ENDNOTES
PART ONE: LEST WE FORGET
1 James Pope-Hennessy, Sins of the Fathers: A Study of the Atlantic Slave Traders, 1441–1807 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1967), 88. Quote first published in Michael Crowder’s, The Story of Nigeria (London, 1966).
2 Milton Meltzer, Slavery II: From the Renaissance to Today (Chicago: Cowles Book Company, Inc., 1972), 27–29.
3 Malcolm Cowley and Daniel P. Mannix, Black Cargoes: A History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), 114.
4 James A. Rawley, The Transatlantic Slave Trade (New York: W.W. Norton, 1981), 378.
5 Pope-Hennessy, Sins of the Fathers, 3.
6 John W. Blassingame, ed. Slave Testimony: Two Centuries of Letters, Speeches, Interviews, and Autobiographies (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1977), 347.
7 Henry Louis Gates Jr., ed., The Classic Slave Narratives (New York: Mentor, 8 James Mellon, ed., Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember: An Oral History (New York: Avon Books, 1988), 138.
8 Solomon Northup, Twelve Years a Slave (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 126.
9 James Mellon, ed., Bullwhip Days: The Slaves Remember: An Oral History (New York: Avon Books, 1988), 138.
10 Norrece T. Jones Jr., Born a Child of Freedom, Yet a Slave (Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press, University Press of New England, 1990), 72. Quote first published in Charles Ball, Fifty Years in Chains (New York: Dover Publications, 1970), 161.
11 Kenneth Stamp, The Peculiar Institution (New York: Random House, 1984), 149–50.
12 Lerone Bennett Jr., The Shaping of Black America (New York: Penguin Books, 1975), 148. Norrece T. Jones Jr., Born a Child of Freedom, Yet a Slave (Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press, University Press of New England, 1990), 72. Quote first published in Charles Ball, Fifty Years in Chains (New York: Dover Publications, 1970), 161.
13 James W.C. Pennington, The Fugitive Blacksmith or Events in the History of James W.C. Pennington (Westport: Negro University Press, a Division of Greenwood Press, 1971), 13.
14 Stampp, The Peculiar Institution, 89. Quote first published in Frederick Douglass, My Bondage, My Freedom (New York, 1855), 263–64.
15 Lerone Bennett Jr., Before the Mayflower: A History of the Negro in America 1619–1964, 6th ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1988), 153–54.
16 Albert J. Raboteau, Slave Religion: The Invisible Institution in the Ante-Bellum South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 44. Quote first published in Charles Ball, Fifty Years in Chains (New York: Dover Publications, 1970), 265.
17 Blassingame, Slave Testimony, 600.
PART TWO: FREEDOM’S CHILDREN
1 American Social History Project, Freedom’s Unfinished Revolution: An Inquiry into the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: New Press, 1996), 172.
2 American Social History Project, Freedom’s Unfinished Revolution, 257.
3 Zak Mettger, Reconstruction: America After the Civil War (New York: Lodestar Books, 1994), 23.
4 Eric Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863–1877 (New York: Harper Collins, 1990), 41.
5 American Social History Project, Freedom’s Unfinished Revolution, 176.
6 Noralee Frankel, Break Those Chains at Last: African Americans 1860–1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 125.
7 John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: The History of African Americans (Boston: McGraw Hill College Division, 1994), 230.
8 Foner, A Short History of Reconstruction, 44.
9 Dorothy Sterling, The Trouble They Seen: The Story of Reconstruction in the Words of African Americans (New York: Da Capo Press, 1994), 14–15.
10 Loren Schweninger, Black Property Owners in the South, 1790–1915 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 145.
11 Edward Magdol, A Right to the Land (Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1977), 181.
12 American Social History Project, Freedom’s Unfished Revolution, 167.
13 Leon F. Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Random House, 1980), 341.
14 Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long, 433.
15 Sterling, The Trouble They Seen, 274.
16 Sterling, The Trouble They Seen, 260.
17 Benjamin Quarles, The Negro in the Making of America (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1964, 1969), 123.
