Chapter 1: Tiny Terrors
1. D. J. Linden, The Accidental Mind: How Brain Evolution Has Given Us Love, Memory, Dreams, and God (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007).
2. J. H. de Groot, G. R. Semin, and M. A. Smeets, “I Can See, Hear, and Smell Your Fear: Comparing Olfactory and Audiovisual Media in Fear Communication,” Journal of Experimental Psychology General 143, no. 2 (April 2014): 825–34, doi:10.1037/a0033731, e-pub, July 15, 2013.
3. D. Chen, A. Katdare, and N. Lucas, “Chemosignals of Fear Enhance Cognitive Performance in Humans,” Chemical Senses 31, no. 5 (June 2006): 415–23, e-pub, March 9, 2006.
4. J. H. de Groot, M. A. Smeets, A. Kaldewaij, M. J. Duijndam, and G. R. Semin, “Chemosignals Communicate Human Emotions,” Psychological Science 23, no. 11 (2012): 1417–24, doi:10.1177/0956797612445317, e-pub, September 27, 2012.
5. M. Oaten, R. J. Stevenson, T. I. Case, “Disgust as a Disease-Avoidance Mechanism,” Psychological Bulletin 135, no. 2 (2009): 303–321; M. Schaller and L. A. Duncan, “The Behavioral Immune System: Its Evolution and Social Psychological Implications,” in Evolution and the Social Mind, ed. J. P. Forgas, M. G. Haselton, and W. von Hippel (New York: Psychology Press, 2007), 293–307.
6. P. Prokop, M. Usak, and J. Fancovicová, “Risk of Parasite Transmission Influences Perceived Vulnerability to Disease and Perceived Danger of Disease-Relevant Animals,” Behavioural Processes 85, no. 1 (September 2010): 52–7, doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2010.06.006, e-pub, June 15, 2010.
7. V. Gallese, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi, and G. Rizzolatti, “Action Recognition in the Premotor Cortex,” Brain 119, pt. 2 (April 1996): 593–609.
8. E. J. Moody, D. N. McIntosh, L. J. Mann, and K. R. Weisser, “More than Mere Mimicry? The Influence of Emotion on Rapid Facial Reactions to Faces,” Emotion 7, no. 2 (May 2007): 447–57.
9. R. Adolphs, “Fear, Faces, and the Human Amygdala,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 18, no. 2 (April 2008): 166–72, doi:10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.006, e-pub, August 12, 2008.
10. A. K. Moskowitz, “‘Scared Stiff’: Catatonia as an Evolutionary-Based Fear Response,” Psychological Review 111, no. 4 (October 2004): 984–1002.
11. G. L. Engel, “The Need for a New Medical Model: A Challenge for Biomedicine,” Science 196 (1977): 129–136.
12. H. A. Hamann, J. S. Ostroff, E. G. Marks, D. E. Gerber, J. H. Schiller, and S. J. Lee, “Stigma among Patients with Lung Cancer: A Patient-Reported Measurement Model,” Psycho-Oncology 23, no. 1 (January 2014): 81–92, doi:10.1002/pon.3371, e-pub, October 3, 2013; A. Chapple, S. Ziebland, and A. McPherson, “Stigma, Shame, and Blame Experienced by Patients with Lung Cancer: Qualitative Study,” BMJ 328, no. 7454 (June 19, 2004): 1470, e-pub, June 11, 2004.
Chapter 2: Rapid Response
1. I. J. Mitchell, S. R. Beck, A. Boyal, and V. R. Edwards, “Theory of Mind Deficits Following Acute Alcohol Intoxication,” European Addiction Research 17, no. 3 (2011): 164–8.
2. A. Day, P. Mohr, K. Howells, A. Gerace, and L. Lim, “The Role of Empathy in Anger Arousal in Violent Offenders and University Students,” International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56, no. 4 (June 2012): 599–613, doi:10.1177/0306624X11431061, e-pub, December 12, 2011.
3. A. A. Marsh and E. M. Cardinale, “Psychopathy and Fear: Specific Impairments in Judging Behaviors that Frighten Others,” Emotion 12, no. 5 (October 2012): 892–8, doi:10.1037/a0026260, e-pub, February 6, 2012.
4. A. S. Smith and Z. Wang, “Salubrious Effects of Oxytocin on Social Stress-Induced Deficits,” Hormones and Behavior 61, no. 3 (March 2012): 320–30, doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.11.010, e-pub, December 8, 2011.
