed, 491
Howdahs, 20, 41
Hu, 58
Hurgronje, Christian Snouck, 188n.
Husayn ibn Ali, Sharif, 7, 314, 315, 316, 319, 321, 328, 375, 397, 400, 405, 412
abdication of, xviii, 315, 405, 408
Arab Revolt and, 313
son as ruler of Transjordan, 408
sons as mandate rulers, 316, 316n.
Ibn al-Sarraj, college of, 58
Ibn al-Kalbi, 554
Ibn ʿArabi of Ronda, 34
ibn Aun, Sharif Abdullah ibn Muhammad, 220, 223, 224–25, 228–31, 233–34
Ibn Battuta, Muhammad ibn Abdullah, vii, xxv, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 50–66, 70
in Alexandria, 56
background of, 50
in Damascus, 59
on Damascus-Mecca caravan, 60–62
in Mecca, 62–66
in North Africa, 54–55
route taken by, 50–51, 54–62, 600–601
Sufism and, 51, 52
in Upper Egypt, 56–59
Ibn Hassan, Ahmad, 43–44
Ibn Hawkal, 8
Ibn Jubayr, Abu al-Husayn, vii, 3, 7, 9, 32–49, 53
in Alexandria, 36–37
background of, 32
in Jidda, 38–39
in Mecca, 35–36
on the Red Sea, 37–38
route taken by, 35, 36–40
stay in Mecca described by, 40–49
Ibn Juzayy, 53–54
Ibn Khurdadhbih, 8
Ibn Majid, 74
ibn Marzuq, Shaykh Abu al-Abbas, 64–65
Ibn Qufil, Shaykh, 57
Ibn Rashid, Muhammad, 314, 315, 408
Ibn Rushd of Seville, 34
Ibn Saʿud, Abd al-Aziz, xviii, 314–17
absolute rule of, 327–28
bodyguard of, 384
camel corps of, 415
conquests of, 311, 314–15, 319, 408
coronation of, 315, 336
the Hajj reformed under, xviii, 316–17, 320, 348–49, 398, 400, 405, 494
oil in kingdom of, 316, 401–402, 413, 425, 426, 426n.
storytelling about, 407–408
travel writers meeting or observing,
Eldon Rutter and, 320, 324, 326–28, 332–36
Muhammad Asad and, 354, 355
Lady Cobbold and, 397, 398, 400, 402, 403, 411, 415, 416, 417, 419
St. John Philby and, 374, 375, 377–78, 380–81, 382, 383, 385, 387–89, 393–95, 399, 426n.
Winifred Stegar and, 350–51
Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 15, 15n.
Ibn Zayyan, Sultan of Tlemcen, 54
Id al-Adha (Feast of the Ram), see Feast of Sacrifice
Id al Fitr (Feast of Fasting), 90n., 96
Idols, xvi, xvii, 370
Ihram law and dress, 389
bodyguard of Ibn Saʿud, worn by, 384
in Medieval period, 22, 40
explanation of, xix–xx
from 1503 to 1814, 110–11, 115, 168, 174–75, 176
from 1853 to 1908, 279n., 286, 289, 299, 299n., 304
from 1925 to 1933, 360–61, 367, 400
from 1947 to 2000, 456, 460, 478–79, 496, 513, 517, 518
Ikhwan, 315, 320, 328, 334, 408, 412, 428
Ghatghat tribe or community of, 334n., 334–35
see also Wahhabis
India, 12, 50, 53, 168, 219, 220, 255
under Britain, 185, 188, 219, 220, 220n., 223, 237
Hindi caravan:
from 1503 to 1814, 109
from 1853 to 1908, 237, 240
Hindi residents in Mecca, 253
Lucknow and Mutiny of 1857, 262, 262n.
Muslim empire in, 4
proportion of Hindi pilgrims, 253
rail travel from, 267
travel writers from, 219–69
Inquisition, Spanish, 103, 187
Inquisition, the, 71
Iqbal, Muhammad, 354, 355
Iran, 357
banning of pilgrims coming from, 428
religious extremists in, 354
Shah of, 462–63
travel writer from, 445–74
see also Persia
Iraq, 22, 314, 334, 376, 425
banning of pilgrims from, 428
Basra, 26–27, 29–31
Iraq Oil Company, 402
Irving, Washington, 160
Isaac, 80, 80n., 84, 84n.
Isbahani, Najm al-Din al-, 65–66
Ishmael, xvii, 82n., 99, 116n.
grave of, xxi
sacrifice of, God’s testing of Abraham with, xxi, xxin., 80n., 84n.
stoning of the devil, xxii
Islam:
ablutions, see wudu’
becoming a Muslim, ritual for, 359, 359n., 378
beginnings of, xvi–xvii
burial rites in, 265
European xenophobia and, 70–72
forced conversion to, 100, 102, 108
intellectual appeal of, 358
as major worldwide religion, vii, xiii, xv
misconceptions about, vii, 71, 103, 187–88, 370
Muhammad and, see Muhammad
Pillars of, xvii, 534
Shiʿite, see Shʿites
spread of, 3, 4, 51, 70, 219
Sunni, see Sunni Muslims
tradition of, xiv—xv
unifying factors of, 4, 149, 502
Western converts to:
early nineteenth century accounts of, 311–419
from 1960 to 2000, accounts of, 493–590
women, Muslim, see Women, Muslim
Ismaʿili sect of Shʿite Muslims, 11, 12, 192
Isphahani, Jamal al-Din al-Jawad al-, 45, 45n.
Israel, June 1967 war, 494, 495
Istanbul, viii, xxv, 88, 220n.
