Abourezk, James, 151
activism, xxiv, 155–58, 159–60
adoptions, 128, 150–51
agriculture, 22–27, 30, 76, 79, 80, 114, 138
AIM (American Indian Movement), xxiv, 155–58
Alcatraz Island, 155, 157, 159
alcohol, 40–42, 49
allotment, xxii–xxiii, 79, 80–84, 100, 109, 114, 138, 141, 158
Allouez, Claude, 56–57
American Fur Company, 36–38,57, 59
American Indian Movement (AIM), xxiv, 155–58
Anastasie, 34, 36, 38, 39, 61
animals, 27
Anishinaabeg, meaning of word, xvii
Anishinaabemowin (Ojibwe language), xvii, 34, 57,58–59
Anishinaabewaki, 52, 59
annuity payments, xix–xx, 54–55, 56, 59, 60, 66, 67–68, 70, 71, 73, 78, 81, 123
Anse, Julius, 135–36
Aquash, Anna Mae, 156
Arbuckle, Jerome, 22
Armstrong, Benjamin G., 44
assimilation and civilization policies, xv, xix, xxiii, xxv, 65, 77, 80–81, 94, 104–5, 115, 122, 124, 126, 127, 130, 140, 158
Christianity and, xix, 133
citizenship, xxiii, 65, 80, 134, 138
Auginash, Florence, xxv, xxvi, 93–94
Auginash, Jeanette Jones, xxv
Badboy, Mary, 135
Bad River, xxii, 60
Bagone-giizhig (Hole in the Day), 10–12, 54, 72–73, 78
Bamewawagezhikaquay (Jane Johnston), 44–45
Banks, Dennis, 155
Baraga, Frederic, 58–59
Batiste, John, 89
Bayeasha, Mike, 42
Bayfield Peninsula, 60
Bay Mills, 91, 93, 96, 107, 123, 133, 136–37
Bdote, 52
Bear Woman (Ne Zet), 2–5
beaver, 49
woman who married, 38–39
Begging Dance, 55
Bellanger, Ellen, 2, 3, 4
Bellanger, Pat, 149, 156, 158, 160
Bellecourt, Clyde, 155
Benton-Benai, Eddie, 155
berries, xxvi, 5, 7, 8, 23–24, 76, 84, 85–86, 87–88, 100, 101
Berry Fast, 5, 8
Big Drum ceremonies(chi-dewe’igan), 92
birch bark, xiii, xvi, 21, 59, 87, 100
birds, 27
Bizhik, xxvi
Bizhiki (Chief Buffalo), 44, 54, 60, 75–77
Blake, Norby, 149, 151
blueberries, xxvi, 85, 86, 100, 101
boarding schools, xvi, xxiii,80, 98–99, 121–38, 140,148, 150
children taken against parents’ wishes to, 123, 126
disease in, 131–32
funding for, 130–31
Haskell, 122, 132, 134, 136
homesickness at, 129–30
Indian Industrial School at Carlisle, 99, 122, 124, 132
military service and, 133–34
Mount Pleasant, 121–28, 132–37
orphans in, 128–29
outing programs at, 124
rebellion in, 134–35
religion and, 133
runaways from, 135
social growth and, 132–33
sports at, 125
work at, 132
Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900–1940 (Child), xxv
Bois Forte, xxii, 77, 81, 97, 101,110–11
Bonga, Simon, 123
Boweting, xiii
Britain, xviii, 36, 44
Broker, Ignatia, 140, 145–46,154, 159
Broker, Mrs., 119
Brown, Margaret, 88
Brown, Orlando, 67
Bryan, Russell, xxiv
Buckanaga, Gertrude Howard, 148–50, 154
Buffalo, Chief (Bizhiki), 44, 54, 60, 75–77
Bureau of Indian Affairs, 76–77,82, 106, 107, 117, 125,147–48, 155
Cadotte, Madeleine, 32–34, 37, 38, 39, 48, 53, 54, 55, 58, 61, 79
Cadotte, Michel, 33, 34, 36–37, 48, 53, 54, 55, 57, 58, 61
Camp Marquette, 107
