Index
A
Adams, Abigail, 1, 3, 17, 97, 103, 157, 197, 204, 211, 287
Jefferson, Polly, affection for, 116
death of, 321
inauguration of, John Adams, 52, 105–6
Jefferson, Thomas
affection and respect for Abigail by, 17–8
compares JA and TJ as vice presidents, 169
correspondence with, 17–18, 22–23, 25, 116, 201, 205–8, 231, 290, 301–2, 303, 304
opposition to Adams’s administration, 115–6
relationship with, 13, 17, 116, 147, 169, 289, 290
“thirst for power” of, 116
See also Eppes, Maria Jefferson
Adams, Charles, (son of JA and AA) 210
burial of, 198
renounced by father, 197
Adams, Charles Frances (grandson of JA and AA, son of JQA)
Lafayette, opinion of, 65
Adams, Henry, (great-great grandfather of JA)
epitaph of and John Adams, 323–324
Adams, John,
Adams Street, (Quincy, Massachusetts), 2
Alien and Sedition Acts (see Alien and Sedition Acts)
American Revolution as model for French Revolution, 21–2, 24, 26, 60
“best letter ever written,” 10
Boston Patriot, letters and essays published in, 4–6, 108, 109, 157
character of
complexity, 44
Jefferson’s appreciation of, 3
motto (see Adams, John motto of)
resentments, 214
self doubt, 105
sensitivities, 155
vanity, 2–3, 13, 155, 187, 188
Coles, Edward (see Coles, Edward)
Cunningham, William (see also Cunningham, William)
correspondence with, 4–8, 9, 14, 15, 27, 50, 67, 77, 82, 144, 145, 157, 287, 291, 322
Davila, Discourses on, 79, 81, 82–3, 85, 86, 88, 294, 295
Jefferson criticizes, 81–2, 86, 88
negative reaction to, 79–80, 81–2, 294
death of, 325
expectation that Jefferson would pre-decease, 10
final words, 325
debate, love for in correspondence, 291
Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, A,
Jefferson and French publication of, 72–3
Jefferson criticizes, 86
denies monarchist views, 21
differences between republicans and federalists, 308
elections, fear of, 71, 87, Chapter 5 en22
Embargo Acts (see Embargo Acts)
exaggerated rhetoric (see rhetoric, excessive)
family crest, 310
Federalists (Federalism) mentioned , 74, 75, 77, 81, 85, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 137, 156, 162, 163, 165, 168, 169, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 184, 187, 190, 192, 193, 194, 200, 201, 205, 206, 209, 212, 213, 214, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 227, 228, 230, 232, 239, 241, 242, 270, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279, 292, 328
fiftieth anniversary of American independence, toast offered to City of Quincy, 325
France
Confiscation of American shipping by, 125
Convention of 1800 (see Mortefontaine, Treaty of)
cost of seizure of American vessels by, 125
decrees of, confusion caused in US by, 125, 185
difficulty comprehending baffling actions of, 125
dual track in dealing with, 120, 126–7, 177
martial rhetoric regarding, 120
preparations for war with, 127
war with, efforts to avoid, 76, 91, 101, 107, 108, 112, 120, 126, 175, 177, 186, 189, 190, 193, 196, 266
French diplomats and agents considered as threats by, 54, 181, 182–3
French Revolution,
differing views with Jefferson regarding, 108, 297, 307, 329–30
personal responsibility for, 24
predicts failure of, 18, 194–195, 308
Hamilton, Alexander (see Hamilton, Alexander)
historical reputation of, 3, 8, 15, 27, 187
inauguration of,
bittersweet character of, 105
described by Adams in letter to Abigail, 105
financial difficulties during as explained by Abigail, 104
friendly feelings toward France asserted in, 106
Jefferson compliments Adams in speech at, 102
patience urged by Abigail afterward, 106
self doubt during, 105
tears noted by Adams at, 105
partisanship, warns against, 106–7
Washington’s comment at, 52
Jefferson, Thomas
Adams, (1787) opinion of, 3
Adams-Cunningham Correspondence, letter from regarding, 9
attacks Adams in foreword to Paine’s Rights of Man, 80–82, 86
complimented by Adams in letter to Cunningham, 5
criticized by Adams in letter to Cunningham, 4
criticizes Davila essays, 86
criticized by, 21
describes speech of Adams on France as “insane”, 169
“dupe of party,” regarded by Adams as, 128
first visit to Adams after 1800 election defeat, 198–200
forgives Adams for slights in Cunningham letters, 9–10
“homespun” (book written by JQA) sent by Adams to, 311–13
Inaugural, Adams does not attend, 208
leadership of opposition, acknowledgement of by Adams, 110
letter of explanation regarding foreword to Rights of Man, 83–6
love for, 304, 309 (see also friendship of Adams and Jefferson)
monarchist views, denies in letter to Jefferson, 86
Lafayette’s 1824 visit to, 65–66
Létombe, Philippe Andre Joseph de. (see Létombe, Philippe Andre Joseph de)
Jefferson’s meetings with, 148–157, 160, 162, 163, 169, 174
Lloyd, James
Marshall, John, appointment as Chief Justice, 201
“midnight appointments” of, 202–205
monarchism (monarchist tendencies), suspicions of, 26, 74,
anger regarding Jefferson’s criticism about, 21
ineffectiveness at defending against accusations of, 26, 74
Davila essays and, 80
denies support of, 21
