1. A useful introduction to, and discussion of, many of these terms is Joyce Appleby et al., Knowledge and Postmodernism in Historical Perspective (New York, 1996); see also Fredric Jameson and Masao Miyoshi, eds., The Cultures of Globalization (Durham, N.C., 1998). In the Preface, Jameson writes: “Globalization—even the term itself has been hotly contested—is thus the modern or postmodern version of the proverbial elephant, described by its blind observers in so many diverse ways. Yet one can still posit the existence of the elephant in the absence of a single persuasive and dominant theory.…” Jameson adds that “the concept of globalization reflects the sense of an immense enlargement of world communication, as well as of the horizon of a world market.… Roland Robertson … has formulated the dynamics of globalization as ‘the twofold process of the particularization of the universal and the universalization of the particular.’” Jameson agrees, but emphasizes, as does Michael Jordan and the New Global Capitalism, the “antagonism and tension between these two poles” (pp. xi–xii). In Michael Jordan …, “globalization” is used to describe the spread of transnationals and technology across the globe, while “Americanization” is the U.S. domination of this process.
2. Time, June 17, 1996, p. 79.
3. Sports Illustrated, Dec. 8, 1997, p. 33.
4. Economist, Sept. 6, 1997, p. 22.
5. Definitions of “culture” are many and varied. One working definition is Daniel Bell’s: “Culture here are the binding fidelities of consciousness, rooted in history and tradition, kinship and race, religion and nationality, that shape the emotional consanguinity, literal or fictive, among individuals and make them one.” Daniel Bell, The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York, 1996), p. 332. Historic changes in the decentralization of the transmission of popular culture are interestingly traced in Greg MacDonald, The Emergence of Global Multi-Media Conglomerates (Geneva, 1990), esp. pp. 1–2.
6. John Cassidy, “The Next Thinker: The Return of Karl Marx,” New Yorker, Oct. 20–27, 1997, p. 251; Allen Guttmann, Games and Empires: Modern Sports and Cultural Imperialism (New York, 1994), pp. 31–32.
7. Geoffrey S. Smith, “The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd?” Queen’s Quarterly, 103 (Fall 1996), pp. 3–19.
8. Washington Post, Sept. 25, 1997, p. A25.
9. Ibid., Nov. 4, 1997, p. Al.
10. The widening debate over the power of American culture can be glimpsed in Roland Robertson, “Mapping the Global Condition: Globalization as the Central Concept,” Theory, Culture, and Society, 7 (June 1990), pp. 15–30; Frederick Buell, National Culture and the New Global System (Baltimore, 1994), esp. pp. 4–5, 9; Anthony D. Smith, “Towards a Global Culture,” Theory, Culture, and Society, 7 (June 1990), esp. p. 180; Peter L. Berger, “Four Faces of Global Culture,” National Interest, no. 49 (Fall 1997), pp. 23–29.
11. Nicholas D. Kristof column in New York Times, Feb. 1, 1998, p. 1; New York Times, Feb. 13, 1998, p. D1; Economist, July 25, 1998, pp. 28.
12. Henry Kissinger, “Perils of Globalism,” Washington Post, Oct. 5, 1998, p. A21.
13. Chicago Tribune, Jan. 12 and 14, 1999.
14. Ibid., Jan. 13, 1999, sec. 3, pp. 1, 4; Washington Post, Jan. 14, 1999, p. A8; Washington Post, Jan. 13, 1999, p. D4.
1. Washington Post, Aug. 18, 1993, p. A20.
2. Phil Jackson and Hugh Delehanty, Sacred Hoops (New York, 1995), p. 17.
3. Mike Lupica, “Let’s Fly Again,” Esquire, 123 (May 1995), p. 54; John Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes (Boston, 1997), p. 9.
4. Jim Naughton, Taking to the Air: The Rise of Michael Jordan (New York, 1992), pp. 39–40.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., p. 42.
7. Bob Greene, Hang Time (New York, 1992), p. 44.
8. John Feinstein, “A Coach’s Composure …,” Washington Post, March 30, 1982, sec. D, p. 4.
9. Arthur Ashe, Jr., A Hard Road to Glory: A History of the African-American Athlete, 3 vols. (New York, 1988), III, p. 79.