Canada, xvii, xix, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, 64
Carl, Edward, 2, 3, 4
Carlisle, Indian Industrial School at, 99, 122, 124, 132
Carlson, Doris Graves, 148
Cass, Lewis, 41, 44, 51
Cass Lake, 71
Caswell, Alphonse, 109
Catfish, Mrs., 88–89
Catholicism, 33, 36, 48–49, 56–58, 60, 90, 133
Census, U.S., 141
Chambliss, Charles, 115
Chequamegon, xiv, 31–32, 35–36, 43, 57, 60
Cherokee, 141
Cheyenne, 66
Chicago, Ill., 154
chi-dewe’igan (Big Drum ceremonies), 92
Child, Florence Auginash, xxv, xxvi, 93–94
children:
adoption of, 128, 150–51
cradleboard for, 16–18
mixed-heritage, 46–47, 53, 62
orphaned, 128–29
removed from families, xxiii, 123, 126, 151, 156
schools and, see schools
child welfare, 149, 151–52,153, 156
Chippewa, xvii, xxii, 50, 70, 152
Chippewa Co-operative Marketing Association, 116–17
Chippewa Flowage, 104
Chippewa River, 69, 121
Chippewa Village, 106
Christianity, xv, xix, 10, 15, 48, 56–59, 79, 80, 90–92
boarding schools and, 133
Catholicism, 33, 36, 48–49, 56–58, 60, 90, 133
Methodism, 90–91, 133
missionaries, xvi, 56–59, 79,90, 115
Protestantism, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 133
cities, xv, xxiii, 139, 140, 141,147, 159
Minneapolis, xv, 139–50, 153–60
relocation program and, 139, 140–41, 147–48, 156
St. Paul, 142, 145–46, 150, 151, 154, 157, 158
citizenship, xxiii, 65, 80, 134, 138
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 99, 106–13, 142
civilization policies, see assimilation and civilization policies
clan (doodem), 9–10, 15, 27, 29, 32, 47, 52, 53–54, 55, 62, 81
Clark, Jim, 103, 105
Cloud, Madeline (Naganabenazekwa), 42–43
Collier, John, 107, 109, 135–36
coming-of-age, 2–8, 18
Consolidated Chippewa Agency, 109
copper, 54, 86
cosmology, 27
Council of the Three Fires, xvi
cradleboard, 16–18
Crane clan, 33
creation stories, xxvii, 27–29
Cree, xxii
Crow Wing, 80
cultural assimilation, see assimilation and civilization policies
Curtis, Mrs. George, 73
Curtis Hotel, 117
Cut-ear (Chief Giishkitawag; Joe White), 84
Dakota, xviii–xix, 1, 2, 92, 101, 106
Ne Zet and, 4
in War of 1862, 80
dams, 104
dance, 55, 56, 92–96
Dance Order, 96
Dawes General Allotment Act, xxii–xxiii, 80
Dawn Woman (Quikabanokwe), 12–14, 15, 22–23, 128–29
Dedaatabiik, 93
Denomie, Florina, 17, 89
Denomie, Marie, 42
Densmore, Frances, xxvi–xxvii, 16, 18–20, 102–3
Depression, Great, 98–101, 104–6, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 117, 119, 120, 135, 142
Detroit, 36
Detroit Treaty, xxii, 78
disease, xx, 42, 71, 72, 73, 74, 88, 93, 94, 129, 142
in boarding schools, 131–32
smallpox, xx, 42–43, 59
Spanish influenza, 94
trachoma, 131
tuberculosis, xx, 129, 131–32
Diver, John, 14, 15
divorce, 9
divorced and widowed women, 88–89
doodem (clan), 9–10, 15, 27, 29, 32, 47, 52, 53–54, 55, 62, 81
dream catcher, 18
Duluth, Minn., 142
Earth Diver, 27–28
Eastman, Charles A., xviii–xix,10, 11