denies in letter to Jefferson, 85–6
Montezillo, 2, 204, 290, 331 (see Peace field)
motto of, 311
old age, conscious of, 10
Paine, Thomas (see Paine, Thomas)
Peace field, 1, 2, 64, 104, 198, 200, 303, 304, 319, 325
past, relationship to, (and Rush), 293–4
partisanship and, 327
peace treaty with France, 125, 186, 266 (see also Mortefontaine, Treaty of)
pinckney, Charles Cotesworth (see Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth)
reaction to French rejection of, 148
presidency
criticizes those clamoring for war during, 175, 177
final executive appointments (late hour appointment of judges), 198, 202–5
inauguration, (see inauguration of)
“misunderstanding with France” during, 102
unifier during, 101
See also “midnight appointments”
Priestley, Joseph, (see also Priestley, Joseph)
Alien Act and, 237
Provisional Army (US), 127, 136, 148, 180, Chapter 10 en26
presidential powers, views regarding, 70–1
reading, love of, 323
Republicanism, opposition to, 71–3, 79, 82, 85, 87, 275, 278, 290, 295
Republicanism and federalism, humorous description of differences between, 308
retirement of, 2, 3, 191, 208, 210
Rush, Benjamin (see Rush, Benjamin)
support for after publication of XYZ dispatches, 173–5 (see also XYZ Affair)
Union, American (see Union, American)
vice president, as, 79
Washington (City), departure from, 208–9
Adams, John Quincy, 64, 102, 128, 133, 183, 197, 210
lectures on rhetoric and oratory
“homespun”, described by JA to TJ as, 311–314
friendship, on, 313
presidential election of 1824 and, 7–8 (see also presidential election of 1796, 1800, 1824)
Russia, Minister to, 279
visit to Jefferson regarding embargo, 279–80
warns Jefferson on New England secessionism, 280
Adams, Thomas, 197
Adet, Pierre-Auguste, 159, 160
confusion about American foreign policy, 124
criticism of United States, 123–4
diplomatic mission, suspension of, 124–5, 127, 128, 149, 156, 162, Chapter 8 en23
Jefferson, suspicion of friendliness of, 124, 134
normalization of relations with US recommended by, 128
recall of Monroe, on, 122
Washington’s Farewell Address, reaction to, 118–9, 123
Alien and Sedition Acts, 54–55, 227
Adams and,
necessity of, 307
associated laws, 231
expiration of, 231
French agitation in US and, 54, 181
Jefferson and, 231,
disapproval of, according to Adams, 307
nullification of, 223
opposition of, 181–2, 223–4, 226
second presidential term and, 227
Kentucky (and Virginia) Resolution and, 181–2, 223, 225–6
Naturalization Act, repeal of, 231
opposition to, 182
Priestley, Joseph (see Priestley, Joseph)
significance of to Adams’s political future, 54
war measure, as, 54
American Philosophical Society, Jefferson and, 115
anniversary of founding of United States, Fiftieth, (July 4, 1826)
Adams’s toast for, 325
celebrations marking, 325
deaths of Adams and Jefferson on, 326
Quincy, Sr., Josiah, speech commemorating, 325
Antoinette, Marie (queen of France), 58, 158
Asylum, Pennsylvania, 160, Chapter 9 en42
B
Barras, Paul, 173
Braintree, Massachusetts, 18
Brissot, Jacques Pierre, 33, 38, 57
Jefferson letter to, 57
necessity for war, on, 57
trial of, 37
Burke, Edmund, 3, 27, 251, 252
Reflections on the French Revolution, 80
Burr, Aaron
election of 1800 and, 196
C
Callender, James, 299
Jefferson’s dalliance with, 113–4
Hemings-Jefferson accusation, originates from, 260
Checkered Career of Tobias Lear, The (Brighton), 143
Lear and Jefferson alleged quid pro quo, 141–2
Marshall, John, and, 141
Washington/Jefferson letters and, 141–3
Chesapeake, USS, 266
Cincinnati, Society of the
Jefferson opposed to, 133, 140
Mazzei letter, “Samsons in the field reference” and, 133–4
Cobbett, William, 283
Coles, Edward
describes Jefferson’s first visit to Adams after election of 1800, 198–200
Jefferson and slavery, and, 255–263
Convention of 1800. See Mortefontaine, Treaty of
Constitution (Constitutionalism), British, 80, 103, 213, 233
Constitution (Constitutionalism), France, 57, 59, 61, 62, 66, 76
Marshall’s view on, 163
Constitution, United States (Constitutionalism), 26, 70, 72, 82, 100, 103, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 155, 182, 199, 204, 207, 221, 222, 223, 227, 229, 239, 240, 263
Adams, John, and
defends constitutionality of Alien and Sedition Laws, 307
view that he and Jefferson had no differences regarding, 307
Rush’s cynicism regarding, 292
Jefferson’s view of non-permanence of, 235
Marbury v. Madison and, 204, 215–6
Cooper, Thomas, 283
correspondence of Adams and Jefferson, 5
Adams, self-deprecation of, 12
Butterfield L. H. on, 320
deconstructionism, dangers of, 13, 14, 15–16
emotional connection, controversy regarding, 13
existence of noted, 11
letters, disparity in number of, 12, 321
mutual affection and respect in, 13, 17, 18, 46, 320
original grammar note regarding, Chapter 1 en18
ten years of silence, vii, 73, 109, 205, 314
unsent letter of support from Jefferson to Adams, 92–95
See also friendship of Adams and Jefferson
“head and heart” letter, 256, 288, Chapter 13 en65
Cranch, Mary, 169
