Note on the use of initials for identifying constituent correspondence: After conferring with several archivists regarding the privacy expectations of persons writing to public officials, I have opted to use initials for those correspondents when their identity could be easily tied to the language being quoted or when that language might prove embarrassing. In all other instances, I have included their names. I have also operated on the assumption that the sentiments being expressed were more revealing and significant than their individual identities. Should a reader require the name of a particular correspondent to check the accuracy or validity of my work, I shall be happy to provide that information.
AHEC |
US Army History and Education Center |
CD |
Cavalier Daily |
CQA |
Congressional Quarterly Almanac |
CR |
Congressional Record |
DR |
Daily Reville |
GOI |
Gallup Opinion Index |
RB |
Red and Black |
SFRC |
Senate Foreign Relations Committee |
TTU |
Texas Tech University |
WHCSFM |
White House Central Files, Staff Member and Office Files |
1. Carl Degler, “Thesis, Antithesis, and Synthesis: The South, the North, and the Nation,” Journal of Southern History 53 (Feb. 1987): 6, 17; Peter Trubowitz, Defining the National Interest: Conflict and Change in American Foreign Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 4, 12; Paul Boyer, “Foreword,” in Local Consequences of the Global Cold War, ed. Jeffrey A. Engel (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2008), xv. For an extended discussion of the influence of domestic regionalism on US foreign policy, see Joseph A. Fry, “Place Matters: Domestic Regionalism and the Formation of American Foreign Policy,” Diplomatic History 36 (June 2012): 451–82, with commentaries, 483–514.
2. Michael Perman, Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 1. See also Nicol C. Rae, Southern Democrats (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 38, 65–66, 96–98; Adam J. Berinsky, In Time of War: Understanding American Public Opinion from World War II to Iraq (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009), 7, 127.
3. Gallup Opinion Index (hereafter cited as GOI) (July 1965–Feb. 1973), cited in Joseph A. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad: The South and U.S. Foreign Relations, 1989–1973 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 269–70.
4. Bruce J. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt: Federal Policy, Economic Development, and the Transformation of the South, 1938–1980 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), 142 (“fortress Dixie”).
5. Thomas J. McCormick, “Drift or Mastery? A Corporatist Synthesis for American Diplomatic History,” in The Promise of American History: Progress and Prospects, ed. Stanley I. Kutler and Stanley N. Katz, Reviews in American History 10 (Dec. 1982): 326; Michael H. Hunt, Lyndon Johnson’s War: America’s Cold War Crusade in Vietnam, 1945–1968 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1996), 105; Jeff Woods, Richard Russell: Southern Nationalism and American Foreign Policy (Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield, 2007), 39, 114.
6. For a bibliographical discussion of recent work by historians of the South on the region and US foreign policy, see Fry, “Place Matters,” 451–52n2.
7. Robert David Johnson, “Congress and the Cold War,” Journal of Cold War Studies 3 (Spring 2001): 76; Robert David Johnson, Congress and the Cold War (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006); William Conrad Gibbons, The U.S. Government and the Vietnam War: Executive and Legislative Relationships, 4 vols. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986–1995); Robert Mann, A Grand Delusion: America’s Descent into Vietnam (New York: Basic Books, 2001); Andrew L. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front: Domestic Politics, the Republican Party, and the War (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010); Mark David Carson, “Beyond the Solid South: Southern Members of Congress and the Vietnam War” (PhD diss., Louisiana State University, 2003).
8. Robert J. McMahon, “The Study of American Foreign Relations: National History or International History?” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 16 (“internal determinants”); Jeffrey A. Engel and Katherine Carte Engel, “Introduction: On Writing the Local within Diplomatic History—Trends, Historiography, Purpose,” in Engel, Local Consequences of the Global Cold War, 2–3; Mark Philip Bradley and Marilyn B. Young, eds., Making Sense of the Vietnam War: Local, National, and Transnational Perspectives (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
9. Fredrik Logevall, Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 304 (“stealth”); Sandra Scanlon, The Pro-War Movement: Domestic Support for the Vietnam War and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013), 10 (“popular confusion”); Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 8, 336.
10. John Prados, Vietnam: The History of an Unwinnable War, 1945–1975 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 167; Melvin Small, Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 157.
11. Edward L. Ayers and Peter S. Onuf, “Introduction,” in All Over the Map: Rethinking American Regions, ed. Edward L. Ayers, Patricia Nelson Limerick, Stephen Nissenbaum, and Peter S. Onuf (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 9; Trubowitz, Defining the National Interest, 4; Richard Franklin Bensel, Sectionalism and American Political Development, 1880–1980 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), xix, 25; David M. Wrobel, Promised Lands: Promotion, Memory, and the Creation of the American West (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 12; Clyde A. Milner II, “The View from Wisdom: Region and Identity in the Minds of Four Westerners,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History 41 (Summer 1991): 2–17; David M. Emmons, “Constructed Province: History and the Making of the Last American West,” Western Historical Quarterly 25 (Winter 1994): 442, 452.
12. For the ongoing vitality of regionalism, see Michael C. Steiner and David M. Wrobel, “Many Wests: Discovering a Dynamic Western Regionalism,” in Many Wests: Place, Culture, and Regional Identity,” ed. Michael C. Steiner and David M. Wrobel (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997), 1–30; and Robert L. Dorman, Hell of a Vision: Regionalism and the Modern American West (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2012). For strong objections to the idea of southern exceptionalism or an overly distinctive South, see Laura F. Edwards, “Southern History as U.S. History,” Journal of Southern History 75 (Aug. 2009): 533–64; and Matthew D. Lassiter and Joseph Crespino, “Introduction: The End of Southern History,” in The Myth of Southern Exceptionalism, ed. Matthew D. Lassiter and Joseph Crespino (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 3–23.
1. Perman, Pursuit of Unity, 1, 45. For the importance of a region’s one-party dominance in influencing foreign policy, see Edward W. Chester, Sectionalism, Politics, and American Diplomacy (Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1975), iii–vi, 274. For an extended discussion of the impact of domestic regionalism on US foreign policy, see Fry, “Place Matters.” Interestingly, Perman cites the US Senate as the “heart of the South’s national operations, in effect its department of foreign affairs” in competing with other American regions (Pursuit of Unity, 235). This builds on V. O. Key Jr., who wrote in 1949 that the Solid South employed the Democratic Party as its “instrument for the conduct of ‘foreign affairs’ of the Solid South with the rest of the nation.” See V. O. Key Jr., with the assistance of Alexander Heard, Southern Politics in State and Nation (New York: Vintage Books, 1949), 315.
2. William J. Cooper Jr. and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History (New York: McGraw Hill, 2002), 54 (“liberty”); Jack P. Greene, “The Role of the Lower Houses of Assembly in Eighteenth Century Politics,” Journal of Southern History 27 (Nov. 1961): 451–74; T. H. Breen, Tobacco Culture: The Mentality of the Great Tidewater Planters on the Eve of the Revolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1985), 134. For a more extended assessment of the South and US foreign policy from 1789 through 1865, see Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 1–105.
3. Cooper and Terrill, American South, 92 (“From 1776”); Kenneth S. Greenberg, Masters and Statesmen: The Political Culture of American Slavery (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 87 (“condition”).
4. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), 17, 34, 191 (“courage,” “efficacious means”), 360 (“antagonist”), 366–67; Bertram Wyatt-Brown, “The Ethic of Honor in National Crises: The Civil War, Vietnam, Iraq, and the Southern Factor,” Journal of the Historical Society 5 (2005): 431–60; David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 803, 843 (“warrior ethic”); Greenberg, Masters and Statesmen, 23–41.
5. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982); Lance Banning, The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1978); Lacy K. Ford, “Republican Ideology in a Slave Society: The Political Economy of John C. Calhoun,” Journal of Southern History 54 (Aug. 1988): 405–24; Cathy Matson and Peter S. Onuf, “Toward a Republican Empire: Interest and Ideology in Revolutionary America,” American Quarterly 37 (Fall 1985): 496–531.
6. Peter S. Onuf, “Federalism, Republicanism, and the Origins of American Sectionalism,” in Ayers et al., All over the Map, 13, 15; Peter S. Onuf, “Thomas Jefferson and the Origins of American Sectionalism” (paper presented at the Southern Historical Association Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Nov. 6, 1997), 8; Peter S. Onuf, Jefferson’s Empire: The Language of American Nationhood (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2000), 7, 69–70, 73–75, 107. New Englanders also equated their regional perspective on foreign relations with the appropriate national one. See Paul A. Varg, New England and Foreign Relations, 1789–1850 (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1983); David C. Hendrickson, Union, Nation, or Empire: The American Debate over International Relations, 1789–1941 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2009), 25.
7. Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 12–36; Norman K. Risjord, “1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation’s Honor,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd series, 18 (Apr. 1961): 205 (Clopton); Roger Brown, The Republic in Peril: 1812 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), 45–46 (Monroe); Fischer, Albion’s Seed, 843 (“honor and warrior ethic”); J. C. A. Stagg, Mr. Madison’s War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early Republic, 1783–1830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 78, 115.
8. Adam Rothman, Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 166 (“real estate”), 168 (Mississippi editor); John Craig Hammond, Slavery, Freedom, and Expansion in the Early Republic (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2007), 6 (“federal authority”), 170; John Craig Hammond and Matthew Mason, eds., Contesting Slavery: The Politics of Bondage and Freedom in the New American Nation (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2011). For the purchase more generally, see Alexander DeConde, This Affair of Louisiana (New York: Scribner, 1976); McCoy, Elusive Republic, 195–208; Robert W. Tucker and David C. Hendrickson, Empire of Liberty: The Statecraft of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 87–135; Richard H. Immerman, Empire for Liberty: A History of American Imperialism from Benjamin Franklin to Paul Wolfowitz (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010). For Florida and the Spanish borderlands, see Frank Lawrence Owsley Jr. and Gene A. Smith, Filibusters and Expansionists: Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997); J. C. A. Stagg, Borderlines and Borderlands: James Madison and the Spanish-American Frontier, 1776–1821 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).
9. Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire, 1767–1821 (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 306, 331, 335; Anthony F. C. Wallace, The Long, Bitter Trail: Andrew Jackson and the Indians (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993); Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 45–49.
10. Arthur H. De Rosier Jr., The Removal of the Choctaw Indians (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1970), 109 (Charleston Southern Patriot); Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 98–116, 190–207; John Campbell, “The Seminoles, the ‘Bloodhound War,’ and Abolitionism, 1796–1865,” Journal of Southern History 72 (May 2006): 272–73; Reginald Horsman, “American Indian Policy and Manifest Destiny,” University of Birmingham Historical Journal 11 (1968): 128–40.
11. Robert Pierce Forbes, The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 44 (“rhetorical”); Michael A. Morrison, Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 50 (Walker); Robert Kagan, Dangerous Nation: America’s Place in the World from Its Earliest Days to the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2006), 223 (imperial competition); Robert E. May, “Epilogue to the Missouri Compromise: The South, the Balance of Power, and the Tropics in the 1850s,” Plantation Society 1 (June 1979): 201–25.
12. Tim Matthewson, A Proslavery Foreign Policy: Haitian-American Relations during the Early Republic (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003), 25 (Washington); Timothy M. Matthewson, “George Washington’s Policy toward the Haitian Revolution,” Diplomatic History 3 (Summer 1979): 327 (Washington); Charles C. Tansill, The United States and Santo Domingo, 1798–1873: A Chapter in Caribbean Diplomacy (1938; rpt., Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967), 105 (Epps); Ashli White, Encountering Revolution: Haiti and the Making of the Early Republic (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 142–43, 145, 163–65.
13. Thomas R. Hietala, Manifest Design: Anxious Aggrandizement in Late Jacksonian America (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003).
14. Gregory S. Hospodor, “‘Bound by all the ties of honor’: Southern Honor, the Mississippians, and the Mexican War,” Journal of Mississippi History 61 (Spring 1999): 6.
15. William W. Freehling, Secessionists at Bay, 1776–1854, vol. 1 of The Road to Disunion (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990–2007), 437, 553; Douglas A. Ley, “Expansionists All? Southern Senators and American Foreign Policy, 1841–1860” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 1990), 123; John H. Schroeder, Mr. Polk’s War: American Opposition and Dissent, 1846–1848 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973), 53, 55; Morrison, Slavery and the American West, 74.
16. Freehling, Secessionists at Bay, 461 (Stephens), 462 (Calhoun); William J. Cooper Jr., The South and the Politics of Slavery, 1828–1856 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 239 (Pickens).
17. Don E. Fehrenbacher, completed and edited by Ward M. McAfee, The Slaveholding Republic: An Account of the United States Government’s Relations to Slavery (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 127 (Brown); William Earl Weeks, Building the Continental Empire: American Expansion from the Revolution to the Civil War (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1996), 163 (Lincoln). For southern expansionism and the Caribbean, see Robert E. May, The Southern Dream of a Caribbean Empire, 1854–1861 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1989).
18. Fehrenbacher, Slaveholding Republic, 111; Wyatt-Brown, “Ethic of Honor in National Crises,” 433 (“honor”); Morrison, Slavery and the American West, 255 (“platform”), 259 (“manhood”), 260 (“foreign”); Paul Quigley, Shifting Grounds: Nationalism and the American South, 1848–1865 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 55, 58, 62, 107.
19. Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life after Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 187; Joseph A. Fry, John Tyler Morgan and the Search for Southern Autonomy (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 47; Perman, Pursuit of Unity, 117–81.
20. For the South and US foreign relations from 1865 through 1912, see Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 106–38; Tennant S. McWilliams, The New South Faces the World: Foreign Affairs and the Southern Sense of Self, 1877–1950 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 1–88; Marshall E. Schott, “The South and American Foreign Policy, 1894–1904: Regional Concerns during the Age of Imperialism” (PhD diss., Louisiana State University, 1995); Marshall E. Schott, “The South and American Foreign Policy, 1894–1900: New South Prophets and the Challenge of Regional Values,” Southern Studies 4 (Fall 1993): 295–308; Patrick J. Hearden, Independence and Empire: The New South’s Cotton Mill Campaign, 1865–1901 (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1982).
21. Thomas H. Coode, “Southern Congressmen and the American Naval Revolution, 1880–1898,” Alabama Historical Quarterly 30 (Fall–Winter 1968): 99 (Oates); Trubowitz, Defining the National Interest, 51 (Oates); Leonard Schlup, “Hernando De Soto Money: War Advocate and Anti-Imperialist, 1898–1900,” Journal of Mississippi History 60 (Winter 1998): 329, 332; McWilliams, New South Faces the World, 38 (Charleston News and Courier); Thomas J. Osborne, “Empire Can Wait”: American Opposition to Hawaiian Annexation, 1893–1898 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1981), 37 (Wilmington Morning Star); Edwina C. Smith, “Southerners on Empire: Southerner Senators and Imperialism, 1898–1899,” Mississippi Quarterly 31 (Winter 1977–1978): 99 (Daniel); William F. Holmes, The White Chief: James Kimble Vardaman (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1970), 82.
22. Fry, John Tyler Morgan, 63, 73. In addition to the sources cited in note 21, see Daniel S. Margolies, Henry Watterson and the New South: The Politics of Empire, Free Trade, and Globalization (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006); and James M. Lindgren, “The Apostasy of a Southern Anti-Imperialist: Joseph Bryan, The Spanish-American War and Business Expansion,” Southern Studies 2 (Summer 1991): 151–78.
23. William J. Schellings, “The Advent of the Spanish-American War in Florida, 1898,” Florida Historical Quarterly 39 (Apr. 1961): 311–29; Francis Butler Simkins, Pitchfork Ben Tillman: South Carolinian (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1944), 352–53, 363, 365–68.
24. Gaines M. Foster, Ghosts of the Confederacy: Defeat, the Lost Cause, and the Emergence of the New South, 1865–1913 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 145–49; Charles R. Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980).
25. Kristin L. Hoganson, “The ‘Manly’ Ideal of Politics and the Imperialist Impulse: Gender, U.S. Political Culture, and the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars” (PhD diss., Yale University, 1995), 146 (Call); Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998); Richard E. Wood, “The South and Reunion, 1898,” Historian 31 (May 1969): 416 (Lynchburg News).
26. Willard B. Gatewood Jr., Black Americans and the White Man’s Burden, 1898–1903 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 23–34, 29 (“brave lynchers”), 185 (Mitchell), 190 (Washington); Willard B. Gatewood, “A Negro Editor on Imperialism: John Mitchell, 1898–1901,” Journalism Quarterly 49 (Spring 1972): 48. See also Lawrence S. Little, Disciples of Liberty: The African Methodist Episcopal Church in the Age of Imperialism, 1884–1916 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2000); and Pieto Gleijeses, “African Americans and the War against Spain,” North Carolina Historical Review 78 (Apr. 1996): 184–214.
27. Arthur S. Link, “Woodrow Wilson: The American as Southerner,” Journal of Southern History 36 (Feb. 1970): 4, 13. See also Anthony Gaughan, “Woodrow Wilson and the Legacy of the Civil War,” Civil War History 43 (Sept. 1997): 225–42.
28. David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 95.
29. For the South and Wilson’s foreign policies, see Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 139–74; Robert H. Block, “Southern Opinion of Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Policies, 1913–1917” (PhD diss., Duke University, 1967); Timothy G. McDonald, “Southern Democratic Congressmen and the First World War, August 1914–April 1917: The Public Record of Their Support for or Opposition to Wilson’s Policies” (PhD diss., University of Washington, 1962).
30. Gary Gerstle, “Race and Nation in the Thought and Politics of Woodrow Wilson,” in Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson: Progressivism, Internationalism, War, and Peace, ed. John Milton Cooper Jr. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 93–123.
31. Wesley Phillips Newton, “‘Tenting Thoughts on the Old Camp Grounds’: Alabama’s Military Bases in World War I,” in The Great War in the Heart of Dixie: Alabama during World War I, ed. Martin T. Olliff (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008), 41–65, 43 (“immense”); Catherine A. Lutz, Home Front: A Military City and the American Twentieth Century (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001), 24, 26, 29; Henry C. Ferrell Jr., “Regional Rivalries, Congress, and MIC: The Norfolk and Charleston Navy Yards, 1913–20,” in War, Business, and American Society: Historical Perspectives on the Military-Industrial Complex, ed. Benjamin Franklin Cooling (Port Washington, NY: Kinnikat Press, 1977), 59–72; George B. Tindall, Emergence of the New South, 1913–1945 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1967), 54–55; Richard L. Watson Jr., “Principle, Party and Constituency: The North Carolina Congressional Delegation, 1917–1919,” North Carolina Historical Review 56 (July 1979): 307, 313–17; Bruce A. Beauboeuf, “War and Change: Houston’s Economic Ascendancy during World War I,” Houston Review 14 (1992): 89–112; James F. Fickle, “Defense Mobilization in the Southern Pine Industry: The Experience of World War I,” Journal of Forest History 22 (Oct. 1977): 222.
32. Block, “Southern Opinion of Woodrow Wilson’s Foreign Policies,” 54 (Harrison), 64 (Walker), 302 (Larsen); Anthony Gaughan, “Woodrow Wilson and the Rise of Militant Interventionism in the South,” Journal of Southern History 65 (Nov. 1999): 785–86 (Wilson); Roger E. Carey, “Woodrow Wilson’s Principled Preaching on U.S. Foreign Relations, 1913–1917” (MA thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2003), 80 (Wilson); C. R. Wilson, Baptized in Blood, 172 (McKim).
33. Arthur E. Barbeau and Florette Henri, The Unknown Soldiers: Black American Troops in World War I (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1974), 34–35, 90 (“shovel”), 100; Lee Kennett, “The Camp Wadsworth Affair,” South Atlantic Quarterly 74 (Spring 1975): 210.
34. Wilson Fallin Jr., “Alabama’s Black Baptist Leaders, the Progressive Era, and World War I,” in Olliff, Great War in the Heart of Dixie, 66–80, 69 (“loyalty”); David Alsobrook, “A Call to Arms for African Americans during the Age of Jim Crow: Black Alabamians’ Response to the U.S. Declaration of War in 1917,” in Olliff, Great War in the Heart of Dixie, 81–100, 93 (“dutifully”); Jonathan S. Rosenberg, How Far the Promised Land? World Affairs and the American Civil Rights Movement from the First World War to Vietnam (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 35 (Johnson); Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: American Race Relations in the Global Arena (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 24 (“France”); William G. Jordan, Black Newspapers and America’s War for Democracy, 1914–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
35. N. Gordon Levin Jr., Woodrow Wilson and World Politics: America’s Response to War and Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1968), 1 (“framework”); George C. Herring, From Colony to Superpower: U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2008), 379; Michael H. Hunt, The American Ascendancy: How the United States Gained and Wielded Global Dominance (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 68.
36. Lloyd E. Ambrosius, Wilsonianism: Woodrow Wilson and His Legacy in American Foreign Relations (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 34 (“very absolute”); Malcolm D. Magee, What the World Should Be: Woodrow Wilson and the Crafting of a Faith-Based Foreign Policy (Waco, TX: Baylor University Press, 2008), 6 (“believing”), 37; Carey, “Woodrow Wilson’s Principled Preaching,” 88 (“source”); Mark Benbow, Leading Them to the Promised Land: Woodrow Wilson, Covenant Theology, and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1915 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2010), 7–8 (“apostles of liberty”); Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith: Religion in American War and Diplomacy (New York: Knopf, 2012), 275–88.
37. Benbow, Leading Them to the Promised Land, 4 (“argument”); Magee, What the World Should Be, 37 (“religion and patriotism”); Samuel S. Hill, “Religion,” in Encyclopedia of Southern Culture, ed. Charles Reagan Wilson and William Ferris (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 1,269–74, 1,269 (“sole reference point”); David R. Goldfield, Still Fighting the Civil War: The American South and Southern History (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 80–81, 84.