10. Jackson and Delehanty, Sacred Hoops, p. 174.
11. Naughton, Taking to the Air, pp. 60–62.
12. Chicago Tribune, June 20, 1984, sec. 4, p. 1.
13. New York Times, May 29, 1994, p. S11.
14. Keith Myerscough, “The Game with No Name: The Invention of Basketball,” International Journal of the History of Sport, XII (April 1995), pp. 148–151.
15. Ibid., p. 148.
16. Douglas A. Noverr and Lawrence E. Ziewacz, The Games They Played: Sports in American History, 1865–1980 (Chicago, 1983), p. 32.
17. Stephen H. Hardy, “Entrepreneurs, Organizations, and the Sports Marketplace,” in S. W. Pope, ed., The New American Sport History (Urbana and Chicago, 1997), pp. 356–357; Elliott Gorn, “Sports Through the Nineteenth Century,” in ibid., p. 54; Peter Levine, A. G. Spalding and the Rise of Baseball (New York, 1985), which has useful references to basketball, too.
18. Steven A. Riess, City Games (Urbana, Ill., 1989), pp. 107–108, 117; Ted Vincent, Mudville’s Revenge: The Rise and Fall of American Sport (Lincoln, Neb., 1981), pp. 225–226.
19. Vincent, Mudville’s Revenge, p. 233; Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 140.
20. Allen Guttmann, The Erotic in Sports (New York, 1996), p. 79.
21. Riess, City Games, pp. 108, 117.
22. Ashe, Hard Road to Glory, II, pp. 47–50; New York Times, March 9, 1997, p. S8; Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 141.
23. Ashe, Hard Road to Glory, III, 50–51.
24. Vincent, Mudville’s Revenge, p. 314.
25. Ashe, Hard Road to Glory, III, p. 72; Jeff Jansen, “Jordan Still King,” Advertising Age, April 25, 1994, p. 59.
26. Noverr and Ziewacz, Games They Played, pp. 333–337; Ashe, Hard Road to Glory, III, p. 74.
27. Lawrence M. Kahn and Peter D. Sherer, “Racial Discrimination in the National Basketball Association,” in Paul D. Staudohar and James A. Mangan, eds., The Business of Professional Sports (Urbana, Ill., 1991), p. 72.
28. David K. Wiggins, “‘Great Speed but Little Stamina’: The Historical Debate Over Black Athletic Superiority,” in S. W. Pope, ed., The New American Sport History (Urbana and Chicago, 1997), pp. 320–324.
29. Ashe, Hard Road to Glory, III, p. 79; Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 94.
1. Allen Guttmann, “Mediated Spectatorship,” in S. W. Pope, ed., The New American Sport History (Urbana and Chicago, 1997), p. 379.
2. Bob Greene, Hang Time (Chicago, 1992), p. 61.
3. Current Biography, 58 (Feb. 1997), p. 25.
4. Jim Naughton, Taking to the Air (New York, 1992), p. 28.
5. Robert Lipsyte and Peter Levine, Idols of the Game: A Sporting History of the American Century (Atlanta, Ga., 1995), p. 330.
6. Naughton, Taking to the Air, pp. 121–128.
7. Phil Jackson and Hugh Delehanty, Sacred Hoops (New York, 1995), pp. 80–81.
8. Sports Illustrated, June 23, 1997, p. 34.
9. Jackson and Delehanty, Sacred Hoops, pp. 4, 80.
10. Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 150.
11. New York Times, June 7, 1997, p. 31.
12. This section on the new transnationals’ characteristics draws especially from Robert G. Hawkins and Ingo Walter, “Multinational Corporations.…” in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Special Study on Economic Change, Volume 9 (Washington, D.C., 1980), pp. 703–704, 723; Richard J. Barnet and John Cavanagh, Global Dreams (New York, 1994), pp. 15, 168–173; John H. Dunning, Globalization (Dublin, Ireland, 1993), pp. 4–6, 31; William Greider, One World, Ready or Not (New York, 1997), esp. pp. 21–22; Peter Dicken, “Transnational Corporations and Nation-States,” International Social Science Review, 49 (March 1997), esp. pp. 77–78.