Edge of the Sky (Gotchijigijig; John Scott), 12
education, 154
see also schools
English, Mary Warren, 79
English language, xvi, 125, 126
Enmegahbowh (John Johnson), 90
Episcopalians, 90, 91, 133
Equaymedogay (Suzanna Wright Roy), 91
Erdrich, Louise, 41
Eshkibagikoozhe (Flat Mouth), 52, 73, 78
Everlasting Standing Woman, 7
Ewing, Thomas, 67
Fairbanks, Frances, 149, 154
Fairbanks, Leo, 144
Falcon, The (Tanner), 40–42
family, 8–9, 27, 47, 55, 109, 116
clan (doodem), 9–10, 15, 27, 29, 32, 47, 52, 53–54, 55, 62, 81
divorce, 9
kinship, 9, 10, 15, 27, 29, 32, 45, 47, 109, 129
marriage, see marriage
farming, 22–27, 30, 76, 79, 80,114, 138
Federal Writers’ Project of the Works Progress Administration (WPA), 9, 17, 22, 42, 89, 100–101, 102
Fence Lake, 87
fertility, 7–8
Fillmore, Millard, 75, 76
Fisher, Bessie Stone, 87
Flat Mouth (Eshkibagikoozhe), 52, 73, 78
Fond du Lac, xxii, 51, 70, 77, 81,109, 110
food, 20–27, 30, 39, 65, 68–69, 72, 73, 76, 87, 92
berries, xxvi, 5, 7, 8, 23–24, 76, 84, 85–86, 87–88, 100, 101
farming, 22–27, 30, 76, 79, 80, 114, 138
fur trade and, 39–40
hunting and fishing, xix, xxi, xxii, 20, 22, 30, 43, 68, 69, 73, 81, 84–85, 87–90, 100, 102, 141
maple sugar and syrup, 20–22, 40, 48, 65, 76–78, 83–88, 96, 111, 114, 117
wild rice, see wild rice
Forest Service, U.S., 107
Fort Snelling, 52
France, xvii–xviii, 36, 44
Frost, Kate, 82–83
fur trade, xv, xviii, 31–49, 51, 57, 59, 61–62, 76, 111
alcohol and, 40–42, 49
American Fur Company, 36–38, 57, 59
debts to traders, 51, 52, 53
food and, 39–40
intermarriage and, xv, 32–35, 37, 39, 43–49, 62
Iroquois Wars and, xvii–xviii
North West Company, 36–37, 39, 45, 47
seasonal cycle in, 40
traders established in communities, 53
gaming, xxiv
Gauthier, Benedict, 87
Gauthier, Margaret, 87
Gedakaakoons, 119
gender roles, xvi, 46–47, 48, 65,96, 115
division of labor, xiv, 38, 48, 86, 87–89, 98, 101–2, 112–13, 115–17, 118–19
Georgian Bay, xiv, xviii
GI Bill, 140, 143
Gichigamiing, see Lake Superior
Giishkitawag, Chief (Cut-ear;Joe White), 84
Gilfillan, Joseph, 101
Gilham, Sarah Stone, 87
Goggleye, Helen, 93
Goggleye, Joseph, 93
Gordon, Philip, 90
Gotchijigijig (Edge of the Sky; John Scott), 12
Grand Portage, xxii, 77, 81, 107, 110
Grand Portage Trail, 111
Grant, Ulysses S., 79
Great Britain, xviii, 36, 44
Great Lakes region, xiii–xv, xvii, xviii, xx–xxii, xxvii, 1, 35, 36, 38, 39, 41, 42, 47, 49, 55, 56, 59, 61, 62, 77, 82, 86, 90, 91, 101, 104, 110–12, 116, 119, 122,141–43, 154, 159
Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission, 120
Great Peace of Montreal, xviii
Green Prairie Woman (Ozhawguscodaywaquay), 44–45
Groseilliers, Médard Chouartdes, 35
Gull Lake, 50, 54, 78, 80
Hall, Sherman, 57–58
Haskell boarding school, 122, 132, 134, 136
Hays, James P., 55–56
Head, Selam, 146
health and medicine, 96, 155