Istophan (freighter), 344–49
Italy, travel writers from, 77–99, 102
Itas, valley of, 62
Jabal Hindi, 334, 338
Jabal Nur, 113n., 147
see also Mount Hira
Jabal Qubays, see Abu Qubays mountain
Jabal al-Rahma, see Mercy, Mount
Jamarat, xxiii, 73
see also Stoning Rite
Jami’ al-Ammawi (Mosque of the Umayyads), 207
Jazʿ fortress, 24
Jehbir, 94
Jelani, 179
Jerome, Saint, 72
Jet age Hajj, 423–538
Jews, 51
anti-Semitism in Europe, 353
as slave owners, 101
in Spain’s golden age of tolerance, 33, 34
Spanish Inquisition and, 70
Jidda:
Arafat procession attended by people of, 176
customs duties and tax at, 39, 222–23, 348–49
in Medieval period, 38–40
from 1503 to 1814, 80, 111, 161, 162
from 1853 to 1908, 221–24, 276–77, 286, 287, 298–99
from 1925 to 1933, 319, 335, 348–49, 361–62, 363–64, 396–97, 398, 399–404, 408
European pilgrims detained in, 397, 399, 402
from 1947 to 2000, 494
highway system, 425, 494
Mamluk control of customs in, 77
steamship travel improving access to, 267–68
Jidda airport, 425, 447, 517–18
Hajj dormitories and medical clinic at, 447, 448–50, 481
Malcolm X detained at, 476, 480–84
Jidda to Mecca caravan, 39–40, 85, 86–87, 139–43, 240–42, 338, 349–52, 364–66
Jidda Palace Hotel, 485, 490
Jidda to Yanbu/Medina, 220
Jihad, 476
John of Segovia, 70
Jordan, 425
Jordan River, 72
Judgment Day, see Day of Judgment
Juhaiman, Ibn Muhammad ibn Saif al-Otaybi, 428
Kaʿba (House of Abraham, House of God), xx, xxi, 205, 556
ancient origins of, xvi, 82n., 370, 523
cover of, see Kiswa
as direction of prayer, see Direction of prayer
in Medieval period, 13, 22, 40, 42, 43, 48, 49, 63, 64
from 1503 to 1814, 81, 96, 97, 114–15, 141–42, 145–46
from 1853 to 1908, 193, 242–43, 245, 265
from 1925 to 1933, 324, 352, 368–69, 378, 390, 391, 392
from 1947 to 2000, 424, 460, 461, 462, 463, 486, 522, 523, 530–31
idols banished from, xvii, 370
Tawaf rite, see Tawaf
Kamal, Ahmad, 511, 511n., 526–27
Karachi, 340–41
Karak fortress, 61, 61n.
Keane, John F., 188, 189, 237–69
Arafat rites and, 254–57
arrival at Jidda, 240
background of, 239
as impostor, 238, 244, 256
Lady Venus and, 238, 248–51, 256, 260–62
in Mecca, 243–54, 258–66, 269
return to Mecca from Arafat, 257–59
rites of the Hajj described by, 242–43
route taken by, 240–43
stoning by children, 238, 251–53
to Mecca from Jidda, 240–43
Keeper of the Keys of the Holy Places (Shayba Sahib), 230, 230n., 390
see also Shayba clan
Kenya: Land of Illusion (Cobbold), 398
al-Khabt road, 215
Khadija, 60
Khafir, see Protective guards
Khalifa, Saida Miller, 429, 493–511
at Cairo airport, 497–98
background of, 493, 494
harem as experienced by, 493, 499, 501–505, 507, 508, 509–10, 511
in Jidda, 494
in Mecca, 501–506, 509–11
at Mina and Arafat, 506–509
preparations for the pilgrimage, 495–97
Khalifa, Yusry, 493, 495–98, 500, 506, 508, 511
al-Khalij canal, 19–21
Khartoum, siege of, 385, 385n.–86n.
al-Khayif, mosque of, 24, 47, 328–29, 396, 412
Khosraw, Naser-e, ix, xxvi, xxvii, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11–31, 32, 52, 192, 445, 474, 477, 513
background of, 11, 13
at Basra, 30–31
in Cairo, 19–21
dream that changed, 14
at Falaj, 25–27
Ismaʿili sect and, 11, 12, 192
at Jazʿ, 24–25
at Lahsa, 27–29
Mecca described by, 21–24
route taken by, 12, 13, 14–19, 598
to Taʿif, 24
at Yamama, 27
Khurasarv, 11, 18, 23, 41, 46, 47, 48
Kidnapping, 120–21, 220, 220n., 224–26, 434–35
Kiswa (cover for the Kaʿba), xxi
in Medieval period, 40, 48
from 1503 to 1814, 81, 81n., 82n., 89, 91, 109, 114, 141
from 1853 to 1908, 259
from 1925 to 1933, 368, 390, 391, 416
from 1947 to 2000, 523, 524
Kitchener, Horatio Herbert, 295n.
Lahsa, city of, 13, 27–29
Lane, Edward, 187
Larache, 137
Larking, John W., 195–96
Lawrence, T. E., 313, 397
League of Nations, 314
Lee, Spike, 478
Lesser or Minor Pilgramage, see
Umra
Letters of credit, 161, 286
Libya, 50
Tripoli, 124
Lombardo, Marco de, 102
London, 100, 114, 123, 139, 158, 159, 167, 195, 221, 374
Lord Jim (Conrad), 185–86
Lost in the Crowd (Al-e Ahmad), 462, 463–92
Lucknow:
Hajj train from, 338, 339–40
Indian Mutiny of 1857 and, 261–62, 262n.
Luther, Martin, 103
Ma’amun, al-, 208
Mada’in Salih, 62n., 292–93
Maghrib caravan, 108–9, 602
Magid, Muhammad Abd al-Azziz, 485, 492
al-Mahdi, (Abbagid caliph), 208
al-Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad, 385, 385n.–86n.
Mahgama Sharia (Muslim high court), 483, 485, 500
Mahmal (camel-mounted ark), 89, 93, 174, 175, 181, 289
introduction of, 181n.
