Introduction: The War Against the States
1. Robert Enlow, “Louisiana School Choice Program Already Helping Students,” Daily Caller, September 14, 2012, http://dailycaller.com/2012/09/14/louisiana-school-choice-program-already-helping-students/.
2. Anna J. Egalite and Jonathan N. Mills, “The Louisiana Scholarship Program,” Education Next 14, no. 1 (Winter 2014): 66.
3. Andrea Billups and Jennifer Hickey, “Louisiana Gov. Jindal Fights Washington War on School Vouchers,” Newsmax, January 25, 2014, www.newsmax.com/US/louisiana-education-bobby-jindal-vouchers/2014/01/24/id/548960/.
4. Ibid.
5. Michael C. Dawson, “Washington Must Redress State Injustice,” Room for Debate (blog), New York Times, October 22, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/07/16/state-politics-vs-the-federal-government/washington-must-redress-state-injustice.
6. Jesse Jackson, “Stand Up to the Bigotry of ‘States’ Rights,’” Chicago Sun-Times, November 4, 2013.
7. Matthew Balan, “CNN’s Rick Sanchez Again Hints Rick Perry is a Racist,” NewsBusters, March 2, 2010, http://newsbusters.org/blogs/matthew-balan/2010/03/02/cnns-rick-sanchez-again-hints-rick-perry-racist.
8. “CT-04 (R) Tom Hermann Steps Up for States Rights in Confederate History Month!,” Daily Kos, April 19, 2010, www.dailykos.com/story/2010/04/19/858906/-CT-04-R-Tom-Hermann-Steps-Up-for-States-Rights-in-Confederate-History-Month.
9. Jeffrey Meyer, “Chris Matthews: Does Tea Party Want America Where ‘There Are No Gays, Blacks Were Slaves, Mexicans Were in Mexico,’” NewsBusters, March 21, 2013, http://newsbusters.org/blogs/jeffrey-meyer/2013/03/21/chris-matthews-asks-if-tea-party-wants-america-where-there-are-no-gay.
10. David Azerrad, “Morning Bell: New Year’s Resolutions for Conservatives,” Daily Signal, January 2, 2012, http://dailysignal.com/2012/01/02/morning-bell-new-years-resolutions-for-conservatives/.
11. Kevin R. C. Gutzman, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Constitution (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2007), 23–24.
12. Brutus XII (February 7, 1788), in The Complete Anti-Federalist, ed. Herbert Storing (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1981, 2008 reprint), 425.
13. Herbert Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 50.
14. Eric Posner, “John Roberts’ Opinion on the Voting Rights Act Is Really Lame,” Slate, June 25, 2013, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/the_breakfast_table/features/2013/supreme_court_2013/supreme_court_on_the_voting_rights_act_chief_justice_john_roberts_struck.html.
15. Edward L. Rubin and Malcolm Feeley, “Federalism: Some Notes on a National Neurosis,” UCLA Law Review 41, no. 4 (April 1994): 903.
16. Michael Tanner, “DC Forgets About the Debt,” National Review Online, July 23, 2014, www.nationalreview.com/article/383425/dc-forgets-about-debt-michael-tanner.
17. Ibid.
18. Michael S. Greve, The Upside-Down Constitution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), Kindle edition, chapter 17.
19. John Samples and Emily Ekins, Public Attitudes toward Federalism, Cato Policy Analysis no. 759, September 23, 2014.
20. Ibid., 23.
21. Ibid.
22. Glenn Hubbard and Tim Kane, Balance: The Economics of Great Powers from Ancient Rome to Modern America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), Kindle edition, chapter 1.
23. Heather Gerken, “Federalism as the New Nationalism: An Overview,” Yale Law Journal 123, no. 6 (April 2014): 1893.
24. Jessica Bulman-Pozen, “From Sovereignty and Process to Administration and Politics: The Afterlife of American Federalism,” Yale Law Journal 123, no. 6 (April 2014): 1922.
25. Erwin Chemerinsky, Enhancing Government (Stanford, CA: Stanford Law Books, 2008).
26. David Narrett, “A Zeal for Liberty: The Antifederalist Case Against the Constitution in New York,” New York History 69, no. 3 (July 1988): 284–317.
27. John Taylor, New Views of the Constitution of the United States (Washington, DC: Way and Gideon, 1823), 96.
28. Howard Dean, “‘No Child Left Behind’ Should Be More Than a Slogan,” Seattle Times, January 8, 2004.
29. Paul Begala, “I [Heart] Government,” Newsweek, September 12, 2011.
30. William Dougan, “The Dollars and Sense of Rightsizing the Federal Workforce,” FCW, June 15, 2011, http://fcw.com/articles/2011/06/20/comment-william-dougan-federal-workforce.aspx.
31. Congressional Research Service, Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data, February 8, 2012.
32. James Buckley, Freedom at Risk (New York: Encounter 2010), Sony edition, chapter 4.
33. Edward Corwin, The Constitution of the United States of America: Analysis and Interpretation (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1953), Project Gutenberg E-book, chapter I.
34. “National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program: Nutrition Standards for All Foods Sold in School as Required by the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010,” Federal Register 78, no. 125 (June 28, 2013), http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2013-15249_0.pdf.
35. Samples and Ekins, Public Attitudes toward Federalism, 23.
36. James H. Hershman Jr., “Massive Resistance,” Encyclopedia Virginia, June 29, 2011, http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Massive_Resistance.
37. Ibid.
38. James R. Sweeney, “Postscript to Massive Resistance: The Decline and Fall of the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 121, no. 1 (January 2013), 45–86.
39. Barry Goldwater, The Conscience of a Conservative (New York: Hillman Books, 1961), 32.
40. Kevin D. Williamson, “The Party of Civil Rights,” National Review, May 28, 2012.
41. George Lewis, “Virginia’s Northern Strategy: Southern Segregationists and the Route to National Conservatism,” Journal of Southern History 72, no. 1 (February 2006): 111.
