1. However, there is important evidence to the contrary in terms of general responsiveness (Francis and Hampton 1999). Public research universities are the sites of some of the most longstanding and aggressively pursued technology transfer activity. The Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (WARF) at the University of Wisconsin began in the 1930s. The University of California is one of the largest generators of patent activity and revenue. The University of Utah is renowned for its aggressive pursuit of commercialization.

2. The question of increased competition for federal grant and contract funding is complex. Federal grant and contract funding has not decreased but has grown steadily over the last twenty-five years. However, the size of the science establishment has increased, which increases competition, and the fields of science that are most richly funded have shifted. See Greenberg 2001.