Hamilton, Alexander, and, 228–9
Cunningham, William, 67, 82, 144, 157, 287, 291, 322
Adams, correspondence with, 4–8, 27, 50, 77
Boston Patriot essays, suggests to Adams that family disapproves of, 5–6
death of, 7
publication of correspondence by son, 8
Custis, George Washington Parke, Chapter 8 en68
Washington/Jefferson letters (alleged) and, 139–40, 142, 143
D
Danton, George, 33, 36, 39, 158
Desmoulins, Camille
appointed as secretary to, 33
blames execution on friendship for, 38
clemency, appeal for, and, 37
courted by, 32
walk along Seine with, 37
execution of, 39
September Massacres and, 29, Chapter 3 en9
d’Autremont, Louis Paul, 160
Davie, William, 185
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, (France), 66
deconstructionism
deconstruction, 14
“thumbnail sketches,” dangers of, 13, 14–6
dismissed from office, 157
Jay Treaty and, 123
revolution, attempts to foment in America, 119
Talleyrand, replaced by, 162, Chapter 9 en34
See also Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de
Democratic-Republican Party, (and Jeffersonians, republicans), 71, 74–5, 169, 182, 214, 220, 221, 222, 226, 265, 270, 277, 296, 302, 307
differences between Federalists and, 19, 49, 307, 328
France and, 19–20, 101, 122, 174, 178, 212
incompatibility with Federalism, 63, 98–9
Jay Treaty and, 90
Jefferson
as leader of, 81, 90, 97, Chapter 2 en32
presidential victory as renewal of the Revolution, 238–42
Rights of Man controversy and Jefferson’s leadership of political opposition, 81
Madison and suppression of Jefferson’s appreciation letter to Adams, 92–5
opposition to Great Britain and, 212–3
Washington’s reputation, threatened by, 100–1
XYZ dispatches and, 170–172, 174
Desmoulins, Camille, 41
Brissot, Jacque Pierre
trial of, 37
child-like quality of, 32
Christ, Jesus, asserts similarity to during trial, 33
committee of Clemency, 37
courted by revolutionary leadership, 32
criticism of extremism of, 35–6
Danton, walk along Seine with, 37
elected to Convention, 33
execution of, 39
fanaticism of, 32
French Revolution,
criticizes, 39
incites Parisian crowds, starts French Revolution, 30–1
“purged,” recommends that France be, 32
threatens anti-Republicans, 32
September Massacres, and, 29
supports execution of Louis, 33–4
universal importance of, belief in, 38–9
Horror at death sentence of Girondins, 37
Jacobin Club, self-defense at, 38
known by first name, 32
La France Libre, 32
marriage of, 33
“to arms!” speech, 31
Robespierre reviews publications, 34
St. Just, criticizes, 38
wife unsuccessfully appeals to Robespierre for clemency, 39
Desmoulins, Lucille (née Duplessis), 40, 41, 45, Chapter 3 en26
appeals to Robespierre, 39
execution of, 39
marriage of, 33
Directory, The, (France) 62, 109, 164, 165–6, 173, 183, 186
Adams and, 57–8, 73, 126–7, 191, 268
Adet, suspension of diplomatic mission, 124–5, Chapter 8 en23
contradictory proclamations of, 125, 185, Chapter 8 en24
Gerry and, 167
Jay Treaty and, 119–20, 122, 123
Mazzei letter published by, 130
Pinckney, rejection of, 116
Washington, and, 118
See also XYZ Affair
Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre, 177, 279–81
E
elections. See presidential election(s) of 1796; 1800; 1824
Ellsworth, Oliver, 185
Adams, John, and, 269, 275, 276–8, 293, 307
Adams, John Quincy, and, 279–280
alternative to war, as, 267, 268, 273, Chapter 5 en39
economic suffering in US caused by, 267–8, 270, 272
economic warfare, as, 267
essays in National Intelligencer regarding, 271
Gallatin, Albert, and, 272
global nature of, 267, Chapter 5 en38
Jefferson and
confidence in policy, 274
pacifism, policy mistaken for, 268–9
preparations for war, 270
“King Cotton” diplomacy compared to, 75
naval capability, American, and, 277–8
Quincy, Josiah, and, 276
revolutionary approach to international relations, as, 75–6,263, 272, 281
secession, and, 75, 76, 273, 280
suspension, offer of, 269
time constraints and, 271
unintended consequences of, 76
England (Great Britain), viii, 17, 19, 20, 47 52, 56, 57, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 73, 75, 91, 99, 101, 104, 117, 120, 132, 135, 158–60, 175, 178, 184, 189, 191, 213, 238, 240, 261, 266–7, 269, 270, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 297, 310, 312, 328
cooperation with, American, 126
embargo (see Embargo Acts)
French fears of British-American alliance, 126, 176
French hostility and US/British friendship, 47, 102, 119,123, 124, Chapter 8 en25, en29
“Jay Treaty,” and, 90, 107, 120, 121, 123, 161, 166, 194, 266
Jefferson and,
desire for republicanism in, 117
recommendation to France to invade England, 153
Paine, Thomas, and, 243–5, 248
Priestley, Dr. Joseph and, 158, 236–7
war with Napoleonic France, 18
Eppes, Mary Jefferson (Polly)
Abigail Adams, meets, 116
Sally Hemings, travels to France with, 116, Chapter 7 en38
F
Farewell Address, Washington’s, 52, 91, 100
American neutrality in Anglo-French conflict and, 91
France and, 118
political partisanship, warning against in, 99, 100, 106
publication of, 99