38. Ralph B. Levering, “Public Culture and Public Opinion: The League of Nations Controversy in New Jersey and North Carolina,” in The Wilson Era: Essays in Honor of Arthur S. Link, ed. John Milton Cooper Jr. and Charles E. Neu (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson, 1991), 185 (Charlotte mayor); Tindall, Emergence of the New South, 69 (Glass).
39. Elmo M. Roberds Jr., “The South and United States Foreign Policy, 1922–1952” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 1954), 93 (Atlanta Constitution); Ambrosius, Wilsonianism, 33, 57; Lloyd E. Ambrosius, “Democracy, Peace, and World Order,” in J. M. Cooper, Reconsidering Woodrow Wilson, 225, 227–28, 231, 239; George C. Herring and Gary R. Hess, “Regionalism and Foreign Policy: The Dying Myth of Southern Internationalism,” Southern Studies 20 (Fall 1981): 247–77; Paul Seabury, The Waning of Southern “Internationalism” (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957). For the South and US foreign relations, 1920–1945, see Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 188–221.
40. Henry C. Ferrell Jr., Claude A. Swanson of Virginia: A Political Biography (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1985), 171.
41. Alfred O. Hero Jr., The Southerner and World Affairs (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1965), 97–103; Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 204–7.
42. John Temple Graves, The Fighting South (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1943), 7 (Glass); George L. Grassmuck, Sectional Biases in Congress on Foreign Policy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1951), 152 (“more Democratic”); D. B. Hardeman and Donald C. Bacon, Rayburn: A Biography (Austin: Texas Monthly Press, 1987), 101, 228; Tennant S. McWilliams, “Jefferson, Wilson, and the Idea of the ‘Militant’ South, 1916–1945” (unpublished paper that Professor McWilliams generously shared with the author), 20–24.
43. George M. Fredrickson, White Supremacy: A Comparative Study in American and South African History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), 241 (“patriotism of race”); McWilliams, New South Faces the World, 90–92; Rorin M. Platt, “The Triumph of Interventionism: Virginia’s Political Elite and Aid to Great Britain, 1939–1941,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100 (July 1992): 346, 353 (Glass, Byrd); Brent Tarter, The Grandees of Government: The Origins and Persistence of Undemocratic Politics in Virginia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2013), 304 (Daniels).
44. Martha H. Swain, Pat Harrison: The New Deal Years (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1978), 243; Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 228; Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 133 (Business Week).
45. Charles W. Johnson, “V for Virginia: The Commonwealth Goes to War,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 100 (July 1992): 372–73; Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America: A Region at Odds (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 172–76; Tindall, Emergence of the New South, 694, 696–701; Sarah McCulloh Lemmon, North Carolina’s Role in World War II (Raleigh, NC: State Department of Archives and History, 1964), 12, 20–23; John R. Skates Jr., “World War II as a Watershed in Mississippi History,” Journal of Mississippi History 37 (May 1975): 131–42; Cooper and Terrill, American South, 667–69; Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 92–102; Neil R. McMillen, ed., Remaking Dixie: The Impact of World War II on the American South (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1977).
46. Numan V. Bartley, The New South, 1945–1980 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 286, 444–45; Grantham, South in Modern America, 260–61; Cooper and Terrill, American South, 733–50.
47. Grantham, South in Modern America, 194–212, 247 (“traditional party”); Bartley, New South, 381–98.
48. For overviews of African Americans and US foreign relations in the postwar period, see Brenda Gale Plummer, Rising Wind: Black Americans and U.S. Foreign Affairs, 1935–1960 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996); and Brenda Gale Plummer, In Search of Power: African Americans in the Era of Decolonization, 1956–1974 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013).
49. Randall B. Woods, Fulbright: A Biography (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 126–27, 138; Hero, Southerner and World Affairs, 105; Ronald L. Heinemann, Harry Byrd of Virginia (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1996), 249; Congressional Record, 80th Cong., 1st sess. (Apr. 22, 1947), 3,793 (May 9, 1947), 4,975, 2nd sess. (Mar. 13, 1948), 2,793 (Mar. 31, 1948), 3,874–75 (hereafter cited as CR, Cong.:sess. [date]); Roberds, “South and United States Foreign Policy,” 147–48, 155, 170–71; Irving Howards, “The Influence of Southern Senators on American Foreign Policy from 1939 to 1950” (PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 1955), 93–94; Jeff Woods, Black Struggle, Red Scare: Segregation and Anti-Communism in the South, 1948–1968 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004); Stephen J. Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 45.
50. William Inboden, Religion and American Foreign Policy, 1945–1960: The Soul of Containment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 4, 17, 21; Whitfield, Culture of the Cold War, 77, 80–81 (Graham). See also Rick L. Nutt, Toward Peacemaking: Presbyterians in the South and National Security, 1945–1983 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1994), 42–48.
51. Wayne Flynt and Gerald W. Berkley, Taking Christianity to China: Alabama Missionaries in the Middle Kingdom, 1850–1950 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997), 13, 129–40, 320–30, 329 (Mao).
52. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 142 (“fortress Dixie”), 145 (“political alliance”); “Southern Militarism,” Southern Exposure 1 (1973): 60–61; James Batten, “Why the Pentagon Pays Homage to John Cornelius Stennis,” New York Times Magazine, Nov. 23, 1969, 163 (Rivers); David L. Carlton, “The American South and the U.S. Defense Economy: A Historical View,” in The South, the Nation, and the World: Perspectives on Southern Economic Development, ed. David L. Carlton and Peter A. Coclanis (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003), 160–61; Kari Frederickson, “Confronting the Garrison State: South Carolina in the Early Cold War Era,” Journal of Southern History 72 (May 2006): 349–78; Kari Frederickson, Cold War Dixie (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2013); Ann Markusen, Peter Hall, Scott Campbell, and Sabina Deitrick, The Rise of the Gunbelt: The Military Remapping of Industrial America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 42, 47, 231–32, 239, 244–46, 251; Thomas Borstelmann, “The Cold War and the American South,” in Engel, Local Consequences of the Global Cold War, 79–83.
53. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 147–49; William Barnaby Faherty, Florida’s Space Coast: The Impact of NASA on the Sunshine State (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002), xv, 15, 57, 115–16; Plummer, In Search of Power, 242–43.
54. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 109 (“military Keynesism”), 144; Will F. Huntley, “Mighty Rivers of Charleston” (PhD diss., University of South Carolina, 1993), 218–32, 237 (“most elaborately fortified patches”); R. D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 159; Gilbert C. Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., Senator from Georgia (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 319.
55. Michael Lind, Made in Texas: George W. Bush and the Southern Takeover of American Politics (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 72 (“state capitalism”); Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 135 (Faulkner), 144 (Keating); William E. Leuchtenburg, The White House Looks South: Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005), 409–10.
56. Thomas A. Becnel, Senator Allen Ellender of Louisiana: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 209; Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963–1994 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996), 7; Frank E. Smith, “Valor’s Second Prize: Southern Racism and Internationalism,” South Atlantic Quarterly 64 (Summer 1965): 299, 301, 303.
57. Ann K. Ziker, “Segregationists Confront American Empire: The Conservative White South and the Question of Hawaiian Statehood, 1947–1959,” Pacific Historical Review 76 (Aug. 2007): 451, 455, 459–60.
58. Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 476; “Memorandum of Conversation,” Donald Lesh and Governor George Wallace, Aug. 23, 1968, National Security File, Vietnam 7F (3), 4/68–10/68, box 102, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum, Austin, TX (hereafter cited as LBJ Library).
59. Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., 252; Becnel, Senator Allen Ellender, 188; Allen J. Ellender Oral History, Aug. 28, 1967, 28, John Fitzgerald Kennedy Library and Museum, Boston, MA (hereafter cited as JFK Library); Chester J. Pach and Elmo Richardson, The Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1991), 165 (Passman); Hero, Southerner and World Affairs, 203; Malcolm E. Jewell, Senatorial Politics and Foreign Policy (1962; rpt., Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974), 24.
60. GOI, no. 3 (Aug. 1965), 14–15. The Gallup Poll defined the South as the eleven states of the Confederacy plus Kentucky and Oklahoma. See Congressional Quarterly Almanac, 89th Cong., 1st sess. (1965), 96, 462, 478–79 (quotes) (hereafter cited as CQA, Cong.:sess. [date]). The date in CQA indicates the year of coverage rather than the publication date; CQA page numbers containing a hyphen and H or S refer to tables of House and Senate votes collected at the end of each volume.
61. Seabury, Waning of Southern “Internationalism,” 23n42 (Smith); Hero, Southerner and World Affairs, 149–82; Alfred O. Hero Jr., “Changing Southern Attitudes toward U.S. Foreign Policy,” Southern Humanities Review 8 (Summer 1974): 277–78.
62. Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., 353; Hero, Southerner and World Affairs, 101, 105; GOI, no. 26 (Aug. 1967), 7, no. 71 (May 1971), 23, no. 88 (Oct. 1972), 20, no. 93 (Mar. 1973), 10.
63. CQA, 88:1 (1963), 686, 90:1 (1967), 162–68, 4-S, 90:2 (1968), 19-S, 34-S, 457, 91:1 (1969), 13-S, 271 (quotes on ABM), 92:2 (1972), 589, 622–25, 62-S (Jackson amendment); George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 1935–1971, 3 vols. (New York: Random House, 1972), 3: 1,699, 1,837; R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 318–20, 519–25.
64. Hero, Southerner and World Affairs, 112–13, 240–41; Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., 253; Michael S. Downs, “A Matter of Conscience: John C. Stennis and the Vietnam War” (PhD diss., Mississippi State University, 1989), 15; GOI, no. 8 (Jan. 1966), 15, no. 17 (Oct. 1966), 16, no. 45 (Mar. 1969), 18, no. 65 (Nov. 1970), 9; Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 232–34.
65. Hero, Southerner and World Affairs, 125–26; Brian L. Crispell, Testing the Limits: George Armistead Smathers and Cold War America (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 159, 163; George A. Smathers Oral History, Oct. 24, 1989, 5–6, JFK Library; Huntley, “Mighty Rivers of Charleston,” 197–99; R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 267–69.
66. Randall B. Woods, “Dixie’s Dove: J. William Fulbright, the Vietnam War, and the American South,” Journal of Southern History 60 (Aug. 1994): 548 (“Yankee”); CQA, 89:1 (1965), 517 (Fulbright and the resolution), 1,004–5; Randall B. Woods, LBJ: Architect of American Ambition (New York: Free Press, 2006), 622–34.
67. Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 77 (NAACP); James H. Cone, “Martin Luther King Jr. and the Third World,” Journal of American History 74 (Sept. 1987): 462; Plummer, Rising Wind, 177, 184–85, 187, 206, 223, 296, 305 (King).
68. Michael L. Krenn, “‘Unfinished Business’: Segregation and U.S. Diplomacy at the 1958 World’s Fair,” Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1999): 593 (“black-souled”); Thomas Borstelmann, “‘Hedging Our Bets and Buying Time’: John Kennedy and Racial Revolutions in the American South and Southern Africa,” Diplomatic History 24 (Summer 2000): 443 (Kennedy); Paul G. Lauren, Power and Prejudice: The Politics and Diplomacy of Racial Discrimination (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996), 244 (Rusk).
69. J. Woods, Black Struggle, Red Scare; J. Woods, Richard Russell, 31 (Russell); Borstelmann, “‘Hedging Our Bets and Buying Time,’” 445 (Georgia sheriff).
70. Mary L. Dudziak, “The Little Rock Crisis and Foreign Affairs: Race, Resistance, and the Image of American Democracy,” Southern California Law Review 70 (Sept. 1997): 1,685 (Talmadge, Eastland); Dan T. Carter, The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 161; Mary L. Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002).
71. Robert J. McMahon, “Toward a Pluralist Vision: The Study of American Foreign Relations as International History and National History,” in Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations, ed. Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 37.
1. Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992), 143, 168.
2. George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (New York: McGraw Hill, 2014), 21 (“authority,” zero-sum game). Unless otherwise noted, all Herring, America’s Longest War, references are to the 2014 edition. For the other quotes, see John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy during the Cold War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 89,
3. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 139 (“rathole”); Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., 252 (“bleed”); Caroline F. Ziemke, “Senator Richard B. Russell and the ‘Lost Cause’ in Vietnam, 1954–1968,” Georgia Historical Quarterly 72 (Spring 1988): 39 (“world policeman”).
4. J. Woods, Richard Russell, 39, 41, 118; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 139 (“criticism”).
5. CR, 83:2 (Jan. 26, 1954), 789, 815–16.
6. CR, 83:2 (Feb. 9, 1954), 1,550–52.
7. CR, 83:2 (Feb. 9, 1954), 1,551 (Apr. 6, 1954), 4,681 (May 11, 1954), 6,360–61.
8. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 258; CR, 83:2 (May 11, 1954), 6,361 (Long), 6,337 (Byrd).
9. Mann, Grand Delusion, 146.
10. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 189–94, 93 (Johnson); Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., 358–59.
11. Mann, Grand Delusion, 111; CR, 83:1 (July 1, 1953), 7,779, 7,787 (Cooper).
12. R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 166 (“evacuation”).
13. US Congress, Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 83rd Cong., 2nd sess., vol. vi (Feb. 16, 1954), 143 (May 12, 1954), 274, 276, 279, http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t29.d30.hrg-1965-for-0001?accountid=3611 (accessed Apr. 20, 2014).
14. CR, 83:2 (May 16, 1954), 7,193–95.
15. Prados, Vietnam, 35–38; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 271–76.
16. Prados, Vietnam, 35–38; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 271–76.
17. Herring, America’s Longest War, 81–89; Marilyn B. Young, The Vietnam Wars, 1945–1990 (New York: HarperPerennial, 1991), 61–81.
18. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the War in Vietnam, 1: 278 (Barkley and Byrd), 280 (Rivers); Carson, “Beyond the Solid South,” 135 (Long and Thurmond). Thurmond switched to the Republican Party in 1964 following the passage of the 1964 civil rights bill.
19. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 343; US Congress, Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee Together with Joint Sessions with the Senate Armed Services Committee, 85th Cong., 1st sess., vol. ix (Jan. 2, 1957), 24 (Russell), (Feb. 12, 1957), 246, 295 (Russell), 296–97 (Ervin), http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t29.d30.hrg-1957-for-0001?accountid=3611 (accessed Apr. 20, 2014).
20. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 1: 345; James M. Lindsay, Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Policy (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1994), 27.
21. CR, 85:1 (Mar. 5, 1957), 3,129.
22. Gibbons, U.S. Government in the Vietnam War, 1: 346 (Stennis); CR, 85:1 (Aug. 5, 1958), 16,317–20 (Fulbright) 86: 2 (Apr. 29, 1960), 8,986–88 (Gore).
23. Prados., Vietnam, 65, 78–79; Herring, America’s Longest War, 105–8.
24. Dallek, Lone Star Rising, 576 (“Texas steer”); Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2012), 95, 113–15.
25. R. B. Woods, LBJ, 380 (“insecure,” “happy”); Leuchtenburg, White House Looks South, 291–92 (other quotes); Mitchell Lerner, “‘A Big Tree of Peace and Justice’: The Vice Presidential Travels of Lyndon Johnson,” Diplomatic History 34 (Apr. 2010): 357–93.
26. Mann, Grand Delusion, 236 (“stump speech”), 238 (“won over”); Lerner, “‘Big Tree of Peace and Justice,’” 391–93.
27. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2: 41–42 (“Churchill”); Mann, Grand Delusion, 238 (“admirable qualities”); Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin Books, 1983), 214 (“only boy”).
28. R. B. Woods, LBJ, 387.
29. CR, 90:1 (Sept. 28, 1967), 27,131 (Morton); Prados, Vietnam, 33.
30. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2: 45–46; Mann, Grand Delusion, passim.
31. CR, 87:1 (June 29, 1961), 11,702–4; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2: 30, 47–48; J. Woods, Richard Russell, 118–19.
32. Robert C. Hodges, “The Cooing of a Dove: Senator Albert Gore, Sr.’s Opposition to the War in Vietnam,” Peace and Change 22 (Apr. 1997): 134; Albert Gore Sr., interview, Oct. 24, 1976, pp. 40–42, Southern Oral History Program, #4007, Louis Round Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
33. Hodges, “Cooing of a Dove,” 136; Kyle Longley, Senator Albert Gore, Sr.: Tennessee Maverick (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 180.
34. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 145–46 (“alliance”); Lind, Made in Texas, 70–73; Leuchtenburg, White House Looks South, 409–10.
35. Rae, Southern Democrats, 38 (White); CQA, 88:2 (1964), 39–41, 49–50.
36. CQA, 89:2 (1966), 41, 50–51, 91:2 (1970), 38, 40, 49.
37. Mike Mantos to Lawrence O’Brien, Nov. 18, 1963, White House Staff Files: Lawrence O’Brien, box 19, JFK Library; F. Edward Hebert Oral History, July 15, 1969, p. 18, LBJ Library.
38. Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 5, 1966, Feb. 10, 1968; John C. Stennis, “Armed Forces Day Address,” Meridian, MS, May 16, 1965, p. 3, Public Series, box 11, and Mary Shields, “Memorandum for the File,” Jan. 8, 1986, series 37, box 25, both John C. Stennis Collection, Congressional and Political Research Center, Mississippi State University Libraries, Starkville (hereafter cited as Stennis Papers, series/box/folder [where applicable]).
39. Tower Newsletter, Nov. 21, 1965, box 973, folder 2, and “DOD Force Reductions in Texas Analyzed,” Mar. 6, 1970, box 972, folder 16, both John G. Tower Papers, Special Collections, A. Frank Smith Jr. Library Center, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX (hereafter cited as Tower Papers, box:folder).
40. J. Woods, Fulbright, 449; William C. Berman, William Fulbright and the Vietnam War: The Dissent of a Political Realist (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1988), 82–83; Rivers to Fulbright, May 22, 1967, and Fulbright to Rivers, May 23, 1967, both series 48, box 52, folder 2, J. William Fulbright Papers, Special Collections, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville (hereafter cited as Fulbright Papers, box:folder; all subsequent cites are to series 48).
41. Schulman, From Cotton Belt to Sunbelt, 139–40, 142; “Southern Militarism,” 60–93; Carlton, “American South and the U.S. Defense Economy,” 151–62; Borstelmann, “Cold War and the American South,” 79–83; Markusen et al., Rise of the Gunbelt, 42, 231–32, 239, 244–46, 251.
42. Herring, America’s Longest War, 137–40 (quotes); Prados, Vietnam, 114–15.
43. George C. Herring, LBJ and Vietnam: A Different Kind of War (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994), 16 (Clifford and Acheson); Lind, Made in Texas, 26 (“Deep South”).
44. Hebert Oral History, July 15, 1969, p. 13, LBJ Library; Kent Germany, “‘I’m Not Lying about That One’: Manhood, LBJ, and the Politics of Speaking Southern,” Miller Center Report 18 (Summer 2002): 32; Leuchtenburg, White House Looks South, 251, 288, 376 (other quotes).
45. Thomas G. Paterson, “Bearing the Burden: A Critical Look at JFK’s Foreign Policy,” Virginia Quarterly Review 54 (Spring 1978): 196 (“containment generation”); Transcript of Congressional Briefing, Feb. 16, 1965, p. 7, Congressional Briefings File, LBJ Library (“South Vietnam . . . Hawaii”); Eric F. Goldman, The Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson (New York: Knopf, 1969), 451 (“Munichs”); Robert Dallek, Flawed Giant: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1961–1973 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 100 (“Chinese”); Hunt, Lyndon Johnson’s War, 79 (“yellow”).
46. Wyatt-Brown, “Ethic of Honor in National Crises,” 432, 441–42 (first three quotes); George C. Herring, “The Reluctant Warrior: Lyndon Johnson as Commander in Chief,” in Shadow on the White House: Presidents and the Vietnam War, 1945–1973, ed. David L. Anderson (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1993), 108 (“insecure man”); Doris Kearns Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1991), 252–53 (“coward”); Waldo Heinrichs, “Lyndon B. Johnson: Change and Continuity,” in Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World: American Foreign Policy, 1963–1968, ed. Warren I. Cohen and Nancy Bernkoff Tucker (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 26 (“culture bound”); Goldman, Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, 447 (“foreigners”).
47. Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 251 (“woman”), 252 (“endless national debate”); R. B. Woods, LBJ, 597 (“damn conservatives”); Jeffrey Record, The Wrong War: Why We Lost in Vietnam (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998), 9 (“great beast”); Herring, America’s Longest War, 141 (“ass”).
48. R. B. Woods, LBJ, 435, 385, 486–87; Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 505 (“devout without being doctrinaire”).
49. R. B. Woods, LBJ, 436 (“peace through strength”); Hunt, Lyndon Johnson’s War, 105 (“pissant”); Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1988), 431 (“sons of bitches”).
50. Goldman, Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, 489–90 (“only President”); Thruston B. Morton Oral History, Sept. 13, 1974, p. 10, LBJ Library; John Sparkman Oral History, Oct. 5, 1968, pp. 9–10, LBJ Library; Herring, “Reluctant Warrior,” 97.
51. Lloyd C. Gardner, Pay Any Price: Lyndon Johnson and the Wars for Vietnam (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1995), 228 (“not qualified”); Goldman, Tragedy of Lyndon Johnson, 490 (“Harvard”); Dallek, Flawed Giant, 86, 90 (“bigotry,” “world statesman”); Harry S. Ashmore and William C. Baggs, Mission to Hanoi: A Chronicle of Double-Dealing in High Places (New York: Putnam, 1968), 174 (“sweet corn”).
52. Thomas W. Zeiler, Dean Rusk: Defending the American Mission Abroad (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2000), 131 (“kind of world”); Alan K. Henrikson, “The Southern Mind in American Diplomacy,” Fletcher Forum 13 (Summer 1989): 375–87.
53. Dean Rusk, as told to Richard Rusk, As I Saw It (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990), 296; Schoenbaum, Waging Peace and War, 411 (“good man”); Zeiler, Dean Rusk, 133 (“loyal”).