Mahmudiya college, 213
Mahomet and His Successors (Irving), 160
Maimonides, Moses, 34
Malaria, 291–92, 341
Malcolm X, vii, viii, 429, 475–92
background of, 475–76
conversion of, 476
death of, 477–78
detained at Jidda airport, 476, 480–84
flight from Cairo to Jidda, 478–80
Hajj as transforming experience for, 475, 477, 478, 487–89
Hajj rites performed by, 486–87, 489
Spike Lee’s film about, 478
mistaken for Cassius Clay, 482–83, 489
on racial discrimination in America, 490, 491
second visit to Mecca, 475, 489–92
Maliki school of Sunni Islam, 59, 59n., 63, 149, 152, 212, 212n.
Malta, 109, 159, 165
Mamluks, 7, 74–75, 77, 80, 83, 86, 88, 139
Mandate system, 314, 315, 335
Mandeville, Sir John, 73
Maqam Ibrahim, xxi, 142, 338
see also Station of Abraham
Al-Maqrizi, 181n.
Mardini, Mohamad, 517–18, 520, 521, 524, 527, 531, 532, 533
Marrakesh, 124, 133–36, 543
Marseilles, 268, 285
Marwa, Mount, 22, 142
run between Safa and, see Saʿy (rite of running)
Masaʿa, xx, xxii, 390, 392–93
from 1947 to 2000, 424, 447, 450, 525–26
see also Saʿy (rite of running)
Masʿad, Sharif, 144
Masaudi, 285, 286, 287, 290, 302–303, 306–307
Mashʿar al-Haram (Sacred Grove or Shrine), 23, 43, 45, 47, 442, 469
Masjid al Haram, see Haram Mosque
Masjid al-Nabi, see Prophet’s Mosque
Masjid Namira, see Mosque of Namira
Mas’ud of the Rahla, 216
Mataf (track around the Kaʿba), see Tawaf
al-Mazumayn, 182
Mecca:
appearance of Meccans, 63, 111–12
battles with Medina, xvii
in Medieval period, 21–24, 35–36, 40–49, 52, 62–66
power struggle between branches of Islam and, 6–7, 12–13
climate of, xv, 24, 113–14, 527–39
from 1503 to 1814, 79–81, 95–96, 113–14, 124–25, 141–47, 159–60, 168–74
from 1853 to 1908, 193, 226–28, 243–54, 258–66, 268, 269, 286, 287, 299–303
from 1925 to 1933, 320, 321–28, 352, 366–71, 411, 416–19
from 1947 to 2000, 425, 428, 429, 486–87, 489, 501–506, 509–11, 512–13, 518–31, 556, 574
highway system, 425
security and safety, 427–28
flooding of, 239, 262–64
fruits of, see Fruits, in Mecca
Mecca: (continued)
history of, xv–xix
housing in, 170–71, 227, 366, 367, 398, 428, 501
limited to Muslims, see Haram or sacred territory, limited to Muslims
maps, 594, 595
markets in, 21, 22, 41, 81, 117, 170, 227, 300, 301, 367, 461, 464–65, 510
marriages in, 227
motels in, 464, 478
motorized travel and, 416, 429, 486, 489, 494, 506, 512, 531–32
performance of Hajj by Meccans, 176, 431–32, 439
population of, xix, 173, 300–301, 513, 518
routes to Medina from, 35, 215–18, 232–36, 433–39
seasonal employment of Meccans in Hajj services, 432, 440–44
sharifs of, see Sharifs, of Mecca
travel to, see Travel to Mecca
travel writer from, 431–44
water in, see Water, in Mecca
Medical examinations, 341–44
see also Epidemics; Health certificates; Quarantine stations
Medical services on modern Hajj, 428, 450, 508, 527–28, 532
Medieval period, accounts from, 3–67
Medina:
battles with Meccans, xvii
in Medieval period, 62
from 1503 to 1814, 74, 125, 153, 156, 157, 160
from 1853 to 1908, 193, 204–14, 217–18, 286, 294, 297–98
from 1925 to 1933, 319, 335, 397, 398, 406–10
from 1947 to 2000, 438–39, 467–75, 540, 548, 554
failed attempts to reach, 125, 153–57, 220, 232–36
limited to Muslims, see Haram or sacred territory, limited to Muslims
literary, 213–15
motor travel to and from, 406, 451–52, 459, 494
rail line from Damascus to, 285, 286, 289, 290–94, 295n., 295–96, 313, 321, 397, 410
completion of, 186
routes to Mecca, 35, 214–18, 232–36
spread of Islam to, xvii
water in, 298, 447, 457–59
Meetings with Remarkable Men, (Gurdjieff), xiii
Meknes, Pasha of, 396
Mercy, Mount, xxii, xxiii, 36, 45, 46, 160, 177, 239, 256, 372, 383, 384, 415, 416, 466, 536–37
Adam’s Place of Prayer, xxiii, 177, 413
see also Arafat
Mesajid, 410
Mfarrash, Qadi Sidi-Abderrahman, 126
Middle Ages in Europe, 69–70, 69–71
Midnight hajjis, 527–28
Miller, Sonya, see Khalifa, Saida Miller
Mina Valley, xxii, xxiii, 148
in Medieval period, 24, 45, 47
from 1503 to 1814, 97, 99, 116, 151–53, 176
from 1853 to 1908, 255, 257, 304, 306–307
from 1925 to 1933, 328–29, 379, 381–82, 388, 389, 393–95, 416
from 1947 to 2000, 427, 428, 431, 441–44, 489, 506–507, 508–509, 532–33, 560-561, 576
highway systems, 425
motor vehicle travel to and from, 381, 398, 411–12, 415, 429, 468, 506, 531–34
route from Mecca to, Arafat, and Muzdalifa, 594
Minor or Lesser Pilgramage, see Umra
Mobil Oil, 426n.