Fauchet, Jean-Antoine Joseph, 102, 159
Federalism, (and Federalists), 4, 19, 20, 77, 81, 90, 94, 100, 101, 110, 111, 112, 122, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 137, 163, 165, 173, 177, 178, 181, 182, 183, 187, 200, 201, 205–6, 220–1, 226–8, 230, 232, 270, 275, 277, 278, 286, 328
Adams’s departure from Washington and reputation of, 209
demise of, 212, 213, 214, 219, 239, Chapter 1 en10
Democratic-Republicans/Jeffersonians and, 26, 49, 71, 74–5, 85, 92, 95, 97, 101, 111, 113, 114, 168, 169, 172, 175, 182, 222, 223, 241, 242
embargo Act empowers, 273, 278, 292
French Revolution (France) and, 47, 101, 135, 156, 162, 168, 174, 183–4, 190, 192, 193, 194, 213
Great Britain, support for, 103, 135, 212, 213
Jefferson equates with monarchism, 219
XYZ Affair empowers, 172, 174–5
Fenno, John Ward, 283
Few, Francis, 278
Ford, Worthington C.,
Washington/Jefferson letters on, 138–40, 141, 143
Forest, Charles de la, 158
Fouché, Joseph, 252
France, vii-viii, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 132, 135, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168,170, 172, 173, 174,175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196, 206, 212, 213, 219, 222, 223, 230, 233, 234, 236, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 257, 266, 267, 269, 270, 272,273, 274, 275, 277, 278, 279, 292, 293, 308, 324, 329, 330, 331
Adams, John, and,
asserts friendly feelings for at inaugural, 106
discussed diplomatic mission with Jefferson, 108–110
“misunderstanding with France,” 102
responds to rejection of American minister, 126–7
Adet, Pierre-Auguste
negative reaction to Washington’s Farewell Address, 118–9
recommends normalization, 128
Ancien Regime of, 20, 21, 22, 23
American embargo against (see Embargo Acts)
American indebtedness to, 120, Chapter 8 en4
American political parties, misunderstanding of regarding domestic nature of, 122–3
Jefferson and, 124
attacks against American shipping, 125
Convention of 1800 (see Mortefontaine, Treaty of)
Delacroix recommends revolution in America, 119
Executive Directory, The (see Directory, The)
Jay Treaty, (see Jay Treaty)
peace treaty with US (see Mortefontaine, Treaty of)
Pinckney Charles Coatsworth, Ambassador, rejection of, 117, 126
proclamation against American commerce, 165
revolution, (see French Revolution)
war against England, 20
wars, 20
wine regions, Jefferson’s travels in, 22, 23
XYZ (see XYZ Affair)
Franklin, Benjamin, 3, 17, 115, 310, 317, 330
Adams, opinion of (as quoted by Jefferson), 305, Chapter 13 en105
Paine, Thomas, and, 244, Chapter 12 en73
Coles, Edward, references to Jefferson, 257
French Revolution,
Adams, John, and, 48
fears of mob rule, 26
French foreign policy after, 56–7
Jefferson, differences with, 47, 70, 73, 75, 85
rejection by, 47
responsibility for, 24
Alien Act, and French agents, 54
America, financial aid to, as a cause of, 23, 62–3
American support for, 62
local consequences of, 58
Lafayette and, 60
calendar, 36
Constitution of 1791, renunciation of war in, 57
Constitutionalism, and, 57
Committee of Public Safety, 34, 36, 38, 252
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, 66, 233–4
Desmoulins, Camille (see also Desmoulins, Camille)
committee of clemency, 37
criticizes, 39
American obligations to France, and, 120, Chapter 8 en4
Estates General, 22, 23, 30, 44–5, 67, 158
Embargo, American, (see Embargo Acts)
european monarchies, response of, 61
expansionism of, 56
international fear, caused by, 56
Jay Treaty, (see Jay Treaty)
Jefferson, Thomas
acceptance of revolutionary violence, 26–7, 45–6
American Revolution as inspiration of, 24
“eternally attached to” principles of, 57
France as “apostle” of Republican revolution against England, 117
Lafayette, letter to, 50
representative of the will of the French people, belief in, 44–5
surprise at extent of, 24
writings as inspiration for, 55
levée en masse, 56
literacy in France during the Revolution, 32
Necker, Finance Minister Jacques, dismissal of, 30
National Assembly to National Convention, 45
opposed by European monarchs, 58–9, 60, 61–2
Paine declares failure of, 249
Paris, difficulties provisioning, 58
Pilnitz, Declaration of, 58–9, 60
religious aspects of, 55
Robespierre, (see Robespierre, Maximilien)
royal support for American Revolution and, 20, 23
September Massacres, 29
Swiss Guards, massacre of, 33
Tuileries Palace, attack on, 33
“universal destroyer,” described as, 56
upheaval caused by, 34
“Varennes, Flight to,” 58
violence and, 19, 26–7, Chapter 12 en79
Friendship
political differences and, vii-viii
Friendship of Adams and Jefferson
Adams, John
“always loved Jefferson,” 304
claims no resentment toward Jefferson, 309
offended by Jefferson’s criticism, 127–8
pledges eternal friendship, 46, 322
regret at leaving Europe and Jefferson, 17
correspondence between Adams and Jefferson (see Correspondence of Adams and Jefferson)
end of professional associations, 109, 127–8
Jefferson, Thomas
Adams’s visit prior to his 1797 inauguration, 109