5. G. A. Alvares, N. T. Chen, B. W. Balleine, I. B. Hickie, and A. J. Guastella, “Oxytocin Selectively Moderates Negative Cognitive Appraisals in High Trait Anxious Males,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 37, no. 12 (December 2012): 2022–31, doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.04.018, e-pub, May 20, 2012.
6. S. Saphire-Bernstein, B. M. Way, H. S. Kim, D. K. Sherman, and S. E. Taylor, “Oxytocin Receptor Gene (OXTR) Is Related to Psychological Resources,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, no. 37 (September 13, 2011): 15118–22, doi:10.1073/pnas.1113137108, e-pub, September 6, 2011.
7. D. Agroskin, J. Klackl, and E. Jonas, “The Self-Liking Brain: A VBM Study on the Structural Substrate of Self-Esteem,” PLoS One 9, no. 1 (January 29, 2014): e86430, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086430.
8. C. Cordovil, M. Crujo, P. Vilariça, and P. Caldeira Da Silva, [“Resilience in Institutionalized Children and Adolescents”] [Article in Portuguese], Acta Médica Portuguesa 24, Suppl. 2 (December 2011): 413–8, e-pub, December 31, 2011.
9. Devon Maloney, “Our Obsession With Online Quizzes Comes From Fear, Not Narcissism,” Wired magazine, March 6, 2014, http://www.wired.com/underwire/2014/03/buzzfeed-quizzes.
10. F. Beyer, T. F. Münte, C. Erdmann, and U. M. Krämer, “Emotional Reactivity to Threat Modulates Activity in Mentalizing Network during Aggression,” Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, e-pub ahead of print, September 20, 2013.
11. D. C. Kidd and E. Castano, “Reading Literary Fiction Improves Theory of Mind,” Science 342, no. 6156 (October 18, 2013): 377–80, doi:10.1126/science.1239918, e-pub, October 3, 2013.
12. C. P. Principe and J. H. Langlois, “Children and Adults Use Attractiveness as a Social Cue in Real People and Avatars,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 115, no. 3 (July 2013): 590–7, doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2012.12.002, e-pub, February 8, 2013.
13. N. L. Nelson and J. A. Russell, “Preschoolers’ Use of Dynamic Facial, Bodily, and Vocal Cues to Emotion,” Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 110, no. 1 (September 2011): 52–61, doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.03.014, e-pub, April 23, 2011.
14. A. Reijntjes, S. Thomaes, P. Boelen, M. van der Schoot, B. O. de Castro, and M. J. Telch, “Delighted When Approved by Others, to Pieces When Rejected: Children’s Social Anxiety Magnifies the Linkage between Self-and Other-Evaluations,” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 52, no. 7 (July 2011): 774–81, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02325.x, e-pub, October 6, 2010.
15. M. Bar, M. Neta, and H. Linz, “Very First Impressions,” Emotion 6, no. 2 (May 2006), 269–78.
16. P. Seabright, The Company of Strangers: A Natural History of Economic Life (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), 14.
Chapter 3: Unexpected Undercurrents
1. S. Rachman, “The Conditioning Theory of Fear-Acquisition: A Critical Examination,” Emotion 6, no. 2 (May 2006): 269–78; M. Bar, M. Neta, and H. Linz, “Very First Impressions,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 15, no. 5 (1977): 375–87.
2. C. van der Gaag, R. B. Minderaa, and C. Keysers, “Facial Expressions: What the Mirror Neuron System Can and Cannot Tell Us,” Social Neuroscience 2, no. 3–4 (2007): 179–222, doi:10.1080/17470910701376878.
3. L. Beaton, R. Freeman, and G. Humphris, “Why Are People Afraid of the Dentist? Observations and Explanations,” Medical Principles and Practice 23, no. 4 (2014): 295–301, doi:10.1159/000357223, e-pub, December 20, 2013.
4. A. Crego, M. Carrillo-Diaz, J. M. Armfield, and M. Romero, “Applying the Cognitive Vulnerability Model to the Analysis of Cognitive and Family Influences on Children’s Dental Fear,” European Journal of Oral Sciences 121, no. 3, pt. 1 (June 2013): 194–203, doi:10.1111/eos.12041, e-pub, April 19, 2013.
5. X. Gao, S. H. Hamzah, C. K. Yiu, C. McGrath, and N. M. King, “Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: Qualitative Study Using YouTube,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 15, no. 2 (February 22, 2013): e29, doi:10.2196/jmir.2290.