54. Zeiler, Dean Rusk, 86, 313 (“U.N. kind of world”); Schoenbaum, Waging Peace and War, 423 (“honorable . . . and dishonorable”); Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, 201 (“periphery”); US Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, [Hearings on] Supplemental Foreign Assistance: Fiscal Year 1966—Vietnam, 89th Cong., 2nd sess. (Jan. 28–Feb. 18, 1966), 599; Dean Rusk, “Briefing for New Congressmen,” Jan. 13, 1965, 2, and Dean Rusk, “Foreign Policy [News] Conference,” May 22, 1967, 6, both in “Congressional Briefings on Vietnam,” box 1, LBJ Library.
55. R. B. Woods, LBJ, 510 (“worth fighting for”); Herring, America’s Longest War, 142 (“extricate”); Rusk, As I Saw It, 432.
56. Mann, Grand Delusion, 307.
57. Michael R. Beschloss, Taking Charge: The Johnson White House Tapes, 1963–1964 (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 88; CR, 88:2 (Mar. 25, 1964), 6,232 (June 23, 1964), 14,792.
58. Beschloss, Taking Charge, 95, 363–70; CR, 88:2 (Mar. 31, 1964), 6,630; Mann, Grand Delusion, 306; J. Woods, Richard Russell, 123–24; Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., 437 (“pull out”).
59. Robertson to Lawrence F. O’Brien, Mar. 27, 1964, drawer 71, file 6, A. Willis Robertson Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swen Library, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (hereafter cited as Robertson Papers, drawer:file); Daniel T. Campbell, “Beyond George Ball: Doubts about American Intervention in the Vietnam Conflict, 1961–1965” (BA honors thesis, College of William and Mary, 1994), 41–47.
60. Becnel, Senator Allen Ellender, 202, 209, 248; CR, 88:2 (Mar. 4, 1964), 4,359, (May 13, 1964), 10,832.
61. CR, 87:2 (Feb. 21, 1962), 2,751 (Thurmond).
62. Mann, Grand Delusion, 345 (Rusk); R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 347 (“guys”); Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 61 (“equivocation and vacillation”); R. B. Woods, LBJ, 516 (“indecisive”).
63. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,459.
64. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2: 287, 311–13, 315.
65. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,471.
66. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 6, 1964), 18,399, 18,400, 18,404 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,462.
67. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 6, 1964), 18,403, 18,406–7 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,462.
68. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 6, 1964), 18,410–11.
69. Robert Schulman, John Sherman Cooper: The Global Kentuckian (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1976), 49–50 (staffer); CR, 88:2 (July 1, 1964), 15,672 (Aug. 6, 1964), 18,409, 18,417–18.
70. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 6, 1964), 18,416.
71. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 6, 1964), 18,412 (Ellender); Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2: 266, 308 (Siler), 310 (Alger).
72. CR, 88:2 (Aug. 6, 1964), 18,404 (Morton), 18,415 (Stennis), 18,420 (Thurmond), 18,432 (Sparkman), (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,461 (Smathers); Mann, Grand Delusion, 361 (Long).
73. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2: 307–8 (Fascell); John Sherman Cooper Oral History, Aug. 9, 1993, 40, LBJ Library; Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 70 (Cooper); Allen J. Ellender Oral History, July 30, 1969, p. 16, LBJ Library.
74. Robertson to James W. Green, Feb. 25, 1965, 76:21, Robertson Papers; J. William Fulbright, “The Legislator as Educator,” Foreign Affairs 57 (Spring 1979): 725.
75. Joseph A. Fry, Debating Vietnam: Fulbright, Stennis, and Their Senate Hearings (Lanham, MD: Roman and Littlefield, 2006), 22; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 2: 334.
76. Jeffrey J. Matthews, “To Defeat a Maverick: The Goldwater Candidacy Revisited, 1963–1964,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 27 (Fall 1997): 662–78.
77. Gardner, Pay Any Price, 119 (“get the bomb”), 131, 144 (NH and OK speeches); Matthews, “To Defeat a Maverick,” 671 (“demagogue,” “more guts”); R. B. Woods, LBJ, 547–49. For a more positive appraisal of Johnson’s handling of Vietnam in the 1964 campaign, see Mitchell Lerner, “Vietnam and the 1964 Election: A Defense of Lyndon Johnson,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 25 (Fall 1995): 751–66.
78. Gardner, Pay Any Price, 153; Herring, America’s Longest War, 155–56.
79. Gallup, Gallup Poll: Public Opinion, 3: 1882; Montgomery Advertiser, Aug. 7, 1964.
80. Atlanta Constitution, Aug. 4, 1964; New Orleans Times-Picayune, Aug. 5, 6, 1964; Charlotte Observer, Aug. 6, 1964, quoted in CR, 88:2 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,464; Dallas Morning News, Aug. 6, 1964.
81. Louisville Courier Journal, Aug. 4, 1964; Atlanta Constitution, Aug. 6, 1964; New Orleans Time-Picayune, Aug. 5, 1964, quoted in CR, 88:2 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,462–63; Charlotte Observer, Aug. 6, 1964, quoted in CR, 88:2 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,464; Dallas Morning News, Aug. 6, 1964.
82. Louisville Courier-Journal, Aug. 6, 9, 1964; Atlanta Constitution, Aug. 8, 1964; Charlotte Observer, Aug. 6, 1964, quoted in CR, 88:2 (Aug. 7, 1964), 18,464.
83. Atlanta Constitution, Aug. 1, 1964; Ralph McGill, “Viet Nam and Nuclear Arms,” Atlanta Constitution, Aug. 6, 1964; Richmond News Leader, quoted in Montgomery Advertiser, Oct. 22, 1964.
84. J. C. P. to Tower, Aug. 5, 1963, 284:7, and T. E. M. to Tower, Nov. 10, 1963, 284:5, both Tower Papers; W. F. D. to John Sparkman, Jan. 23, 1964, and G. C. S. Jr. to Sparkman, May 21, 1964, both series 66A677, box 8, John J. Sparkman Papers, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa (hereafter cited as Sparkman Papers, series:box); C. I. L. to Yarborough, July 14, 1964, box 42d675, folder: August 7, 1964, Ralph W. Yarborough Papers, Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas, Austin (hereafter cited as Yarborough Papers, box:folder); W. F. to Richard Russell, July 2, 1964, series 16, box 41, folder 11, Richard B. Russell Jr. Papers, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia, Athens (hereafter cited as Russell Papers, box:folder; all subsequent cites are to series 16).
85. Mrs. I. J. W. to President of the United States, Nov. 1, 1964, box B32, folder 1, Albert Gore Sr. Senate Papers, Albert Gore Research Center, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro (hereafter cited as Gore Papers, box:folder).
86. F. K. F. to Yarborough, July 29, 196[4], 42d657:Aug. 9, 1964, Yarborough Papers; R. B. S. Jr. to Tower, Oct. 1, 1963, 285:4, Tower Papers; J. L. R. to Thruston Morton, Oct. 9, 1963, box 22, Thruston Morton Papers, Special Collections, Margaret I. King Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington (hereafter cited as Morton Papers).
87. Hugh B. Hester to Gore, July 29, 1964, with enclosure, “United States Aid: Helpful or Harmful?” pp. 2–3, B32:1, Gore Papers.
88. E. L. to Tower and Yarborough, Oct. 2, 1963, 284:2, Tower Papers.
89. Hiram H. Hiltz to Sam Ervin, Mar. 19, 1964, series 1, box 97, folder 4336, J. Samuel Ervin Jr. Papers, #3847, Southern Historical Collection, Louis Round Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (hereafter cited as Ervin Papers, box folder; all subsequent cites are to series 1); Aline T. Calendine to Sparkman, Apr. 29, 1964, 66A677:8, Sparkman Papers; Mrs. W. K. Zeis to Russell, Aug. 6, 1964, and Myron T. Roach to Russell, July 21, 1964, both 41:11, Russell Papers; Harry Wierson to Gore, Mar. 14, 1964, B32:1, Gore Papers.
90. R. B. Woods, LBJ, 597 (Russell); Mann, Grand Delusion, 380–81 (Russell); Carson, “Beyond the Solid South,” 240 (Fulbright).
1. Herring, America’s Longest War, 166, 179–80, 188; Prados, Vietnam, 115–16; Gregory A. Daddis, Westmoreland’s War: Reassessing American Strategy in Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014), 60.
2. Michael S. Sherry, In the Shadow of War: The United States since the 1930s (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 254 (“outhouse”).
3. Larry Berman, “Waiting for Smoking Guns: Presidential Decision-Making and the Vietnam War, 1965–1967,” in Vietnam as History: Ten Years after the Peace Accords, ed. Peter Braestrup (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1984), 21 (“solution”); Walter LaFeber, “Johnson, Vietnam, and Tocqueville,” in Cohen and Bernkopf, Lyndon Johnson Confronts the World, 50 (“beast”); Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 282; Robert Buzzanco, Masters of War: Military Dissent and Politics in the Vietnam Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 217; Rusk, As I Saw It, 499–500.
4. Lewis Sorley, Honorable Warrior: General Harold K. Johnson and the Ethics of Command (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 221, 223 (“spend and bomb,” “military idiots”); Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 25 (“MacArthur”).
5. Goodwin, Lyndon Johnson and the American Dream, 282–83 (“major debate,” “wings”); Logevall, Choosing War, 304 (“stealth”); Herring, America’s Longest War, 164 (“indirection”).
6. Mann, Grand Delusion, 11 (“goddamn speeches”); R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 365 (“history teachers”); Fry, Debating Vietnam, 25, 47n15.
7. Rusk, “Briefing for New Congressmen,” Jan. 13, 1965, 3; Dean Rusk, Robert McNamara, McGeorge Bundy, Hubert Humphrey, and Lyndon Johnson, “Congressional Briefing,” Feb. 16, 1965, 2–3, Congressional Briefings, 1964–1965, and Rusk, “National Foreign Policy Conference,” Apr. 13, 1965, 3, 10, Rusk News Conferences, both LBJ Library.
8. Rusk, “National Foreign Policy Conference,” Apr. 13, 1965, 1–2; Rusk, McNamara, and Johnson, “Congressional Reception,” Mar. 2, 1965, 3, 8, Congressional Briefings, 1965, LBJ Library.
9. Rusk, Bundy, and Johnson, “Congressional Reception,” Mar. 2, 1965, 6–8; Rusk, “National Foreign Policy Conference,” Apr. 13, 1965, 7.
10. Gardner, Pay Any Price, 197 (“will not”); R. B. Woods, LBJ, 608 (“unconditional discussions”); Zeiler, Dean Rusk, 171–72 (“fuck you”).
11. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 3: 242; Lyndon B. Johnson to Congress of the United States, May 4, 1965, CR, 89:1 (May 5, 1965), 9,492–93.
12. George A. Smathers Oral History, Aug. 1–24, 1989, p. 101, Senate Historical Office, Washington, DC; Time Magazine, Jan. 22, 1965, 18 (Johnson); Fry, Debating Vietnam, 9 (“professor”); R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 163 (“S.O.B.”), 166; Haynes Johnson and Bernard M. Gwertzman, Fulbright: The Dissenter (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1968), 164 (“my Secretary of State”).
13. US Congress, Executive Sessions of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Together with Joint Sessions with the Senate Armed Services Committee, 89th Cong., 1st sess., vol. xvii (Jan. 8, 1965), 103, 136 (June 11, 1965), 712, 989 (hereafter cited as SFRC Executive Sessions, Cong.:sess., vol. [date], page), http://congressional.proquest.com/congressional/docview/t29.d30.hrg-1965-for-0001?accountid=3611 (accessed Apr. 20, 2014); CR, 89:1 (June 7, 1965), 12,734–35 (June 15, 1965), 13,656.
14. SFRC Executive Sessions, 89:1, vol. xvii (Jan. 8, 1965), 104, 137 (Apr. 30, 1965), 467–69.
15. CR, 89:1 (June 7, 1965), 12,732 (June 15, 1965), 13,656.
16. SFRC Executive Sessions, 89:1, vol. xvii (Apr. 30, 1965), 469; Berman, William Fulbright, 43 (Republicans); Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 3: 141 (“good friends”).
17. R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 387; LBJ notation on Douglas Cater to the President, Feb. 8, 1965, in David M. Barrett, Lyndon B. Johnson’s Vietnam Papers: A Documentary Collection (College Station: Texas A#M University Press, 1997), 112 (“cry baby”); David Halberstam, The Powers That Be (New York: Knopf, 1979), 502 (“no more access”); Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 41 (“so alone”).
18. Carson, “Beyond the Solid South,” 258 (“worse mess”); J. Woods, Richard Russell, 139; Russell to Mrs. E. B. Respers, July 30, 1965 (quote), and Russell to Alvin W. Neely, July 30, 1965, both 44:1, Russell Papers.
19. Mike Mansfield to the President, July 27, 1965, enclosure to Roberts S. McNamara to Lyndon Johnson, July 28, 1965, White Confidential File, box 71, LBJ Library.
20. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 3: 445; J. Woods, Richard Russell, 141; Russell to J. R. Morgan, Dec. 24, 1965, 40:3, Russell Papers.
21. Dallek, Flawed Giant, 160 (“kiss my ass”); Longley, Senator Albert Gore, 159 (“caucus”); Kyle Longley, “The Reluctant ‘Volunteer’: The Origins of Senator Albert A. Gore’s Opposition to the Vietnam War,” in Vietnam and the American Political Tradition: The Politics of Dissent, ed. Randall B. Woods (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 228, 231 (“grain,” “loner”).
22. Gore, “Capitol Commentary,” Apr. 12, 19, May 10, 1965, and Gore, “Washington Report,” Apr. 1965, May 1965, both C44:1, Gore Papers; CR, 89:1 (May 5, 1965), 9,497.
23. CR, 89:1 (July 28, 1965), 18,571–72; Gore, “Capitol Commentary,” Aug. 2, 1965, series 12: Weekly Newspaper Column, folder 1, Gore Papers.
24. Schulman, John Sherman Cooper, 68 (Pearson); Fredrik Logevall, “A Delicate Balance: John Sherman Cooper and the Republican Opposition to the Vietnam War,” in R. B. Woods, Vietnam and the American Political Tradition, 237–46.
25. CR, 89:1 (Mar. 25, 1965), 5,934–35 (May 5, 1965), 9,498.
26. CR, 89:1 (June 7, 1965), 12,737; Cooper, speech to Louisville VFW, June 26, 1965, box 904, John Sherman Cooper Papers, Special Collections, Margaret I. King Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington (hereafter cited as Cooper Papers).
27. Fry, Debating Vietnam, 5.
28. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 3: 245.
29. SFRC Executive Sessions, 89:1, vol. xvii (Apr. 2, 1965), 398 (June 11, 1965), 679; Stennis Armed Forced Day Address, Meridian, MS, May 16, 1965, p. 6, Public Series, box 11, Stennis Papers.
30. CR, 89:1 (Mar. 1, 1965), 3,780, 3,824 (Mar. 4, 1965), 4,202–3; Long, press release, May 11, 1965, box 600, folder 33, Long, speech to US Chamber of Commerce, Apr. 26, 1965, box 600, folder 33, and Long, interview on Meet the Press, quoted in Washington Post, Mar. 1, 1965, box 600, folder 4, all Russell B. Long Papers, Mss. 3700, Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Collections, Louisiana State University Libraries, Baton Rouge (hereafter cited as Long Papers, box:folder); SFRC Executive Sessions, 89:1, vol. xvii (June 7, 1965), 666.
31. Huntley, “Mighty Rivers of Charleston,” 216, 287–88, 294–96; R. D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 159 (“lightning of intellect”).
32. Becnel, Senator Allen Ellender, 249; CR, 89:1 (June 3, 1965), 623 (Sparkman) (June 7, 1965), 12,734 (McClellan) (June 15, 1965), 13,577 (Robertson); Robertson to Davis A. Robertson, Feb. 15, 1965, 105:57, Robertson to Mrs. Edward G. Conroy, Feb. 20, 1965, 76:21, and Robertson to Robert I. Litchford, June 18, 1965, 76:22, all Robertson Papers.
33. Talmadge, “Reports from the United States Senate,” Feb. 26, 1965, p. 2, July 30, 1965, p. 2, series, 2, box 277: folder 44, Herman E. Talmadge Papers, Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia, Athens (hereafter cited as Talmadge Papers, series/box/folder); Ervin to Mr. and Mrs. John J. Honigmann, Feb. 25, 1965, 112:4979, and Ervin to Mrs. Julian Griggs, Apr. 14, 1965, 112:4981, both Ervin Papers; Crispell, Testing the Limits, 188; CR, 89:1 (Feb. 24, 1965), 3,442 (Fascell).
34. Stennis, speech to Pearl River Electric Power Associates, Sept. 25, 1965, p. 6, Public Series, box 11, Stennis Papers.
35. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 23, 37, 54, 57, 83 (Laird), 84 (Tower); Tower, “Weekly Report: Vietnam,” Feb. 14, 1965, and Flexo #16 Letter re Vietnam, 1965, both 973:2, Tower Papers; New York Times, Jan. 7, 1965 (Thurmond); SFRC Executive Sessions, 89:1, vol. xvii (June 11, 1965), 696–97 (Thurmond); Morton to Joyce Spurlock, Oct. 26, 1965, box 19, Morton Papers.
36. Dallas Morning News, Feb. 9, July 19, 1965; Montgomery Advertiser, July 30, 1965; Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 10, 15, 19, July 13, 1965; New Orleans Times-Picayune, Feb. 16, 1965.
37. Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 18, July 21, 29, 1965.
38. Texas Observer, Apr. 30, 1965, July 23, 1965 (Dugger), Sept. 3, 1965, Nov. 26, 1965 (Dugger, Ambler, Mullinax).
39. Montgomery Advertiser, Aug. 7, Feb. 14, 1964; Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 19, 1965; New Orleans Times-Picayune, Feb. 16, 1965.
40. GOI, no. 1 (June 1965), n.p., no. 2 (July 1965), 3, 17, no. 3 (Aug. 1965), 3, 10–11, no. 4 (Sept. 1965), 3, 8, 12, no. 5 (Oct. 1965), 3, 13, no. 6 (Nov. 1965), 3, 10, 13.
41. GOI, no. 1 (June 1965), n.p., no. 3 (Aug. 1965), 13; Hodding Carter Oral History, Nov. 8, 1968, p. 17, LBJ Library (“turncoat”). For examples of resentment over LBJ’s civil rights and social policies, see Miss E. Hope Frank to President Johnson, June 13, 1965, box 348, folder: 1965, June Constituent Correspondence, Leaman G. Bibson to Harry F. Byrd, Sr., June 29, 1965, box 348, folder: 1965, July Correspondence, and Henry P. Taylor to Byrd, Oct. 18, 1965, box 287, folder: 1961–65, Miscellaneous Correspondence, all Byrd Sr. Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (hereafter cited as Byrd Sr. Papers, box:folder).
42. Mrs. R. G. H. to Russell, July 28, 1965, 40:12, and R. P. T. to Russell, Dec. 6, 1965, 40:14, both Russell Papers.
43. A. S. Johnson to Stennis, Dec. 15, 1965, 4/85/15, A Parent to Robert McNamara, Dec. 7, 1965, enclosed in W. I. Park to Stennis, Dec. 10, 1965, 4/85/18, and S. H. Long to Stennis, Dec. 10, 1965, 4/85/15, all Stennis Papers; William B. Zoellner to Russell, July 15, 1965, 41:2, and Julian K. Quattlebaum to Russell, July 23, 1965, 40:12, both Russell Papers.
44. Mr. and Mrs. John Mitchell to Stennis, Feb. 24, 1965, 4/85/14, Stennis Papers; David E. Stovall to Editor, Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 5, 1965; Robert G. Mabery to Gore, [Feb. 1965], Frank Miller to Gore, [Feb. 1965], Terrell Fugate to Gore, Feb. 5, 1965, and Mrs. Yarboro E. Sallee to Gore, Feb. 5, 1965, all A42:1, Gore Papers; J. K. McL. to Robertson, Jan. 17, 1965, 76:1, Robertson Papers.
45. William W. Sears to Gore, Feb. 10, 1965, A42:1, Mrs. Yarboro E. Sallee to Gore, Feb. 5, 1965, A42:1, and Mrs. Mary Olson to Gore, Mar. 14, 1966, B36:1, all Gore Papers; Clyde N. Swift to Fulbright, Feb. 21, 1966, 50:2, Fulbright Papers; J. McL. A. to Byrd, Dec. 17, 1965, 199:1965, Vietnam, Byrd Sr. Papers. See also Margaret C. Lukemeir to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, Feb. 21, 1965.
46. W. P. K. to Russell, Oct. 17, 1965, 40:9, W. B. to Russell, Oct. 18, 1965, 40:9, and J. F. to Russell, Oct. 21, 1965, 40:9, all Russell Papers; L. A. S. to Ervin, Oct. 18, 1965, 112:4983, Ervin Papers.
47. Mrs. B. M. to Russell, Oct. 20, 1965, 40:8, and J. M. T. to Russell, July 12, 1965, 41:2, both Russell Papers.
48. J. T. G. to Harry F. Byrd Jr., Dec. 22, 1965, box 199, folder 1965: Vietnam, Harry F. Byrd Jr. Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (hereafter cited as Byrd Jr. Papers, box:folder); R. G. to Ervin, Apr. 16, 1965, 112:4981, and R. E. C. to Ervin, Feb. 17, 1965, 112:4979, both Ervin Papers; J. D. R. to Robertson, Feb. 26, 1965, 76:1, Robertson Papers; R. G. P. to Stennis, June 21, 1965, 43/4/93, Stennis Papers.