42. Ibid.
43. David Kopel, “Reagan’s Infamous Speech in Philadelphia, Mississippi,” Volokh Conspiracy (blog), August 16, 2011, http://volokh.com/2011/08/16/reagans-infamous-speech-in-philadelphia-mississippi/.
44. “Transcript of Ronald Reagan’s 1980 Neshoba County Fair speech,” Nashoba Democrat, November 15, 2007, http://neshobademocrat.com/main.asp?SectionID=2&SubSectionID=297&ArticleID=15599&TM=60417.67.
45. David Brooks, “History and Calumny,” New York Times, November 9, 2007.
46. Joseph Crespino, In Search of Another Country: Mississippi and the Conservative Counterrevolution (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), 1.
47. Brooks, “Calumny.”
48. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 137–53.
49. David Greenberg, “Dog-Whistling Dixie: When Reagan Said ‘States’ Rights,’ He Was Talking about Race,” Slate, November 20, 2007, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/history_lesson/2007/11/dogwhistling_dixie.html.
50. See chapter 6; Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, US House of Representatives, 111th Cong. (May 6, 2010), http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg76575/html/CHRG-111hhrg76575.htm.
51. Emily Bazelon, “States’ Rights Are for Liberals,” Atlantic, June 2013.
52. Paul Krugman, “Republicans and Race,” New York Times, November 19, 2007.
53. Niall Ferguson, “How America Lost Its Way,” Wall Street Journal, June 8, 2013.
54. Woodrow Wilson, “The Study of Administration,” Political Science Quarterly 2, no. 2 (June 1887): 208.
55. Ibid., 214.
56. Ann E. Marimow and Lenny Bernstein, “Ex-EPA Official Pleads Guilty to Theft,” Washington Post, September 27, 2013.
57. John Dinan, How States Talk Back to Washington and Strengthen American Federalism, Cato Policy Analysis no. 744, December 3, 2013, 5.
58. Hubbard and Kane, Balance, chapter 12.
59. Samples and Ekins, Public Attitudes toward Federalism, 22.
60. United States v. Bond, 131 S.Ct. 2355 (2011).
Chapter 1: The Bill of (States’) Rights
1. Constitution of Massachusetts, Part I, Declaration of Rights, Art. IV.
2. James T. Young, The New American Government and Its Work (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 93.
3. Patrick Jonsson, “States Rebel against Washington,” Christian Science Monitor, March 27, 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2009/0327/p02s01-usgn.html.
4. George Orwell, As I Please, 1943–1946 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1968), 87.
5. Herbert Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), 64.
6. “March 4: A Forgotten Huge Day in American History,” Constitution Daily (blog), National Constitution Center, March 4, 2013, http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2013/03/march-4-a-forgotten-huge-day-in-american-politics/.
7. Adam Wolkoff, ed., The Political and Legal Structures of the Thirteen Colonies Prior to the American Revolution (West Hartford, CT: The Graduate Group, 2008).
8. David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989).
9. Akhil Reed Amar, The Bill of Rights: Creation and Reconstruction (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 5.
10. Wolkoff, Political and Legal Structures.
11. Paris Peace Treaty of September 30, 1783, available at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/paris.asp.
12. Henry Adams, John Randolph (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1882).
13. Alison L. LaCroix, The Ideological Origins of American Federalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press 2010), 154.
14. Ibid., 156
15. Glenn Hubbard and Tim Kane, Balance: The Economics of Great Powers from Ancient Rome to Modern America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), Kindle edition, chapter 12.
16. Todd Zywicki, “Repeal the 17th Amendment and Restore the Founders’ Design,” Engage, September 2011.
17. Frederick Drake and Lynne Nelson, eds., States’ Rights and American Federalism: A Documentary History (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999), 7–8.
18. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, 31–32.
19. Cass R. Sunstein, The Second Bill of Rights: FDR’s Unfinished Revolution and Why We Need It More Than Ever (New York: Basic Books, 2006), 19.
20. Douglas J. Amy, “Government as the Primary Protector of Our Rights and Liberties,” Government Is Good, 2007, www.governmentisgood.com/articles.php?aid=19.
21. James Madison, Speech in Congress, June 8, 1789, quoted in Kurt T. Lash, “The Lost Original Meaning of the Ninth Amendment,” Texas Law Review 83, no. 2 (December 2004): 361.
22. Amar, The Bill of Rights, xi–xvi.
23. Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States’ Rights and the Nullification Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 3–4.
24. Forrest McDonald, “The Anti-Federalists, 1781–1789,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 46, no. 3 (Spring 1963): 206–14.
25. Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For, 15.
26. Ibid., 53.
27. Ibid., 68.
28. Ibid., 50.
29. Lash, “The Lost Original Meaning,” 350–60.
30. Brutus XI (January 31, 1788) and XII (February 7, 1788), quoted in Lash, “The Lost Original Meaning,” 350, et seq.
31. Lash, “The Lost Original Meaning,” 350–60.
32. Ibid., 347.
33. Ibid., 394.
34. Peter Zavoknyik, The Age of Strict Construction: A History of the Growth of Federal Power (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2007).
35. Thomas Jefferson, letter to James Madison, December 24, 1825, in Writings of Jefferson, vol. 16, eds. Andrew Lipscomb and Albert Bergh, (Washington, DC: Thomas Jefferson Memorial Association, 1907), 140–42.
Chapter 2: Free Speech, Free Trade, and Nullification
1. John Ferling, John Adams: A Life (Newtown, CT: American Political Biography Press, 1992), 366–67.
2. Ibid., 367.
3. Thomas Woods, Nullification: How to Resist Federal Tyranny in the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Regnery, 2010), 45–48.
4. Resolutions Adopted by the Kentucky General Assembly, The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, https://jeffersonpapers.princeton.edu/selected-documents/resolutions-adopted-kentucky-general-assembly.