A Modern Pilgrim in Mecca and A Siege in Sanaa (Wavell), 287–307
Monetary prerequisites placed on pilgrims, 187
Money changers, 281, 303, 450
Mongol invasions, 70, 77
Monotheism, prophetic, xiv, xix
Moon, eclipse of, 330
Moroccan Ministry of Islamic Affairs, 561-562
Morocco, 512, 514–16
in Medieval period, 3, 6, 32, 50, 53
from 1503 to 1814, 123, 124, 126–38
from 1925 to 1933, 397
from 1947 to 2000, 518, 519, 520–22, 541, 544, 546
Maliki rite and, 59n.
travel writers from, 50–66
Mosque of Abraham, 150
Mosque of al-Khayif, 328–29, 412
Mosque of Mercy, 150
Mosque of Muhammad, see Prophet’s Mosque
Mosque of Namira, 178, 328–29, 383, 534, 536
Motels, 447, 461
Motor vehicles, 425
traffic conditions, 429, 465–66, 489, 494, 513, 531, 532
travel to pilgrimage sites by:
from 1925 to 1933, 381, 387, 397, 398, 404–406, 406, 410–12, 417, 419
from 1947 to 2000, 423, 425, 429, 451–52, 459, 465–66, 468, 469, 486, 489, 494, 531–34
Mount Hira, 111, 533
see also Jabal Nur
Mudayyina, see Wahhabis
Mufti of Jerusalem, 443, 490
Muhammad, xiv, 53, 59n., 60, 61, 73, 113, 177, 296, 370, 382, 459n.
burial of, 206
in exile, xvii
Farewell Hajj, xvii, 62, 370, 383, 384, 412
grave site of, xxiv, 206, 208, 208n., 453
as mortal prophet, xv
mosque of, see Prophet’s Mosque
religious revelations of, xvi–xvii, 113, 370
Muhammad, Essid, 491
Muhammad, Wallace, 487
Muhammad Ali, Pasha of Cairo, 124, 159, 160, 162–66, 169, 174, 176, 178, 179–80, 209, 321
wife of, 178
Muhammad ibn Abd Allah, 551
Muhammad Khan, Faujdar, 231, 232, 234
Mukthir, Amir of Mecca, 39
Murshidi, Shakyh al-, 56–57
The Muslim from America (film), 491
Muslim Mosque, Incorporated, 477, 488
al-Mustansir, Sultan, 7, 12, 19n., 19–20
al-Mutasim, Abbasid Caliph, 209
Mutawwif, see Guides
Muzdalifa, xxiii, 83n.
in Medieval period, 23, 45, 47
from 1503 to 1814, 149, 152, 176, 182
from 1853 to 1908, 193
Muzdalifa (continued)
from 1925 to 1933, 383, 387–88, 414, 416
from 1947 to 2000, 425, 533, 534, 562–563
route from Mecca to Mina, Arafat, and, 594
al-Nafra, see Rush from Arafat
Nafzawi, Muhammad al-, 54–55
Nakhawalah sect, 453, 453n., 454–55, 456–57
Name change after the Hajj, xxiv, 110, 116–17, 393, 416, 516
Napoleon Bonaparte, 125, 158, 165
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 485, 485n., 494
Nationalism in the Middle East, 315
Nation of Islam, 475–76, 477–78, 483, 487, 492
Nautical Directory (Ibn Majid), 74
Netherlands, 185
influence on pilgrim travel, 186
slave trade and, 101
New Hotel, Jidda, 397, 401–402
Niger River, exploration of, 158–59, 160
Nile River, 16–18
travel to Mecca along, 5, 59
Nixon, Richard, 426n.
Nizan, Paul, 473
North Africa, 50, 52, 54, 70, 124, 512
Muslim empire in, 4
Ockham, William, 70
Odjakli, Sayyid Ali, 162
Oil:
in Baku, 272
in Middle East, 314, 350, 413
in Saudi Arabia, 316, 401–402, 413, 425, 426, 426n.
Oman, 28
On Heroes, Hero Worship, and the Heroic in History (Carlyle), 160
On Those Caliphs and Sultans Who Performed the Pilgrimage in Person (Al-Maqrizi), 181n.
Ophir, gold mines of, 413
Opium, 198, 199n., 253, 256
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 426n.
Orientalism (Said), 69
Orphans, 302–303
Osman, Caliph, 206–207, 208
Osman, Pasha, 211
Ottoman Empire, xxix, 7, 75, 88, 186, 408
in nineteenth century, 124, 220, 278n., 282–83
warfare with Bedouins, 286, 289, 294–97, 405
World War I’s effect on, 313, 314, 605–606
Oujda, 136
Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza, Shah of Iran, xxix, 445–46
Pakistan, 354, 355–56
Palestine, 314
Paracelsus, 214
Pardoning of the pilgrims, 81–82
Paris, 125, 187, 408
Park, Mungo, 123
Pasha Adnan, Sharif, 335
Passports:
from 1503 to 1814, 167
from 1853 to 1908, 186, 276, 277, 283, 285, 287
from 1925 to 1933, 349, 404, 405, 418
from 1947 to 2000, 428, 479, 480, 481, 499
Perceval, Caussin de, 187
Perfumes, use of, 47, 63, 232, 232n., 510
Persia, 80
in Medieval period, 14–15
travel writers from, 11–31, 267–84
see also Iran
Persia and Persians (Benjamin), 274n.
Persia in Revolution (Hone and Dickinson), 274n.