13. Milton Moskowitz, “Rebel with a Cause,” Business and Society Review, no. 94 (Summer 1995), p. 66, which also reviews and quotes from Donald Katz’s excellent, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (New York, 1994).
14. Katz, Just Do It, p. 66.
15. Frank Deford, “Running Man,” Vanity Fair, 56 (August 1993), p. 52.
16. Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 6.
17. Katz, Just Do It, p. 66.
18. Ibid., pp. 200–201.
19. Ibid., pp. 136–137.
20. Randall Rothenberg, Where the Suckers Moon (New York, 1994), p. 203.
21. Ibid., pp. 214–215.
22. Geraldine E. Willigan, “High-Performance Marketing: An Interview with Nike’s Phil Knight,” Harvard Business Review, 70 (July 1992), p. 96.
23. Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 151.
24. Ibid., p. 91.
25. Dori Jones Yang, “How Nike Blasted Off,” Business Week, April 6, 1992, p. 10.
26. John Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes (Boston, 1997), p. 34.
27. Jeff Coplon, “Legends, Champions?” New York Times Magazine, April 21, 1996, p. 35.
28. Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes, p. 34.
29. Katz, Just Do It, p. 148.
30. Ibid., p. 243.
31. Ibid., p. 28.
32. Richard L. Sklar, Postimperialism: Concepts and Implications (Hanover, N.H., 1997), p. 16.
33. Marcy Magiera, “Nike Takes Global Steps,” Advertising Age, Aug. 1, 1994, p. 34.
34. Advertising Age, Aug. 1, 1994, p. 34.
35. Katz, Just Do It, p. 86; Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 5.
36. Hamid Mowlana, Global Information and World Communication (New York, 1986), pp. 85–86; Barnet and Cavanagh, Global Dreams, pp. 168–173.
37. Guttmann, “Mediated Spectatorship,” p. 372.
38. Mowlana, Global Information, p. 70.
39. Greg MacDonald, The Emergence of Global Multi-Media Conglomerates (Geneva, 1990), p. 22.
40. Wilson Dizard, Jr., Old Media/New Media: Mass Communications in the Information Age (New York, 1994), p. 42.
41. Ibid., p. 3.
42. Mowlana, Global Information, pp. 82–85.
43. Robert Goldberg and Gerald Jay Goldberg, Citizen Turner (New York, 1995) is a colorful, detailed biography; Turner is also analyzed in Ken Auletta, The Highwaymen: Warriors of the Information Superhighway (New York, 1997), esp. pp. 207–211.
44. Robert L. Stevenson, “Cable News Network,” in Bruce Jentleson and Thomas Paterson, eds., Encyclopedia of U.S. Foreign Relations, 4 vols. (New York, 1997), II, p. 207.
45. Auletta, The Highwaymen, p. 260; a good, brief analysis of Murdoch’s career from a former insider is Andrew Weil, “Murdoch and Me,” Vanity Fair, 25 (Dec. 1996), pp. 180–206.
46. Variety, May 27, 1991, pp. 35, 37.
1. Time, Jan. 9, 1989, pp. 50–52.
2. Jerome Holtzman, “Jordan Finds Teammates,” Chicago Tribune, June 11, 1991, sec. 4, p. 1.
3. Roger G. Noll, “Professional Basketball: Economic and Business Perspectives,” in Paul D. Staudohar and James A. Mangan, eds., The Business of Professional Sports (Urbana, Ill., 1991), p. 33.
4. Ebony, 47 (Nov. 1991), pp. 72–74.
5. Chicago Tribune, June 17, 1991, sec. 7, p. 3, conveniently ran the highlights of the 1990–1991 season.
6. Paul Sullivan, “747 …,” Chicago Tribune, June 17, 1991, sec. 7, p. 5.
7. Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1991, sec. 4, pp. 1, 5.