5. Ibid., 52.
6. Christian Fritz, “Interposition and the Heresy of Nullification: James Madison and the Exercise of Sovereign Constitutional Powers,” Heritage Foundation, First Principles, no. 41, February 21, 2012, http://report.heritage.org/fp41.
7. James Morton Smith, “Sedition in the Old Dominion: James T. Callender and The Prospect Before Us,” Journal of Southern History 20, no. 2 (May 1954): 167–68.
8. James Morton Smith, Freedom’s Fetters (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1956), 344–45.
9. Kentucky Resolution, December 3, 1799, reprinted by the Bill of Rights Institute.
10. Henry Adams, John Randolph (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1883), 35.
11. William Watkins Jr., Reclaiming the American Revolution: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and Their Legacy (New York: Palgrave, 2004), 116.
12. St. George Tucker, Blackstone’s Commentaries: with Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws of the Federal Government of the United States and of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Philadelphia: William Young Birch and Abraham Small, 1803), Book I, 141.
13. Edward Hamilton, A Federal Union, Not a Nation (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1880), 16.
14. David O. Stewart, The Summer of 1787: The Men Who Invented the Constitution (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2007), 169.
15. Hamilton, A Federal Union, 12.
16. James Madison, Report of 1800, quoted in Woods, Nullification, 173–74.
17. “The Matter with Kansas,” Democracy in America (blog), Economist, May 7, 2013, www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2013/05/gun-control-and-nullification-0.
18. Sean Wilentz, “States of Anarchy,” New Republic, March 30, 2010.
19. Ibid.
20. Woods, Nullification, 53.
21. Ethelbert D. Warfield, The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798: An Historical Study (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1887), 195; Raoul Berger, Federalism: The Founders’ Design (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 200.
22. Ryan Setliff, “States’ Rights Apogee, 1760–1840” (master’s thesis, Liberty University, 2012), 74, n. 57.
23. Ibid.
24. Woods, Nullification, 60–63.
25. Ibid.
26. John J. Gibbons, “The Eleventh Amendment and State Sovereign Immunity: A Reinterpretation,” Columbia Law Review 83, no. 8 (December 1983): 1948, n. 320.
27. David Forte, “Commander of the Militia,” Heritage Guide to the Constitution, 2012, www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/2/essays/87/commander-of-militia.
28. Setliff, “Apogee,” 75–78.
29. Ibid., 79.
30. The Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, “The Second Bank of the United States: A Chapter in the History of Central Banking,” December 2010, http://philadelphiafed.org/publications/economic-education/second-bank.pdf, 1–2.
31. David P. Currie, The Constitution in Congress: The Federalist Period, 1789–1801 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 80.
32. Thomas DiLorenzo, Hamilton’s Curse (New York: Crown Forum, 2008), 67–68.
33. Kurt T. Lash, “The Lost Original Meaning of the Ninth Amendment,” Texas Law Review 83, no. 2 (December 2004): 417–19.
34. Kurt T. Lash, “The Lost Jurisprudence of the Ninth Amendment,” Texas Law Review 83, no. 3 (February 2005): 625.
35. Gary Gerstle, “Federalism in America: Beyond the Tea Partiers,” Dissent, Fall 2010.
36. Setliff, “Apogee,” 84.
37. Herman V. Ames, ed., State Documents on Federal Relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1906), 152.
38. James L. Roark et al., The American Promise: A History of the United States, 4th ed. (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2009), 322–23.
39. James Monroe, letter to John C. Calhoun, August 14, 1828, in The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 10, eds. Clyde N. Wilson and W. Edwin Hemphill (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1977), 408–10.
40. Richard E. Ellis, Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States’ Rights and the Nullification Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), ix.
41. Albert Gallatin, Memorial of the Committee Appointed by the “Free Trade Convention” (New York: W. A. Mercer, 1832), 80.
42. Condy Raguet, “An Address upon the Sovereignty of the States,” Chronicle (Augusta, GA), April 9, 1834.
43. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Modern Library, 1981), 66.
44. Ibid., 70
45. Herman Belz, ed., The Webster-Hayne Debate on the Nature of the Union (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 200), 145.
Chapter 3: States’ Rights and the Abolitionists
1. Carl Schurz, “State Rights—Reply to Criticism” (LEEAF.com Books), Kindle edition.
2. Paul Finkelman, An Imperfect Union: Slavery, Federalism, and Comity (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981), 239
3. Jeanne Boydston et al., Making a Nation: The United States and Its People (New York: Pearson Education, 2004), 345.
4. Interview with Terry Gross, Fresh Air, National Public Radio, April 12, 2011, www.npr.org/2011/04/12/135246259/looking-at-civil-war-150-years-later.
5. Frank James, “Slavery, Not States’ Rights, Caused Civil War Whose Political Effects Linger,” It’s All Politics (blog), National Public Radio, April 12, 2011, www.npr.org.blogs/itsallpolitics.
6. Victoria Ford, “How to End the Rebirth of the ‘Old Confederacy’ in the ‘New South’: An Interview With the Reverend Jesse Jackson,” Nation, 2014 (Web only), http://www.thenation.com/article/180555/how-end-rebirth-old-confederacy-new-south-interview-reverend-jesse-jackson.
7. John R. Vile, ed. Proposed Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, vol. 1 (Clark, NJ: Lawbook Exchange, 2003), 22, 193.
8. W. E. B. DuBois, The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the USA, 1638–1870 (New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1904).
9. Henry Adams, John Randolph (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1883), 282.
10. Edward Payson Powell, Nullification and Secession in the United States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), 353; H. Von Holst, John C. Calhoun (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), 133–38.
11. Finkelman, An Imperfect Union, 7n10, 137.
12. Ibid., 132–33; Thomas D. Morris, Free Men All: The Personal Liberty Laws of the North, 1780–1861 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), 94–106.