Persian Gulf War, 428
A Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to al-Madinah and Meccah (Burton), 191–218
Peters, F. E., xi
Pharos lighthouse, 18n., 56
Philby, Dora, 396, 399, 401
Philby, Harry St. John Bridger, 311, 314, 374–95, 402, 426n., 431, 494, 531–32
background of, 374–75
Lady Evelyn Cobbold and, 396, 397, 399, 401, 404, 410
conversion of, 375, 377–78
as explorer, 375
Hajj rites performed by, 380–93
preparation for pilgrimage, 379–80
Pigeons, blue-rock, 254
Pilgrimage of Ahmad, x
A Pilgrimage to Mecca (Sikandar), 221–36
Pilgrimage to Mecca (Cobbold), 398, 399–419
A Pilgrim in Arabia (Philby), 379–95
Piracy on the high seas, 100, 101
Pitts, Joseph, xxv, 100–22, 194, 220n.
as author and scholar, 103–104
background of, 100, 102
forced conversion to Islam, 100, 102, 106
Mecca and Hajj rites described by, 103, 111–18
owners of, 101–102, 106–8
as pilgrim’s slave, 76, 100, 108–21
return to Cairo, 118–22
route taken by, 109–11
sold into slavery, 100, 107–108
Plagiarism and borrowing in travel texts, 9, 54–55, 160, 193–194
Plague, 70, 122, 329
The Plague (Camus), 445
Plato, 33
Polo, Marco, 53, 71, 72–73
Poole, Elijah Muhammad, see Elijah Muhammad
Porte, 220, 220n.
Portugal:
explorers from, 74, 78
slave trade and, 101
Princeton University, 539
The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation (Hakluyt), 88
Prophetic monotheism, xiv, xix
Prophet’s Mosque, xxiii–xxiv, 78, 204–12, 291, 438–39
establishment attached to, 210–12
from 1853 to 1908, 291, 293, 297
from 1925 to 1933, 397
from 1947 to 2000, 469
history of construction of, 204–209
Muhammad and history of, 204–206
Ptolemy, xv, 33, 74
Purda, 207n.
Qadiriyya order of Sufis, 192, 197
Qaʿit Bey, Mamluk Sultan, 208–209
Qalandariya dervishes, 57–58
Qarmatians sect, 173–74
Qays festival, 432, 439–40
Qibla, see Direction of prayer
Qitada dynasty in Mecca, 7–8, 62–63, 124
Qitada, Abu Azzi “al-Nabigha,” 7–8
Qitada, Abu Numayy, 7, 62
Qitada, Atayfa, 62–63
Qitada, Rumaytha, 62–63
Qitada, Sharif, xviii
Qoba (Quba) mosque, 459, 459n.
Quarantine stations, 186, 267, 268, 269, 277, 280–81, 287
corruption and fee collection, 268, 276, 277, 280–82
Quota system for pilgrim visas, 428
Quran, xiv–xv, xvii, 4, 43, 47, 49, 58, 59, 70, 153, 165, 176, 187, 192, 196, 208, 213, 214, 262, 358, 368, 370, 438, 529, 535
astrology as sin in, 133
Muhammad’s revelations, xvi–xvii, 113, 147, 370
preeminent status of, 16, 331
prohibition against usury and, 303
quoted, 25, 40, 48, 56, 62, 64, 187n., 293
Stambuli, 321
translations of, 70, 103, 321
al-Qurayn, 40
Quraysh, xvi, 177, 294, 419
Qus, 35, 59
Qutba al-Wukuf, 83n., 180
Qutb al-Din, 522, 522n.
Rabiʿ, hermitage of, 65
Rabigh, 110, 110n., 360, 404
Rafiʿ, Amir Muhammad al-, 60
Railroad, see Trains, travel by
Rakats, 21, 112, 113, 118, 177, 305, 415, 416, 486, 525
Ralli, Augustus, 188
Ramadan, 60, 65, 90, 163, 166–67, 243, 245, 296, 512, 514, 515
al-Rashid, Harun, 46, 46n., 215, 534
Raven’s Castle, see Karak fortress
Red Sea, 5, 139, 360
British influence of traffic in, 185
crossing the:
in Medieval period, 35, 37–39
from 1503 to 1814, 93, 110–11, 159
from 1925 to 1933, 338, 345, 360–62
from 1947 to 2000, 517, 574
from 1853 to 1908, 268
region of, 593
Renaissance, European, 34
Renan, Joseph-Ernest, 187
Renegados, 74–75, 77, 101, 104, 121
Rites of the Hajj, xix–xxiv
in Medieval period, 22–23, 24, 36, 40, 41–42, 43, 44–49, 52–53, 66
from 1503 to 1814, 81–84, 89, 96–99, 112, 115–17, 142–43, 145–53, 168–69, 174–83
from 1853 to 1908, 228, 229, 242–43, 304–307
from 1925 to 1933, 324–30, 370–71, 372–73, 378, 380–95, 413–18
from 1947 to 2000, 423, 460–63, 464, 486–87, 489, 505–507, 513, 520–26, 531–38
Ritual Haircut, (Halak Nisai), 389, 393
in Medieval period, 23, 40
from 1503 to 1814, 116, 143, 150
from 1853 to 1908, 243
from 1947 to 2000, 487
sequence of, xxii, 89, 97n.
see also specific rites, e.g. Saʿy; Tawaf
Ritual and Belief in Morocco (Westermarck), 516
Riyadh, 399, 408, 449, 461, 567–571, 574
The Road to Mecca (Asad), 353, 355–73
Robbery, see Thieves
Robert of Ketton, 34, 103
Roches, Léon, x, 188n.
Roman Catholic Church, 70–71
Royal Geographic Society, 191, 191n., 192, 194, 375
Royal Society, 123, 158
Rumma, Dhu al-, 436, 436n.