affection and respect for John and Abigail Adams, 13, 309
congratulatory letter to Adams, Madison recommends suppression of, 95–8
“dupe of party,” 128
lodge together after inauguration of Adams, 107
“midnight appointments,” (see midnight appointments)
mutual affection and respect, characterized by, 12–13
renewal of, (see Rush, Benjamin)
Rights of Man controversy and Adams, 83–6
Rush, Benjamin (see Rush, Benjamin)
G
Genet, Edmund Charles, 160, 328
Gerry, Elbridge, 153, 242, 277, 305, 317–8
accomplishments of, Chapter 8 en43
criticism of, 167
invites Talleyrand to dinner, 165
Jefferson sends letter of support to, 147, 148
prevented from leaving France, 167
refuses to negotiate with France alone, 167, 173
remains in France, 166, 167, Chapter 9 en64
new instructions issued to by Adams, 181
desires to negotiate with Gerry alone, 166
pressures for loan/bribe, 164
triple commission (diplomatic mission to France, 1798) (see XYZ Affair), 150, 152, 162
alienated from Marshall and Pinckney, 165
appointed to by Adams, 129
Pinckney and Gerry leave France, 167
Great Britain. See England
H
Hamilton, Alexander, 74, 77, 94, 134, 156, 182, 212, 214, 243
Adams, John, and, 5, 7, 77, 94, 214, 251, Chapter 1 en10
Croswell, Harry defense of, 228–9, 230
Provisional Army, role in, 180, Chapter 10 en28
Rush’s appointment at Columbia University Medical School blocked by, 285–6
Tobias Lear and Washington’s personal papers, 138, 142
Washington’s Farewell Address, assists in writing of, 100
Harvard College (University), 136, 137, 197, 261, 313
Hauterive, Alexandre, 160
Hebert, Jacques, (and Hebertists), 31, 34, 36, 39
Hemings, Sally, 116, Chapter 2 en16, Chapter 7 en38
Jefferson and, 15, 68, 260, Chapter 12 en122
DNA link between male of Jefferson family and Hemings descendents, 260
inconclusiveness of evidence regarding, 260–1
Henry, Patrick, 185
Hildreth, Richard, 209
refutes Pickering on Washington/Jefferson letters, 138
Hopkinson, Francis, 217
J
Jackson, Andrew
presidential election of 1824, 8
Jay Treaty, (Treaty of Amity Commerce and Navigation, between His Britannic Majesty; and The United States of America), 73, 90, 124, 130, 165, 223
France and, 101–2, 107, 118, 119, 120–2, 124–5, 161, 163, 193–4, 213
Jefferson’s letter to Mazzei and, 130, 135
limitations of, 266
Jefferson, Martha. See Randolph, Martha Jefferson
Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton (wife of Thomas)
Jefferson’s grief at death of, 288, Chapter 13 en66
Jefferson, Mary (Polly). See Eppes, Mary (Polly) Jefferson
Jefferson, Thomas,
Adams, Abigail
Correspondence with, 17–18, 22–23, 25, 116, 201, 205–8, 231, 290, 301–2, 303, 304
Adams, John
1800 election defeat of, visit to after, 198–200, 304–5
congratulatory letter (never sent) on election victory (1796), 93, 95–8
criticizes, “Insane Message” of, 169, (see also Paine, Thomas; Mazzei, Philip)
departure from Washington, 281
heresy, political views as, 71–2, 80–1, 213
letter received after election of 1800, 210
preferred as president if 1796 election tied, 97
Reasoning of, reliance upon, 53
Rights of Man controversy, 80–82, (see also Paine, Thomas)
Adams, Samuel (see Adams, Samuel)
Adamses depart Europe, Jefferson’s emptiness at, 17
Alien and Sedition Acts (see Alien and Sedition Acts)
American Philosophical Society, 115
armed revolution, support for, 26–7
Callender, James, (see Callender, James)
character, complexity of, vii, 13, 13, 27, 43–4, 45, 46–7, 66–8, 97, 113–4, 187, 207, 260–1, Chapter 3 en63, Chapter 6 en19
Coles, Edward (see Coles, Edward; and Jefferson, Thomas, Slavery)
Cosway, Maria (see Cosway, Maria)
Cunningham letters, (see Cunningham, William)
death of, 325, Chapter 14 en52
denies existence of bitter correspondence with Washington over Mazzei letter, 133–4, 140
dispassionate tone of, 13, 26–7, 200, 208, 231
Du Pont de Nemours, Pierre, 175–6, 279–81
election of 1800 (see presidential election of 1800)
Embargo Act (see Embargo Acts)
England
Embargo against (see Embargo Acts)
neutrality in war between France and, 147–8
revolution in, desire for, 117
epitaph of, 324
fanatical revolutionary as, 43–44, 48
France, (see also French Revolution; France)
as “apostle” of Republican revolution against England, 117
confusion about American political parties, Otto notes, 123
confusion about American Republicans, Jefferson notes, 174
embargo against (see Embargo Acts)
neutrality in war between England and, 147–8
poverty and hatred of monarch, 35
returning to, Adams suggests, 108–9, Chapter 9 en28
surprised at extent of revolutionary upheavals in, 24
travels in wine regions of, 22–3
wealth disparity in, observations of, 22–3
freedom, difficulty achieving, 50, 332–3
French Revolution, (see French Revolution; France)
friendship with Adams, (see Friendship of Adams and Jefferson)
government types, analysis of, 68
Hamilton, Alexander, (see Hamilton, Alexander)
Hemings, Sally, (see Hemings, Sally)
Jefferson, Martha (see Randolph, Martha Jefferson)
farewell poem for, 325–6, Chapter 14 en56
Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton (see Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton)
Jefferson, “Polly” (see Eppes, Mary (Polly) Jefferson)
Kentucky Resolution, 182, 224–5
Lafayette
criticism of, 69
Létombe, Philippe André Joseph de (see also Létombe, Philippe André Joseph de)
Jefferson’s comments to, 153
Madison, James inauguration of, demeanor at, 278, (see Madison, James)
Mazzei Letter (see also Mazzei, Phillip)
denies that letter caused bitter correspondence with Washington, 133–4, 140
Lafayette, association with, 50, 59, 233–4
monarchism, opposition to, 51, 75
Monticello, 2, 9, 11, 12, 14, 28, 65, 66, 89, 93, 104, 116, 204, 205, 260, 281, 282, 289, 290, 298, 309, 312, 315, 317, 321, 322, 324, 331
Notes on the State of Virginia, 253, 255, 259
Paine, Thomas, (see Paine, Thomas)
past, relationship to (radical generational theory), 233–6, 241, 258–9, 264–5, 267, 331–2
political involvement, purpose of, 49
political parties, 217–8, Chapter 3 en81
politics, hatred of, 48–9, Chapter 3 en80
presidency, negative view of, 91
president
Adams’s absence at first inauguration, 208–9
birth date, refuses to publicly state, 218–9
Enforcement Act (see Embargo Acts)
inauguration (first), 194, 209, 211, 213–4, 217–8, 231, 237, 239; (second), 264–5
revolutionary character of administration, 219–20, 267
Sedition Act prosecutions, cancellation of, 231
union, importance of, 280
press (see press, American)
Priestley, Joseph (see Priestley, Joseph)
rebellion, “a little rebellion, now and then”, 25–6
republicanism, “turbulence” of, 68–9, (see also Democratic-Republican Party)
reserve of, 13
Retirement, 3, 50, 90, 253, 255, 260, 278, 289, 298, 319
revolution
nature of belief in, 25–8, 46–7, 50
Rights of Man (Paine) (see also Paine, Thomas)
Adams, letter of explanation to, 83–6
Adams’s criticism of, 83
Adams’s views implied as “heresies” in foreword to, 80
foreword to, Jefferson’s, 80–85
Washington, letter of explanation to, 81–2
Roland, similarity of views on the Revolution in France, 41, 42
secretary of state, 17, 28, 48, 50, 68, 81–4, 88, 89, 324, Chapter 2 en29
separate political and personal differences, claims to, 49–50
Shay’s Rebellion, support for, 25–7, 45
Short, William
“Adam and Eve” cited by Jefferson in letter to, 43
rebuked in letter by Jefferson, 42–3, 48
slavery
Coles, Edward, and abolition of, 255–8, 259, 260, 261–3
negative views of slavery, 253–4
states rights and, 282
union, American (see union, American)
vice president,
Alien and Sedition Acts, opposes, 54, (see also Alien and Sedition Acts)
compliments Adams in speech at Adams’s inaugural, 102
constitutional limits to role, interpretation of, 111
French Revolution, differs with Adams on, 19–21, 25, 51, 75, 108, Chapter 8 en5
domestic diplomatic mission, 112–3, 114, 148
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 182, 224–5
non-involvement as, 109
presidency holds no attraction for, 91
secession and, 190, 224–5, 280
unique circumstances of, 91
Virginia, University of (see University of Virginia)
Washington, George
Mazzei letter and impact on friendship with, 134–5
supposed correspondence with relating to Mazzei Letter, 136–44, Chapter 8 en61
Webster, Noah, (see Webster, Noah)
Wife of (see Jefferson, Martha Wayles Skelton)
XYZ Affair (see XYZ Affair)
Jefferson’s War (Wheelan)
L
La Tour du Pin, Lucie de, 158, Chapter 9 en38
Talleyrand’s character, observations of, 159
Lafayette, Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de, 59, 77
Adams, Charles France, opinion of, 64–5
arrest by Austrian troops, 61
Barren Hill, victory at, 60
Bastille, key to, 244
character of, 65
constitutional republic, desire for, 57–8, 59, 62, 66
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and, 66, 233–4
“detached command” letter to Washington, 60
“harangue” of recalled by Adams, 329–30
Jefferson
concern for, 50
criticized and complimented by, 69
friendship and influence of, 66–7
belief in his importance to the French Revolution, 50
Madison, James, observations of, 65
return to America in 1824, 64
revolutionary goals in France, defeat of, 59, 77
Lansdowne, Lord, Marquis of, 163
Lear, Tobias
background of, 136
biographer Ray Brighton, 141
Hamilton, Alexander, and Washington’s private papers and, 138, 142
observes growing political rift between Adams and Jefferson, 83
Washington / Jefferson letters and, 136–44
Washington’s death, notifies President Adams of, 136
Leiper, Thomas, 274
Létombe, Philippe André Joseph de, 128, 162–3, 166, 169, 174, Chapter 9 en16
“all could be put right,” 128
Jefferson, meetings with, 148–157, 160, 162, 169, Chapter 9 en26, en27, Chapter 10 en19
publication of diplomatic notes, 154–5
Philadelphia, arrival at, 128
Letters from France in 1802 (Yorke), 248–9
Lincoln, Benjamin, 136
Lincoln, Levi, 203
Livingston, Edward, 214, Chapter 12 en2, en44
Lloyd, James
Louis XVI (king of France), 17, 20, 23, 33, 34, 58, 60, 62, 119, 245, 330, Chapter 2 en46
Pilnitz, Declaration of, and, 58–9
M