49. W. Forrest Smith to Editor, Louisville Courier-Journal, July 2, 1965.
50. Hiram H. Hiltz to Ervin, Mar. 19, 1964, 97:4336, James C. Daniel to Ervin, Mar. 23, 1965, 112:4980, and Robert E. Willard to Ervin, Apr. 22, 1965, 112:4981, all Ervin Papers; Rev. Lawrence McLamb to Herman Talmadge, June 27, 1966, 37:6, Russell Papers; Ben W. Farley to Robertson, June 28, 1965, 76:2, Robertson Papers; George R. Edwards to Morton, May 23, 1965, box 19, Thruston Morton Papers, Special Collections, Margaret I. King Library, University of Kentucky, Lexington (hereafter cited as Morton Papers); Bertha Boettcher to Fulbright, Feb. 23, 1966, 47:2, Fulbright Papers; Wm. Archer Wright Jr. to Fulbright, Feb. 21, 1966, enclosed in Archer to Byrd Jr., Feb. 21, 1966, box 198: folder: Vietnam—Feb. 17–28, 1966, Byrd Jr. Papers; Terry Bisson to Editor, Louisville Courier-Journal, July 28, 1965.
51. Frazier T. Woolard to Ervin, Nov. 29, 1965, 112:4985, Ervin Papers; “Frazier Woolard, Pearl Harbor Survivor,” in Life on the Pamlico: Preserving North Carolina’s Cultural Heritage through Oral History (interview, Oct. 1993, published Dec. 1994), http.//circaneast.beaufortecc.edu/BCCC/article/December%201994/PDF/storyl.pdf (accessed May 5, 2012); John M. Slade to Woolard, Nov. 18, 1974, Frazier T. Woolard Papers, Special Collections Department, William R. Perkins Library, Duke University, Durham, NC (hereafter cited as Woolard Papers; all of the Woolard correspondence is in one box).
52. Woolard to Nguyen Van Nhan, Oct. 24, 1966, and Nguyen Van Nhan to Woolard, Oct. 28, 1966, Nov. 18, 23, 1966, Feb. 18, 1967, [Sept. 1967], all Woolard Papers.
53. Woolard to Margaret Chase Smith, May 27, 1969, Woolard to Leo Cherne, June 1, 1968, Woolard to Tran Khoa Hoc, Dec. 11, 1968, and Woolard to Nguyen Van Nhan, Aug. 23, 1973, all Woolard Papers.
54. Woolard to “Mr. Lyndon Johnson, Temporary Occupant,” Aug. 27, 1967, Nguyen Van Nhan to Woolard, Dec. 15, 1987, Hugh B. O’Neill to Woolard, May 1, 1968, Woolard to Justice William O. Douglas, May 10, 1968, Woolard to Walt Rostow, Oct. 16, 23, Dec. 10, 1969, Woolard to Walter B. Jones, May 21, 1971, Woolard to Dean Rusk, July 9, 1971, Woolard to Secretary General U. Thant, June 17, 1971, and Woolard to Gerald Ford, Feb. 27, 1975, all Woolard Papers. For the lethal impact of US actions on Vietnamese civilians, see Nick Turse, Kill Anything That Moves: The Real American War in Vietnam (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2013).
55. Nguyen Van Nhan to Woolard, July 2, 1975, [David M. Milligan] to Woolard, July 21, 1972, [Bartow Houston Jr.] to Woolard, Dec. 17, [1974], J. M. to Woolard, [Dec. 1974], and Suzanne Woolard to Woolard, May 12, 1983, all Woolard Papers.
56. Fry, Debating Vietnam, 26–27.
57. Bill Moyers Memorandum for the President, Feb. 21, 1966, Office of the President File, “William Fulbright,” LBJ Library; Fulbright to W. R. Stephens, Mar. 15, 1966, 50:2, Fulbright Papers; R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 398.
58. Melvin Small, Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 154 (Wheeler); “Meeting with Congressional Leadership on the Resumption of Bombing,” Jan. 25, 1966, Meeting Notes File, LBJ Library; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 146–47, 155 (McNamara).
59. Stennis, speech to Joint Session of the Mississippi State Legislature, Jan. 27, 1966, 3, 5, 8–9, Public Series, 12/1, Stennis Papers; Stennis to Fulbright, Feb. 10, 1966, and Fulbright to Stennis, Feb. 12, 1966, both 50:2, Fulbright Papers.
60. Bill Moyers Memorandum for the President, Feb. 21, 1966; Eric Sevareid, “Why Our Foreign Policy Is Failing: An Exclusive Interview with Senator Fulbright,” Look, May 3, 1966, 25; US Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, [Hearings on] Supplemental Foreign Assistance: Fiscal Year 1966—Vietnam, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., Jan. 28–Feb. 18, 1966 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1966), 409–10 (Gore) (hereafter cited as Fulbright Hearings); Halberstam, Powers That Be, 492, 497; Newsweek, Feb. 21, 1966, 30 (Dirksen).
61. Fulbright Hearings, 51, 53, 347, 412, 524, 605, 608.
62. Fulbright Hearings, 239, 382, 446–47, 503, 506, 582.
63. Fulbright Hearings, 463, 516–17, 551, 598–99; CR, 89:2 (Feb. 16, 1966), 3041; Robert Mann, Legacy to Power: Senator Russell Long of Louisiana (New York: Paragon House, 1992), 245, 331 (descriptions of Long).
64. CR, 89:2 (Feb. 16, 1966), 3,041–42.
65. Fulbright Hearings, 43–44, 61, 289–90, 650–51.
66. Fulbright Hearings, 498–99, 544–46.
67. New York Times, Feb. 19, 1966; Fry, Debating Vietnam, 65; Fulbright Hearings, 570, 572, 596, 599, 612, 628.
68. Fulbright Hearings, 592, 608, 629–31; Rusk, As I Saw It, 472, 493.
69. Fulbright Hearings, 582; Carl M. Marcy Oral History, Sept. 14–Nov. 16, 1983, p. 130 (“poor chairman”), Senate Historical Office, copy in LBJ Library; Rusk, As I Saw It, 494; R. B. Woods, “Dixie’s Dove,” 536–38.
70. Fulbright Hearings, 652, 662.
71. Fulbright Hearings, 661–62, 666, 669.
72. Mann, Grand Delusion, 483 (“Fulbrights”); New York Times, Feb. 12, 1966 (news conference); Gibbons, U.S. Government and the War in Vietnam, 4: 309–10 (“among friends”).
73. Newsweek, Feb. 28, 1966, 17; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the War in Vietnam, 4: 249 (Pell).
74. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the War in Vietnam, 4: 250–51, 336–37; Berman, William Fulbright, 60–61.
75. GOI, no. 8 (Jan. 1966), 3, no. 11 (Apr. 1966), 3–4, no. 14 (July 1966), 17, no. 16 (Sept. 1966), 18, no. 17 (Oct. 1966), 3–4.
76. GOI, no. 9 (Feb. 1966), 6–7, no. 10 (Mar. 1966), 7, 16–17, no. 12 (May 1966), 6, 9, no. 13 (June 1966), 7, 11–13, no. 16 (Sept. 1966), 8, 10, no. 18 (Nov.–Dec. 1966), 11.
77. GOI, no. 10 (Mar. 1966), 10, no. 12 (May 1966), 8, no. 13 (June 1966), 6, no. 14 (July 1966,) 6.
78. Dallas Morning News, Jan. 11, 14, July 1, 3, 1966; Montgomery Advertiser, Jan. 8, 1966; New Orleans Times-Picayune, Jan. 22, 1966.
79. Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 22, Feb. 8, 21, 1966.
80. Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 18, 19, 22, 25, Mar. 15, 1966.
81. Louisville Courier-Journal, Jan. 25, Feb. 2, 22, 1966.
82. Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 6, 13, 1966.
83. Texas Observer, Mar. 18, 1966 (Yarborough), May 13, 1966.
84. Texas Observer, July 8, Nov. 25, Dec. 9, 1966.
85. Mrs. F. H. D. to Stennis, Feb. 18, 1966, 4/8/17, and Mrs. R. L. W. to Stennis, Feb. 22, 1966, 4/85/17, both Stennis Papers; Mr. and Mrs. E. A. E. to Byrd Jr., Jan. 19, 1966, 198:Vietnam, Feb. 17–28, Byrd Jr. Papers; Mrs. B. W. J. to Russell, Feb. 22, 1966, 38:10, Russell Papers; O. F. to Fulbright, May 9, 1966, 48:1, P. B. M. to Fulbright, Feb. 9, 1966, 49:3, Mrs. H. A. to Fulbright, [Feb. 1966], 44:1; J. E. J. to Fulbright, Feb. 15, 1966, 48:4, and Mr. and Mrs. J. T. M. to Fulbright, Feb. 22, 1966, 49:3, all Fulbright Papers; J. W. H. to Fulbright, Feb. 22, 1966, 38:11, Russell Papers.
86. A. S. W. Jr. to Gore, Feb. 3, 1966, A42:1, C. H. B to Gore, Jan. 30, 1966, B36:2, and V. A. to Gore, Feb. 22, 1966, B36:1, all Gore Papers.
87. Rush Boyce to Fulbright, Feb. 4, 17, 1966, 47:3, Bernard B. Bailey to Fulbright, Feb. 8, 1966, 47:2, Paul B. Maynard to Fulbright, Feb. 9, 1966, 49:3, Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Mace to Fulbright, Feb. 15, 1966, 49:3, and Lewis Hoke to Fulbright, Feb. 15, 1966, 48: 3, all Fulbright Papers; John P. Cone Jr. to Byrd Jr., Feb. 15, 1966, 198:Vietnam, Feb. 17–28, 1966, Byrd Jr. Papers; Mrs. Robert L. Wood to Stennis, Feb. 17, 1966, 4/85/17, Stennis Papers.
88. Dr. and Mrs. J. S. Adamson to Fulbright, Feb. 18, 1966, 47:1, Lee R. Mc-Ewen to Fulbright, [Apr. 11, 1966], 49:1, Mrs. Jess Baskins to Fulbright, [Feb. 1966], 47:2, and Joshua K. Shepherd to Fulbright, May 23, 1966, 50:1, all Fulbright Papers; Daniel T. and Maria Young to Ervin, [Feb. 1966], 129:5697, Ervin Papers; Alvin R. L. Dohme to Fulbright, Feb. 15, 1966, and James T. Schollarert to Byrd Jr., Feb. 14, 1966, both 198:Vietnam, Feb. 17–28, 1966, Byrd Jr. Papers; Sam C. Love to Gore, [Feb. 1966], A42:1, and John T. Williams to Gore, Feb. 21, 1966, B36:1, both Gore Papers.
89. D. A. R. to Robertson, Feb. 10, 1965, 76:1, Robertson Papers; Mrs. A. W. G. to Russell, Feb. 20, 1966, 38:11, and Dr. J. C. H. to Russell, Mar. 28, 1966, 38:8, both Russell Papers; T. P. to Ervin, July 23, 1965, 112:4983, Ervin Papers; J. E. P. to Stennis, [Feb. 1966], 4/85/17, Stennis Papers.
90. Mrs. E. A. to Russell, May 13, 1966, 37:11, Russell Papers; W. G. W. to Stennis, Jan. 26, 1966, 4/85/16, Stennis Papers.
91. Coleman Wages to Russell, Jan. 22, 1966, 39:7, A. P. Francis to Russell, Apr. 16, 1966, 38:4, and Corbett H. Thigpen to Russell, Apr. 28, 1966, 38:4, all Russell Papers; Billy D. McFarland to Gore, Feb. 4, 1966, A42:1, Gore Papers; Mrs. B. H. Abernathy to Fulbright, Feb. 15, 1966, 47:1, Fulbright Papers.
92. Mrs. I. H. to Fulbright, Oct. 19, 1966, 48:3, and F. G. B. to Fulbright, Jan. 28, 1966, 47:3, both Fulbright Papers; V. D. to Stennis, May 17, 196[6], 48/12/32, Stennis Papers.
93. J. W. P. to Fulbright, Feb. 7, 1966, 49:5, Fulbright Papers; T. H. to Gore, [Mar. 1966], B36:1, Gore Papers.
94. Mrs. P. M. H. to Gore, Aug. 16, 1966, and A. I. H. to Gore, Aug. 16, 1966, C21:1, Gore Papers.
1. Christian G. Appy, Working-Class War: American Combat Soldiers and Vietnam (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 14–15, 25, 27.
2. William J. Cooper Jr. and Thomas E. Terrill, The American South: A History, vol. 2, 4th ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), 790; James C. Cobb, The South and America since World War II (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), 65; Grantham, South in Modern America, 261; US Census Bureau, “Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, 1960,” June 15, 1998, http:www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps00271/tab19.txt (accessed July 12, 2011); US Census Bureau, “Population of the 100 Largest Urban Places, 1970,” June 15, 1998, http:www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps00271/tab20txt (accessed July 12, 2011); James R. Wilson, ed., Landing Zones: Southern Veterans Remember Vietnam (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1990), xi–xii; “Data on Vietnam Era Veterans . . . Veterans Administration . . . September 1981,” p. 7, Government Document Call No.: VA 1.2:V 672/2/981; “Statistical Information about Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War,” pp. 3–5, https://www.archives.gov/research/military/Vietnam-war/casualty-statistics.html (accessed May 27, 2014); US Census Bureau “US Population by State from 1900,” www.demographia.com/db-state1900.htm (accessed May 27, 2014); “Medal of Honor Roll by State,” www.homeofheroes.com/moh/states/_states.html (accessed May 27, 2014).
3. Dr. Timothy Lockley, interview, Feb. 11, 17, 2003, p. 6, Oral History Project, Vietnam Archive, Texas Tech University (hereafter cited as Vietnam Archive, TTU); Appy, Working-Class War, 46 (Wilson), 72 (Foley); Myra MacPherson, Long Time Passing: Vietnam and the Haunted Generation (New York: Signet Books, 1984), 269 (Richardson); Lea Ybarra, ed., Vietnam Veteranos: Chicanos Recall the War (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2004), 40 (Charles).
4. William J. Brinker, ed., A Time for Looking Back: Putnam County Veterans, Their Families, and the Vietnam War (Cookeville: Tennessee Technological University, 1990), 58–59; Tom Engelhardt, The End of Victory Culture: Cold War America and the Disillusioning of a Generation, rev. ed. (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007); J. Houston Matthews, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 101; Marshall Paul, interview, Feb. 3, 1990, pp. 3–4, 9, Vietnam Archive, TTU.
5. Max Cleland, Heart of a Patriot: How I Found the Courage to Survive Vietnam, Walter Reed and Karl Rove (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 17, 33, 58; Larry Gwin, Baptism: A Vietnam Memoir (New York: Presidio Press, 1999), 11–12.
6. Owen W. Gilman, Vietnam and the Southern Imagination (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1992), 25 (“perfect image”); William C. Westmoreland, A Soldier Reports (New York: Dell, 1976), 12–14. See also William C. Westmoreland, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 11–21; Westmoreland, “Vietnam in Perspective,” in Vietnam: Four American Perspectives, ed. Patrick J. Hearden (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 1990), 39–57; Rick Atkinson, The Long Grey Line: The American Journey of West Point’s Class of 1966 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1989), 35 (“demigod status”).
7. General Hal Moore, interview, Oct. 25, 2000, p. 4, Vietnam Archive, TTU; H. R. McMaster, “Adaptive Leadership: Harold G. ‘Hal’ Moore,” in The Art of Command: Military Leadership from George Washington to Colin Powell, ed. Harry S. Laver and Jeffrey J. Matthews (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008) 211–12, 218–19; Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway, We Were Soldiers Once . . . and Young: Ia Drang—The Battle That Changed the War in Vietnam (New York: HarperPerennial, 1993), 217.
8. Richard C. Ensminger, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 28; George D. Riels, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 111; Manuel T. Valdez, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 46; Matthews, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 101.
9. Jim Wilson, The Sons of Bardstown: 25 Years of Vietnam in an American Town (New York: Crown, 1994), 42–43, 55–56 (Janes, Filiatreau); Anthony A. McIntire, “The Kentucky National Guard in Vietnam: The Story of Bardstown’s Battery C at War,” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 90 (Spring 1992): 153–54 (leader of legal challenge); Appy, Working-Class War, 37–38; Lawrence M. Baskin and William A. Strauss, Chance and Circumstance: The Draft, the War, and the Vietnam Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 48–52.
10. William J. Brinker, “Nancy Randolph, Army Nurse: ‘Ten Thousand Patients in Nine Months [and] All Downhill since Then,’” in The Human Tradition in the Vietnam Era, ed. David L. Anderson (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2000), 116–17; Brenda Sue Castro, interview in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 87–88; Becky Pietz, interview in In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966–1975, ed. Kathryn Marshall (Boston: Penguin Books, 1987), 103; Karen K. Johnson, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 243; Cheri Rankin, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 62–63; Heather Marie Stur, Beyond Combat: Women and Gender in the Vietnam Era (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2011), 127.
11. James E. Westheider, The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), 23, 44, 47; Peter B. Levy, “Blacks and the Vietnam War,” in Legacy: The Vietnam War in the American Imagination, ed. D. Michael Shafer (Boston: Beacon Press, 1990), 211; Herman Graham III, The Brothers’ Vietnam War: Black Power, Manhood, and the Military Experience (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003), 17.
12. Westheider, African American Experience in Vietnam, 27–29; James Westheider, Fighting on Two Fronts: African Americans and the Vietnam War (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 24–25, 28; Lawrence Allen Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War: Civil Rights and Vietnam in the African American Press (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2011), 51 (Bond).
13. Westheider, African American Experience in Vietnam, 34–35; Westheider, Fighting on Two Fronts, 28. Over the course of the war, focused Pentagon policies brought these casualty figures essentially into line with the African American proportion of the US population.
14. Fred V. Cherry, interview, in Bloods: Black Veterans of the Vietnam War: An Oral History, ed. Wallace Terry (New York: Ballantine Books, 1985), 267–69; Edgar A. Huff, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 144; Norman A. McDaniel, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 131; Doris I. “Lucki” Allen, interview, in A Piece of My Heart: The Stories of 26 Women Who Served in Vietnam, ed. Keith Walker (New York: Presidio Press, 1986), 309; Doris I. “Lucki” Allen, interview, May 11, June 7, 2004, p. 64, Vietnam Archive, TTU; Pinkie Houser, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 37.
15. Charles Strong, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 54–55; Reginald Edwards, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 4.
16. Graham, Brothers’ Vietnam War, 15 (“selling manhood”); MacPherson, Long Time Passing, 253 (Lowe); Terry Whitmore, as told to Richard Weber, Memphis Nam Sweden (Garden City, NY: Double Day Company, 1971), 37–38.
17. David L. Anderson, “Bill Henry Terry Jr., Killed in Action: An African American’s Journey from Alabama to Vietnam and Back,” in D. L. Anderson, Human Tradition in the Vietnam Era, 137; Robert L. Mountain, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 174; Luther C. Benton III, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 63.
18. Ybarra, Vietnam Veteranos, 40 (“cotton picker”); Lorena Oropeza, Rasa Si Guerra No? Chicano Protest and Patriotism during the Viet Nam War Era (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 58, 63 (Sanchez), 78; George Mariscal, ed., Aztlan and Viet Nam: Chicano and Chicana Experiences of the War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), 29 (Herrera), 31 (Benavidez), 32 (“warrior patriotism”). For Mexican American casualties, see Ralph Guzman, “Mexican American Casualties in Vietnam,” La Raza 1 (2012): 12–17; Ybarra, Vietnam Veteranos, 5; Charley Trujillo, ed., Soldados: Chicanos in Viet Nam (San Jose, CA: Chusma House Publications, 1990), vii–viii.
19. Ann Powlas, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 118; Houser, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 41, 49; William U. Tant, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 119; Ted A. Burton, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 71.
20. Houser, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 41; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 50 (Tennessee veteran); Leo Spooner Jr., interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 230.
21. Kyle Longley, Grunts: The American Combat Soldiers in Vietnam (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 2008), 80 (Texan); Candler, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 152; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 52 (Tennessee trooper), 53 (southern officer).
22. Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 54 (officer); Valdez, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 51; Eunice Splawn, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 97.
23. Westmoreland, Soldier Reports, 129, 328; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 41–43; Whitmore, Memphis Nam Sweden, 55; Allen, interview, May 11, June 7, 2004, p. 88, Vietnam Archive, TTU.
24. Tant, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 126; Richard A. Sones, interview, n.d., pp. 16–18, Vietnam Oral History Project, U.S. Army History and Education Center, Carlisle, PA (hereafter cited as AHEC, Carlisle); Strong, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 61; Archie “Joe” Biggers, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 109–10; Joe N. Ballard, interview, Apr. 11, 1985, p. 21, AHEC, Carlisle; Paul E. Blackwell, interview, Nov. 19, 1983, pp. 21–22, AHEC, Carlisle; Lemos L. Fulmer Jr., interview, 1983, no day or month, pp. 55–56, AHEC, Carlisle; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 12, 25; Donald Davis, interview, Mar. 6, 2003, pp. 27–28, Vietnam Archive, TTU.
25. Tant, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 128; Richard F. Timmons, interview, 1984, no day or month, AHEC, Carlisle, 45; John E. Robbins, interview, n.d., AHEC, Carlisle, 22; Ensminger, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 30; Sones, interview, AHEC, Carlisle, 50.
26. Castro, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 96; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 12, 25; Stur, Beyond Combat, 76.
27. Yvonne Honeycutt Baldwin and John Ernst, “In the Valley: The Combat Infantryman and the Vietnam War,” in The War That Never Ends: New Perspectives on the Vietnam War, ed. David L. Anderson and John Ernst (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 326; Spooner, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 227; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 19.
28. George Watkins, interview, in Christian G. Appy, Patriots: The Vietnam War Remembered from All Sides (New York: Viking, 2003), 21–25; Mike Hill, interview, in Ron Steinman, ed., The Soldiers’ Story: Vietnam in Their Own Words (New York: Barnes and Noble, 2000), 117; Burton, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 72; Strong, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 55.