6. Ibid.
7. M. L. Goettems, T. M. Ardenghi, A. R. Romano, F. F. Demarco, and D. D. Torriani, “Influence of Maternal Dental Anxiety on the Child’s Dental Caries Experience,” Caries Research 46, no. 1 (2012): 3–8, doi:10.1159/000334645, e-pub, December 8, 2011.
8. J. M. Armfield and L. J. Heaton, “Management of Fear and Anxiety in the Dental Clinic: A Review,” Australian Dental Journal 58, no. 4 (December 2013): 390–407, quiz 531, doi:10.1111/adj.12118.
9. J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss, vol. 1: Attachment (New York: Basic Books, 1968); M. Ainsworth, M. Blehar, E. Waters, and S. Wall, Patterns of Attachment (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates, 1978); M. Main and J. Solomon, “Discovery of a New, Insecure-Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment Pattern,” in Affective Development in Infancy, ed. T. B. Brazelton and M. Yogman (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1986), 95–124.
10. R. D. Goodwin and T. H. Styron, “Perceived Quality of Early Paternal Relationships and Mental Health in Adulthood,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 200, no. 9 (September 2012): 791–5, doi:10.1097/NMD.0b013e318266f87c.
11. L. Roque, M. Veríssimo, T. F. Oliveira, and R. F. Oliveira, “Attachment Security and HPA Axis Reactivity to Positive and Challenging Emotional Situations in Child-Mother Dyads in Naturalistic Settings,” Developmental Psychobiology 54, no. 4 (May 2012): 401–11, doi: 10.1002/dev.20598, e-pub August 23, 2011.
12. M. Crosby Budinger, T. K. Drazdowski, and G. S. Ginsburg, “Anxiety-Promoting Parenting Behaviors: A Comparison of Anxious Parents with and without Social Anxiety Disorder,” Child Psychiatry and Human Development 44, no. 3 (June 2013): 412–8, doi:10.1007/s10578-012-0335-9.
13. S. J. Neill, S. Cowley, and C. Williams, “The Role of Felt or Enacted Criticism in Understanding Parent’s Help Seeking in Acute Childhood Illness at Home: A Grounded Theory Study,” International Journal of Nursing Studies 50, no. 6 (June 2013): 757–67, doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.007, e-pub, December 2, 2011.
14. S. Rachman, “The Conditioning Theory of Fear-Acquisition: A Critical Examination,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 15, no. 5 (1977): 375–87.
15. D. Ding, N. L. Bracy, J. F. Sallis, B. E. Saelens, G. J. Norman, S. K. Harris, N. Durant, D. Rosenberg, and J. Kerr, “Is Fear of Strangers Related to Physical Activity Among Youth?,” American Journal of Health Promotion 26, no. 3 (January–February 2012): 189–95, doi:10.4278/ajhp.100701-QUAN-224.
16. H. Meltzer, P. Vostanis, N. Dogra, L. Doos, T. Ford, and R. Goodman, “Children’s Specific Fears,” Child: Care, Health and Development 35, no. 6 (November 2009): 781–9, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008.00908.x, e-pub, October 30, 2008.
17. P. Muris, D. Bodden, H. Merckelbach, T. H. Ollendick, and N. King, “Fear of the Beast: A Prospective Study on the Effects of Negative Information on Childhood Fear,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 41, no. 2 (February 2003): 195–208.
18. Samuel Shem, The House of God, reissue ed. (New York: Berkley Trade, 2010).
19. D. Remmerswaal, P. Muris, and J. Huijding, “ ‘Watch Out for the Gerbils, My Child!’: The Role of Maternal Information on Children’s Fear in an Experimental Setting Using Real Animals,” Behavior Therapy 44, no. 2 (June 2013): 317–24, doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.01.001, e-pub, January 28, 2013.
20. J. Huijding, P. Muris, K. J. Lester, A. P. Field, and G. Joosse, “Training Children to Approach or Avoid Novel Animals: Effects on Self-Reported Attitudes and Fear Beliefs and Information-Seeking Behaviors,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 49, no. 10 (October 2011): 606–13, doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.005, e-pub, June 21, 2011.
21. M. L. Goettems, T. M. Ardenghi, A. R. Romano, F. F. Demarco, and D. D. Torriani, “Influence of Maternal Dental Anxiety on the Child’s Dental Caries Experience,” Caries Research 46, no. 1 (2012): 3–8, doi:10.1159/000334645, e-pub, December 8, 2011.