Rush from Arafat, 83n., 182, 425
Russia, 185, 199
World War I and, 313
see also Soviet Union
Rutter, Eldon, 311, 319–36, 392, 526, 534
ibn Saʿud and, 320, 324, 326–28, 332–36
on Mecca, 320, 321–26, 327–28, 331–36
at Mina, 328–29
route taken by, 319
Rutter, Owen, x
Ryan, Sir Andrew, 377, 377n., 378, 396–97
Saʿad, Shaykh, 235, 236
Sacred Territory, see Haram or sacred territory
Sacred territory, see Haram
Sacrifice, rite of, 47, 48, 82–84, 96, 116, 393–95, 447, 468, 470–72
see also Feast of Sacrifice
Sacy, Silvestre de, 187
al-Sadiq, Ja’fur, 551
Safa, Mount, 21–22
running between Marwa and, see Masaʿa; Saʿy (rite of running)
al-Safra tribe, 443
Said, Edward, 69
Saladin, 35, 38–39, 61n.
al-Salih, al-Malik, 57
Salim, Sultan, 424
al-Samanhudi, 208
al-Sanusi, Muhammad Ibn Abdullah, 212–13
Sarah, xxi
Sardar, Ziauddin, 590
Saru tribes, 42–43, 46
al-Saʿud, Abd al-Aziz, 150, 151n.
al-Saʿud, Saʿud, 125, 148, 150, 151, 151n., 156, 209–10, 209n.
Saudia national airline, 432
Saudi Arabia, 316, 539, 589–590
economy of, 423
establishment of, 311
oil in, 316, 401–402, 413, 426, 426n.
Philby’s travels as source of cartography for, 375, 607
Saud ibn Abdul Aziz, 446
Saudi tribal family, 125, 148n., 151n., 315
Sawi, Shaykh Jamal al-Din al-, 57–58
Saʿy (rite of running), xxii, 13, 389
explanation of, xxii
in Medieval period, 22–23, 40
from 1503 to 1814, 97, 97n., 112, 112n., 143, 168
from 1853 to 1908, 243, 259
from 1925 to 1933, 389–90, 392–93, 418
from 1947 to 2000, 447, 462–63, 487, 520, 525–26
Scientific expeditions, 123–57, 158–59, 160, 191, 192, 194
Sea routes to Mecca, 37–39, 109–10, 110–11, 124, 185–86, 192, 195, 344–48, 359–62
Security on modern Hajj, 427–29, 442, 443
Seljuk dynasty, 11, 77
Semelalia villa, 133–35
Sermons:
in Medieval period, 48–49, 63
from 1503 to 1814, 83, 83n., 98–99, 151, 179–81
from 1853 to 1908, 256, 257
from 1925 to 1933, 383, 415
Seville, 33
Sexual activity during the Hajj, suspension of, xx, 47, 389, 414
Shabestari, Saʿd od-Din Mahmud, 528, 528n.
Shaddel, Pesar-e, 22
Shadhili, al-, 58, 58n.
Shafiʿi school of Sunni Islam, 59n., 63, 212, 212n.
Sharia Law, 4, 433n.
Sharifs, xviii
of Mecca, 6–7
in Medieval period, 7
from 1503 to 1814, 94–95, 115
from 1853 to 1908, 187, 220, 278, 278n., 280n., 280–81, 301
from 1925 to 1933, 313
Middle Eastern states ruled by Meccan sharifate, 314
see also individual sharifs
Shawarbi, Dr. Mahmoud Youssef, 479, 479n., 480, 487
Shayba clan, 335, 335n., 390
see also Banu Shayba; Keeper of the Keys
The Sheltered Quarter (Bogary), 431–32, 433–44
Shevria, 140, 147, 148
A Shiʿite Pilgrimage to Mecca (Farahani), 270–84
Shiʿites, 192, 333, 445, 540
beliefs of, 6
in Medieval period, 6–7, 11
sects of, see Ismaili, Qarmatiane, Zaydi
Shirazi, Daud, 12
Shrouds, burial, 118, 265, 463, 497
Shubreya (camel palanquin), 175, 175n., 215, 417
Shugduf, (camel litter), 9, 193, 215, 217, 224, 224n., 232, 241, 255, 329, 417, 434, 441–42
Sidi Muhammad, Sultan, 133, 134
Sikandar, Nawab, Begum of Bhopal, see Bhopal, Begum of
Six-Day War, 494
Six Months in Meccah (Keane), 240–66
Slavery, 398
accounts of European slaves, 102
Joseph Pitts’ experiences as a slave, 100–22
in Algiers, 100, 101, 104–106, 108
in Medieval period, 34, 36–37
Joseph Pitts’ account, 100–22
in Saudi Arabia, 403–404
in seventeenth century, 100–101, 104–106, 121
soldiers as slaves, 74–75, 76
Smallpox, 265, 496, 507
Socal, 426n.
Socony-Vacuum Company, 426n.
The Song of Roland, 33, 71
Sorakhani, fire temple at, 272–73
Soviet Union, 356–57, 529
see also Russia
Spain:
French invasion of, 125
golden age of tolerance in, 33–34
end of, 70, 71, 103
Muslim empire in, 4, 32, 33
slave trade and, 101
travel writers from, 32–49, 123–57
Standard Oil Company of California (Socal), 426n.
Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, 426n.
