(1) The Rise of Christian Europe, Hugh Trevor-Roper (London, 1966)
(2) From the Collected Works of St Thomas Aquinas c. A.D. 397 (Oxford. 1999)
(3) Confessions, St Augustine of Hippo c. A.D. 397 (Oxford. 2009)
(4) The passages from the Pilgrim’s Guide which I have quoted in English throughout this book are based on the translation I made for my earlier study of this subject back in 1974. My source was an excellent version in French made by Jeanne Vieillard in 1938, at that time the only translation from the original Latin available to me (see Selected Further Reading).
(5) Duke William’s most significant contribution to European history is that he was the father of Eleanor of Aquitaine, whose inheritance of Aquitaine enabled her husband, the English king Henry II, to claim this large area of ‘France’ as belonging to England, a claim that led ultimately to the Hundred Years War between England and France.
(6) The Age of Pilgrimage, Jonathan Sumption (New York, 2003)
(7) The Waning of the Middle Ages, J. Huizinga (London, 1967)
(8) The five books of The Histories, by Raoul Glaber (Oxford, 1989)
(9) Successive dukes of Aquitaine were all called William. The troubadour poet, William IX, was the father of Duke William X, the Santiago pilgrim who was also the father of Eleanor of Aquitaine, who married Henry 11 of England (see Chapter 3).
(10) Cluny: In Search of God’s Lost Empire, Edwin Mullins (Oxford, 2001)
(11) Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture 800-1200, Kenneth J. Conant