8. Jim Naughton, Taking to the Air: The Rise of Michael Jordan (New York, 1992), pp. 10–11.
9. Time, June 24, 1991, p. 46.
10. Paul Sullivan, “Living Legend …,” Chicago Tribune, June 13, 1991, sec. 4, p. 1.
11. Sports Illustrated, Dec. 23, 1991, pp. 65–66.
12. Naughton, Taking to the Air, p. 149.
13. Los Angeles Times, June 1, 1991, p. D1.
14. Ira Berkow, “Air Jordan …,” New York Times, June 15, 1991, sec. 1, p. 29.
15. Chicago Tribune, June 2, 1991, sec. 1, pp. 1, 18.
16. Nicola and Marino de Medici, “Foreign Intervention: Europe Invades America,” Public Opinion, 9 (Feb.–March 1986), pp. 17–20.
17. Frank Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), pp. 19–20, 175–176.
18. Richard Grenier, “Around the World in American Ways,” Public Opinion, 9 (Feb.–March 1986), p. 58.
19. Jack McCallum quoted in Current Biography, 58 (Feb. 1997), p. 24.
20. Geraldine E. Willigan, “High-Performance Marketing: An Interview with Nike’s Phil Knight,” Harvard Business Review, 70 (July 1992), p. 99.
21. Ibid., pp. 96–98.
22. Donald Katz, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (New York, 1994), p. 41.
23. Mark Vancil, ed., The NBA at Fifty (New York, 1996), p. 239.
24. Naughton, Taking to the Air, pp. 3, 15.
25. Mike Lupica, “Let’s Fly Again,” Esquire, 123 (May 1995), p. 52.
26. Bob Greene, Hang Time (New York, 1992), p. 286.
27. Phil Jackson and Hugh Delehanty, Sacred Hoops (New York, 1995), p. 157; Chicago Tribune, March 21, 1992, sec. 3, p. 1.
28. Jack McCallum, “Everywhere Man,” Sports Illustrated, Dec. 23, 1991, p. 69.
1. Rick Telander, “Senseless,” Sports Illustrated, May 14, 1990, pp. 37–38.
2. Ibid., p. 38.
3. John Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes (Boston, 1997), p. 264 footnote.
4. Bob Greene, Hang Time (New York, 1992), p. 208; Telander, “Senseless,” p. 49.
5. Jim Naughton, Taking to the Air: The Rise of Michael Jordan (New York, 1992), p. 136; Merrill J. Melnick and Donald Sabo, “Sport and Social Mobility among African-American and Hispanic Athletes,” in George Eisen and David K. Wiggins, eds., Ethnicity and Sport in North American History and Culture (Westport, Conn., 1994), pp. 230–231.
6. Melnick and Sabo, “Sport and Social Mobility among African-American and Hispanic Athletes,” p. 231.
7. Naughton, Taking to the Air, pp. 215–216.
8. Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes, pp. 31–32.
9. Advertising Age, Oct. 29, 1990, p. 59.
10. Curry Kirkpatrick, “The Unlikeliest Homeboy,” Sports Illustrated, Dec. 23, 1991, pp. 72, 75.
11. Lynn Norment, “Michael and Juanita Jordan,” Ebony, 47 (Nov. 1991), p. 75.
12. Chicago Tribune, March 29, 1992, sec. 1, p. 1.
13. Ibid., March 21, 1992, sec. 3, p. 1.
14. New York Times, March 27, 1992, sec. B, p. 10.
15. Chicago Tribune, April 1, 1992, sec. 4, p. 1; ibid., April 2, 1992, sec. 1, p. 22.
16. New York Times, Aug. 2, 1992, sec. 8, p. 1.
17. Ibid.
18. Boston Globe, Aug. 2, 1992, p. 47.
19. New York Post, July 30, 1992, p. 64.
20. Boston Globe, Aug. 2, 1997, p. 52; ibid., Aug. 9, 1997, p. 52.
21. The Reuters Library report, Aug. 9, 1992.
22. Newsweek quoting John Horan, May 20, 1996, p. 60.
23. Donald Katz, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (New York, 1994), p. 25; Dan Weil, “Pro Athlete Endorsements …,” Bloomberg L. P. wire story, Dec. 15, 1997.