Jingle Dress Dance and,94–96
plants in, 16, 65, 92–94
Heart of the Earth Survival School, 158
History of the Ojibway People (Warren), 61
Hole in the Day (Bagone-giizhig), 10–12, 54, 72–73, 78
Howard, Sadie, 148
Howard, Vikki, 149, 157–58
Hudson’s Bay Company, 45, 46,47, 111
hunting and fishing, xix, xxi, xxii, 20, 22, 30, 43, 68, 69, 73, 81, 84–85, 87–90, 100, 102, 141
Indian activism, xxiv, 155–58,159–60
Indian Affairs, 76–77, 82, 106, 107, 117, 125, 147–48, 155
Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), 151–52
Indian Citizenship Act, 134, 139
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, xxiv
Indian Industrial School at Carlisle, 99, 122, 124, 132
“Indian Maiden” image, 119
Indian Public Wild Rice Camp, 113
Indian Removal Act, 49
Indian School Days (Johnston), 123
Indian Service, U.S., 108–9, 113
Indian Territory, xix
Indian Trade and IntercourseAct, 37
infants, 17, 133
cradleboard for, 16–18
Inger, 93
Iron River, 69–70
Iroquois Wars, xvii–xviii
Isabella Reservation, 121, 137
Itasca State Park, 105–6
Jackson, Andrew, 49
Jenks, Albert, 103
jingle dresses, 94–96, 119
Johnson, John (Enmegahbowh), 90
Johnston, Basil, 123, 134–35
Johnston, Jane (Bamewawagezhikaquay), 44–45
Johnston, John, 44, 45
Jones, Amelia, 144–45
Jones, William, 122
Jourdain, Winnie, 143
Kathio, xviii
Kegg, Maude, 85
Keweenaw Peninsula, 54
Keweenaw Point, 85–86
Kingbird, Ona, 149, 158
kinship, 9, 10, 15, 27, 29, 32, 45, 47, 109, 129
clan (doodem), 9–10, 15, 27, 29, 32, 47, 52, 53–54, 55, 62, 81
Lac Courte Oreilles, xxii, 36, 61, 69, 77, 90, 104, 112
Lac du Flambeau, xxii, 61, 69, 77, 84, 87, 88, 89, 96
Lac Vieux Desert, 74, 77
LaDue, Naomi Warren, 120
Lake Erie, xviii
Lake Huron, xiii, xiv, xviii, xix
Lake Michigan, xiii, xiv
Lake Ontario, xiv, xviii
Lake Superior (Gichigamiing), xiii, xiv, xviii, xx, 31–32, 34–39, 43, 44, 49–50, 53–54, 56, 60–62, 64, 76, 85
Lake Superior Ojibwe, xxi, 49–50, 51, 53, 60, 67, 68, 74, 77
Lake Vermilion, 107, 110
Lake Winnibigoshish, 78
Lakota, 66
Land O’Lakes, 119
land, xix, xxi, xxv, 15, 22, 25, 77–78, 79–84, 98, 100, 104–5, 138,140, 141
allotment of, xxii–xxiii, 79, 80–84, 100, 109, 114, 138, 141, 158
L’Anse Ojibwe, 74, 75, 77
La Pointe, xiii–xiv, 33, 35–38, 53–54, 57, 58, 60, 68, 77
Treaty of, xxi–xxii, 53, 60, 76, 77
La Pointe Agency, 53
La Pointe Band, 60
La Pointe de Saint Esprit, 56
LaRoque, Paul, 117–18
LeBlanc, Lucy, 107–8
Leech Lake, 1–2, 4, 50, 52, 66, 70–73, 78, 81
Leech Lake Reservation, xix, xxiv, 93, 106, 110, 116–17, 119, 120, 123, 146, 151–53
Little Shell Band, xxii
Longest Walk, 157
Long Lake, 87
Lovelace, Mrs., 119
Madeline Island, xiii–xiv, 12, 32, 33, 35–37, 43, 44, 53–61, 66, 68
Manegoneosh (Marksman), 12–14, 128–29
Manitoba, xxi, xxiv
Manitowaning, xix
Manypenny, George, 77, 78
maple sugar and syrup, 20–22, 40, 48, 65, 76–78, 83–88, 96, 111, 114, 117