Station of Abraham, 63, 391, 525
in Medieval period, 21, 40, 48
see also Maqam Ibrahim
Steamship, travel by:
from 1853 to 1908, 186, 192, 220, 267, 276–77, 285
spread of epidemics and, 268
from 1925 to 1933, 319, 344–49, 359–62, 399
Peninsular and Oriental Company, 195, 236
Stegar, Winifred, 311, 337–52
arrival in Mecca, 351–52
background of, 337–38
on camel travel to Mecca from Jidda, 349–51
on ibn Saʿud, 348–49
at Jidda, 348–49
on medical examination, 341–44
route taken by, 338, 339–41, 344–52
on steamship travel, 344–48
Stoning rite, xxiii
in Medieval period, 23, 48
from 1503 to 1814, 84, 84n., 99, 117, 117n., 152
from 1925 to 1933, 328–29, 388–89, 395, 416
see also Jamarat
Storytelling in Eastern tradition, 407–408
Suez, port of, 189, 235–36, 275–76, 319
Suez Canal, 186, 237, 267, 269, 494, 495
Sufis, 52, 192, 540
Suleyman the Magnificent Sultan, 209
al-Suleyman, Shaykh Abdullah (finance minister of Saudi Arabia), 378, 381
Suleyman, Sultan Moulay, Emperor of Morocco, 126–31, 133, 136, 137, 138
Suleyman Beg (son of Pasha of Mecca), 224, 225
Sultans, government by, 6
Sunni Muslims, 52, 192, 333, 476
beliefs of, 6
in classic Medieval period, 6–7, 35
sects of, see individual sects
Sunstroke, 527–28
Swiss travel writer, 158–82
Sykes, Colonel W., 195
Sykes-Picot Agreement, 313
Syria, 80, 314, 335
in Medieval period, 15–16
Syrian caravan, see Damascus caravan
Al-Tabrani, 205
Tabuk, 61
Ta’if, 23, 65, 161–68, 315
Takhtruans (deluxe camel litter), 175
Takruri people, 385, 385n., 394
Talbiyya (verses repeated in unison), xx, 242, 299, 518
Tangier:
Caïd of, 126–29
in Medieval period, 51, 54
from 1503 to 1814, 123–24, 126–31
Tanʿim, 41
Tawaf, rite of turning, 389
in Medieval period, 21, 43, 47–48, 64–65, 66, 82n.
expansion of area for, 424, 460–61
explanation of, xxii, xxiii–xxiv, 370–71
from 1503 to 1814, 82, 97, 97n., 112, 118, 142
from 1853 to 1908, 228, 230, 237, 243, 259, 264
from 1925 to 1933, 323, 324, 370–71, 378, 390–91, 413, 416–17, 418
from 1947 to 2000, 424, 447, 460–61, 462–64, 486, 511, 513, 523–25, 526
Taxation of pilgrims, xviii, 39, 219–20, 348, 349, 494
Tayyara caravan, (flying caravan), 215, 215n.
by Sharif of Mecca, 145, 220
Televising the Hajj, 427
Tennis, city of, 16–17
Terrorism, 427–28
Texaco, 426n.
Thakafy, Hajj (guide), 501, 507, 508
Thakajy, Hajja, see Guides, female
Thamud, 61–62
Thieves, 5, 340, 405, 407, 410, 439, 439n.
from 1503 to 1814, 92, 121, 152–54, 157
from 1853 to 1908, 219, 283–84, 286, 293, 306–307
Thomson, Dr. Charles, 222, 222n.
Timbuktu, 158
Tlemcen, 54–55, 136
Toledo, 32, 34, 103
Toledo (ship), 403
Toothpicks, 510, 534
Trade:
in Medieval period, 4, 51
from 1503 to 1814, 71, 74, 88–89, 91, 139, 140, 148
from 1853 to 1908, 185
Traffic, see Motor vehicles, traffic conditions
Train, travel by, 321
from 1853 to 1908, 186, 267, 274n., 274–76, 285–86, 290–94, 295n., 295–96
from 1925 to 1933, 313, 338, 339–40
Transcaucasian Railroad, 267, 274
Transjordan, 314, 334, 408
Travel liars, 73–74, 79, 103–104
Travels in Africa and Asia during the Years 1803–07 (Abbasi), 125, 126–57
Travels in Arabia (Burckhardt), 160, 161–82
Travels of Ibn Battuta, The (Ibn Battuta), 54–66
Travels of Ibn Jubayr, The (Ibn Jubayr), 36–49
Travels of Lucovico di Varthema (Varthema), 79–87
Travel to Mecca, 597, 603
African pilgrimage routes, from 1300–1900, 602
by airplane, see Air travel
by caravan, see Caravan routes
by sea, see Sea routes to Mecca
changes over the centuries, xxiv–xxvii, 186–87, 267–68, 423, 425, 428–29, 498–99
dangers of, xxv–xxvi
in Medieval period, 5–6, 25, 34–35, 39
from 1853 to 1908, 268–69
from 1947 to 2000, 427–28, 431, 434–35, 442, 443
kidnapping, see Kidnapping
from thieves, see Thieves
motor vehicles and, see Motor vehicles, travel to pilgrimage sites by
package tours, 530
by steamship, see Steamship, travel by
by train, see Train, travel by
see also under names of individual travel writers for routes and modes of transportation
Tripoli, 124, 137
True and Faithful Account of the Religion and Manners of the Mahometans (Pitts), 103, 104–22
Tunis, 4, 54–55
Turkey, see Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Tussan Pasha, 167, 210
Typhoid, 496
Typhus, 265
Uhud, Mountain of, 293–94
Ukhaidir, valley of, 61
Ula, 62
Umar Ibn Abd al-Aziz, Caliph, 206, 208n.
Umayyads, 181n., 206n.
Banu Ummaya, 207
pluralistic nature of tradition of, 33
Umm Salima, 45, 45n.
Umra, xx
in Medieval period, 22–23, 40, 41–42, 43, 65
from 1503 to 1814, 168
from 1925 to 1933, 378
from 1947 to 2000, 520–26, 530
Unicorns of Mecca, 85, 85n.