18 Sterling, The Trouble They Seen, 122
19 Sterling, The Trouble They Seen, 165, 166, 168.
20 Mettger, Reconstruction: America After the Civil War, 81.
21 William Loren Katz, Eyewitness: The Negro in American History (New York: Pitman Publishing Corp., 1967), 277.
22 Ralph Ginzburg, 100 Years of Lynchings (Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1997), 60.
23 Ginzburg, 100 Years of Lynchings, 78.
24 Ginzburg, 100 Years of Lynchings, 124.
25 Herbert Aptheker, A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States 1910–1932, vol. 3 (Secaucus: Citadel Press, 1990), 255.
26 Katz, Eyewitness: The Negro in American
27 The Bedford Series in History and Culture, Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892–1900 (Boston: Bedford Books, 1997), 51.
28 The Bedford Series in History and Culture, Southern Horrors and Other Writings, 50.
29 Herbert Aptheker, A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, vol. 2 (Secaucus: Citadel Press, 1989), 720.
30 Katz, Eyewitness: The Negro in American History, 314.
31 Philip S. Foner, Lift Every Voice: African American Oratory 1787–1900 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998), 727–728.
32 Philip S. Foner, W.E.B. Du Bois Speaks: Speeches and Addresses 1890–1919 (New York: Pathfinder Press, 1988, 13.
33 Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom, 271.
34 Leslie H. Fishel, The Negro American: A Documentary History (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1967), 316.
35 Aptheker, A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, vol. 2, 757.
36 Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom, 273.
37 Foner, Lift Every Voice, 464–465, passim.
38 Paula Giddings, When and Where I Enter: The Impact of Black Women on Race and Sex in America (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1996), 116.
39 Foner, Lift Every Voice, 689.
40 Foner, Lift Every Voice, 775.
41 Quarles, The Negro in the Making of America, 181.
42 Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom, 346.
43 Carole Marks, Farewell—We’re Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), 16–17.
PART THREE: WE SHALL NOT BE MOVED
1 Lerone Bennett, Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America, 6th ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 1988), 357.
2 John Hope Franklin and Alfred Moss, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, 7th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1994), 384.
3 Bennett, Before the Mayflower, 366.
4 Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom, 444.
5 Herbert Aptheker, A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States 1951–1959, vol. 6 (New York: Carol Publshing Group, 1993), 193.
6 Bettye Collier-Thomas and V.P. Franklin, My Soul Is a Witness: A Chronology of the Civil Rights Era, 1954–1965 (New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2000), 35.
7 Roy Finkenbine, Sources of the African-American Past: Primary Sources in American History (New York: Longman Publisher of Addison Wesley, 1997), 168.
8 Henry Hampton and Steve Fayer, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s Through the 1980s (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), 51–52.
9 Robert Weisbrot, Freedom Bound: A History of America’s Civil Rights Movement (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1990), 28.
10 Sanford Wexler, The Civil Rights Movement: An Eyewitness History (New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993), 110.
11 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 30.
12 John Lewis, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 107.
13 Hampton, Voices of Freedom, 58.
14 Wexler, The Civil Rights Movement, 117.
15 Williams, Eyes on the Prize, 149.
16 Hampton, Voices of Freedom, 86.
17 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 60.
18 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 61.
19 Lewis, Walking with the Wind, 154.
20 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 59.
21 Wexler, The Civil Rights Movement, 172.
22 Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years 1954–63 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 763.
23 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 70.
24 Williams, Eyes on the Prize, 267.
25 Wexler, The Civil Rights Movement, 163–164.
26 Finkenbine, Sources of the African-American Past, 176.
27 Doug McAdam, Freedom Summer (New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 1988), 78–79.
28 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 98.
29 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 199.
30 Weisbrot, Freedom Bound, 86.
31 Hampton, Voices of Freedom, 262.
32 James M. Washington, A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco: Harper San Francisco, 1991), 286.