24. Anne Swardson and Sandra Bugawara, “Asian Workers Become Customers,” Washington Post, Dec. 30, 1996, pp. A1, A16.
25. Washington Post, Dec. 30, 1996, p. A16.
26. Far Eastern Economic Review, Nov. 5, 1992, pp. 58–59.
27. Geraldine E. Willigan, “High Performance Marketing: An Interview with Nike’s Phil Knight,” Harvard Business Review, 70 (July 1992), p. 92.
28. Far Eastern Economic Review, Nov. 5, 1992, p. 60.
29. Ibid.
30. Henny Sender, “Sprinting to the Forefront,” Far Eastern Economic Review, Aug. 1, 1996, pp. 50–51; Katz, Just Do It, esp. pp. 177–179.
31. Richard J. Barnet and John Cavanagh, Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order (New York, 1994), pp. 326–328.
32. Washington Post, Dec. 30, 1996, p. A16.
33. Public Relations Journal, 49 (July 1993), p. 4.
34. Katz, Just Do It, pp. 195–196.
35. Ibid., p. 198.
36. Brandweek, Dec. 7, 1992, p. 4; Adweek’s Marketing Week, 33 (June 1992), pp. 1, 6.
37. Wall Street Journal, July 22, 1993, p. A1.
38. A leading work on “soft power” is Joseph Nye, Jr., Bound to Lead (New York, 1990).
39. Richard Pells, Not Like Us (New York, 1997), pp. 241–242.
40. Ibid., pp. 233, 267, 300–301.
41. Nathan Gardels, “The Higher the Satellite …,” New Perspectives Quarterly, 8 (Fall 1991), pp. 42–44; Flora Lewis column in New York Times, Sept. 17, 1982, sec. A, p. 23.
42. Ken Auletta, The Highwaymen: Warriors of the Information Superhighway (New York, 1997), pp. 266–268.
1. Chicago Tribune, Oct. 23, 1992, sec. 4, p. 1.
2. Dave Anderson, “Jordan’s Atlantic City Caper,” New York Times, May 27, 1993, sec. B, p. 11; Chicago Tribune, May 28, 1993, sec. 4, p. 1 has Jackson quote.
3. Chicago Tribune, May 28, 1993, sec. 4, p. 7.
4. William C. Rhoden, “The Issue Is Bigger than Jordan,” New York Times, June 5, 1992, sec. 1, p. 29.
5. Advertising Age, June 7, 1993, p. 2.
6. New York Times, June 5, 1993, sec. 1, p. 29.
7. Chicago Tribune, June 9, 1993, sec. 1, p. 3.
8. Ibid., June 22, 1993, sec. 3, p. 4.
9. New York Post, June 21, 1993, p. 47.
10. Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1993, sec. 1, p. 1; ibid, June 21, 1993, sec. 3, p. 7.
11. Ibid., July 7, 1993, sec. 1, p. 1.
12. New York Times, Aug. 16, 1993, sec. C, p. 1.
13. Donald Katz, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (New York, 1994), p. 279.
14. Robert Lipsyte and Peter Levine, Idols of the Game: A Sporting History of the American Century (Atlanta, Ga., 1995), p. 334.
15. Bob Greene, Rebound: The Odyssey of Michael Jordan (New York, 1995), pp. 3–4.
16. Ibid., pp. 54–55.
17. Advertising Age, Oct. 11, 1993, p. 48.
18. Jeff Jensen, “Nike, Gatorade …,” ibid., March 21, 1994, pp. 4, 42; Jeff Jensen, “Jordan Basketball Era Inspires New Products,” ibid., Dec. 12, 1994, p. 30.