29. Brinker, “Nancy Randolph, Army Nurse,” 121; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 16; Castro, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 97; Houser, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 40.
30. Baldwin and Ernst, “In the Valley,” 328; Valdez, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 50; Strong, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 54.
31. Riels, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 113; Benjamin H. Purcell, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 144; Matthews, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 105, 108; Cherry, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 285–86; McDaniel, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 141–42.
32. Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 71 (“racial discrimination”); Graham, Brothers’ Vietnam War, 45 (“relative equality”), 65; Westheider, African American Experience in Vietnam, 52–85; Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 196 (soldier quotes); Lockley, interview, Feb. 11, 17, 2003, pp. 61–62, Vietnam Archive, TTU.
33. James E. Westheider, “Sgt. Allen Thomas Jr.: A Black Soldier in Vietnam,” in Portraits of African American Life since 1865, ed. Nina Mjagkij (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2003), 229; Biggers, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 111; Tant, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 121; Phillip Woodall to Dad, Apr. 5, 1968, in Bernard Edelman, ed., Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), 197.
34. Strong, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 57; Charlie Earl Bodiford, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 197.
35. Porter A. Halyburton, interview, in Appy, Patriots (New York: Viking, 2003), 224; Cherry, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 275.
36. Halyburton, interview, in Appy, Patriots, 224.
37. Halyburton, interview, in Appy, Patriots, 224–25; Cherry, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 280.
38. Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 189–90 (Alabamian); Gore, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 85; Ponchitta Pierce and Peter Bailey, “The Returning Vet,” Ebony 23 (Aug. 1968): 147 (“private club”); Westheider, “Sgt. Allen Thomas Jr.,” 234; Huff, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 152–53.
39. S. Ernest Peoples, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 190; Rodney R. Chastant to Mom and Dad, Oct. 19, 1967, in Edelman, Dear America, 211; Ensminger, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 27; Castro, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 100; Robert L. Powell, interview, Mar. 26, 1984, p. 46, AHEC, Carlisle; Powlas, interview, in Marshall, In the Combat Zone, 125.
40. William D. Poynter, interview, May 13, 1983, p. 33, AHEC, Carlisle; Ballard, interview, Apr. 11, 1985, p. 63, AHEC, Carlisle; James Bussey, interview, Nov. 11, 2002, p. 57, Vietnam Archive, TTU; Valdez, interview in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 52; Barry Campbell, interview, quoted in Baldwin and Ernst, “In the Valley,” 330.
41. Candler, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 154; Riels, interview in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 116; Jane Hodge, interview, in Walker, Piece of My Heart, 275; Woodall to Dad, Apr. 5, 1968, in Edelman, Dear America, 214; Marion Lee Kemper to Mom, Dad, . . . , Sept. 2, 1966 in Edelman, Dear America, 61–62; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 23; William S. Norman, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 195.
42. Donald L. Whitfield, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 207; James M. Addison, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 44; Cherry, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 290; Norman, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 195; Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 20; Sones, interview, p. 18, AHEC, Carlisle.
43. Timmons, interview, 1984, no day or month, pp. 43, 50, AHEC, Carlisle; Linwood Burney, interview, May 20, 1985, p. 45, AHEC, Carlisle.
44. Brinker, Time for Looking Back, 74–75, 77; Garland C. “Pete” Hendricks, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 233, 240; Candler, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 155; Lockley, interview, Feb. 11, 17, 2003, p. 76, Vietnam Archive, TTU.
45. Westmoreland, Soldier Reports, 547; David Halberstam, The Best and the Brightest (Greenwich, CT: Fawcett Publications, 1972), 679 (“corporate general,” LBJ’s affinity for another southerner).
46. Russell F. Weigley, The American Way of War: A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy (New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1973), xix, xx, xxi–xxii, 464–67; Benjamin Buley, The New American Way of War: Military Culture and the Political Utility of Force (London: Routledge, 2008), 1–2, 7, 36 (“how long”). See Lewis Sorley, Westmoreland: The General Who Lost Vietnam (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2011), passim, for the critique. See Daddis, Westmoreland’s War, for the more positive appraisal, esp. 9, 178–79, 183, for suggestions that the war may not have been winnable. See also Prados, Vietnam; and Herring, America’s Longest War, 379–80, for this interpretation.
47. Daddis, Westmoreland’s War, 14, 35, 84, 179, 181; Halberstam, Best and the Brightest, 668.
48. Westmoreland, Soldier Reports, 82, 547–48, 555–56, 561, 565. For a summary of the revisionist perspectives, see Gary R. Hess, Vietnam: Explaining America’s Lost War (New York: Blackwell Publishing, 2009).
49. Westmoreland, Soldier Reports, 154, 210, 255.
50. Westmoreland, Soldier Reports, 163, 170, 189, 408, 466–67, 469, 543.
51. Moore and Galloway, We Were Soldiers, 25.
52. Moore and Galloway, We Were Soldiers, 40–41, 46.
53. McMaster, “Adaptive Leadership,” 209–29.
54. Moore and Galloway, We Were Soldiers, 238.
55. Moore and Galloway, We Were Soldiers, i–x, 233–34, 366.
56. Harold G. Moore and Joseph L. Galloway, We Are Soldiers Still: A Journey Back to the Battlefields of Vietnam (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 26 (“enemy”); Moore and Galloway, We Were Soldiers, 207, 399, 402, 406; Daddis, Westmoreland’s War, 98.
57. Moore and Galloway, We Are Soldiers Still, 36–37.
58. J. Wilson, Sons of Bardstown, 90, 93, 124.
59. J. Wilson, Sons of Bardstown, 93–94.
60. J. Wilson, Sons of Bardstown, 105; McIntire, “Kentucky National Guard in Vietnam,” 154, 158.
61. J. Wilson, Sons of Bardstown, 158.
62. John D. Blair IV, interview, 1983, no day, no month, 28–29, AHEC, Carlisle.
63. John D. Blair IV, interview, 1983, no day, no month, 37.
64. John D. Blair IV, interview, 1983, no day, no month, 67.
65. John D. Blair IV, interview, 1983, no day, no month, 45, 54, 76. See chapter 8 for the response of Segrid Blair to reports of this battle and her husband’s MIA status.
66. See chapter 6 for more extended coverage of the South’s response to My Lai and the Calley trial.
67. Whitmore, Memphis Nam Sweden, 61–65; Lorenzo M. Crowell, “The Lesson and Ghosts of Vietnam,” in Looking Back on the Vietnam War: A Perspective on the Decisions, Combat, and Legacies, ed. William Head and Lawrence E. Grinter (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993), 233 (Waide); Ensminger, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 30; Turse, Kill Anything That Moves, 12, passim.
68. Trent Angers, The Forgotten Hero of My Lai: The Hugh Thompson Story (Lafayette, LA: Acadian House Publishing, 1999).
69. Hugh Thompson, oral statement, in David L. Anderson, ed., Facing My Lai: Moving Beyond the Massacre (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 28; Anders, Hugh Thompson Story, 117, 120.
70. Anders, Hugh Thompson Story, 124; Thompson, oral statement, in D. L. Anderson, Facing My Lai, 30.
71. Thompson, oral statement, in D. L. Anderson, Facing My Lai, 31.
72. Anders, Hugh Thompson Story, 39; William Eckhardt, oral statement, in D. L. Anderson, Facing My Lai, 41; Thompson, oral statement, in D. L. Anderson, Facing My Lai, 50. Thompson was subsequently recognized for his actions. Following his retirement from the military in 1983, he received the Soldiers Medal for risking “personal hazard or danger” in 1998 and spoke to students at the US Military, Naval, and Air Force academies regarding military ethics.
73. Gilman, Vietnam and the Southern Imagination, 29; “Senator Jim Webb,” http://webb.senate.gov/aboutjim/index.cfm (accessed Sept. 5, 2011); MacPherson, Long Time Passing, 632–46 (quotes at 634–35, 641, 643).
74. Gilman, Vietnam and the Southern Imagination, 29; James Webb, Fields of Fire (New York: Bantam Books, 1979), 25.
75. Webb, Fields of Fire, 29, 33–35.
76. Webb, Fields of Fire, 110, 238, 333.
77. Webb, Fields of Fire, 295.
78. Webb, Fields of Fire, 198–99, 242, 252.
79. Webb, Fields of Fire, 392–93, 402, 404, 407, 409.
80. Matthew Samuel Ross, “An Examination of the Life and Work of Gustav Hasford” (MA thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2010), 3; Matthew Samuel Ross, “Haunted by the Ghosts of Pickett’s Charge: Echoes of the Civil War in Two Novels by Unreconstructed Veterans of the Vietnam War,” forthcoming in Southern Cultures. The following overview of Hasford’s life is taken from Ross’s excellent thesis and article and from Gilman, Vietnam and the Southern Imagination, 127–37.
81. Gustav Hasford, The Short-Timers (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 38, 50.
82. Hasford, The Phantom Blooper (New York: Bantam Books, 1990), 200, 240–41.
83. Hasford, Short-Timers, 112, 138; Hasford, Phantom Blooper, 189.
84. Hasford, Short-Timers, 69; Hasford, Phantom Blooper, 38, 63, 91, 103.
85. Hasford, Short-Timers, 70; Hasford, Phantom Blooper, 190, 196, 215–17, 220–21.
86. Purcell, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 146; Cleland, Heart of a Patriot, 114.
87. William A. Brinkley, interview, Apr. 12, 1985, p. 35, AHEC, Carlisle; Strong, interview, in Terry, Bloods, 54; Gwin, interview, in Steinman, Soldiers’ Story, 60–61; Fulmer, interview, 1983, no day or month, p. 78, AHEC, Carlisle; Peoples, interview, in J. R. Wilson, Landing Zones, 190.
1. US Congress, Senate Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committee, [Hearings on] Air War against North Vietnam, 90th Cong., 1st sess., Aug. 9–29, 1967 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1967), 2 (hereafter cited as Stennis Hearings); GOI, no. 26 (Aug. 1967), 2, 4.
2. Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 54.
3. Herring, America’s Longest War, 178, 194, 198, 220; Prados, Vietnam, 181–82.
4. Prados, Vietnam, 184 (Reston); Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 566–67; Fry, Debating Vietnam, 98, 102; Herring, America’s Longest War, 179.
5. Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 52–53 (“mobilizing the nation”); Prados, Vietnam, 183–84; Mark Clodfelter, The Limits of Air Power: The American Bombing of North Vietnam (New York: Free Press, 1989), 108.
6. Ashmore and Baggs, Mission to Hanoi, 174.
7. Ashmore and Baggs, Mission to Hanoi, 10–11.
8. Ashmore and Baggs, Mission to Hanoi, 43, 45, 50.
9. Ashmore and Baggs, Mission to Hanoi, 57, 65, 84.
10. Ashmore and Baggs, Mission to Hanoi, 80, 182, 189.
11. Stennis to H. W. Pittman, Aug. 2, 1967, 43/68/11, and SPIS, news release, Mar. 27, 1967, 43/46/3, both Stennis Papers.
12. Stennis to Jane M. Danzy, Mar. 21, 1967, 4/68/11, Stennis to Mrs. Hughie Burcham, Mar. 21, 1967, 4/68/11, Stennis to Wallace Kimbrough, Sept. 1, 1967, 4/68/11, and Stennis, speech to Student Conference, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Apr. 7, 1967, 3–5, Public Series, box 13, all Stennis Papers.
13. Stennis, speech to Student Conference, University of Southern Mississippi, Apr. 7, 1967, 3–5.
14. CR, 90:1 (Feb. 28, 1967), 4,717, 4,723; J. Woods, Richard Russell, 150; Russell to Robert T. Thomason, Feb. 15, 1967, 36:2, Russell Papers.
15. Fry, Debating Vietnam, 94; CR, 90:1 (July 10, 1967), 18,227 (Rivers); Long, speech to National Association of Secondary Materials Industries, Miami, FL, Apr. 18, 1967, 11, 603:34, Long, “Of Brainwashing Republicans and the Politics of Vietnam,” remarks in Congress, Sept. 26, 1967, 604:43, Shreveport Times, Jan. 16, 1967, 102:13, and Long, speech to Shreveport Chamber of Commerce, Mar. 28, 1967, 2, 603:34, all Long Papers.
16. Ervin to Robert L. Scott, Jan. 2, 1967, 150:6578, and Ervin to John M. Fletcher, Sept. 1, 1967, 150:6589, both Ervin Papers; Becnel, Senator Allen Ellender, 250; CR, 90:1 (Oct. 2, 1967), 27,454 (Smathers); CR, 90:1 (Apr. 11, 1967), 69A4119:6, “Foreign Relations,” Sparkman Papers.
17. CR, 90:1 (Oct. 2, 1967), 27,452–53 (Thurmond).
18. Tower, remarks before the Texas State Legislature, Feb. 28, 1967, 2–3, 19:5, and Tower, speech to the Texas Cotton Growers Association, Houston, Mar. 17, 1967, 2, 4–5, 9, 19:5, both Tower Papers.
19. Tower, “The Morality of Vietnam,” speech at Houston Baptist College, May 29, 1967, 5, 13, and Tower, news release, Dec. 7, 1967, 1, both 973:8, Tower Papers.
20. John Egerton, The Americanization of Dixie: The Southernization of America (New York: Harpers Magazine Press, 1974), 197 (minister); GOI, no. 70 (Apr. 1971), 49, 52–53; Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 420 (“divided”), 455, 499 (Tennessee resident). For a revealing example of this southern religious perspective, see the postwar campaign for Kentucky’s Vietnam War memorial in Patrick Hagopian, The Vietnam War in American Memory: Veterans, Memorials, and the Politics of Healing (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2009), 231, 249, 252–54.
21. Michael B. Friedland, Lift Up Your Voice like a Trumpet: White Clergy and the Civil Rights and Antiwar Movements, 1954–1973 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 168, 173; Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 520–28; David J. Settje, Faith and War: How Christians Debated the Cold and Vietnam Wars (New York: New York University Press, 2011), 7, 61–65, 71–78.
22. Nutt, Toward Peacemaking, 74–78 (Taylor on 77–78).
23. Nutt, Toward Peacemaking, 125–27.
24. John Ernst and Yvonne Baldwin, “The Not So Silent Minority: Louisville’s Antiwar Movement, 1966–1975,” Journal of Southern History 78 (Feb. 2007): 109–12 (Braden on 111); Nutt, Toward Peacemaking, 80 (Edwards).
25. Gregory D. Tomlin, “Hawks and Doves: Southern Baptist Responses to Military Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1965–1973” (PhD diss., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 2003), 6–7, 144 (quote); Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 533; Settje, Faith and War, 68–69.
26. Steven P. Miller, Billy Graham and the Rise of the Republican South (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009), 22 (“evangelist”); Tomlin, “Hawks and Doves,” 24, 118; Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith, 534; Friedland, Lift Up Your Voice like a Trumpet, 157.
27. Tomlin, “Hawks and Doves,” 64–65, 77, 84, 125, 127; Settje, Faith and War, 69.
28. Tomlin, “Hawks and Doves,” 159–61.
29. Tomlin, “Hawks and Doves,” 123, 129–30, 186, 245–46.
30. Tomlin, “Hawks and Doves,” 51, 223 (PNBC); Thomas J. Noer, “Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Cold War,” Peace and Change 22 (Apr. 1997): 112; Henry E. Darby and Margaret N. Rowley, “King on Vietnam and Beyond,” Phylon 17 (Sept. 1986): 44; Andrew J. DeRoche, Andrew Young: Civil Rights Ambassador (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2003), 33, 35.
31. Plumer, Rising Wind, 318; William L. Lunch and Peter W. Sperlich, “American Public Opinion and the War in Vietnam,” Western Political Quarterly 32 (Mar. 1979): 36. These are national figures.
32. Westheider, Fighting on Two Fronts, 20–21; Westheider, African American Experience in Vietnam, 23; Herbert Shapiro, “The Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” Journal of Ethnic Studies 16 (Winter 1989): 136; D. L. Anderson, “Bill Henry Terry Jr.,” 135–51; Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 71.
33. Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 3 (Moses); Daniel S. Lucks, Selma to Saigon: The Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2014), 98 (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party); SNCC Statement on Vietnam, Jan. 6, 1966, reel 20, box 173, Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Papers, 1959–1973, microfilm copy, Library of Congress (hereafter cited as SNCC Papers); J. W. to Stennis, Feb. 2, 1966, 4/85/16, Stennis Papers.
34. Clyde Taylor, ed., Vietnam and Black Americans: An Anthology of Protest and Resistance (Garden City, NY: Anchor Books, 1973), 110 (Bond), 259; Bond, statement in unidentified newspaper clipping, reel 20, box 176, and King Statement, SNCC Press Conference, Jan. 8, 1965, reel 20, box 173, both SNCC Papers; Adam Fairclough, “Martin Luther King, Jr. and the War in Vietnam,” Phylon 45 (Mar. 1984): 26; Shapiro, “Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” 125–29.
35. Henry Wallace to Lucille Black, Dec. 11, 1965, Wallace to Roy Wilkins, Jan. 13, 1966, and Wallace to John A. Morsell, Jan. 17, 1966, all Group III, box A328, Records of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress.
36. Louisville Courier-Journal, Jan. 12, 1966; Lucks, Selma to Saigon, 116 (Greer); Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 13, 14, 15, 1966. In an interesting exchange of letters the following year, Andrew Young defended King and the SCLC’s opposition to the war while congratulating Patterson on winning the Pulitzer Prize. Patterson, in turn, maintained his support for Johnson and the war but declared, “The good thing about this country is that even friends are free to fall out.” See Young to Patterson, May 3, 1967, and Patterson to Young, June 5, 1967, both Records of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, 1954–1970, part II, reel 10, microfilm copy, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress (hereafter cited as SCLC Records).
37. Arthur C. Banks Jr. and Finley C. Campbell to Editor, Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 13, 1966; Norfolk Journal and Guide, Jan. 22, Feb. 5, 1966; Atlanta Daily World, Jan. 8, Feb. 2, 1966; Jackson Advocate, Jan. 29, 1966. See also Birmingham World, Feb. 9, 1966.
38. Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 57 (“visible symbol”); Westheider, African American Experience in Vietnam, 30–31; Graham, Brothers’ Vietnam War, 66–89; Thomas Hauser, The Lost Legacy of Muhammad Ali (Wilmington, DE: Sport Classic Publishing, 2005).
39. Graham, Brothers’ Vietnam War, 72–73; Ernst and Baldwin, “Not So Silent Minority,” 129.
40. Shapiro, “Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” 121–22; Fairclough, “Martin Luther King, Jr. and the War in Vietnam,” 24–25; Lucks, Selma to Saigon, 156; Plummer, In Search of Power, 152 (staffer).
41. Shapiro, “Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” 129–30; Lucks, Selma to Saigon, 188.
42. Thomas J. Noer, “Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Cold War,” Peace and Change 22 (Apr. 1997): 123; Shapiro, “Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” 131; Martin Luther King Jr., “The Casualties of the War in Vietnam,” speech before the National Institute, Beverly Hills, CA, Feb. 25, 1967, part IV, reel 25, SCLC Records.
43. Taylor, Vietnam and Black Americans, 81–82, 85–86, 91–92; Lucks, Selma to Saigon, 193–96.
44. Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 105–6, 111; Shapiro, “Vietnam War and the American Civil Rights Movement,” 134–35; Noer, “Martin Luther King Jr. and the Cold War,” 126; Fairclough, “Martin Luther King, Jr. and the War in Vietnam,” 34; Borstelmann, Cold War and the Color Line, 210; Lucks, Selma to Saigon, 218–19, 228; Jackson Advocate, Apr. 8, 1967.
45. DeRoche, Andrew Young, 34–35; Carter, Politics of Rage, 328 (Wallace); J. Woods, Black Struggle, Red Scare; Thomas Noer, “Segregationists and the World: The Foreign Policy of the White Resistance,” in Window on Freedom: Race, Civil Rights, and Foreign Affairs, 1945–1988, ed. Brenda Gayle Plummer (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 141–52; Wilson M. Epperson to Editor, Richmond News-Leader, [Sept. 1965], part I, reel 13, and “A dear, dear friend” to Martin Luther King, Aug. 5, 1965, part I, reel 12, both SCLC Records; J. E. H. to Sparkman, May 25, 1967, and Mrs. M. C. W. to Sparkman, Aug. 23, 1967, both 69A4119:6, “Foreign Relations,” Sparkman Papers; B. D. to Long, Apr. 22, 1967, 102:9, Long Papers; J. W. H. to Russell, Apr. 19, 1967, 35:5, Russell Papers.
46. Mr. and Mrs. J. M. S. to Tower, Jan. 30, 1966, 318:6, and J. S. B. to Tower, Apr. 29, 1967, 327:1, both Tower Papers; L. M. C. to Stennis, Apr. 30, 1967, 4/68/11, Stennis Papers.
47. Hauser, Lost Legacy of Muhammad Ali, 41–42.
48. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 548; CR, 90:1 (Feb. 28, 1967), 4,715–16, 4,724, 4,726–27; Fulbright to Paul Foster, May 13, 1967, 51:5, Fulbright to Jewell W. Massey, Aug. 23, 1967, 52:6, and Fulbright to Ronnie Dugger, Dec. 16, 1966, 47:6, all Fulbright Papers.
49. Meeting of the President with Senate Committee Chairman, July 25, 1967, in Barrett, Lyndon B. Johnson’s Vietnam Papers, 451–53.
50. Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 1, 19.
51. CR, 90:1 (Feb. 28, 1967), 4,715, 4,721; R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 442–43, 456; Fite, Richard B. Russell Jr., 451; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 810–11.
52. R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 456, 458; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 813.
53. Gore, “Capitol Commentary,” June 12, 1967, C44:1 (1967), Gore Papers; CR, 90:1 (May 15, 1967), box 570, Cooper Papers.
54. Gore, “Capitol Commentary,” Mar. 27, 1967, C44:1 (1967), Gore Papers; CR, 90:1 (May 15, 1967), box 570, Cooper Papers.