Marksman (Manegoneosh), 12–14, 128–29
Marksman, Peter, 91
Marquette, Jacques, 36, 57
marriage, 8–15, 32
between Indians and non-Indians, xv, 10–12, 32–35, 37, 39, 43–49, 62
divorce, 9
plural, 10–12, 15
Marshall, Ellen, 93
Matler, Peggy, 151
McCarty, Ellen, 10–12
McKenzie, Roberta Head, 146–48
McNally, Michael, 91
McNickle, D’Arcy, 117, 118
medicine, see health and medicine
Medweganoonind, 80
memegwesi, 97
Menominee, 101
menopause, 16
menstruation, 5–6, 7–8, 16, 132–33
mentoring, 5
Methodism, 90–91, 133
Métis, 31, 37, 57
Michigan, xiii, xix, xxi, xxii, xxiv, 44, 50, 51, 66, 71, 77, 78, 82, 85–86, 90, 93, 107
Michilimackinac, xiii, xvi, 28
Midewiwin, 56, 60, 91–92
military service, xxiii–xxiv, 133–34, 139, 140, 142, 146
Mille Lacs, xviii, 19, 50, 81, 92, 94, 103, 105, 110
mindimooyenh, 63–64
mining, 54, 76, 86
Minneapolis, Minn., xv, xxiv,139–50, 153–60
Minneapolis American Indian Center, 154
Minnesota, xiv, xxi, xxii, xxiv, 59, 61, 65–68, 71, 76–82, 85, 90, 103, 104, 106–7, 114, 117,119–20, 160
Itasca State Park, 105–6
Minneapolis, xv, xxiv, 139–50, 153–60
St. Paul, xxiii, 142, 145–46, 150, 151, 154, 157, 158
Minnesota Indian Women’s Resource Center, 152, 153
Minnesota State Fair, 106
Minnesota State Forest Service, 112–13, 114
Minnesota Territorial Legislative Assembly, 67
mino-bimaadizi, 92
missionaries, xvi, 56–59, 79, 90, 115
Mississippi Ojibwe, 60, 71, 74, 77
Mississippi River, xiv, 1, 50, 62, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 78, 85, 104, 106
Mitchell, George, 155
Mole Lake, xxii
Montana, xxii, xxiv
Morrison, George, 110, 154
Mount Pleasant, 121
boarding school at, 121–28,132–37
music, 92–96
muskrats, xxvii, 28, 49
Mustache, James, Sr., 112
Naganabenazekwa (Madeline Cloud), 42–43
names, 7
Nanabozhoo, 15–16, 30
Naomikong Mission, 91
Navajo, 141
Nawajibigikwe, 92
Nelson, George, 35, 39–40, 45
Nelson, Kate, 119
Nelson Act, 80, 81
Netnokwa, 41–42
Nett Lake, 97–98, 101, 110–11
Ne Zet (Bear Woman), 2–5
Night Flying Woman (Broker), 145
Nodinens, xxvi–xxvii, 8, 19–20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 86
Nokomis, 15, 16, 30
North Dakota, xxii, xxiv
Northern Indian Territory, 66
North West Company, 36–37, 39, 45, 47
Odanah, 60
Ogeego, 42
Ojibwe, interpretations of name, xvi–xvii
Ojibwe language (Anishinaabemowin), xvii, 34, 57, 58–59
Oklahoma, xix
Ontario, xxi, xxiv
Ontonagon, 74, 77
orphans, 128–29
Oshkaabewisag, 103
Ottawa, xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii, xix, 51–52, 78, 125
Ozhawguscodaywaquay (Green Prairie Woman), 44–45
Peace Policy, 79
Peake, Emily, 143, 149
Pelican Lake, 74
Pembina Ojibwe, 80
Pequette, Kate, 109
Perch Lake, 119–20
Pike, Zebulon, 39
Pillager, 50, 78
Pine, Bob, 88
Pine, Margaret, 85
Pine Ridge Reservation, 157
Pokegama Ojibwe, 69
police, xxiv, 155
political organization, xvi, 27, 29, 50