13. Morris, Free Men All, 127.
14. Herman V. Ames, ed., State Documents on Federal Relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1906), 249.
15. Jeff Forret, Slavery in the United States (New York: Facts on File, 2012), 287.
16. Morris, Free Men All, 145–46.
17. Ibid., 166.
18. Ibid., 167–68.
19. James S. Pike, ed., First Blows of the Civil War (New York: American News Company, 1879), 278.
20. Charles Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History, vol. 2 (Boston: Little Brown, 1922), 539.
21. Morris, Free Men All, 173–80.
22. Finkelman, An Imperfect Union, 11, 238.
23. Paul Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford: A Brief History with Documents (Boston: Bedford Books, 1997), 34–35.
24. Ethan Greenberg, Dred Scott and the Dangers of a Political Court (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010), 222.
25. Abraham Lincoln, “A House Divided,” quoted in Finkelman, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 185–95.
26. Powell, Nullification and Secession, 350.
27. Finkelman, An Imperfect Union, 239.
28. Ibid., 318.
29. Jeffrey Rosen, “The First Hundred Years,” The Supreme Court, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/print/history.html.
30. “The Question of States’ Rights: The Constitution and American Federalism (An Introduction),” Exploring Constitutional Law, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/statesrights.html.
31. Robert Fanuzzi, Abolition’s Public Sphere (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2003), 76–78.
32. Bill Kauffman, Bye Bye, Miss American Empire (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010), 30.
33. Michael Perman, Pursuit of Unity: A Political History of the American South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 65–66.
34. Edward L. Ayers, “The Causes of the Civil War, 2.0,” New York Times, April 28, 2011.
35. ”Confederate States of America—Georgia Secession,” The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/csa_geosec.asp.
36. Finkelman, Imperfect Union, 20–21.
37. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 152.
Chapter 4: Progressives Give Birth to a Nation
1. John Joseph Wallis and Wallace E. Oates, “The Impact of the New Deal on American Federalism,” in The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century, eds. Michael D. Bordo et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
2. Richard Epstein, How Progressives Rewrote the Constitution (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2006), 2.
3. Jeanne Boydston et al., Making a Nation: The United States and Its People (New York: Pearson Education, 2004), 502.
4. James West Davidson et al., Nation of Nations: A Narrative History of the American Republic (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2007), 620.
5. W. E. B. DuBois, “Another Open Letter to President Wilson,” September 1913, teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/another-open-letter-to-president-wilson/.
6. William Loren Katz, Eyewitness: The Negro in American History (New York: Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1967), 389–90.
7. Epstein, How Progressives Rewrote, 101.
8. Gary Gerstle, “Federalism in America: Beyond the Tea Partiers,” Dissent, Fall 2010.
9. Bill Kauffman, Bye Bye, Miss American Empire (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010), 32.
10. William Archibald Dunning, Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York: Macmillan, 1904), 60.
11. Kurt T. Lash, “The Lost Jurisprudence of the Ninth Amendment,” Texas Law Review 83, no. 3 (February 2005): 653–54.
12. Edward Hamilton, A Federal Union, Not a Nation (Boston: Lee and Shepard, 1880), 6.
13. Ibid., 30.
14. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000–1887 (Boston: Ticknor and Company, 1888), Kindle edition, chapter 19.
15. Arthur Lipow, Authoritarian Socialism in America: Edward Bellamy and the Nationalist Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982), 30.
16. Kauffman, American Empire, 40–41.
17. Herbert Croly, The Promise of American Life (New York: Macmillan, 1911), 276.
18. Frank Strong, “Cooperative Federalism,” Iowa Law Review 23, no. 4 (May 1938): 478–79.
19. Randy Barnett, “The Original Meaning of the Commerce Clause,” University of Chicago Law Review 68, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 101.
20. Croly, The Promise of American Life, 351.
21. Henry Litchfield West, Federal Power: Its Growth and Necessity (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), 71.
22. Croly, The Promise of American Life, 276.
23. James T. Young, The New American Government and Its Work (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 279.
24. Edward S. Corwin, National Supremacy (New York: Henry Holt, 1913), 41.
25. Edward S. Corwin, John Marshall and the Constitution (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1920).
26. Charles W. Pierson, Our Changing Constitution (New York: Doubleday, Page and Company, 1922), 28.
27. Gerstle, “Beyond the Tea Partiers.”
28. Strong, “Cooperative Federalism,” 472.
29. “The Progressive Presidents,” AP US History Notes, StudyNotes, www.apstudynotes.org/us-history/topics/the-progressive-presidents/ (accessed June 28, 2013).
30. Strong, “Cooperative Federalism,” 479–82.
31. West, Federal Power, 66
32. Strong, “Cooperative Federalism,” 476–83.
33. “About the ULC,” http://www.uniformlaws.org/Narrative.aspx?title=Frequently Asked Questions.
34. West, Federal Power, 61.
35. Raoul Berger, Government by Judiciary: The Transformation of the Fourteenth Amendment (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1997).
36. Stephen Gardbaum, “New Deal Constitutionalism and the Unshackling of the States,” University of Chicago Law Review 64, no. 2 (Spring 1997).
37. Stephen Gardbaum, “The Nature of Preemption,” Cornell Law Review 79, no. 4 (May 1994): 801.
38. Strong, “Cooperative Federalism,” 477.
39. West, Federal Power, 123.
40. “Child Labor in U.S. History,” Child Labor Public Education Project, www.continuetolearn.uiowa.edu/laborctr/child_labor/about/us_history.html.
41. Sharron Solomon-McCarthy, “The History of Child Labor in the United States: Hammer v. Dagenhart,” Yale–New Haven Teachers Institute, curriculum unit 04.01.08, www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/2004/1/04.01.08.x.html#e.
42. Pierson, Our Changing Constitution, 59.
43. Epstein, How Progressives Rewrote, 61.
44. Pierson, Our Changing Constitution, 147.
45. Michael S. Greve, The Upside-Down Constitution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), Kindle edition, chapter 11.
Chapter 5: FDR Creates Satellite States
1. Franklin D. Roosevelt, “Radio Address on States’ Rights,” March 2, 1930, in The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. 1 (New York: Random House, 1938), 569.