19. Jeff Coplon, “Legends, Champions?” New York Times Magazine, April 21, 1996, p. 37.
20. Tom Verducci, “Keeping His Guard Up,” Sports Illustrated, Dec. 12, 1994, pp. 94–97.
21. Christy Fisher, “‘Made in USA’ Tells Nike: Come Home,” Advertising Age, Oct. 26, 1992, pp. 3, 49.
22. Business Week, April 18, 1994, p. 87.
23. Phil Jackson and Huge Delehanty, Sacred Hoops (New York, 1995), p. 20.
24. Alexander Wolff, “55,” Sports Illustrated, Nov. 13, 1995, pp. 108–121.
25. Jackson and Delehanty, Sacred Hoops, pp. 196–198.
1. Current Biography, 58 (Feb. 1997), p. 26.
2. New York Times, May 25, 1996, sec. 8, p. 2.
3. John Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes (Boston, 1997), p. 42; New York Times, May 23, 1996, sec. 8, p. 2.
4. Chicago Tribune, June 16, 1996, sec. 8, p. 3.
5. Ibid., June 17, 1996, sec. 3, p. 4.
6. Sports Illustrated, June 30, 1997, p. 14.
7. Harvey Araton, “Jordan’s Magnificent Desperation,” New York Times, June 9, 1996, sec. 8, p. 1.
8. New York Times, May 16, 1997, p. B10.
9. Newsweek, June 29, 1998, p. 59.
10. Bob Greene, Hang Time: Days and Dreams with Michael Jordan (New York, 1992), p. 358.
11. Mike Lupica, “Amazing Grace,” Esquire, 123 (Feb. 1995), p. 62.
12. Chicago Tribune, April 25, 1996, sec. 7, p. 18; USA Today, Dec. 12, 1997, p. 18C.
13. Washington Post, June 26, 1997, p. D8; Time, Sept. 22, 1997, p. 22.
14. Business Week, April 7, 1997, p. 44.
15. Jeff Coplon, “Legends. Champions?” New York Times Magazine, April 21, 1996, p. 35.
16. New York Times, June 16, 1998, p. A1; ibid., June 26, 1998, p. A8.
17. Newsweek, Sept. 22, 1997, p. 70.
18. Michael Wilbon, “Now, Jordan Really Means Business,” Washington Post, Sept. 11, 1997, p. C7.
19. Fortune, June 22, 1998, passim; Washington Post, June 2, 1998, p. E6.
20. This and the following paragraph are based on Steve Rushin, “World Domination,” Sports Illustrated, Oct. 27, 1997, pp. 68–71.
21. Alan Freeman, “NBA Drives Growth of Hoops in Germany,” Toronto Globe, Dec. 23, 1996, p. C11.
22. New York Times, Dec. 7, 1997, p. Wk3.
23. Canadian Business, 69 (Oct. 1996), p. 113.
24. Richard Pells, Not Like Us (New York, 1997), p. 413, also p. 263.
25. New York Times, Feb. 26, 1997, p. A23.
26. Orlando Patterson, “Ecumenical America,” World Policy Journal, 11 (Summer 1994), p. 105.
27. Ronald L. McDonald, The Complete Hamburger: The History of America’s Favorite Sandwich (Secaucus, N.J., 1997), p. 4. Richard Kuisel, “Not Like Us or More Like Us: America and Europe,” Diplomatic History, 22 (Fall 1998), p. 620; Richard F. Kuisel, Seducing the French: The Dilemma of Americanization (Berkeley, 1993), p. ix.
28. Geoffrey Smith, “The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd?” Queen’s Quarterly, 103 (Fall 1996), pp. 13–15.
29. Wilson Dizard, Jr., Old Media/New Media: Mass Communications in the Information Age (New York, 1994), p. 3.
30. Business Week, July 29, 1996, pp. 36–37; Rick Reilly, “The Swooshification of the World,” Sports Illustrated, Feb. 24, 1997, p. 78; Jeff Jensen, “Nike Deals in U.S.…,” Advertising Age, Oct. 14, 1996, p. 8.
31. Steve Geisi, “Nike Loads U.S. Team …,” Brandweek, July 17, 1995, p. 12; Multinational Monitor, 18 (Dec. 1997), p. 14.