Madison, James, 3, 4, 68, 69, 70, 74, 80, 109, 110, 111, 114, 117, 136, 143, 149, 169, 172, 174, 178, 181, 189, 198, 224, 233, 255, 271, 274, 278, 281, 289, 296, 303, 331, Chapter 12 en51
Embargo Act, likely author of National Intelligencer articles regarding, 271–2
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 182, 224–5
Marbury v. Madison, (See Marbury v. Madison)
Mazzei letter and, 131
opposes Jefferson on secession, 224–5
recommends Jefferson’s congratulatory letter to Adams by suppressed, 95–8
Jefferson’s “usufruct of the living” letter, and, 234–6, 241, 258, 264, 267
Washington’s Farewell Address, assists in writing of, 100
Malone, Dumas, 12, 45, 102, 103, 153–4, 268–9
Marat, Jean-Paul, 29, 31, Chapter 3 en13
Marbury v. Madison, 203–4, 214–5
checks and balances, and, 204, 215–6
Supreme Court, Jefferson considers new powers threat to democracy, 215–6
Marshall, John, 153, 163–4, 168, 202–3
asserts authority of the Court, 203–4, 214–5, 221
Jefferson’s reaction to, 215–6
diplomatic mission to France, 129, 147, 152, 162, 164–6 (see also XYZ Affair)
Mazzei Letter and, 201, Chapter 8 en88
“proudest act of my life” (Adams), and appointment to Supreme Court, 201
Washington’s personal papers, and, 141
Mazzei, Phillip, 147
“all men created equal,” and, 129, Chapter 8 en44
Jefferson’s letter of April 24, 1796 to, 130–36
Adams and, 145
Jefferson-Washington resultant correspondence, alleged, 136–44
published in France and US, 130–1, Chapter 8 en45
Marshall and, 201, Chapter 8 en88
“midnight appointments,” 247, 271, (see also Marbury v. Madison)
Jefferson
forgives Adams for, 206
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de, 32, 57
Monroe, James, 116, 119–22, 123, 124, 245, 274
Mortefontaine, Treaty of (Convention of 1800), 125, 186, 266
Murray, William Vans, 183, 185
N
Napoleon Bonaparte, 22, 53, 56, 61–2, 76, 158, 185–6, 247, 266, 275, Chapter 10 en50
coup of 18 Brumaire (November 9, 1799), 178, 186
National Intelligencer, 11
Embargo Act, articles published defending/explaining policy, 271–2
Jefferson and founding of, 230
Paine attacks John Adams in, 251
Navy, United States
Embargo Act and, 272–3, 277–8, 307
establishment of, 180, Chapter 9 en45
ship construction, 180
USS Chesapeake, 266
New York, (state), 130, 158, 159, 160, 228,242, 250, 261, 275, 285
O
Otto, Louis-Guillaume, 122–3, 126, 159, 160–1, 176, 177
report on American-French relations, written by, 160–1
P
activist, as revolutionary, 244
Adams, John,
criticizes in National Intelligencer, 251
criticized by, 251
background of, 244–5, Chapter 12 en73
contribution to American Revolution, 247–8
death of, 251
escapes arrest in England, 243
France, unhappy life in after release from prison in, 245–6, 247, 248–9
French Revolution, declares failure of, 249
imprisoned in France during French Revolution, 245
National Convention of France, joins, 243–4, Chapter 12 en78
radical generation theory, and, 235–6
reputation ruined, 247–8, 250–1
returns to America, 250
Adams’s reaction to (according to Lear), 83
foreword to, Jefferson writes, 80–82
Jefferson explains foreword to, 86
Past, relationship to in (radical generational theory), 235
“Publicola” criticizes, 86, 88–9
Washington, George, publicly attacks, 246
Paris, Treaty of, 310
Partisanship, viii, 2, 8, 29, 49, 63, 73, 74, 82, 93, 101, 106, 107–8, 111, 113, 157, 219, 241, 289, 324, 327
Adams and political parties, 327–9, 333
enduring challenge of, 217
eradicating, importance of eradicating, viii, 223
Jefferson
first inaugural address, 194, 211, 217
friendship and, 49
necessity of,
“terrorism of the day,” Adams and, 327–329
Washington warns about, 99, 100
Philadelphia, PA, 21, 40, 84, 92, 99, 102, 107, 110–11, 114, 115, 116, 119, 123, 125, 128, 130, 135, 165, 181, 238, 282, 290, 303, 328
Jefferson’s meetings with Létombe and, 148, 152–3, 157
Priestley arrives in, 237
Talleyrand arrives in, 158
yellow fever and, 282–6, 294, 295, (see also Rush, Benjamin)
Jefferson / Washington, alleged correspondence of, 137–8, 140–1
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, 123, 126, 135, 147, 151, 152, 162–3, 164–6
Adams and, 162
rejection by French government of, 116–7, 148
triple commission, Adams appoints to, 129, (see also XYZ Affair)
Pirate Coast, The (Zacks), 143
presidential election of 1796, 47, 90–2, 103, 121, 147
presidential election of 1800, 143, 156, 219, 297, 304
Adams, John, and, 186, 190, 196
confusion about next president, 196
Jefferson and continuation of American Revolution, 213–4
presidential election of 1824, 7–8
press, American, 92, 93, 226, 230–1, 304, 334
1796 election and, 90
credibility of, 227
Federalists and, 227
Jefferson and, 227–8, 229–30, 242, 262, 263, 304
press abuse cited in second inaugural address, 265–6
Priestley, Joseph, Dr., 3, 158, 243, 334
breakfast meeting with vice president Adams, 330–1
Jefferson
sends apology and invitation to, 231–2
Q
“quasi-war,” 125
Convention of 1800 (see Mortefontaine, Treaty of)
Quincy, Josiah, (Congressman), 275–7, 279
Quincy, Josiah, Sr.