2. John Steele Gordon, “Justice Brandeis, Call Your Office,” Commentary, January 4, 2010.
3. Amity Shlaes, The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression (New York: Harper Perennial, 2008); Jim Powell, FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2004).
4. Chris Edwards, Downsizing Government (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2005), 149–50.
5. Marion Elizabeth Rodgers, Mencken: The American Iconoclast (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 408.
6. Susan Stein-Roggenbuck, “A Contest for Local Control: Emergency Relief in Depression-Era Michigan,” Michigan Historical Review 26, no. 2 (Fall 2000): 90–125.
7. Ira Katznelson, Fear Itself (New York: Liveright, 2013), 92–94.
8. John P. Diggins, Mussolini and Fascism: The View from America (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972), 279.
9. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Inaugural Address, March 4, 1933, as published in Samuel Rosenman, ed., The Public Papers of Franklin D. Roosevelt, vol. 2: The Year of Crisis, 1933 (New York: Random House, 1938), 11–16.
10. James Q. Whitman, “Of Corporatism, Fascism, and the First New Deal,” American Journal of Comparative Law 39, no. 4 (Autumn 1991): 747–78.
11. Gary D. Best, Pride, Prejudice and Politics: Roosevelt vs. Recovery, 1933–1938 (New York: Praeger, 1991).
12. Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214, 230 (1944) (dissenting opinion).
13. Edwards, Downsizing Government, 153.
14. James Patterson, “The New Deal and the States,” American Historical Review 73, no. 1 (October 1967): 75.
15. Katznelson, Fear Itself, 92–94.
16. Patterson, “The New Deal and the States,” 75.
17. Delbert Clark, “Nine Groups Instead of 48 States,” New York Times Magazine, April 21, 1935, SM5.
18. A. Christopher Bryant, “The Third Death of Federalism,” Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 17, no. 1 (Fall 2007): 115–19.
19. Edward G. White, The Constitution and the New Deal (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 206.
20. “Annotation 44—Article I,” Findlaw, http://constitution.findlaw.com/article1/annotation44.html.
21. Robert G. Natelson, “The Agency Law Origins of the Necessary and Proper Clause,” Case Western Law Review 55, no. 2 (Winter 2004): 243–322.
22. John Joseph Wallis and Wallace E. Oates, “The Impact of the New Deal on American Federalism,” in The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century, eds. Michael D. Bordo et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 167.
23. Gary Gerstle, “Federalism in America: Beyond the Tea Partiers,” Dissent, Fall 2010.
24. Strong, “Cooperative Federalism,” 514.
25. Wallis and Oates, “Impact of the New Deal,” 165.
26. Paul Krugman, “Barack Must Be Good,” New York Times, December 25, 2008.
27. Gavin Wright, “The Political Economy of New Deal Spending: An Econometric Analysis,” Review of Economics and Statistics 56, no. 1 (February 1974): 30-38.
28. Robert Caro, The Power Broker (New York: Vintage, 1975), 426–41.
29. Michael S. Greve, The Upside-Down Constitution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), Kindle edition, chapter 8.
30. Ibid., chapter 11.
31. Ibid., chapter 9.
32. Stein-Roggenbuck, “A Contest for Local Control,” 90.
33. Patterson, “The New Deal and the States,” 78.
34. Greve, Upside-Down, chapter 8.
Chapter 6: Big Brother Comes of Age
1. Todd Wallack, “US Targets Hub Signs,” Boston Globe, March 2, 2011, www.boston.com/realestate/news/articles/2011/03/02/us_says_high_profile_boston_signs_violate_rules/.
2. Federal Highway Administration and Massachusetts Department of Transportation Highway Division, Right of Way Bureau, “Office of Outdoor Advertising Process Review,” undated.
3. Paul Robinson, “National Interstate and Defense Highways Act,” in Encyclopedia of American History: Postwar United States, 1946–1968, revised edition, eds. Adam Winkler et al. (New York: Facts on File, 2010).
4. John Joseph Wallis and Wallace E. Oates, “The Impact of the New Deal on American Federalism,” in The Defining Moment: The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century, eds. Michael D. Bordo et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 172.
5. See http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/infrastructure/beauty.cfm.
6. The Status of Federalism in America: A Report of the Working Group on Federalism of the Domestic Policy Council (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, 1986), 32–33.
7. John Kincaid, “State-Federal Relations: Revolt Against Coercive Federalism?,” in The Book of the States 2012 (Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, 2012), 45.
8. Gary Gerstle, “Federalism in America: Beyond the Tea Partiers,” Dissent, Fall 2010.
9. Chris Edwards, Federal Aid to the States: Historical Causes of Government Growth and Bureaucracy, Cato Policy Analysis no. 593, May 22, 2007, p. 8.
10. State of North Carolina v. Califano, 445 F.Supp. 532 (E.D.N.C. 1977). See The Status of Federalism in America, n. 136.
11. Chris Edwards, Downsizing Government (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2005), 106–16.
12. Peter Ferrara, “Block Grants for All: Liberating the Poor and Taxpayers Alike,” Heartland Institute Policy Brief, May 2014, p. 14.
13. Daniel Sutter, Welfare Block Grants as a Guide to Medicaid Reform, Mercatus Center Working Paper 13-07, George Mason University, April 2013.
14. Ron Haskins, Work over Welfare: The Inside Story of the 1996 Welfare Reform Law (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2006), 336.
15. Pietro S. Nivola, “Last Rites for States Rights?,” Brookings Institution, Reform Watch, no. 1 (June 2000).
16. Jim C. v. US, 235 F.3d 1079, 1081–82 (8th Cir. 2000).
17. John Kincaid, interview with the author, March 13, 2013.
18. Congressional Research Service, Unfunded Mandates Reform Act: History, Impact and Issues, December 6, 2012 (“CRS UMRA Report”), 2.