55. CR, 90:1 (May 11, 1967), 12,494, (May 23, 1967), 13,534–35; Louisville Times, Aug. 14, 1967, box 22, Morton Papers.
56. New York Times, Aug. 7, 1967; Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 840; Herring, America’s Longest War, 220; Andrew J. Huebner, The Warrior Image: Soldiers in American Culture from the Second World War to the Vietnam Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008), 188, 194; GOI, no. 19 (Jan. 1967), 4, no. 26 (Aug. 1967), 3–5, no. 27 (Sept. 1967), 4, and no. 29 (Nov. 1967), 4.
57. GOI, no. 19 (Jan. 1967), 3–4, no. 28 (Oct. 1967), 2, and no. 30 (Dec. 1967), 1; Louis, Bowles, and Grace, Inc., “The Climate of Opinion in Texas Politics as of November 1967,” xii–xiii, 884:1, Tower Papers.
58. GOI, no. 21 (Mar. 1967), 5–6, no. 24 (June 1967), 5, 7, no. 26 (Aug. 1967), 4, 7, no. 28 (Oct. 1967), 18, and no. 29 (Nov. 1967), 3–4, 8, 16–18.
59. W. H. B. to Fulbright, Aug. 10, 1967, 51:2, and G. A. G. to Fulbright, Aug. 10, 1967, 51:6, both Fulbright Papers; F. H. B. to Long, Jan. 15, 1967, 102:8, Long Papers; J. E. E. Jr. to L. H. Fountain, Jan. 16, 1967, and C. M. I. to Ervin, Jan. 16, 1967, both 150:6578, Ervin Papers.
60. W. B. P. to Talmadge, Jan. 27, 1967, 36:3, Russell Papers; D. M. S. to Harry F. Byrd Jr., Sept. 6, 1967, 197:Vietnam, Sept. 1–10, 1967, Byrd Jr. Papers; M. A. G. to Stennis, Jan. 1, 1967, 4/68/11, and J. K. P. to Stennis, Jan. 2, 1967, 43/95/Vietnam Miscellaneous, 1967, both Stennis Papers.
61. W. B. P. to Herman Talmadge, Jan. 27, 1968, 36:3, Russell Papers; L. D. K. M. to Byrd Jr., Aug. 22, 1967, and G. M. L. to Byrd Jr., Aug. 21, 1967, both 197:Vietnam, Aug. 21–25, 1967, Byrd Jr. Papers; R. DeB. to Gore, Apr. 25, 1967, C23:1, Gore Papers.
62. V. J. R. to Gore, May 5, 1967, C23:3, Gore Papers; W. K. to Stennis, Aug. 22, 1967, 4/68/11, Stennis Papers.
63. J. H. G. to Russell, Dec. 15, 1967, 33:11, Russell Papers; R. G. L. to Byrd Jr., May 25, 1967, 197:Vietnam, Mar.–July 20, 1967, Byrd Jr. Papers; Sue Spencer to Congressmen and Senators, July 25, 1967, 69A419:6, Foreign Relations, Sparkman Papers.
64. L. S. and J. R. S. to Ervin, Feb. 2, 1967, 150: 6579, H. M. to Ervin, Mar. 9, 1967, 150:6581, and R. A. to Ervin, Sept. 8, 1967, 150:6589, all Ervin Papers.
65. Fry, Debating Vietnam, 88, 102; Record, Wrong War, 174 (“defeat avoidance”); Stuart Symington to Stennis, Aug. 14, 15, 1967, 43/4/93, Stennis Papers; Symington to Howard C. Cannon, Aug. 14, 1967, 90th Cong., box 12, folder 187, Howard C. Cannon Papers, Special Collections, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Buzzanco, Masters of War, 300.
66. Stennis Hearings, 244; Fry, Debating Vietnam, 102–3.
67. For the press and informed sources, see Neil Sheehan’s articles in the New York Times, Aug. 10, 17, 1967; Newsweek, Sept. 11, 1967, 20–21; New York Times, Aug. 11, 1967 (Reston).
68. Stennis Hearings, 2–3.
69. Stennis Hearings, 29, 71, 110, 121, 130, 205.
70. Stennis Hearings, 58, 92, 466–67, 500.
71. Stennis Hearings, 252, 295, 426, 465.
72. Stennis Hearings, 149, 201, 205; Fry, Debating Vietnam, 104–9; Joseph A. Fry, “To Negotiate or Bomb: Congressional Prescriptions for Withdrawing U.S. Troops from Vietnam,” Diplomatic History 34 (June 2010): 522–23.
73. Fry, Debating Vietnam, 118–22; New York Times, Dec. 5, 1967; Nation, May 29, 1967, 675.
74. Stennis Hearings, 276, 279, 307; New Yorker, Sept. 16, 1967, 37–38; Fry, Debating Vietnam, 123–29; Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 55.
75. Stennis Hearings, 504; Fry, Debating Vietnam, 129–34; US Congress, Senate Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee of the Senate Armed Services Committee, Summary Report on Hearings on Air War against North Vietnam, 90th Cong., 1st sess., Aug. 31, 1967 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1967), 2, 7–9.
76. National Review, Sept. 19, 1967, 1,001; Aviation Week and Space Technology, Sept. 11, 1967, 21, and Oct. 16, 1967, 21; Nation, Sept. 18, 1967, 228; New York Times, Sept. 1, 1967.
77. Gibbons, U.S Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 900–901.
78. John K. McLean to Stennis, Jan. 5, 1967, Gay Broome to Stennis, May 7, 1967, 43/95/Vietnam Miscellaneous, and E. A. Nichols to Stennis, Apr. 19, 1967, 4/68/11, all Stennis Papers.
79. C. C. Wood to Stennis, May 2, 1967, 43/95/2, Stennis Papers; E. A. Bates to Stennis, July 11, 1967, Donald Nunnery to Stennis, Sept. 1, 1967, and Buddy Graves to Stennis, July 15, 1967, all 4/68/11, Stennis Papers.
80. Morton to James S. Templeton, Aug. 22, 1967, Morton to Robert Hubbard, Aug. 24, 1967, and Morton to Raymond Guinn, Sept. 12, 1967, all box 19, Morton Papers.
81. CR, 90:1 (Sept. 28, 1967), 27,130–31.
82. Fulbright to Mrs. Joseph W. Schwartz, Aug. 29, 1967, 55:3, Fulbright Papers; Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 176 (Oberdorfer).
83. Walter Leet Jr. to Morton, Jan. 24, 1967, and Raymond Sory to Morton, Sept. 28, 1967, both box 19, Morton Papers; Robert E. and Sylvia Burkhart to Morton, July 25, 1967, Willa Stringfield to Morton, Aug. 14, 1967, Harold Wahking to Morton, Aug. 14, 1967, Kenneth McKean to Morton, Aug. 15, 1967, C. R. Kaplan to Morton, Aug. 17, 1967, and Charles R. Gruenberger to Morton, Sept. 26, 1967, all box 22, Morton Papers.
84. Gibbons, U.S. Government and the Vietnam War, 4: 848 (McGovern); Notes of the President’s Meeting with Rusk, McNamara . . . Wheeler, Oct. 23, 1967, in Barrett, Lyndon B. Johnson’s Vietnam Papers, 509; Fry, Debating Vietnam, 139–40.
85. Neil Sheehan, “You Don’t Know Where Johnson Ends and McNamara Begins,” New York Times Magazine, Oct. 22, 1967, 127.
86. New York Times, Oct. 13, 1967 (Rusk); Tower, press release, Dec. 7, 1967, 973:8, Tower Papers.
87. CR, 90:1 (Oct. 24, 1967), 29,801–3 (Dec. 8, 1967), 35,559–60.
1. David F. Schmitz, The Tet Offensive: Politics, War, and Public Opinion (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2005), 99 (Cronkite); Herring, America’s Longest War, 257 (bastards); R. B. Woods, LBJ, 830.
2. Herring, America’s Longest War, 257 (“restraint”), 274 (“de-escalation”); Prados, Vietnam, 261–62.
3. Schoenbaum, Waging Peace and War, 469–70 (Christian), 274; Herring, America’s Longest War, 247 (“bleak”).
4. George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975 (Boston: McGraw Hill, 2002), 255.
5. Talmadge, “Reports from the United States Senate,” May 1, 1968, 2/256/15, Talmadge Papers; Ervin to Janie Sprinkle, Feb. 15, 1968, 169:7502, Ervin Papers; Sparkman to Ollie Franklin Myers, May 24, 1968, 70A4063:5, Sparkman Papers; Long to James W. Parker, Sept. 24, 1968, 108:34, and Transcript of Long Radio and Television Interview with Louisiana Broadcast Network, Mar. 16–17, 1968, 606:38, both Long Papers; Russell to Charles F. Heard, Mar. 14, 1968, 32:12, and Russell to Sherry McEachern, Mar. 7, 1969, 31:6, both Russell Papers.
6. Downs, “Matter of Conscience,” 100, 106; CR, 90:2 (Feb. 28, 1968), 4,490; Stennis to Dr. Hans H. Behner, Mar. 27, 1968, 4/68/9, and Stennis, speech to Military Order of the World Wars, Memphis, TN, Oct. 25, 1968, 1, 4, Public Series, 5/26, both Stennis Papers; Tower, news release, Feb. 10–11, 1968, 25:15, and news release, Mar. 1, 1968, 22:1, both Tower Papers.
7. Morton, press releases, Feb. 4, Apr. 2, 1968, box 2, Morton Papers.
8. CR, 90:2 (Mar. 7, 1968), 5,651; US Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, “[Hearings on] The Gulf of Tonkin, the 1964 Incidents,” 90th Cong., 2nd sess., Feb. 20, 1968 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1968), 1, 8–9, 30 (hereafter cited as SFRC, “Gulf of Tonkin” Hearings); R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 474–79; Mann, Grand Delusion, 579–80.
9. SFRC, “Gulf of Tonkin” Hearings, 79–80; 88–91, 102; Baltimore Sun, Jan. 14, 1968, box 603, Cooper Papers.
10. SFRC, “Gulf of Tonkin” Hearings, 109–10; CR, 90:2 (Mar. 7, 1968), 5,646.
11. US Congress, Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, [Hearings on] “Foreign Assistance Act of 1968, Part I—Vietnam,” 90th Cong., 2nd sess., Mar. 11–12, 1968 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1968), 1 (hereafter cited as SFRC, “Foreign Assistance Act of 1968” Hearings).
12. SFRC, “Foreign Assistance Act of 1968” Hearings, 16–17.
13. SFRC, “Foreign Assistance Act of 1968” Hearings, 13, 46, 1,345–36; B. S. K. to Gore, Mar. 13, 1968, A47:3, Gore Papers.
14. SFRC, “Foreign Assistance Act of 1968” Hearings, 133–35, 138–39; CR, 90:2 (Mar. 7, 1968), 5,645.
15. SFRC, “Foreign Assistance Act of 1968” Hearings, 79, 103, 105, 258.
16. Mann, Grand Delusion, 11 (Senate speeches); Hodges, “Cooing of a Dove,” 144.
17. GOI, no. 31 (Jan. 1968), 2–3, no. 32 (Feb. 1968), 2–3, 18, no. 33 (Mar. 1968), 2–3, no. 34 (Apr. 1968), 2–3, no. 35 (May 1968), 2–3, no. 40 (Oct. 1968), 5, and no. 42 (Dec. 1968), 2.
18. GOI, no. 32 (Feb. 1968), p. 18, no. 33 (Mar. 1968), 6, 8, no. 34 (Apr. 1968), 15–17, no. 35 (May 1968), 20–22, no. 38 (Aug. 1968), 2, 7, no. 39 (Sept. 1968), 3, no. 40 (Oct. 1968), 24–25, no. 41 (Nov. 1968), 7, and no. 42 (Dec. 1968), 2.
19. Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 7, 8, Mar. 12, 15, 1968; Dallas Morning News, Feb. 14, 16, 1968; Montgomery Advertiser, Feb. 1, 9, Apr. 2, 1968; Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 1, 3, 8, 16, Mar. 13, 25, 1968; Herring, America’s Longest War, 222.
20. H. G. to Ervin, Mar. 18, 1968, 169:7507, and A. D. T. to Ervin, May 23, 1968, 169:7512, both Ervin Papers; Henry L. Lewis to Stennis, Mar. 12, 1968, with enclosure, “Open Letter to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee,” 43/96/2, Stennis Papers; E. D. M. to Henry E. Niles, Mar. 28, 1968, 32:8, D. D. S. to Russell, Oct. 16, 1968, 32:2, and F. A. C. to Russell, Nov. 12, 1968, 32:1, all Russell Papers; Mrs. J. R. to Sparkman, Jan. 30, 1968, 70A4063:5, Sparkman Papers.
21. A. J. H. to Ervin, Feb. 1, 1968, 169:7502, Ervin Papers; Daniel Justice to Editor, Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 7, 1968; Mrs. Paul E. Miller to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, Mar. 9, 1968; W. L. W. to Russell, Jan. 15, 1968, 33:7, Russell Papers.
22. L. M. D. to Fulbright, Jan. 26, 1968, 54:4, Fulbright Papers; T. A. C. to Russell, Apr. 26, 1968, 32:2, and A. C. H. Jr. to Russell, June 9, 1969, 30:11, both Russell Papers; GOI, no. 48 (June 1969), 11, no. 60 (June 1970), 13.
23. Excerpts from Tower, speech to Midwest Regional Conference of the Associated Credit Bureaus of America, Apr. 26, 1968, 22:11, Tower Papers; Talmadge, “Reports from the United States Senate,” Apr. 10, 1968, 2/256/12, Talmadge Papers; Stennis, speech to Coast Guard Section of Reserve Officers Association, Fort Myers, VA, Feb. 21, 1968, 5, and Stennis, speech to VFW Convention, Jackson, MS, June 22, 1968, 5, 9, both Public Series, 15/12, Stennis Papers; Downs, “Matter of Conscience,” 69, 96.
24. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich, 14, 18; Walter LaFeber, The Deadly Bet: LBJ, Vietnam and the 1968 Election (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005), 138; Carter, Politics of Rage, 161, 305.
25. LaFeber, Deadly Bet, 141, 143; Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 196–97.
26. Herman E. Talmadge, with Mark Royden Winchell, Talmadge: A Political Legacy, A Politician’s Life: A Memoir (Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers, 1987), 250–51; LaFeber, Deadly Bet, 103–13; J. C. Cobb, South and America since World War II, 13–32; Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 195–236; GOI, no. 40 (Oct. 1968), 23, no. 41 (Nov. 1968), 7.
27. Catherine Forslund, Anna Chennault: Informal Diplomacy and Asian Relations (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), 51–81; Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 221–31; Anna Chennault to Tran Thien Khiem, Mar. 25, 1969, 974:7, Tower Papers.
28. George C. Herring, “The Executive, Congress, and the Vietnam War,” in Congress and United States Foreign Policy: Controlling the Use of Force in the Nuclear Age, ed. Michael Barnart (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987), 181; Robert Schulzinger, “Richard Nixon, Congress, and the War in Vietnam, 1969–1974,” in R. B. Woods, Vietnam and the American Political Tradition, 283; R. D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 143; Alton Frye and Jack Sullivan, “Congress and Vietnam: The Fruits of Anguish,” in To Advise and Consent: The United States, Congress and Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century, ed. Joel Silbey, 2 vols. (Brooklyn, NY: Carlson Publishers, 1991), 2: 336.
29. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 242, 245; Small, Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves, 197.
30. J. C. Cobb, South and America since World War II, 136–38; Prados, Vietnam, 299–302; Melvin Small, The Presidency of Richard Nixon (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1999), 65; Jeffrey Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), 212; Henry Kissinger, White House Years (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 229.
31. Small, Presidency of Richard Nixon, 67; Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 78 (“Commie mind”); H. R. Haldeman, with Joseph DiMona, The Ends of Power (New York: Times Books, 1978), 83 (“Mad-man Theory”).
32. Thomas Borstelmann, The 1970s: A New Global History from Civil Rights to Economic Inequality (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2012), 23 (“too clear-eyed,” “defeat”); Thomas Alan Schwartz, “‘Henry, . . . Winning an Election Is Terribly Important’: Partisan Politics in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations,” Diplomatic History 33 (Apr. 2009): 174.
33. Herring, America’s Longest War, 277–96; Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, passim; Prados, Vietnam, 288–517.
34. GOI, 1969–1973, passim, no. 52 (Oct. 1969), 14, no. 56 (Feb. 1970), 2, no. 60 (June 1970), 1–2, 4–5, no. 69 (Mar. 1971), 12, no. 84 (June 1972), 3–4. See also surveys of Texas public opinion, Dec. 1969, June 1970, 883:3, and Mar. 1971, 883:4, all Tower Papers.
35. Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 166, 172, 176; Lucks, Selma to Saigon, 234.
36. Atlanta Daily World, May 3, 7, 8, 10, 14, 17, 1970, consulted via the Black Studies Center, published by ProQuest in collaboration with the New York Public Library, http://ezproxy.library.unlv.edu/login?url=http://bsc.chadwyck.con (accessed Feb. 27, 2014) (hereafter cited as Atlanta Daily World); Birmingham World, Oct. 12, 1968, May 6, 16, 23, 1970, July 8, 1972.
37. Mrs. J. P. J. to Fulbright, Mar. 26, 1969, 56:7, and R. H. and M. B. S. to Fulbright, May 10, 1970, 66:2, both Fulbright Papers; T. J. Morris to Talmadge, Nov. 11, 1969, 11/74/4, Talmadge Papers; Rev. G. Wright Dole to Ervin, Oct. 10, 1969, 188:8439, and Mrs. Jerry H. Parrish to Ervin, Oct. 17, 1969, 188:8442, both Ervin Papers; Clarence McKasson to Tower, Oct. 22, 1969, 378:3, Tower Papers; Perry Hudson to Russell, Apr. 4, 1969, 31:14, Russell Papers.
38. Robert F. Morgan to John Stennis, Sept. 18, 1970, 28:4, Leroy Guinn to Russell, Aug. 10, 1969, 30:9, D. C. Ruff to Russell, Sept. 16, 1969, 30:7, and Frank Alessi to Russell, Nov. 15, 1969, 29:11, all Russell Papers. For the South’s estimate of South Vietnamese military capacity, see GOI, no. 43 (Jan. 1969), 9.
39. Al S. James Jr. to Richard Nixon, Aug. 12, 1969, 30:9, Russell Papers; Rabbi Efraim M. Rosenzweig to Ervin, Oct. 14, 1969, 188:8438, Dr. A. T. H. to Ervin, Mar. 25, 1969, 188:8437, and Douglas Mock to Ervin, Oct. 15, 1969, 188:8449, all Ervin Papers; Ben Cashion to Fulbright, Oct. 7, 1969, 56:3, Fulbright Papers; Bill Maxwell to Tower, Nov. 8, 1969, 378:1, Tower Papers.
40. W. R. H. to Russell, Oct. 24, 1969, 30:3, Russell Papers; Dr. J. S. G. Jr., to Ervin, Oct. 16, 1969, 188:8438, Ervin Papers.
41. Stennis to Alice Faye Murphee, June 25, 1970, 31/11/72, and Stennis to Steve Rogers, Nov. 19, 1971, 31/11/49, both Stennis Papers; Ervin to North Carolina Committee of Concerned Americans, July 1, 1969, 188:8435, and Ervin to Jim Davidson, Oct. 24, 1969, 188:8441, both Ervin Papers; Russell to Mrs. Adolphe J. Michel, Mar. 5, 1969, 31:6, and Russell to Mr. and Mrs. V. E. Dial, Apr. 14, 1969, 31:4, both Russell Papers; transcript, Long’s appearance on CBS, Face the Nation, Nov. 2, 1969, 18, 608:80, Long Papers.
42. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 240 (Thurmond), 259 (Cooper); Tower, “Vietnam Situation” Report, Feb. 22–23, 1969, Tower, news release, Apr. 14, 1969, and Tower, news release, Oct. 1, 1969, all 974:6, Tower Papers; Robert F. Maddox, “John Sherman Cooper and the Vietnam War,” Journal of the West Virginia Historical Association 11 (1987): 66–67.
43. Downs, “Matter of Conscience,” 106 (“number one champion”), 120; Stennis, Floor Statement Regarding Vietnam, May 14, 1970, 2, 4/61/7, and Stennis, speech to National Guard Association, Jackson, MS, Sept. 17, 1970, 8, both Public Series, 18/13, Stennis Papers. Russell and Rivers were also informed of the bombing of Cambodia. See Scanlon, Pro-War Movement, 103.
44. Transcript of Stennis’s appearance on CBS, Face the Nation, Mar. 9, 1969, 15, and Stennis, speech to East Mississippi Electric Power Association, Oct. 25, 1969, 10–13, both Public Series, 17/10, Stennis Papers.
45. Berman, William Fulbright, 105, 109, 115; R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 533; Mann, Grand Delusion, 628, 639.
46. CR, 91:1 (Mar. 20, 1969), 6,966–67 (May 8, 1969), 11,827 (June 17, 1969), 16,127 (June 19, 1969), 16,576.
47. R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 513; CR, 91:1 (June 25, 1969), 17,241–42, 17,244–45; CQA, 91:1 (1969), 178.
48. Small, Presidency of Richard Nixon, 183; Small, Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves, 74; Charles DeBenedetti, with Charles Chatfield, An American Ordeal: The Antiwar Movement of the Vietnam Era (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 255–57.
49. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 271–72; Mann, Grand Delusion, 643–45.
50. Hagopian, Vietnam War in American Memory, 62 (Nixon); Claude Cook-man, “An American Atrocity: The My Lai Massacre Concretized in a Victim’s Face,” Journal of American History 94 (June 2007): 160–61 (Rivers); Becnel, Senator Allen Ellender, 261; CQA, 91:1 (1969), 853 (Hollings), 92:1 (1971), 267 (Rarick).