22. L. Vagnoli, S. Caprilli, and A. Messeri, “Parental Presence, Clowns or Sedative Premedication to Treat Preoperative Anxiety in Children: What Could Be the Most Promising Option?,” Paediatric Anaesthesia 20, no. 10 (October 2010): 937–43, doi:10.1111/j.14609592.2010.03403.x.
23. C. M. McMurtry, C. T. Chambers, P. J. McGrath, and E. Asp, “When ‘Don’t Worry’ Communicates Fear: Children’s Perceptions of Parental Reassurance and Distraction during a Painful Medical Procedure,” Pain 150, no. 1 (July 2010): 52–8, doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.021, e-pub, March 15, 2010.
24. V. E. Cobham, M. R. Dadds, S. H. Spence, and B. McDermott, “Parental Anxiety in the Treatment of Childhood Anxiety: A Different Story Three Years Later,” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 39, no. 3 (2010): 410–20, doi:10.1080/15374411003691719.
25. A. Telford, C. F. Finch, L. Barnett, G. Abbott, and J. Salmon, “Do Parents’ and Children’s Concerns about Sports Safety and Injury Risk Relate to How Much Physical Activity Children Do?,” British Journal of Sports Medicine 46, no. 15 (December 2012): 1084–8, doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090904, e-pub, July 18, 2012.
Chapter 4: Social Security
1. They were actually the Friedman sisters—Ann Landers was Esther’s pen name and Abigail Van Buren was Pauline’s pen name; quote from “Twisted Minds Make Halloween a Dangerous Time,” Daily Courier, October 31, 1995.
2. D. Lewis, “Where Did the Fear of Poisoned Halloween Candy Come From? The Answer, as Always, Is to Blame the Media,” Smithsonian.com, October 7, 2013, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/not-categorized/where-did-the-fear-of-poisoned-halloween-candy-come-from-822302/?no-ist.
3. J. Best and G. Horiuchi, “The Razor Blade in the Apple,” Social Problems 32, no. 5 (June 1985): 488–99.
4. Joel Best interview, Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1989.
5. M. Price and P. L. Anderson, “Outcome Expectancy as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Public Speaking Fears within Social Anxiety Disorder,” Psychotherapy (Chicago, IL) 49, no. 2 (June 2012): 173–9, doi:10.1037/a0024734, e-pub, October 3, 2011.
6. G. B. Stickler and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Foundation, “Worries of Parents and Their Children,” Clinical Pediatrics 35, no. 2 (1996): 84–90.
7. U.S. Department of Justice, “National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway and Thrownaway Children,” October 2002, http://www.missingkids.com/Publications/PDF23A.
8. A. Javor, M. Koller, N. Lee, L. Chamberlain, and G. Ransmayr, “Neuromarketing and Consumer Neuroscience: Contributions to Neurology,” BMC Neurology 13 (February 6, 2013): 13, doi:10.1186/1471-2377-13-13.
9. E. Ritvo, J. Q. Del Rosso, M. A. Stillman, and C. La Riche, “Psychosocial Judgements and Perceptions of Adolescents with Acne Vulgaris: Blinded, Controlled Comparison of Adult and Peer Evaluations,” Biopsychosocial Medicine 5, no. 1 (August 13, 2011): 11.
10. M. M. McDonald, C. D. Navarrete, and M. Van Vugt, “Evolution and the Psychology of Intergroup Conflict: The Male Warrior Hypothesis,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences 367, no. 1589 (March 5, 2012): 670–9, doi:10.1098/rstb.2011.0301.
11. B. Shaffer and J. Duckitt, “The Dimensional Structure of People’s Fears, Threats, and Concerns and Their Relationship with Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation,” International Journal of Psychology 48, no. 1 (2013): 6–17.
12. K. Nawata and H. Yamaguchi, [“The Role of Collective Victimhood in Intergroup Aggression: Japan-China Relations”] [Article in Japanese], Shinrigaku Kenkyu 83, no. 5 (December 2012): 489–95.
13. J. H. van der Molen and B. J. Bushman, “Children’s Direct Fright and Worry Reactions to Violence in Fiction and News Television Programs,” Journal of Pediatrics 153, no. 3 (September 2008): 420–4, doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.03.036, e-pub, April 28, 2008.
14. D. W. Pryor and M. R. Hughes, “Fear of Rape among College Women: A Social Psychological Analysis,” Violence and Victims 28, no. 3 (2013): 443–65.
15. H. Rosoff, R. S. John, and F. Prager, “Flu, Risks, and Videotape: Escalating Fear and Avoidance,” Risk Analysis 32, no. 4 (April 2012): 729–43, doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2012.01769.x, e-pub, February 14, 2012.