19. Nivola, “Last Rites?”
20. Federally Induced Costs Affecting State and Local Governments, US Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, Washington, DC, September 1994.
21. Edward Koch, “The Mandate Millstone,” Public Interest, no. 61 (Fall 1980): 42–57.
22. CRS UMRA Report, 36.
23. David A. Super, “Rethinking Fiscal Federalism,” Harvard Law Review 118, no. 8 (June 2005): 2581.
24. CRS UMRA Report, 7–9.
25. Richard A. Epstein and Mario Loyola, “The United State of America,” Atlantic, July 2014, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/the-united-state-of-america/375270.
26. “The Clean Water Act at 30,” New York Times, October 22, 2002.
27. Jonathan Adler, “Fables of the Cuyahoga: Reconstructing a History of Environmental Protection,” Fordham Environmental Law Journal 14, no. 1 (Fall 2002): 89–146.
28. Peter Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often and How It Can Do Better (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 246.
29. Jonathan Adler, “Let Fifty Flowers Bloom: Transforming the States into Laboratories of Environmental Policy,” American Enterprise Institute Federalism Project, Roundtable on Federalism and Environmentalism, September 20, 2001.
30. William O. Douglas, “The Bill of Rights Is Not Enough,” New York University Law Review 38, no. 2 (April 1963): 219.
31. Brian Young, “Life Before Roe: A Brief Survey of US Abortion Law Before the 1973 Decision” (Stafford, VA: American Life League, 1995).
32. Lino A. Graglia, “The Supreme Court’s Perversion of the 1964 Civil Rights Act,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 37, no. 1 (Winter 2014): 103.
33. William H. Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance (Boston: Little, Brown, 1964), 155.
34. James E. Ferguson II, “Preview of 1995 Court Term: Racial Equality,” ACLU.org, September 27, 1995, www.aclu.org/racial-justice/preview-1995-court-term-racial-equality.
35. James B. Meriwether and Michael Millgate, eds., Lion in the Garden: Interviews with William Faulkner, 1926–1962 (New York: Random House, 1968), 60.
36. Jeremy Bailey, “Richard Weaver’s Untraditional Case for Federalism,” Publius 34, no. 4 (September 2004): 33–50.
37. E. J. Dionne, Why Americans Hate Politics (New York: Touchstone, 1992), chapter 2.
38. Edwin Meese III, “Big Brother on the Beat: The Expanding Federalization of Crime,” Texas Review of Law and Politics 1, no. 1 (Spring 1997).
39. Julie Rose O’Sullivan, “The Federal Criminal ‘Code’: Return of Overfederalization,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 37, no. 1 (Winter 2014): 57–67.
40. Brannon Denning and Glenn Reynolds, “Rulings and Resistance: The New Commerce Clause Jurisprudence Encounters the Lower Courts,” Arkansas Law Review 55, no. 4 (Winter 2003): 1253.
41. David Morris, “The Sainted Clause,” AlterNet, June 15, 2005, www.alternet.org/story/22221.
42. “The Court and Marijuana,” New York Times, June 8, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/08/opinion/08wed2.html?_r=0
43. William Van Alstyne, “The Second Death of Federalism,” Michigan Law Review 83, no. 7 (June 1985): 1712.
44. Raoul Berger, Federalism: The Founders’ Design (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987), 8.
45. Brian Bailey, “Federalism: An Antidote to Congress’s Separation of Powers Anxiety and Executive Order 13,083,” Indiana Law Review 75, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 333.
46. Nina A. Mendelson, “A Presumption against Agency Preemption,” Northwestern University Law Review 102, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 695–725.
47. “Lawyers/Law Firms: Background,” OpenSecrets.org, Center for Responsive Politics, April 2010, www.opensecrets.org/industries/background.php?cycle=2014&ind=K01.
48. Mendelson, “Presumption,” 695–725.
49. William Funk et al., Limiting Federal Agency Preemption: Recommendations for a New Federalism Executive Order, Center for Progressive Reform, White Paper 809 (November 2008): 3.
50. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Commerce, Trade, and Consumer Protection of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, US House of Representatives, 111th Cong. (May 6, 2010), www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg76575/html/CHRG-111hhrg76575.htm.
51. Arizona v. United States, 132 S. Ct. 2492 (2012).
52. Catherine M. Sharkey, “Inside Agency Preemption,” Michigan Law Review 110, no. 4 (February 2012): 556.
53. William Yeatman, The U.S. Environmental Agency’s Assault on State Sovereignty (Arlington, VA: American Legislative Exchange Council, 2013).
54. Mario Loyola, “Cooperation or Coercion: Is the EPA Trying to Deputize the States?,” Federalist Society Teleforum, July 28, 2014.
55. David B. Rivkin Jr. and Adam Doverspike, “Do Sue and Settle Practices Undermine Congressional Intent for Cooperative Federalism on Environmental Matters?,” Engage 15, no. 2 (July 2014).
56. Yeatman, Assault on State Sovereignty.
57. Linda Greenhouse, “The Nation: Long Term; For a Supreme Court Graybeard, States’ Rights Can Do No Wrong,” New York Times, March 16, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/16/weekinreview/the-nation-long-term-for-a-supreme-court-graybeard-states-rights-can-do-no-wrong.html.
58. “Inching Closer to States’ Rights,” New York Times, May 29, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/30/opinion/30mon1.html.
Chapter 7: The Blessings of Liberty
1. Alex Newman, “Poll: Most Americans View Feds as Threat to Liberty,” New American, May 4, 2014, www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/politics/item/18188-poll-most-americans-view-feds-as-threat-to-liberty.
2. Peter Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often and How It Can Do Better (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 2.
3. William Greider, “The Right’s Grand Ambition: Rolling Back the 20th Century,” Nation, May 12, 2003.
4. Lily Dane, “Tea Party Leader Is Harassed While Testifying about Being Harassed by IRS,” Daily Sheeple, February 10, 2014, www.thedailysheeple.com/tea-party-leader-is-harassed-while-testifying-about-being-harassed-by-the-irs_022014.
