1. E. J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991).
2. Thomas Byrne Edsall, with Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction (New York: Norton, 1991).
3. See Ralph Ketcham, ed., The Anti-Federalist Papers and the Constitutional Convention Debates (New York: New American Library, 1986) 18.
4. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve, rev. Francis Bowed, ed. Phillips Bradley (New York: Vintage, 1945) 2:293.
5. George Kateb celebrates our individualism and finds our worries excessive. The words in quotes are drawn from his The Inner Ocean (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1992) 31.
6. Pope John Paul II, “Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,” Origins 17 (March 13,1988) 33:650.
7. Pope John Paul II 654-655.
8. Alan Wolfe, Whose Keeper? Social Science and Moral Obligation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989) 2.
9. Mary Ann Glendon, Rights Talk (New York: Free Press, 1992).
10. Glendon 20.
11. Glendon 30.
12. Kateb 103-104.
13. Charles Taylor, The Mala ise of Modernity (Concord, ON: House of Anansi Press, 1991) 117.
14. James Q. Wilson, “The Government Gap,” The New Republic (June 3,1991) 38.
15. Cited in Elizabeth Mensch and Alan Freeman, The Politics of Virtue (Durham, NC: Duke UP, 1993) 128.
16. I first articulated concern about a politics of displacement in my Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1981, 2nd ed. 1993).
17. Sheldon Wolin, “Democracy, Difference and Recognition,” Political Theory 21 (August 1993) 3:468.
18. Milan Kundera, “In Defense of Intimacy,” an interview with Philip Roth, The Village Voice (June 26,1984) 42.
19. There is something of a paradox here, of course, for egalitarian feminists who respect some public-private distinction challenge the whole concept of “protection” and the ideology behind it. Radical feminists, at least to certain ends and purposes, endorse a sweeping affirmation of the notion. My reference point in this discussion is one of the standard feminist works on the subject of battered women, Susan Schechter’s Women and Male Violence: The Visions and Struggles of the Battered Women’s Movement (Boston: South End Press, 1982). The subtitle alone — “Visions and Struggles” — locates the reader as one who is either with or against the project; either struggling for or blocking the way to a new world (emphases mine).
20. Schechter 239.
21. Schechter 271.
22. A full version of my critical examination of gay liberationist ideology is available in my piece, “The Paradox of Gay Liberation,” Salmangundi (Fall 1982-Winter 1983) 250-280.
23. “The Paradox of Gay Liberation,” 257, 263. The citations are drawn from several 1970s gay liberationist texts that helped to frame the subsequent debate and continue to mark the distinction between civil rights and liberationist politics.
24. Isaiah Berlin, The Crooked Timber of Humanity (New York: Vintage, 1992) 32, 47.
25. Charles Taylor, Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition (Princeton: Princeton UP, 1992) 34.
26. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., Welcome to the Monkey House (New York: Delacorte Press, 1968) 7.
27. Richard Rodriguez, Hunger of Memory. The Education of Richard Rodriguez (Boston: David R. Godine, 1981) 154-55.
28. Kateb 23-24.
29. Wolin 466.
30. Wolin 476.
31. Wolin 480.
32. Michael Oakeshott, The Voice of Liberal Learning (New Haven: Yale UP, 1989) 38-39.
33. Oakeshott 29.
34. From Havel’s essay, “Power and Powerlessness,” in Living in Truth (London: Faber and Faber, 1987) 104.
35. A brief but helpful summary of various uses and definitions of democracy, past and present, may be found in Noberto Bobbio, Democracy and Dictatorship (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). For a fully fleshed-out discussion of Plato’s anti-democratic suspicions see my Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought.
36. Hannah Arendt is perhaps the most enthusiastic celebrant of ancient freedom and the glory of word and deed made possible only in the political realm of the polis. See her panegyric to this lost world in The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958).
37. Nicole Loraux, Inventing Athens: The Funeral Oration in the Classical City (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1986) 202.
38. Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (New York: Penguin, 1988) 143-151.
39. Lorauxl 75.
40. Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln: Speeches, Letters, Miscellaneous Writings, The Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1832-1858 (New York: The Library of America, 1989) 484.
41. From Book VIII of Plato’s The Republic, trans. Allan Bloom (New York: Basic Books, 1968) 239.
42. Plato, Gorgias, trans. Walter Hamilton (New York: Penguin, 1971) 44.
43. The Republic, Book VI, 496-498.
44. The Republic, Book VI, 500-501.
45. The locus classicus of Aristotle on political forms is, of course, his Politics, trans. Ernest Barker (New York: Oxford UP, 1962).
46. Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan (New York: Penguin, 1968) 227, 236.
47. Cited in Mary Midgley, Wickedness: A Philosophical Essay (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984) 195.
48. Isaiah Berlin, The Crooked Timber of Humanity 20-21.
49. Kateb 26.
50. See Albert Camus, The Rebel (New York: Knopf, 1954).
51. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Penguin, 1963). All Arendt citations are drawn, variously, from this single text.
52. Richard H. King, Civil Rights and the Idea of Freedom (Oxford: Oxford UP, 1992) 28.
53. King 100.
54. Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (New York: Macmillan, 1902) 76-77.
55. This is an argument elaborated by Guillermo O’Donnell and based on the concepts of Albert O. Hirschman in his book, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1970). O’Donnell’s essay appears in “Shifting Involvements: Reflections from the Recent Argentine Experience,” Kellogg Institute Working Paper 58 (February 1986) Notre Dame University.
56. From “Politics and Conscience” in Living in Truth 151.
57. I should note that this final paragraph is drawn from the conclusion of chapter 7 in the first edition of my book Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought. I have always been particularly fond of these few sentences and, as no one else appears to have cited them, the task fell to me.