51. CQA, 92:1 (1971), 744 (Talmadge, Blackburn); Tower, Weekly News Report, Apr. 10–11, 1971, 26:2, Tower Papers.
52. Michael R. Belknap, The Vietnam War on Trial: The My Lai Massacre and the Court Martial of Lieutenant Calley (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002), 192 (Williams); Hagopian, Vietnam War in American Memory, 60 (Carter); David Frum, How We Got Here: The 70’s: The Decade That Brought You Modern Life (for Better or Worse) (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 84–85.
53. Mark D. Carson, “F. Edward Hebert and the Congressional Investigation of the My Lai Massacre” (MA thesis, University of New Orleans, 1993), 2–7; Mark D. Carson, “F. Edward Hebert and the Congressional Investigation of the My Lai Massacre,” Louisiana History 37 (Winter 1996): 61–64, 67–68, 62n7 (“unreconstructed rebels”).
54. US Congress, House Committee on Armed Services Investigating Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee, [Hearings on] “Investigation of the My Lai Incident,” 91st Cong., 2nd sess., Apr. 15–17, 23–24, 27–30, May 8–9, 12–13, June 9–10, 22, 1970 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976), 204–17, 219, 223, 226–41, 251–61, 270–73, 475–88, 840–48.
55. Carson, “F. Edward Hebert” (Louisiana History), 73, 76–77.
56. Belknap, Vietnam War on Trial, 196; N. M. P. to Talmadge, Dec. 1969, 11/78/2, H. A. to Talmadge, Apr. 19, 1971, and G. H. and B. A. B. to Talmadge, Apr. 20, 1971, 11/118/3, all Talmadge Papers; M. F. to Tower, Apr. 1, 1971, 383:4, Tower Papers.
57. H. B. P. Jr. to Ervin, May 7, 1971, 243:10214, Ervin Papers; W. B. K. to Talmadge, Apr. 2, 1971, G. P. S. Jr. to Talmadge, Apr. 3, 1971, J. S. P. to Talmadge, Apr. 4, 1971, and R. A. C. to Talmadge, Apr. 8, 1971, 11/115/3, all Talmadge Papers; B. F. S. to Talmadge, Apr. 13, 1971, and Mrs. R. Y. to Talmadge, Apr. 16, 1971, both 11/118/6, Talmadge Papers. For the compelling argument that My Lai was not an aberration, see Turse, Kill Anything That Moves.
58. Montgomery Advertiser, Apr. 22, 25, 1970; Prados, Vietnam, 365; Herring, America’s Longest War, 300.
59. Herring, America’s Longest War, 301.
60. William Shawcross, Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 134–35 (“down the drain”); Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 288 (“the Right”). Although Harry Byrd Jr., a lifelong Democrat, declared himself an Independent in 1971, he continued to caucus with the Democrats in the Senate. Therefore, I have counted him as a Democrat in calculating southern votes. See Tarter, Grandees of Government, 360.
61. R. D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 165; Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 284.
62. CR, 91:2 (Apr. 30, 1970), 13,562 (May 14, 1970), 15,553 (May 15, 1970), 15,719–20, 15,723, 15731 (June 3, 1970), 18,127–28.
63. Karl E. Campbell, Senator Sam Ervin, Last of the Founding Fathers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 4, 7, 9.
64. CR, 91:2 (May 18, 1970), 15,927 (May 21, 1970), 16,533; Scanlon, Pro-War Movement, 134, 138.
65. Schulman, John Sherman Cooper, 37, 57.
66. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 283 (Cooper); R. D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 164.
67. CR, 91:2 (May 15, 1970), 15,723–25 (May 21, 1970), 16,532–33 (May 26, 1970), 17,066; CQA, 91:2 (1970), 46-S.
68. R. D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 165 (“civil war”); CR, 91:2 (May 1, 1970), 13,833 (May 14, 1970), 15,562–63 (May 15, 1970), 15,727.
69. R. D. Johnson, Congress and the Cold War, 167 (“symbolic value”); Logevall, “John Sherman Cooper,” 256 (Washington Post); CQA, 91:2 (1970), 33-S, 42–43-H.
70. Mann, Grand Delusion, 670; GOI, no. 61 (July 1970), 5; CQA, 91:2 (1970), 46-S.
71. R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 579; CR, 91:2 (Aug. 25, 1970), 29,938 (Cooper) (Aug. 31, 1970), 30,474 (Stennis); Maddox, “John Sherman Cooper and the Vietnam War,” 68.
72. Montgomery Advertiser, May 2, 12, 14, 15, 1970; Dallas Morning News, May 5, 6, 14, 1970; New Orleans Times-Picayune, May 6, 12, 1970.
73. Louisville Courier-Journal, May 2, 6, 9, 21, 1970.
74. Atlanta Constitution, May 2, 5, 17, 1970.
75. Mr. and Mrs. R. C. to Cooper, May 9, 1970, box 459, Anonymous to Cooper, May 12, 1970, box 459, Donald S. Cann to Cooper, May 14, 1970, box 454, Rev. D. M. Hart to Cooper, May 15, 1970, box 468; Maurice D. Ingle to Cooper, May 26, 1970, box 455, G. E. Bowman to Cooper, May 31, 1970, box 454, Mrs. Gerald Adkins, June 6, 1970, box 467, Mrs. William E. Arnold to Cooper, June 29, 1970, box 454, and Mrs. Margaret S. Burr to Cooper, June 30, 1970, box 467, all Cooper Papers.
76. Mary McCallaway to Cooper, May 5, 1970, box 461, Dr. and Mrs. W. C. G. to Cooper, May 9, 1970, Lucienne Boswell to Cooper, May 10, 1970, Elizabeth A. Bridgeman to Cooper, May 11, 1970, box 456, and Mr. and Mrs. Raymond L. Short to Cooper and Frank Church, May 27, 1970, box 454, all Cooper Papers.
77. F. C. W. to Stennis, Apr. 27, 1970, and N. W. C. Jr. to Stennis, May 12, 1970, both 53/3/130, Stennis Papers; A. C. McG. to Fulbright, June 24, 1970, 60:5, Fulbright Papers; Rev. K. A. G. to Ervin, June 18, 1970, 212:9262, Ervin Papers.
78. M. H. to Stennis, May 15, 1970, 53/3/136, Stennis Papers; T. P. R. to Talmadge, June 12, 1970, 11/103/1, Talmadge Papers.
79. Talmadge, “Reports from the United States Senate,” May 14, 1970, 2/240/16, and July 1970, 2/240/8, both Talmadge Papers.
80. Atlanta Constitution, June 10, 1970; Jack D. Aiken to Talmadge, May 5, 1970, 11/98/6, J. R. Eason to Talmadge, May 5, 1970, 11/98/6, L. R. Sams to Talmadge, June 8, 1970, 11/102/96, Ken Schmidt to Talmadge, June 9, 1970, and Doug Slagle to Talmadge, June 12, 1970, 11/103/1, all Talmadge Papers.
81. Patrick L. Cox, Ralph W. Yarborough, the People’s Senator (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002), 242; A. R. E. to Ben Musselshite, Apr. 30, 1970, 3W149: File 5/5/70, Yarborough Papers; H. C. S. to Gore, May 1, 1970, B47:1, and H. L. to Gore, May 22, 1970, B47:7, both Gore Papers.
82. Texas Observer, May 15, Sept. 14, 1970; Longley, Senator Albert Gore, 235.
83. Melinda Henneberger, “For Gore, Army Years Mixed Vietnam and Family Politics,” New York Times, July 11, 2000, http://partners.nytimes.com/library/politics/camp/07100wh-gore.html; Longley, Senator Albert Gore, 220–21.
84. A. O. J. to Sparkman, Sept. 17, 1968, 70A4063:5, Sparkman Papers; R. L. W. to Fulbright, Dec. 8, 1968, 57:6, Fulbright Papers.
85. S. F. McP. to Talmadge, May 12, 1970, 11/98/4, Talmadge Papers.
86. William Shepard McAninch, “The UFO,” South Carolina Law Review 46 (1994–1995): 363; Ernst and Baldwin, “Not So Silent Minority,” 114, 116; Davie Cortright, Soldiers in Revolt: The American Military Today (Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1975), 53–56; Stur, Beyond Combat, 192–95; Reynolds Steward Kiefer, “Dissent in the Desert” (MA thesis, University of Texas, El Paso, 1997), 127–38, 152.
87. Ernst and Baldwin, “Not So Silent Minority,” 116.
88. McAninch, “UFO,” 365, 375; Texas Observer, Nov. 19, 1971.
89. Lutz, Home Front, 14
1. Paul K. Conkin, Gone with the Ivy: A Biography of Vanderbilt University (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985), 613; Gregg L. Michel, Struggle for a Better South: The Southern Student Organizing Committee, 1964–1969 (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2004), 3.
2. Kenneth J. Heineman, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era (New York: New York University Press, 1993), 82 (Shero); Stephen Flynn Young, “The Kudzu: Sixties Generation Revolt—Even in Mississippi,” Southern Quarterly 34 (Spring 1996): 122–27.
3. Mitchell K. Hall, “‘A Crack in Time’: The Response of Students at the University of Kentucky to the Tragedy at Kent State, May 1970,” Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 83 (Winter 1985): 39; Stephen Eugene Parr, “The Forgotten Radicals: The New Left in the Deep South: Florida State University, 1960–1972” (PhD diss., Florida State University, 2000), 218; McAninch, “UFO,” 375; Terry H. Anderson, The Movement and the Sixties: Protest in America from Greensboro to Wounded Knee (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 139–40.
4. Dallas Morning News, Jan. 11, 1966, May 13, 1970; Montgomery Advertiser, Apr. 13, May 12, 15, 23, 1970; Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 15, 1966; McAninch, “UFO,” 370 (State); Young, “Kudzu,” 130–31 (Clarion-Ledger).
5. Hall, “‘Crack in Time,’” 62; W. C. Moffett to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, Feb. 11, 1965; Sue B. Gibson to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, Feb. 10, 1968; H. C. Mooningham to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, May 9, 1970; Louis Bahr Sr. to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, May 12, 1970; Charles Ryle to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, May 12, 1970; Jerry Arnold to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, May 12, 1970; Mary E. French to Editor, Louisville Courier Journal, May 16, 1970; Marion Brainard to President Nixon, [Feb. 1969], Human Rights, box 27, file “Beginning 3/20/69,” and D. L. Rosenau Jr. to President Nixon, June 29, 1970, box 28, [folder 1 of 2], both White House Central Files, Nixon Presidential Materials Project, National Archives and Records Administration II, College Park, Maryland (hereafter cited as Nixon Project [these materials have since been moved to the Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, CA]); Bruce Farr to Albert Gore, May 7, 1970, Kenneth N. Gould to Gore, May 7, 1970, and Homer E. Russell to Gore, May 9, 1970, all B47:8, Gore Papers. Similar letters to the editor or to political figures can be found in virtually all southern newspapers or manuscript collections of political figures.
6. “A Draftee’s Parent” to Editor, Atlanta Constitution, Jan. 17, 1966.
7. DeBenedetti and Chatfield, American Ordeal, 152, 186; Tom Wells, The War Within: America’s Battle over Vietnam (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 70, 543; Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 242; Lowell H. Harrison, Western Kentucky University (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987), 234; Urban Research Corporation, On Strike . . . Shut It Down! A Report on the First National Student Strike in U.S. History, May 1970, xiv, White House Central Files, Staff Members and Office Files (hereafter cited as WHCSFM), H. R. Haldeman, box 284, Nixon Project; Urban Institute, Survey of Campus Incidents as Interpreted by College Presidents, Faculty Chairmen and Student Body Presidents (Oct. 1970), 9, 13, WHCSFM, Robert Finch, box 27, “Scranton Commission,” Nixon Project; David S. McCarthy, “‘The Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA’: Project Resistance at William and Mary,” Intelligence and National Security 28 (Oct. 2013): 611–33 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2012.6992912 (accessed Nov. 17, 2014); Gregory Duhe, “The FBI and Students for a Democratic Society at the University of New Orleans, 1968–1971,” Journal of the Louisiana Historical Society 63 (Winter 2002): 53–74.
8. Durand Long and Julian Foster, “Levels of Protest,” in Protest! Student Activism in America, ed. Julian Foster and Durand Long (New York: Morrow, 1970), 83; Mailing List of Organizations Opposing the War in Vietnam—May 1967, part IV, reel 26, SNCC Papers; Hall, “‘Crack in Time,’” 40; GOI, no. 55 (Jan. 1970), 16.
9. Lou Harris and Associates, “A Survey of the Attitudes of College Students” (June 1970), 11, 14, 17, 21, 26, 51, WHCSFM, Robert French, box 25, “Heard Report” [1 of 2], Nixon Project.
10. Michel, Struggle for a Better South, 17; Ruth Anne Thompson, “‘A Taste of Student Power’: Protest at the University of Tennessee, 1964–1970,” Tennessee Historical Quarterly 57 (Spring–Summer 1998): 84.
11. Alfred Sandlin Reid, Furman University: Toward A New Identity, 1925–1975 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1976), 213, 217; Gamecock (University of South Carolina student newspaper), Feb. 10, 1967; Thomas G. Dyer, The University of Georgia: A Bicentennial History, 1785–1985 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985), 345–46; Conkin, Gone with the Ivy, 615–16; Cavalier Daily (University of Virginia student newspaper, hereafter cited as CD), Mar. 17, 1966, Sept. 22, 1967; Daily Reville (Louisiana State University student newspaper, hereafter cited as DR), Oct. 12, 1965; Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 72; McCarthy, “‘Sun Never Sets on the Activities of the CIA,’” 11–15.
12. William A. Link, William Friday: Power, Purpose, and American Higher Education (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 128, 138–39, 149, 151; Conkin, Gone with the Ivy, 616, 625; Harrison, Western Kentucky University, 234; CD, Apr. 1, 1965, Mar. 17, 1966, Feb. 18, 19, 1969, May 11, 12, 1970; DR, Mar. 30, 1966, Mar. 10, May 6, 7, 1970.
13. LaFeber, “Johnson, Vietnam, and Toqueville,” 50; Melvin Small, Antiwarriors: The Vietnam War and the Battle for America’s Hearts and Minds (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2002), 102 (Nixon); MacPherson, Long Time Passing, 39 (“get laid”).
14. Todd V. Scofield, “History and a Slice of Social Justice: The Anti–Vietnam War Movement in Tampa and USF: 1965–1970” (MA thesis, University of South Florida, 1988), 18; Atlanta Constitution, May 11, 1970.
15. DR, Feb. 18, Sept. 9, Oct. 27, Nov. 3, 1965, Mar. 3, 1967; Michel, Struggle for a Better South, 110; CD, Oct. 3, 1967.
16. Gregg L. Michel, “‘We’ll Take Our Stand’: The Southern Student Organizing Committee and the Radicalization of White Southern Students, 1964–1969” (PhD diss., University of Virginia, 1999), 415; CD, Oct. 29, 1969, May 6, 1970, Mar. 23, 1971.
17. Red and Black (University of Georgia student newspaper, hereafter cited as RB), Nov. 2, 19, 1971; Daniel J. Campbell to Editor, DR, May 5, 1967.
18. Greg A. Mausz to President Nixon, May 28, 1970, White House Central Files, Human Rights, file 8/1/70–8/13/70, box 29, Nixon Project; Jeffrey H. Turner, “Student Power, Black Power, Class Power: Race, Class, and Student Activism on Two Commuter Campuses,” Gulf South Historical Review 16 (Fall 2000): 59.
19. Donald Laing to Editor, CD, Oct. 20, 1967; Roger Young to Editor, CD, Oct. 10, 1969; DR, Feb. 2, 10, 1966, Apr. 25, 1968; Brian Altobello to Editor, Gamecock, May 10, 1967; Gamecock, Oct. 15, 1969.
20. Jim Haw to Editor, DR, Oct. 29, 1965; DR, Mar. 4, June 29, 1965, May 5, 1968; Dana McGuinness to Editor, CD, Oct. 5, 1967; Gamecock, Oct. 17, 1969.
21. G. Robert Jones to Editor, CD, Oct. 20, 1967; Donald Laing to Editor, CD, Oct. 20, 1967; Roger Young to Editor, CD, Oct. 17, 1969; Donald C. Miller to Editor, DR, Oct. 5, 1967.
22. Michel, “‘We’ll Take Our Stand,’” 260–62, 337–39.
23. Michel, Struggle for a Better South, 148–50.
24. Michel, Struggle for a Better South, 151–52; Michel, “‘We’ll Take Our Stand,’” 409.
25. “Summary of Executive Committee Meeting,” SSOC Worklist Mailing, Feb. 14, 1968, David Morris Collection, box 2, folder 24, Sherrod Library, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City (hereafter cited as Morris Collection). I would like to thank John Ernst for sharing these materials from the Morris Collection with me.
26. DR, May 3, Nov. 3, 1967; Jeffrey A. Turner, Sitting In and Speaking Out: Student Movements in the American South, 1960–1970 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2010), 231–32; Thompson, “‘Taste of Student Power,’” 84, 87–89; Conkin, Gone with the Ivy, 625–26.
27. Virginius Dabney, Virginia Commonwealth University: A Sesquicentennial History (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1987), 233–34; Gamecock, May 5, 19, 1967; Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 120; CD, Feb. 15, 1966, Feb. 17, 1967; Kiefer, “Dissent in the Desert,” 40–50.
28. CD, Oct. 20, 1969. For similar arguments by protestors at Duke University and the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, see Turner, Sitting In and Speaking Out, 246–47, 254–55.
29. Tom Falney to Editor, CD, Oct. 18, 1968; David Bebzien to Editor, Paul C. Hvidding to Editor, Lawrence Burman to Editor, and Lawrence D. Smith to Editor, all CD, Oct. 22, 1968.
30. Michel, “‘We’ll Take Our Stand,’” 480; Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 225; Stephen H. Wheeler, “‘Hell No—We Won’t Go, Ya’ll’: Southern Student Opposition to the Vietnam War,” in The Vietnam War on Campus: Other Voices, More Distant Drums, ed. Marc Jason Gilbert (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2001), 154; Daily Texan (University of Texas, Austin, student newspaper), Apr. 1972; Hall, “‘Crack in Time,’” 50; Urban Research Corporation, On Strike, 28; Turner, Sitting In and Speaking Out, 261–62.
31. CD, Dec. 6, 1967; “Dow in the South,” SSOC, Worklist Mailing, Feb. 19, 1968, [2–3], box 2, folder 24, Morris Collection; Dabney, Virginia Commonwealth University, 233–34.
32. Michel, Struggle for a Better South, 143–48; CD, Sept. 25, 1968; Douglas C. Rossinow, The Politics of Authenticity: Liberalism, Christianity, and the New Left in America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 215; Scofield, “History and a Slice of Social Justice,” 161; Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 296–98; Gamecock, Feb. 18, Apr. 29, 1969.
33. Rossinow, Politics of Authenticity, 214; DR, Apr. 20, 22, 1966.
34. Turner, Sitting In and Speaking Out, 241; RB, Apr. 18, 1967; Gamecock, Apr. 28, May 5, 1967.
35. Scofield, “History and a Slice of Social Justice,” 94–96; Joseph A. Fry, “Unpopular Messengers: Student Opposition to the Vietnam War,” in D. L. Anderson and Ernst, War That Never Ends, 227; Thompson, “‘Taste of Student Power,’” 89–92.
36. Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan, Who Spoke Up? American Protest against the War in Vietnam, 1963–1975 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1984), 265, 269 (quotes); Small, Johnson, Nixon, and the Doves, 183; DeBenedetti and Chatfield, American Ordeal, 255.
37. RB, Oct. 16, 1969; Daily Texan, Oct. 16, 1969; Louisville Courier Journal, Oct. 16, 1969; DR, Oct. 16, 1969; Thomas N. Naquin, “The Big Muddy and the Bayou State: Louisiana’s Political and Public Reaction to the Vietnam War” (MA thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2005), 76–77; Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 217; Conkin, Gone with the Ivy, 626–27; Henry N. Drewry and Humphrey Doermann, Stand and Prosper: Private Black Colleges and Their Students (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 154; Dabney, Virginia Commonwealth University, 237; Harrison, Western Kentucky University, 233.
38. Gamecock, Oct. 15, 17, 1969; DR, Oct. 7, 8, 14, 16, 17, 1969.
39. CD, Sept. 26, Oct. 1, 3, 7, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16 (quote), 1969.
40. T. Anderson, Movement and the Sixties, 331; Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 174.
41. DeBenedetti and Chatfield, American Ordeal, 280; Zaroulis and Sullivan, Who Spoke Up? 319; Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 216.
42. Tim Spofford, Lynch Street: The May 1970 Slayings at Jackson State College (Kent OH: Kent State University Press, 1988).
43. Gamecock, May 18, 1970.
44. Martha Biondi, The Black Revolution on Campus (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012), 32, 142, 155, 158, 165; Ibram H. Rogers, The Black Campus Movement: Black Students and the Racial Reconstruction of Higher Education (New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012), 112–13.
45. Biondi, Black Revolution on Campus, 31–32, 39–40; Rogers, Black Campus Movement, 130–31.
46. Biondi, Black Revolution on Campus, 157–60, 159 (“armed assault”), 163–67, 171–72 (Black Collegian); Rogers, Black Campus Movement, 139 (mayor). Mexican American students were also comparatively disinclined to demonstrate against the war. They reflected the strong patriotic sentiments in the Mexican American community and the students’ giving priority to domestic issues. See Orpenza, Rasa Si Guerra No! 58, 77; Kiefer, “Dissent in the Desert,” 142.
47. Urban Institute, Survey of Campus Incidents, 7–8.
48. Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 269–74.
49. Urban Research Corporation, On Strike, 6–7, 27–28, 42, 45–47, 87, 106; Dr. King V. Cheek to President Nixon, May 8, 1970, White House Central Files, Human Rights, box 32, file 6/19/70–12/31/70, Nixon Project; Kiefer, “Dissent in the Desert,” 156–57.