5. Debra Heine, “ATF Director B. Todd Jones Has No Idea Why His Agents Hounded Catherine Engelbrecht in 2012 & 2013,” Breitbart.com, April 3, 2014, www.breitbart.com/InstaBlog/2014/04/03/ATF-Director-B-Todd-Jones-Has-No-Idea-Why-His-Agents-Hounded-Catherine-Engelbrecht-in-2012-2013.
6. Stan Veuger, “Yes, IRS Harassment Blunted the Tea Party Ground Game,” Real Clear Markets, June 20, 2013, www.realclearmarkets.com/articles/2013/06/20/yes_irs_harassment_blunted_the_tea_party_ground_game_100412.html.
7. Nicholas Quinn Rosenkranz, “Targeting the Constitution,” Volokh Conspiracy (blog), Washington Post, September 23, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/09/23/targeting-the-constitution/.
8. Bond v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2355 (2011).
9. Gregory v. Ashcroft, 501 US 452 (1990).
10. See, e.g., C. William Michaels, No Greater Threat: America after September 11 and the Rise of a National Security State (New York: Algora, 2002); Nancy Chang, Silencing Political Dissent (New York: Seven Stories, 2002).
11. Ann Althouse, “The Vigor of the Anti-Commandeering Doctrine in Times of Terror,” Brooklyn Law Review 69, no. 4 (Summer 2004): 1254–56.
12. Ernst A. Young, “Welcome to the Dark Side: Liberals Rediscover Federalism in the Wake of the War on Terror,” Brooklyn Law Review 69, no. 4 (Summer 2004): 1283.
13. Macon Phillips, “Facts Are Stubborn Things,” White House blog, August 4, 2009, www.whitehouse.gov/blog/Facts-Are-Stubborn-Things.
14. “Stockman Asks for Probe of Alleged Audits of Citizens Reported to White House Email Address,” press release, May 14, 2013, http://www.guidrynews.com/story.aspx?id=1000052146.
15. Young, “Dark Side,” 1285.
16. Barton Gellman and Ashkan Soltani, “NSA Tracking Cellphone Locations Worldwide, Snowden Documents Show,” Washington Post, December 4, 2013.
17. John Shiffman and Kristina Cooke, “U.S. Directs Agents to Cover Up Programs Used to Investigate Americans,” Reuters, August 5, 2013.
18. Frederic Paul, “The Week NSA Surveillance Finally Jumped the Shark,” Network World, December 10, 2013, http://www.networkworld.com/article/2225975/security/the-week-nsa-surveillance-finally-jumped-the-shark.html.
19. Robert McMillan, “Why Does the NSA Want to Keep Its Water Bill Secret?,” Wired, March 19, 2014, www.wired.com/2014/03/nsa-water/.
20. Tony Semerad, “Bluffdale Ordered to Release NSA Water Records,” Salt Lake Tribune, March 19, 2014.
21. George Will, “Blowing the Whistle on Leviathan,” Washington Post, July 27, 2012.
22. Virginia Hennessy, “Marine Biologist Nancy Black Fined $12,500 for Violating Marine Mammal Protection Act,” Monterey Herald, January 13, 2014.
23. Julie Rose O’Sullivan, “The Federal Criminal ‘Code’: Return of Overfederalization,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 37, no. 1 (Winter 2014): 57.
24. Brian A. Reaves, Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2008 (Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, June 2012).
25. “Guns in Schools Policy Summary,” Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, http://smartgunlaws.org/guns-in-schools-policy-summary/#state.
26. O’Sullivan, “Return of Overfederalization,” 57.
27. Harvey Silverglate, “What the ‘Wall Street Journal’ Missed about False Statements Made to the FBI,” Forbes.com, April 18, 2012, www.forbes.com/sites/harveysilverglate/2012/04/18/what-the-wall-street-journal-missed-about-false-statements-made-to-the-fbi/.
28. Vikrant Reddy, “King v. United States and the Overfederalization of Criminal Law,” Right on Crime (blog), Texas Public Policy Foundation, July 20, 2012, www.rightoncrime.com/2012/07/king-v-united-states-and-the-overfederalization-of-criminal-law/.
29. John Enshwiller and Gary Fields, “For Feds, ‘Lying’ Is a Handy Charge,” Wall Street Journal, April 9, 2012.
30. Derek Cohen, “Civil Asset Forfeiture Abuse,” Belltowers, March 5, 2014, http://thebelltowers.com/2014/03/05/civil-asset-forfeiture-abuse/.
31. Dick Carpenter, Larry Salzman, and Lisa Knepper, Inequitable Justice: How Federal “Equitable Sharing” Encourages Local Police and Prosecutors to Evade State Civil Forfeiture Law for Financial Gain (Washington, DC: Institute for Justice, 2011).
32. Ross Marchand, “The Felonization of America,” Right on Crime (blog), Texas Public Policy Foundation, January 31, 2014, www.rightoncrime.com/2014/01/the-felonization-of-america/.
33. Smart Reform Is Possible: States Reducing Incarceration Rates and Costs While Protecting Communities (New York: American Civil Liberties Union, August 2011).
34. Susan Klein and Ingrid Grobey, “Debunking Claims of Overfederalization of Criminal Law,” Emory Law Journal 62, no. 1 (September 2012): 1.
35. Harvey Silverglate, “Federal Criminal Law: Punishing Benign Intentions,” in In the Name of Justice, ed. Timothy Lynch (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2009).
36. Pete Kennedy, “Dan Allgyer, Pennsylvania,” A Campaign for Real Milk, February 3, 2012, www.realmilk.com/case-updates/dan-allgyer/.
37. Young, “Dark Side,” 1290.
38. Bradley A. Smith, “Connecting the Dots in the IRS Scandal,” Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2014.