16. J. Kinsman, “ ‘A Time of Fear’: Local, National, and International Responses to a Large Ebola Outbreak in Uganda,” Global Health 8 (June 13, 2012): 15, doi:10.1186/1744-8603-8-15.
17. G. S. Gould, A. McEwen, T. Watters, A. R. Clough, and R. van der Zwan, “Should Anti-Tobacco Media Messages be Culturally Targeted for Indigenous Populations? A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis,” Tobacco Control 22, no. 4 (July 2013): e7, doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050436, e-pub, August 22, 2012.
18. A. J. Wakefield, S. H. Murch, A. Anthony, J. Linnell, D. M. Casson, M. Malik, M. Berelowitz, A. P. Dhillon, M. A. Thomson, P. Harvey, A. Valentine, S. E. Davies, and J. A. Walker-Smith, “Ileal-Lymphoid-Nodular Hyperplasia, Non-Specific Colitis, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder in Children,” Lancet 351, no. 9103 (February 28, 1998): 637–41.
19. D. K. Flaherty, “The Vaccine-Autism Connection: A Public Health Crisis Caused by Unethical Medical Practices and Fraudulent Science,” Annals of Pharmacotherapy 45, no. 10 (October 2011): 1302–4, doi:10.1345/aph.1Q318, e-pub, September 13, 2011.
20. Retraction in Lancet 375, no. 9713 (Feb. 6, 2010): 445.
21. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program, “SEER Stat Fact Sheets: Cervix Uteri Cancer,” http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/cervix.html.
22. M. Lemal and J. Van den Bulck, “Television News Coverage about Cervical Cancer: Impact on Female Viewers’ Vulnerability Perceptions and Fear,” European Journal of Public Health 21, no. 3 (June 2011): 381–6, doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckq040, e-pub, May 26, 2010.
23. K. Ackerson and S. D. Preston, “A Decision Theory Perspective on Why Women Do or Do Not Decide to Have Cancer Screening: Systematic Review,” Journal of Advance Nursing 65, no. 6 (June 2009): 1130–40, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.04981.x, e-pub, April 3, 2009.
24. V. Graupmann, I. Peres, T. Michaely, T. Meindl, D. Frey, M. Reiser, E. Pöppel, K. Fehse, and E. Gutyrchik, “Culture and Its Neurofunctional Correlates When Death Is in Mind,” Neuroscience Letters 548 (August 26, 2013): 239–43, doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.062, e-pub, June 7, 2013.
25. Karl Marx, “A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right,” Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, February 7 & 10, 1844.
26. U. Schjoedt, H. Stødkilde-Jørgensen, A. W. Geertz, T. E. Lund, and A. Roepstorff, “The Power of Charisma—Perceived Charisma Inhibits the Frontal Executive Network of Believers in Intercessory Prayer,” Social and Cognitive Affective Neuroscience 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 119–27, doi:10.1093/scan/nsq023, e-pub, March 12, 2010.
27. K. E. Vail 3rd, Z. K. Rothschild, D. R. Weise, S. Solomon, T. Pyszczynski, and J. Greenberg, “A Terror Management Analysis of the Psychological Functions of Religion,” Personality and Social Psychology Review 14, no. 1 (February 2010): 84–94, doi:10.1177/1088868309351165, e-pub, November 25, 2009.
28. Ibid.
Chapter 5: Traversing Together
1. W. W. Ishak, M. Kahloon, and H. Fakhry, “Oxytocin Role in Enhancing Well-Being: A Literature Review,” Journal of Affective Disorders 130, no. 1–2 (April 2011): 1–9, doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.001, e-pub, July 2, 2010.
2. J. Holt-Lunstad, W. A. Birmingham, and K. C. Light, “Influence of a ‘Warm Touch’ Support Enhancement Intervention among Married Couples on Ambulatory Blood Pressure, Oxytocin, Alpha Amylase, and Cortisol,” Psychosomatic Medicine 70, no. 9 (November 2008): 976–85, doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e318187aef7, e-pub, October 8, 2008.
3. A. Pawlowski, “Firefighters Sing ‘Let It Go’ to Soothe Girl Stuck in Elevator,” TODAY.com, March 24, 2014.
4. P. Duquette, “Reality Matters: Attachment, the Real Relationship, and Change in Psychotherapy,” American Journal of Psychotherapy 64, no. 2 (2010): 127–51.
5. J. D. Watson and F. H. Crick, “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,” Nature 171, no. 4356 (April 25, 1953): 737–8.