50. Conkin, Gone with the Ivy, 628–29; DR, May 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 1970; RB, May 7, 12, 21, 26, 1970.
51. Daily Texan, Mar. 19, May 6, 1970; Urban Research Corporation, On Strike, 107–8.
52. Hall, “‘Crack in Time,’” 36–45, 39.
53. Hall, “‘Crack in Time,’” 46–63, 63 (quote).
54. Urban Research Corporation, On Strike, 104–5; Gamecock, May 13, 14, 1970.
55. Gamecock, May 15, 1970.
56. CD, May 5, 6, 7, 1970.
57. CD, May 7, 1970.
58. CD, May 7, 8, 11, 1970.
59. CD, May 12, 1970.
60. CD, May 13, 14, 15, 1970.
61. “Statement by Alexander Heard,” July 23, 1970, 1–3, 7–11, WHCFSM, Finch, box 25, “Heard Report,” Nixon Project.
62. Heard to Nixon, June 19, 1970, 2–5, 7–8, WHCFSM, Finch, box 25, “Heard Report,” Nixon Project; Heard to Nixon, July 6, 1970, 3, WHCFSM, Finch, box 26, “The Scranton Commission,” Nixon Project.
63. James E. Cheek to Nixon, July 22, 1970, 33–36 (part of Heard to Nixon, July 22, 1970), WHCFSM, Finch, box 26, “The Scranton Commission,” Nixon Project.
64. Heard to Nixon, July 6, 1970, 4–6, and Heard to Nixon, July 16, 1970, 3, both WHCFSM, Finch, box 26, “The Scranton Commission,” Nixon Project.
65. H. R. Haldeman to Finch et al., July 23, 1970, 1, 3, 7, and Daniel P. Moynihan to Nixon, Aug. 4, 1970, 3, both WHCFSM, Finch, box 25, “Heard Report” (2 of 2), Nixon Project.
66. New York Times, July 31, 1970; Nixon to William W. Scranton, Dec. 10, 1970, 1–3, WHCFSM, Finch, box 26, “President’s Commission on Campus Unrest—Response,” Nixon Project.
67. “Statement by Alexander Heard,” July 31, 1970, 1, 3, and “Heard Press Conference,” July 25, 1970, 12, 20, both WHCFSM, Finch, box 25, “Heard Report” (2 of 2), Nixon Project.
68. RB, Nov. 11, 1971; CD, Oct. 14, 15, 1970, Jan. 10, 1971.
69. Steve Maxner, interview, Apr. 23, 2001, 83, Vietnam Archive, TTU; DR, Nov. 11, 1971; Ted Jordan to Editor, CD, Mar. 1, 1967.
70. DR, May 5, 6, 7, 1971, May 9, 1972; Gamecock, Feb. 12, 1971; RB, May 6, 12, 1971; CD, Apr. 22, May 4, Oct. 20, 1971, Dec. 8, 1972.
71. Parr, “Forgotten Radicals,” 344; Daily Texan, Apr. 21, 22, 24, 1972.
72. T. Anderson, Movement and the Sixties, 380 (first quote); Fry, “Unpopular Messengers,” 237–40; Rhodi Jeffreys-Jones, Peace Now! American Society and the Ending of the Vietnam War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999), 88; DR, Oct. 27, 1965; CD, Oct. 14, 1970.
73. Small, Antiwarriors, 85 (“foot soldiers”); David Farber, The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994), 160 (“national malaise”); Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 220.
74. Jeffreys-Jones, Peace Now! 80–81; LaFeber, Deadly Bet, 33–34 (“crime and lawlessness”); Kenneth Heineman, “The Silent Majority Speaks: Antiwar Protest and Backlash, 1965–1972,” Peace and Change 17 (Oct. 1992): 402–33.
75. D. B. to Cooper, May 11, 1970, box 461, Cooper Papers; S. S. Matthews to Gore, May 11, [1970], B47:8, 1970, Gore Papers.
76. T. Anderson, Movement and the Sixties, 418 (Herring); Fry, Dixie Looks Abroad, 292–93.
1. Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 26, 1971.
2. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 295; Kissinger, White House Years, 513; Small, Presidency of Richard Nixon, 69.
3. Prados, Vietnam, 407 (Nixon); Herring, America’s Longest War, 305 (“costly draw”); Robert Cody Phillips, “Operation Lamson 719: The Laotian Invasion during the War in Vietnam” (MA thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 1979).
4. GOI, no. 54 (Dec. 1969), 1–2, no. 67 (Jan. 1971), 1, no. 71 (May 1971), 2, no. 72 (June 1971), 1, no. 77 (Nov. 1971), 1.
5. Dallas Morning News, Feb. 11, 1971; New Orleans Times-Picayune, Feb. 19, 1971; Montgomery Advertiser, Feb. 24, 1971; Atlanta Constitution, Feb. 26, 1971; Louisville Courier-Journal, Feb. 6, 1971.
6. CR, 92:1 (May 11, 1971), 14,336 (Stennis); Tower, “Situation Report on Southeast Asia,” Feb. 6–7, 1971, 25:14, Tower Papers; Ervin to T. O. Youngblood, June 16, 1971, 243:1021, Ervin Papers; CQA, 92:1 (1971), 285 (Thurmond); Scanlon, Pro-War Movement, 155 (Thurmond).
7. Carson, “Beyond the Solid South,” 429 (Cooper); Fulbright to John Martin, Aug. 6, 1970, 61:4, Fulbright Papers; R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 595, 599 (Kerry); Mann, Grand Delusion, 680 (Kerry).
8. Mann, Grand Delusion, 86; CR, 92:1 (June 17, 1971), 20, 588–89; Claude Denson Pepper, with Hayes Gorey, Pepper: Eyewitness to a Century (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1987), 197–202, 286 (on LBJ).
9. Gary A. Keith, Eckhardt: There Once Was a Congressman from Texas (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007), 208, 218–19, 222–23.
10. Johns, Vietnam’s Second Front, 296.
11. Ben F. Bulla, Textiles and Politics: The Life of B. Everett Jordan: From Saxapahaw to the United States Senate (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 1992), 284, 293, 295.
12. Spong, speech to American Legion Post 67, Suffolk, VA, May 10, 1966, 3, box 2, folder: 1966 March–June, “The Spong Report,” July 1969, 2, box 34, folder 1969–1972, Spong, Senate speech, June 30, 1970, box 12, folder 1971, Spong to Frank E. Sullivan, May 22, 1970, box 34, folder 1970, and “Chronology of Developments in Cambodia and of Senator Spong’s Position,” box 23, folder 1970, all William B. Spong Jr. Papers, Albert and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
13. CR, 92:1 (May 11, 1971), 14,337 (Javitts); Downs, “Matter of Conscience,” 131.
14. CR, 92:1 (May 11, 1971), 14,333–35; Stennis, speech, University of Mississippi Honors Day, May 5, 1971, 8–9, Public Series, 19/21, Stennis Papers; John C. Stennis and J. William Fulbright, The Role of Congress in Foreign Policy: Rational Debate Seminars (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1971), 96.
15. CQA, 92:1 (1971), 70–71, 9–10-H, 38–39-H, 12-S.
16. GOI, no. 69 (Mar. 1971), 11, no. 74 (Aug. 1971), 23; CQA, 92:1 (1971), 72–73, 15-S, 37-S, 42-S.
17. CQA, 92:2 (1972), 38–39, 44-S, 71-S, 24–25-H.
18. GOI, no. 88 (Oct. 1972), 20; Vertrees Young to Long, Mar. 15, 1971, 134:1, Long Papers; John Hargett to Richard Nixon, Sept. 8, 1971, 329-77-141:33, Sparkman Papers; L. B. Booker to Fulbright, Mar. 17, 1971, and Caroline Brendel to Fulbright, Mar. 3, 1971, both 62:1, Fulbright Papers.
19. F. S. B. to Stennis, Apr. 13, 1971, 31/11/49, Stennis Papers.
20. C. R. J. to Stennis, Jan. 16, 1971, D. E. M. to Stennis, Sept. 15, 1971, and J. L. P. to Stennis, Sept. 15, 1971, all 31/11/49, Stennis Papers; W. I. M. to Sparkman, June 18, 1971, 329-77-141:33, Sparkman Papers.
21. Milton McLaurin, “Country Music and the Vietnam War,” in Perspectives on the American South: An Annual Review of Society, Politics, and Culture, ed. James C. Cobb and Charles R. Wilson (New York: Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1985), 146; Jens Lund, “Country Music Goes to War: Songs for the Red-Blooded American,” Popular Music and Society 1, no. 4 (1972): 214; Lee Andresen, Battle Notes: Music of the Vietnam War (Superior, WI: Savage Press, 2000), 70.
22. McLaurin, “Country Music and the Vietnam War,” 149, 151; Lund, “Country Music Goes to War,” 215, 217–18, 220; Ray Pratt, “‘There Must Be Some Way Outta Here!’ The Vietnam War in American Popular Music,” in The Vietnam War: Its History, Literature, and Music, ed. Kenton J. Clymer (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1998), 171.
23. McLaurin, “Country Music and the Vietnam War,” 153–54; Andresen, Battle Notes, 71; Lund, “Country Music Goes to War,” 224.
24. McLaurin, “Country Music and the Vietnam War,” 153–54; Andresen, Battle Notes, 75–76.
25. McLaurin, “Country Music and the Vietnam War,” 151; “Dear Uncle Sam Lyrics,” www.metrolyrics.com/dear-unclesam-lyrics-loretta-lynn-html (accessed May 13, 2013); Andresen, Battle Notes, 83.
26. McLaurin, “Country Music and the Vietnam War,” 154–55; “Lyrics to When You Gonna Bring our Soldiers Home?” by Skeeter Davis, www.mp31yrics.org/s/skeeter-avis/when-you (accessed May 30, 2013); David James, “The Vietnam War and American Music,” Social Text 23 (Autumn–Winter 1989): 122–43.
27. R. B. Woods, LBJ, 516; K. C. H. to Long, Feb. 5, 1968, 108:34, and Mrs. C. R. to Long, Dec. 28, 1970, 123:4, both Long Papers.
28. Lee Janot to Long, Dec. 15, 1967, Janot, “A Long Overdue Letter to U.S. Servicemen in Viet Nam—from the Silent Millions Back Home in America,” Lake Charles American Press, Nov. 13, 1967, and unidentified newspaper clipping, n.d., all 59:37, Long Papers.
29. Jesse Helms, “SREAL-TV Viewpoint Editorial,” Apr. 21, 1967, 150:6583, Ervin Papers.
30. Durr to Jessica Mitford, July 5, 1967, in Patricia Sullivan, ed., Freedom Writer: Virginia Foster Durr, Letters from the Civil Rights Years (New York: Routledge, 2003), 389; Hollinger F. Bernard, ed., Outside the Magic Circle: The Autobiography of Virginia Foster Durr (University: University of Alabama Press, 1985).
31. Ernst and Baldwin, “Not So Silent Minority,” 117, 119.
32. J. Wilson, Sons of Bardstown, 148, 154, 171, 181–82; Mrs. W. P. G. to Russell, Aug. 6, 1969, 30:8, Russell Papers (NC mother); M. D. to Gore, Feb. 28, 1970, B47:1, Gore Papers; McIntire, “Kentucky National Guard in Vietnam,” 150, 158.
33. Lutz, Home Front, 134, 136–37.
34. J. Wilson, Sons of Bardstown, 67–68.
35. William J. Brinker, “Seawillow Chambers: Soldier’s Wife,” in D. L. Anderson, Human Tradition in the Vietnam Era, 100, 103, 106.
36. Brinker, “Seawillow Chambers,” 106, 110.
37. Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 18, 1969. For Captain Blair’s experience, see chapter 4 in this book, treating southern soldiers.
38. Atlanta Constitution, Mar. 18, 1969.
39. Joseph A. Fry, “Jerry McCuistion: POW Wife and Public Activist,” in The Human Tradition in America since 1945, ed. David L. Anderson (Wilmington, DE: SR Books, 2003), 95–112.
40. Jerry McCuistion, untitled manuscript, 2, 9, 14–15, 18 (hereafter cited as McCuistion mss.), and Oregon Journal, Sept. 2, 1970, all in McCuistion files (courtesy of Jerry McCuistion); Michael J. Allen, Until the Last Man Comes Home: POWs, MIAs, and the Unending Vietnam War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 25.
41. McCuistion mss., 20–29; Jerry McCuistion, interview with the author, Nov. 8, 1999.
42. Clemmer L. Slaton, “For Hope Springs Eternal,” Airmen 15 (May 1971): 45; McCuistion, interview with the author, Oct. 25, 1999.
43. McCuistion, interviews, Oct. 25, Nov. 8, 1999; Slaton, “For Hope Springs Eternal,” 45–46.
44. McCuistion mss., 36–38, 41; McCuistion, interview, Oct. 25, 1999; Natasha Zaretsky, “Women and the Vietnam War,” in Vietnam War Era: People and Perspectives, ed., Mitchell K. Hall (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2009), 126–29, 126 (“quiet diplomacy”).
45. Fry, “Jerry McCuistion,” 102–3.
46. McCuistion, interview, Nov. 8, 1999; Birmingham Post-Herald, July 4, Oct. 11, 1970; McCuistion, speech to the Montgomery Lions Club (taped recording), 1970, McCuistion files; Fry, “Jerry McCuistion,” 103–4. For Stockdale and the POW/ MIA wives more generally, see Allen, Until the Last Man Comes Home, 27 (quote), 28, 44; Jim Stockdale and Sybil Stockdale, In Love and War: The Story of a Family’s Ordeal and Sacrifice during the Vietnam Years (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1990).
47. Fry, “Jerry McCuistion,” 104–6; Greenville Advocate, Nov. 1970, McCuistion files.
48. Birmingham News, Oct. 11, 1970, McCuistion files; Allen, Until the Last Man Comes Home, 17, 22, 31.
49. Fry, “Jerry McCuisiton,” 106–7; Elliott Gruner, Prisoners of Culture: Representing the Vietnam P.O.W. (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1993).
50. Allen, Until the Last Man Comes Home, 16, 29–31, 33, 36, 49–56, 60–62, 52 (Virginian Pilot); Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 166–69, 233–34; Joan Hoff Wilson, Nixon Reconsidered (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 223–24. Another southerner, Congressman Gillespie V. (“Sonny”) Montgomery (D-MS), was the most aggressive congressional proponent of the argument that living Americans were being held prisoner in Southeast Asia after April 1973. After chairing a select House committee in 1975 that concluded the contrary, Montgomery was savagely attacked by leaders in the National League of Families and compared to Jane Fonda. See H. Bruce Franklin, M.I.A. or Mythmaking in America (Brooklyn, NY: Lawrence Hill Books, 1992), 14–15, 87, 130–31.
51. Michael McCuistion to Jerry McCuistion, Nov. 17, 1971, McCuistion files; McCuistion, interviews, Oct. 25, Nov. 8, 1999.
52. McCuistion, interview, Oct. 25, 1999.
53. Mann, Grand Delusion, 693.
54. Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 303, 315; Scanlon, Pro-War Movement, 297; Herring, America’s Longest War, 318.
55. Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 323–48.
56. Prados, Vietnam, 509 (“sheriff”); Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 364–65; Herring, America’s Longest War, 326–27; Scanlon, Pro-War Movement, 315.
57. Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 366 (“war by tantrum”); Prados, Vietnam, 513 (“not politically sustainable”); Herring, America’s Longest War, 328 (“tolerable”).
58. GOI, no. 79 (Jan. 1972), 5, no. 84 (June 1972), 3–4, no. 85 (July 1972), 3, no. 86 (Aug. 1972), 20–21, no. 92 (Feb. 1973), 2–3, 12–13, no. 93 (Mar. 1973), 3.
59. George Mitchell to Talmadge, [Apr. 1972], 11/136/3, Mrs. W. T. Brightwell to Richard Nixon, Apr. 18, 1972, 11/136/3, Thomas G. Gilchrist to Richard Nixon, May 8, 1972, 8/244/6, Fred L. Young to Talmadge, May 10, 1972, 8/244/5, and George Mitchell to Talmadge, May 13, 1972, 11/139/5, all Talmadge Papers; Ira E. Blackwood to Fulbright, Apr. 16, 1972, 64:1, and R. L. Brown to Fulbright, Apr. 18, 1972, 64:1, both Fulbright Papers.
60. Sister M. J. B. to Fulbright, May 1, 1972, 64:1, M. D. G. to Fulbright, May 4, 1972, 64:3; G. B. to Fulbright, May 9, 1972, 64:1, and W. S. McL. to Richard Nixon, May 11, 1972, 64:5, all Fulbright Papers; D. and V. H. to Ervin, Dec. 25, 1972, 299:12260, Ervin Papers.
61. G. B. to Fulbright, May 9, 1972, 64:1, Fulbright Papers; J. A. and E. A. F. to Talmadge, Apr. 11, 1972, 2/207/11, H. T. C. to Talmadge, Apr. 24, 1972, 11/137/2; Mr. and Mrs. J. E. S. to Talmadge, May 9, 1972, 11/139/5, and E. T. L. to Talmadge, Dec. 29, 1972, 11/144/2, all Talmadge Papers.
62. Mann, Grand Delusion, 698; CQA, 92:2 (1972), 845, 847–48, 22-S, 68–69-H.
63. CQA, 93:1 (1973), 76-S, 120–21-H.
64. Mann, Grand Delusion, 701; Berman, William Fulbright, 153, 166; R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 624–26.
65. Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 348 (“open rebellion”); Downs, “Matter of Conscience,” 143, 145, 153; transcript, CBS, Face the Nation, Dec. 3, 1972, 2, 25:14, Tower Papers.
66. Kimball, Nixon’s Vietnam War, 370.
67. Rusk, As I Saw It, 491; Herring, LBJ and Vietnam, 17, 19; Herring, “Lyndon Johnson as Commander and Chief,” 91; Lloyd Gardner, “America’s War in Vietnam: The End of Exceptionalism?” in Shafer, Legacy, 22; R. B. Woods, LBJ, 881.
68. R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 656.
69. Dr. J. N. to Fulbright, Dec. 2, 1969, 57:2, and Mrs. J. B. to Fulbright, [Feb. 1966], 47:2, both Fulbright Papers; New York Times, Feb. 10, 1995 (“rut”); R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 654, 671.
70. Schwartz, “‘Henry, . . . Winning an Election Is Terribly Important,’” 174; D. L. Anderson and Ernst, War That Never Ends, especially George C. Herring, “The War That Never Seems to Go Away,” 335–49; Louisville Courier-Journal, Jan. 25, 28, 1973.
71. R. B. Woods, Fulbright, 612; Stennis and Fulbright, Role of Congress in Foreign Policy, 62, 67, 71; Fulbright to George T. Weigart, Aug. 15, 1968, 45:1, Fulbright Papers; Hodges, “Cooing of a Dove,” 144.
72. Moore and Galloway, We Are Soldiers Still, 108, 188; Eldridge, Chronicles of a Two-Front War, 95 (King); Fulbright to Wyth Duke, Oct. 28, 1968, 56:4, Fulbright Papers. For a recent and compelling confirmation of Woolard’s charges, see Turse, Kill Anything That Moves.
73. Scanlon, Pro-War Movement, 332.
74. Long, speech to the 55th Annual American Legion Department Convention, Baton Rouge, June 30, 1973, 612:50, Long Papers; New Orleans Times-Picayune, Apr. 7, 1973; Stennis, speech to Columbus, MS, Chamber of Commerce, Dec. 12, 1972, 3, Public Series, 22/32, Stennis Papers; Talmadge to Lisa Young, May 6, 1975, and Talmadge to Harold A. Porter, June 2, 1975, both 8/117/1, Talmadge Papers; Michael Lind, Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America’s Most Disastrous Military Conflict (New York: Free Press, 2002).
75. Stennis, Statement on Vietnam, n.d., 4/61/5, Stennis Papers; Montgomery Advertiser, Dec. 6, 1972, Jan. 21, 1973; Rusk, As I Saw It, 492–93; Westmoreland, Soldier Reports, 199, 427; Schmitz, Tet Offensive, 159; Gaines M. Foster, “Coming to Terms with Defeat: Post-Vietnam America and the Post–Civil War South,” Virginia Quarterly Review 66 (Winter 1990): 17–35; James C. Cobb, Redefining Southern Culture: Mind and Identity in the Modern South (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999), 83 (“self-flagellation”); Robert J. McMahon, “Contested Memory: The Vietnam War and American Society, 1975–2001,” Diplomatic History 26 (Spring 2002): 159–84.
76. Tower to Dr. Hobart Bennett, Mar. 2, 1968, 366:9, Tower Papers; Long, TV interview, May 2, 1975, 1–2, 617:2, Long Papers; Dallas Morning-News, Jan. 17, 1973; Talmadge to Ralph Westbrook, Jan. 30, 1973, 8/179/2, Talmadge Papers; Stennis, address to National Security Seminar, Jackson, MS, Jan. 11, 1971, 4, Public Series, 19/3, Stennis Papers.
77. Stennis and Fulbright, Role of Congress in Foreign Policy, 9, 96; Stennis, speech, University of Mississippi Honors Day, May 5, 1971, 9, Public Series, 21/19, and Stennis, speech, East Mississippi Electric Power Association, Oct. 25, 1969, 12, Public Series, 17/10, both Stennis Papers.
78. Engelhardt, End of Victory Culture, 14–15; William W. Cobb Jr., The American Foundation Myth in Vietnam: Reigning Paradigms and Raining Bombs (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1998); C. Vann Woodward, The Burden of Southern History (New York: New American Library, 1968), 135–36, 148, 151, 160–61.
79. Lucks, Selma to Saigon, 253.
80. Lockley, interview, Feb. 11, 17, 2003, 83, Vietnam Archive, TTU.