population decline, xx
Portage Lake, 85, 119–20
Potawatomi, xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii, 125
poverty, xxvi, 100, 105, 107, 114,115, 126–28, 129, 139, 142, 150, 154, 155
Prairie du Chien, 51
Pratt, Richard Henry, 123
pregnancy, 16, 133
Project Number One, 113
Protestantism, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 133
puberty, 2–8, 18, 132–33
Quebec, 36
Quikabanokwe (Dawn Woman), 12–14, 15, 22–23, 128–29
racial discrimination, 145–46
Radisson, Pierre, 35
Ramsey, Alexander, 66–67, 72, 73, 75
Raymond, Margaret Peake, 153
Red Cliff, xxii, 60
Red Lake Reservation, xxii, xxv–xxvi, 79, 80–81, 90,92–94, 106–7, 109–10,144–46, 148, 151
Red School House, 158
religion and spirituality, 93
Christianity, see Christianity
creation stories, xxvii, 27–29
Jingle Dress Dance, 94–96
Midewiwin, 56, 60, 91–92
names and, 7
relocation program, 139, 140–41, 147–48, 156
“Reminiscences of a Short Story of the Chippewa Chief Hole in the Day” (Spears), 12
removal, xix–xx, xxiii, 49, 68
reservations, xv, xvi, xxi, xxii, xxiii, xxvii, 10, 15, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63–96, 101, 104, 109, 129, 138, 139–41, 148, 150, 158–59
Leech Lake, xix, xxiv, 93, 106, 110, 116–17, 119, 120, 123, 146, 151–53
Red Lake, xxii, xxv–xxvi, 79, 80–81, 90, 92–94, 106–7, 109–10, 144–46, 148, 151
Sandy Lake Tragedy and, xix–xx, 65–75, 76
White Earth, xxii, xxiii, 33, 61, 62, 79–80, 81, 82, 90–93, 96, 99, 106, 107, 110, 113, 114, 117, 120, 142, 143, 148, 151
Rhoads, Charles, 135
rice, see wild rice
Rice, Henry, 67, 78
Rice Lake, 113
Rice River, 113
Robideau, Isabella, 108–9
Robinson, Josephine, 82
Robinson, Rose, 149, 151–53, 154
Rock, Cecelia, 119
Rocky Boy’s, xxii
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 100, 141
Roy, Suzanna Wright (Equaymedogay), 91
Rum River, 50, 103
Saginaw Valley, xx
St. Croix Ojibwe, xxii
St. Croix River, 69
St. Francis Indian Mission, 90
St. Lawrence River, xiii, xvii
St. Paul, Minn., xxiii, 142, 145–46, 150, 151, 154, 157, 158
St. Peters, Treaty of, 52
Sand Creek, 66
Sandy Lake, xviii, 50
Sandy Lake Tragedy, xix–xx, 65–75, 76
Sault Ste. Marie, xiii, 34, 37, 44, 50–51, 57, 78
Treaty of, 44, 50–51
Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 44, 45, 51–52
Schoolcraft, Jane Johnston, 6
schools, 150
boarding, see boarding schools
public, xxiii, 122, 136–37,150, 156
survival, 158
Scott, John (Gotchijigijig; Edge of the Sky), 12
Scott, Mattice, 89
seasonal cycles, xiv–xv, xxvi, xxvii, 29–30, 58, 114, 141–42
in fur trade, 40
sexuality, 8
siblings, 9
Skye, Helen, 88
smallpox, xx, 42–43, 59
Snow, Margaret, 87
Spanish influenza, 94
Spears, Julia Warren, 11–12, 55–56, 62, 65, 68, 69, 70, 79
Spirit Island, 97
spirituality, see religion and spirituality
Straits of Mackinac, xiii
strawberries, 5, 7, 8, 23, 24
Supreme Court, xxiv