32. Advertising Age, Feb. 16, 1998, p. 59.
33. This and the previous paragraph are drawn from Newsweek, May 20, 1996, p. 61; Advertising Age, Sept. 30, 1996, pp. 2, 62.
34. Moscow News, Aug. 14, 1996, p. 9; Advertising Age, Dec. 16, 1996, p. 30.
35. Newsweek, Oct. 2, 1995, p. 65.
36. Far Eastern Economic Review, Aug. 29, 1996, p. 5.
37. This and the following paragraph are drawn from Anne Swardson and Sandra Sugawara, “Asian Workers Become Customers,” Washington Post, Dec. 30, 1996, p. A16; William Greider, One World, Ready or Not (New York, 1997), pp. 390–395, 404; Mark L. Clifford, “Pangs of Conscience,” Business Week, July 29, 1996, p. 46–47.
38. Washington Post, March 28, 1997, p. G2; Bob Herbert, “Brutality in Vietnam,” New York Times, March 28, 1997, p. A29.
39. Washington Post, April 15, 1997, p. A10; ibid., April 10, 1997, p. A19.
40. New York Times, June 25, 1997, p. D2; Bob Herbert, “Mr. Young Gets It Wrong,” ibid., June 27, 1997, p. A29; ibid., Nov. 8, 1997, p. A1; Washington Post, June 28, 1997, p. D1; Multinational Monitor, 18 (Dec. 1997), p. 13.
41. Washington Post, May 13, 1998, p. C9; New York Times, May 13, 1998, p. D1.
42. Washington Post, May 13, 1998, p. C9; New York Times, May 13, 1998, p. D1.
43. Timothy Egan, “The Swoon of the Swoosh,” New York Times Magazine, Sept. 13, 1998, pp. 66–70.
44. Washington Post, Sept. 9, 1998, p. D1.
45. Ibid., June 16, 1998, p. D3.
46. Harvey Araton, “Athletes Toe the Nike Line …,” New York Times, Nov. 22, 1997, p. C25.
47. Ibid.
48. New York Times, April 12, 1998, p. 26.
49. Donald Katz, Just Do It: The Nike Spirit in the Corporate World (New York, 1994), p. 175.
50. Economist, April 11, 1998, p. 39; David Morley and Kevin Robins, Spaces of Identity: Global Media, Electronic Landscapes, and Cultural Boundaries (New York, 1995).
51. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., and William A. Owens, “America’s Information Edge,” Foreign Affairs, 75 (March 1996), pp. 29, 35; Far Eastern Economic Review, Nov. 20, 1997, pp. 66–67.
52. Richard Sklar, Postimperialism: Concepts and Implications (Hanover, N.H., 1997), pp. 22–23.
53. A useful discussion of these points is in John Tomlinson, Cultural Imperialism: A Critical Introduction (Baltimore, 1991), esp. pp. 2–5, 19–28.
54. Chronicle of Higher Education, March 8, 1998, p. B5.
55. New York Times, March 2, 1998, p. D8.
56. Nat Hentoff, “Fred Friendly’s Faith in the Constitution,” Washington Post, March 14, 1998, p. A15.
57. New York Times, Aug. 23, 1998, pp. 1, 10.
58. Fouad Ajami, “The Summoning,” Foreign Affairs, 72 (Sept./Oct. 1993), pp. 2–9.
59. Peter Schwartz and Peter Lyden, “The Long Boom,” Wired, 5 (July 1997), p. 116; I am indebted to Eric Edelman for this reference.
60. Economist, Feb. 1, 1997, p. 18.
61. Masao Miyoshi, “‘Globalization’, Culture, and the University,” Fredric Jameson and Masao Miyoshi, eds., The Cultures of Globalization (Durham, N.C., 1998), p. 259. The post-1880s problem is analyzed, with references, in Walter LaFeber, The American Search for Opportunity, 1865–1913 (New York, 1993); New York Times, Feb. 28, 1998, p. 27.
62. Economist, April 11, 1998, p. 39.
63. George Soros, “Toward a Global Open Society,” The Atlantic Monthly, 281 (Jan. 1998), p. 24.