July 4, 1826 speech on Boston Common, 325
Quincy, Massachusetts, 1, 2, 8, 12, 18, 52, 104, 115, 169, 197, 200, 205, 208, 210, 214, 290, 296, 298, 300,304, 309, 313, 317, 322, 325, Chapter 14 en22
R
Randall, Henry
Jefferson / Washington letters, and existence of, 137, 138, 143, 219
Randolph, Martha Jefferson, (daughter of TJ), 288
discovers poem left by father after his death, 325–6, Chapter 14 en56
Randolph, Thomas Jefferson (TJ’s grandson), 322–3
realpolitik, 63
Washington and Adams, and, 52, 70
Reflections on the French Revolution, 80
See also Burke, Edmund
revolutionary change, 252–3, 263, 281
Adams’s acceptance of Jefferson’s generational horizon view of, 333
Embargo Acts as part of, 75–6, 267, 268, 272–3
Jefferson’s radical generational theory and, 234–5, 241, 331
Roane, Spencer, 214
Robespierre, Maximilien, 30, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 45, 53, 252, 279, Chapter 3 en45
declares that Le Vieux Cordelier be burned, 38
“despotism of liberty,” 42
utopianism of, 34
Roland, Jean Marie
similarity of revolutionary views with Jefferson’s, 41, 42
universal importance of events in France, belief in, 40
Roland, Madame
executed, 40
Rush, Benjamin, 2, 3, 21, 24, 83, 145, 200, 201, 206, 207, 208, 275, 277, 278, 282–5, 286, 287, 288, 290, 292, 295–6, 320, 321, 327, 333
Adams-Jefferson friendship, involvement in renewal of, see intermediary
Adams, John
correspondence with, re-established by, 290–1
describes creed to, 145
independence of thought, and, 295
dream, requests specific, 296
character of, 300, Chapter 13 en85
Columbia University (New York)
Hamilton blocks offer from, 285–6
cynicism regarding his revolutionary activities, 292
death of, 317
Jefferson’s reaction to, 318
Declaration of Independence and, 292
dream of (regarding reconciliation of Adams and Jefferson), 297–99
friend of both Adams and Jefferson, 282, 286, 289
intermediary between Adams and Jefferson, as, 300–9, 311, 314–6
Jefferson, Thomas
Adams, reconciliation with and, (see intermediary)
Christianity, manuscript about sent by, 145
“midnight appointments” and, 201–2, 206
requests suppression of two letters after Rush’s death, 318–9
yellow fever epidemic (Philadelphia) and, 282–5, Chapter 13 en45, en49
professional consequences of, 286
Rush, Richard, 297, 315, 317–9
Rutledge, Edward, 187
S
Saint Just, Louis Antoine de (St. Just), 34, 36, 252, Chapter 12 en104
Desmoulins and, 38
Short, William, 28–9, 34, 41, 42, 45, 46, 47, 49, 55, 244
rebuked by Jefferson, 42–3, 48
Smith, William, 18, 27, 45, 46, 49
Sparks, Jared,
alleged Washington/Jefferson letters, 137–8, 143
State, US Department of, 237, 203
Supreme Court of the United States, 159, 201, 203
Marbury v. Madison and, 203–4, 214–6, 221, 223
Jefferson’s concerns regarding, 215–7
T
Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 21, 162, 175–6, 181, 185–6, 192, 193
Adams, awareness of peace desires of, 161
America, knowledge of, 159, 174
American debt to France, notes, 163
American diplomatic mission, causes split of, 165–6
back channel to Adams created by, 183–4
bribe, demands American diplomats pay, 164
La Tour du Pin, and observations of, 159
Delacroix, replaces, 161–2, Chapter 9 en34
England
American natural friendship with noted, 163
expelled from, 158
expels Pinckney and Marshall (but not Gerry), 166–7
flees France, 158
Gerry invites to dinner, 165
Jefferson characterizes as victim of Federalist machinations, 177–8
oath of allegiance to United States, pledges, 159, Chapter 9 en36
Philadelphia, arrives in, 201
threatens Gerry with war, 166–7
Taylor, John, 271
Tocqueville, Alexis de
French Revolution, 59
destructiveness of, 55
“French Revolution had no country,” 53
magnitude of, 61
religious character of, 54
supranational character of, 54
“universal Destroyer,” described as, 56
Trenton, Battle of, 248
True Believer, The, 44
Tyler, John, Sr., 259
U
union, American, viii, 91, 108, 173, 182, 211, 221–2, 240, 268, 273, 279, 304, 334
Adams, John, and preservation of, 189–90, 327
Civil War (American) and, 221, 222
Jefferson,
first inaugural address and, 194, 211, 220–1, 222, 239
partisanship and, 327
University of Virginia, 9, 238, 258, 260–2, 282, 322, 324
founding of, 321
V
Van Buren, Martin, 133–4, 140, 144
W
Washington, City of, 201, 204, 208,209, 211, 214, 238, 278, 281, 289, 290
Washington, George, ix, 17, 20, 21, 23, 24, 28, 47, 49, 52, 54, 59, 60–1, 62, 63, 70, 74, 77, 79, 81–3, 85, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 99–100, 101–2, 105, 106, 107–8, 109, 110, 111, 114, 116, 118, 119, 121–3, 124, 132, 133–44, 146, 152, 156, 157, 160, 163–4, 166, 168, 169, 172, 180, 193, 212, 218–9, 223, 232, 238, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 251, 317, 328
Bastille, Key to gifted by Lafayette, 60
Farewell Address of (see Farewell Address, Washington’s)
Jefferson
Paine’s Rights of Man, explains meaning of foreword, 81–2
popularity of, concern regarding, 218
Lafayette, detached command of, 60
letterbooks of, 138
Mazzei letter
national unifier, as, 101
neutrality, desire for, 20, 99–100, 101, 160
partisan criticism against, 100, 108
Provisional Army and, 136,Chapter 10 en26, en28
retirement, 90
XYZ affair and prediction relating to France, 172
Webster, Daniel
speech commemorating deaths of Adams and Jefferson, 326–7, Chapter Two en1, Chapter 8 en49
Webster, Noah, 130, 132, 135–6, Chapter 8 en64
X
XYZ Affair, 167–80, 183, 193, 194, 266, 274
abbreviation, origin of, 170, 171
Adams, John, President
announcements of
diplomatic mission to France failed, 168
dispatches are received, but coded, 167–8
end to ban on arming American ships against French vessels, 168
conciliatory language, use of by, 148, 151
criticizes those clamoring for war with France, 175
France, cuts off trade with, 179
support for, 173–4, Chapter 10 en8, en9
Alien and Sedition Acts and, 181
brinkmanship of France during, 162
encoded dispatches sent to Philadelphia by American ministers, 165
Jefferson
describes Talleyrand as victim, 177
Federalist plot, XYZ Affair described as, 177
reaction by, 172
Létombe-Jefferson meetings, 156
Marshall informs American government of French abuses, 166
republicans
consequences of release of dispatches for, 172, 174–5
release of dispatches demanded by, 170
Talleyrand
on publication of dispatches, 172–3
war, pressure on Adams to respond with, 175
Y