survival schools, 158
Tailfeather Woman, 92
Tanner, John, 40–42
TANS (True American Native Students), 157
Taylor, Zachary, 67, 68
Teeple, George, 123
Teeple, Ranee, 123
termination program, 140–41,147, 154, 156, 158
tourism, 86–88, 100, 105–6, 120
trachoma, 131
trade, 40
fur, see fur trade
treaties, xix, xxi, xxv, 49–54, 56, 60, 64, 65, 67, 68, 73, 79,104–5, 140
of 1820, 78
of 1837, xxi
of 1863, 81
of 1867, xxii, 79
of 1871, xxi
Detroit, xxii, 78
Fond du Lac, 51
La Pointe, xxi–xxii, 53, 60, 76, 77
St. Peters, 52
Sault Ste. Marie, 44, 50–51
Washington, xxii, 51–52, 78–79
trees, destruction of, xxiii, 18, 52, 77, 82, 85, 114, 141
True American Native Students (TANS), 157
tuberculosis, xx, 129, 131–32
Turtle Mountains, xxii,80, 141
Twobirds, Mary, 129
Upper Midwest American Indian Center, 143, 149–50, 154
Urban Relocation Program, 139, 140–41, 147–48, 156
U.S. Forest Service, 107
U.S. government policies, xv, xix
assimilation, see assimilation and civilization policies
relocation to cities, 139, 140–41, 147–48, 156
removal, xix–xx, xxiii, 49, 68
reservations, see reservations
termination, 140–41, 147, 154, 156, 158
treaties, see treaties
U.S. Indian Service, 108–9, 113
vision quests, 2, 4, 6
visions, 5, 6, 7
names derived from, 7
Vizenor, Gerald, xxvii
Wabose, Catherine, 6–7
War of 1812, xix, 36
Warren, Charlotte Cadotte, 37, 38, 46, 57, 61
Warren, Elizabeth, 58
Warren, Lyman, 37, 53, 57, 59
Warren, Madeline, 61
Warren, Marie Cadotte, 37, 38, 46, 53, 57, 58, 61
Warren, Truman, 37, 57, 79–80
Warren, William Whipple, xx, 11, 54, 55, 56, 62, 68, 69, 73
Washington, Treaty of, xxii, 51–52, 78–79
Watrous, John S., 66, 75, 70
Waubojeeg (White Fisher), 44
White, Joe (Chief Giishkitawag; Cut-ear), 84
White, Richard, xvii, 49
White Crane, 33, 48
White Crow, 54
White Earth Reservation, xxii, xxiii, 33, 61, 62, 79–80, 81, 82, 90–93, 96, 99, 106, 107, 110, 113, 114, 117, 120, 142, 143, 148, 151
White Fish Bay, 94
White Fisher (Waubojeeg), 44
White Hawk, Sandra, 151
widowed and divorced women, 88–89
wild rice, xiv, xviii, xxvi, 24–27, 30, 39, 40, 48, 65, 68, 69, 76–78, 83, 85–88, 96, 97, 98, 100–4, 106, 110–20, 160
cooperative for, 117–19
dams and, 104
non-Indian harvesters and buyers of, 114–15, 116–17, 120
Wipson, James, 83
Wisconsin, xix–xxii, xxiv, 49, 59, 61, 65–68, 70–71, 73, 76, 77, 80, 82, 85, 87, 90, 103, 104, 114
Witgen, Michael, xviii
Women’s Meeting, 91
work, xiv–xv, 65, 140, 142
at boarding schools, 132
Civilian Conservation Corps, 99, 106–13, 142
division of labor in, xiv, 38, 48, 86, 87–89, 98, 101–2, 112–13, 115–17, 118–19
Works Progress Administration (WPA), 98, 99, 106, 109, 111, 112–13, 116
Federal Writers’ Project of, 9, 17, 22, 42, 89, 100
World War I, 134
World War II, xv, xxiii–xiv, xxv, 134, 139, 140, 142, 143,146, 148
Wounded Knee, 66, 155, 157
Young, Lizzie, 87–88