United Nations, 355, 356
United States, travel writers from, 475–92, 512–38
Unromanticized East, The (Asad), 353
Urdu, 220, 220n., 237, 374
see also Hindustani
Usfuni, Najm al-Din al-, 65
Usury, 303
Utayba tribe, 372, 428
Uthred of Bolden, 69, 70
Vaccinations, 428, 496
Van der Pol (Dutch banker), 415
Varthema, Ludovico di, 75, 76, 77–87, 194
on the doves of Mecca, 84–85
on events between Mecca and Jidda, 85–87
exaggeration by, 81, 81n.
on Mecca, 79–81
on the pardoning in Mecca, 81–82
reasons for going to Mecca, 75
on sacrifices in Mecca, 82–84
on unicorns in the temple of Mecca, 85
Veil worn by Muslim women, 207n., 395, 405
Venus, Lady (née Macintosh) of Devon, 239, 248–50, 256, 261–62
Victoria, Queen, 220
Vienna, 353
Visas, 186, 269, 428, 494, 514, 519
quota system for pilgrim, 428
Voyage and Travels (Mandeville), 73
Wahba, Shaykh Hafiz, 399, 402
al-Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn Abd, 125, 147, 147n., 156, 403
Wahhabis, 172, 177, 403
Brotherhood of, see Ikhwan
control of Hijaz in 1925, 319, 320–21, 322–23, 325, 329
driven out of the Hijaz, 159, 160, 162, 172, 174, 209, 209n.
in 1807, 125, 145–47, 148, 149, 150–51, 152, 153–57
as ibn Saʿud’s army, 314–15
mahmal and, 181n.
policing of pilgrim route, 405, 418, 466
as puritanical sect, 181n., 316, 320, 403, 431
see also Ikhwan
Wahhabism, 540
Wali, Hajji (pilgrim friend of Burton), 198–199, 204
al-Walid (Umayyad Caliph), 206, 206n., 207, 207n.
Wallin, Georg, 188n.
Water, 120
at Arafat, 97, 258, 383, 412, 507
carried by each hajji, 120, 216, 236, 289, 340–41
in Jidda, 349
in Lahsa, 27
in Mecca, 22, 80, 171–72, 226–27, 504, 525
see also Zamzam Well
in Medina, 297, 447
on modern Hajj, 428
at Mount Sinai, 282, 283
at Qurayn, 40
sand ablution, 120n.
scarcity of, 5, 80
at Tabuk, 61
at Thamud, 61
Watering Day, see Yawan al-Tarwiyya
Wavell, Archibald, 285, 285n.
Wavell, Arthur J. B., 186, 188, 189, 285–307, 312, 392
background of, 285
on Damascus, 288–290
Wavell, Arthur J. B. (continued)
disguise of, 285, 289
in Jidda, 286, 287, 298–99
on Mecca, 286, 287, 299–303
on Medina, 287, 294, 297–98
on Mina and Arafat, 304–307
route taken by, 285–86, 299–300
on train travel from Damascus to Medina, 285–86, 290–94
warfare in the Hijaz and, 286, 289–90, 294–97
Weiss, Elsa, 353, 357–72
Weiss, Leopold, see Asad, Muhammad
Well of Zamzam, see Zamzam Well
West African Hajj caravan routes, 158, 160
Westermarck, Edward, 516
Western travel writing, xxvii–viii, xxxi, 69–76, 78–79, 88, 102, 188, 189, 193–194, 239, 312, 429
Defoe and, 103–104
Latin itinerario and, 71, 103
wonder books and, 72–73, 75, 78, 103
travel liars, 73–74, 79, 103–104
Westruckness (Al-e Ahmad), 446
Wild, Hans, 102
William of Rubruck, 72–73
Willoughby-Osborne, Elizabeth, 219
Will preparation prior to departing for the Hajj, 340
Wolfe, Michael, 512–38
at Jidda airport, 513–14
in Mecca, 520–31, 538
on Mina and Arafat, 531–37
in Morocco, 512, 514–16
preparation for the Hajj, 512, 514–16
travel from Jidda to Mecca, 518–20
Women, Muslim, 230–32, 249–50, 398, 406–407, 413
accompanied on Hajj by male relative, 498
Muhammad Asad and rights of, 354
Begum of Bhopal, see Bhopal, Begum of
Lady Evelyn Cobbold, see Cobbold, Lady Evelyn
custom in Mecca during the Hajj, 328
see also Qays festival
garments for pilgrimage, xix, 361, 400, 404, 461–62, 496, 517
marriage and divorce in Mecca, 227–28
Saida Miller Khalifa, see Khalifa, Saida Miller
as percentage of 1970 Hajj, 493–94
Qays festival, 432, 439–40
rooming together on the Hajj, 493, 499, 501–505, 507, 508, 509–10, 511
Winifred Stegar, see Stegar, Winifred
veil worn by, 207n., 219, 395, 405
see also Guides, female
Wonder book, 72–73, 75, 78, 104
World Health Organization, 507
World War I, xviii, 311, 311n.,313, 322, 374
World War II, 354
Wudu’, ritual ablutions, 111n., 120n.
al-Wukuf, see Day of Standing
Yafiʿi, al-, 64
Yahya, Sharif, 178–79, 180
Yamama, 26
Yanbu, 153, 220, 319, 398, 408, 528
Yanbu-Medina caravan route, 153–57, 237
Yawm al-Tarwiyya, Watering Day, 380, 380n., 439, 467
Yawm al-Wukuf, see Day of Standing
Yemen, (Arabia Felix), 42, 46, 80, 319, 425
land routes through, 5
Yusuf, al-Muzaffar Shems al-Din, ruler of Yemen, 208
Zamzam, muezzin of, 63, 64
Zamzam Well, xx, 96, 140
chief of the, 141, 144, 146, 286, 301–302, 324–25
flooding of Mecca and, 265
as Meccan water source, xv, 171–72, 525
as part of Hajj rites, xxii
in Medieval period, 13, 21, 40, 40n., 43, 63–64
from 1503 to 1814, 82, 96, 97, 115, 117, 118, 142, 146
from 1853 to 1908, 265, 301–302
from 1925 to 1933, 324–25, 352, 391–92, 411
from 1947 to 2000, 461, 463, 487, 488, 525, 557
Zayd, Sharif, 215
Zaynab, tomb of, 551
Zubayda, Abbasid calipha, 45, 45n., 215, 381, 383, 384, 534