39. Ajit Pai, “The FCC Wades into the Newsroom,” Wall Street Journal, February 10, 2014.
Chapter 8: Democracy, for a Change
1. Ann O’Neill, “Showdown at the H20 Corral,” CNN.com, May 10, 2012, http://cnn.com/2012/05/10/us/tombstone-water-fight.
2. “Tombstone v. United States,” Goldwater Institute, February 17, 2012, http://goldwaterinstitute.org/article/tombstone-v-united-states.
3. Holly Fretwell, Bringing Local Knowledge to Federal Lands, R Street Policy Study no. 18, February 2014.
4. Erik Olin Wright and Joel Rogers, American Society: How It Really Works (New York: Norton, 2010).
5. Hans von Spakovsky, “Government’s Shocking Interference in Rancher’s Life,” Daily Signal, June 11, 2013, http://dailysignal.com/2013/06/11/court-rebuffs-government-overreach-in-nevada/.
6. “Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy for the Tibetan People,” International Campaign for Tibet, http://savetibet.org/policy-center/memorandum-on-genuine-autonomy-for-the-tibetan-people/.
7. Fretwell, “Local Knowledge.”
8. Henry Litchfield West, Federal Power: Its Growth and Necessity (New York: George H. Doran, 1918), 96.
9. James Bennett, “True to Form, Clinton Shifts Energies Back to U.S. Focus,” New York Times, July 5, 1998.
10. Testimony of John Jones, Legislative Hearing on H.R. 250, H.R. 382, H.R. 432, H.R. 758, H.R. 1512, H.R. 1434, H.R. 1439, H.R. 1459, and H.R. 885, Subcommittee on Public Lands and Environmental Regulation, 113 Cong. (April 16, 2013), www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-113hhrg80524/pdf/CHRG-113hhrg80524.pdf.
11. Catherine M. Sharkey, “Inside Agency Preemption,” Michigan Law Review 110, no. 4 (February 2012): 556.
12. Bill Kauffman, Bye Bye, Miss American Empire (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010), Kindle edition, Introduction.
13. Brian Bailey, “Federalism: An Antidote to Congress’s Separation of Powers Anxiety and Executive Order 13,083,” Indiana Law Review 75, no. 1 (Winter 2000): 349.
14. Steven G. Calabresi, “A Government of Limited and Enumerated Powers: In Defense of United States v. Lopez,” Michigan Law Review 94, no. 3 (December 1995): 795–96.
15. Jennifer Maloney, “From New York’s ‘Mr. Mayor,’ Quips Even in Crisis,” Wall Street Journal, February 2–3, 2013.
16. Neal McCluskey, “LEARNing about something good in Washington,” Cato at Liberty (blog), Cato Institute, May 21, 2010, www.cato.org/blog/learning-about-something-good-washington.
17. Richard A. Epstein and Mario Loyola, “The United State of America,” Atlantic, July 2014, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/the-united-state-of-america/375270.
18. John Kincaid, interview with the author, March 13, 2013.
19. Michael Greve, “Interposition Now,” Library of Law and Liberty, December 6, 2012, www.libertylawsite.org/2012/12/06/interposition-now/.
20. Mike Shields, “The ABCs of Medicaid Block Grants,” KHI News Service, May, 2011, http://www.khi.org/news/2011/may/02/abcs-medicaid-block-grants/.
21. Peter Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often and How It Can Do Better (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 196.
Chapter 9: Real Diversity
1. “Diversity and Inclusion,” US Office of Personnel and Management, www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/diversity-and-inclusion/.
2. Bill Kauffman, Bye Bye, Miss American Empire (White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010).
3. Tom Fox, “Treating Citizens like Customers,” On Leadership (blog), Washington Post, September 17, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/on-leadership/wp/2014/09/17/treating-citizens-like-customers/.
4. Richard A. Epstein and Mario Loyola, “The United State of America,” Atlantic, July 2014, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/07/the-united-state-of-america/375270.
5. Heather Gerken, “A New Progressive Federalism,” Democracy, March 2011.
6. Maya Rhodan, “States Lead the Way on Sentencing Reform,” Time, February 14, 2014.
7. Barbara Gottlieb, “States Lead the Action for Toxics Policy Reform,” Physicians for Social Responsibility, May 1, 2013, www.psr.org/environment-and-health/environmental-health-policy-institute/responses/states-lead-the-action.html.
8. Pietro S. Nivola, “Rediscovering Federalism,” Issues in Governance Studies, Brookings Institution, July 2007, p. 3.
9. Andrew Coulson, “The Impact of Federal Involvement in America’s Classrooms,” Congressional testimony, February 10, 2011, www.cato.org/publications/congressional-testimony/impact-federal-involvement-americas-classrooms.
10. John Kincaid, “State-Federal Relations: Revolt Against Coercive Federalism?,” in The Book of the States 2012 (Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments, 2012).
11. Coulson, “Impact.”
12. Richard Whitmire, “Tennessee and DC Lead Education Reform,” USA Today, November 7, 2013.
13. “Gold Standard Studies,” Friedman Foundation for Educational Choice, http://www.edchoice.org/Research/Gold-Standard-Studies.
14. Ted Rebarber and Alison Consoletti Zgainer, eds., Survey of America’s Charter Schools 2014 (Washington, DC: Center for Education Reform, 2014).
15. John Kincaid, interview with the author, March 13, 2013.
16. The Hon. Rob Bishop, interview with the author, April 12, 2013.
17. Dinan, Talk Back, 6–8.
18. Neal McCluskey, “Education Experts Also Oppose Core,” Albany Times Union, October 30, 2013.
19. Jessica Michele Herring, “Immigration Reform 2014: New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Lead Immigration Reform by Enacting DREAM Act Legislation,” Latino Post, January 14, 2014, www.latinopost.com/articles/3113/20140114/immigration-reform-2014-new-jersey-pennsylvania-lead-immigration-reform-by-enacting-dream-act-legislation.htm.
20. Gabriel Roth, “Federal Highway Funding,” Downsizing the Federal Government, Cato Institute, June 2010, www.downsizinggovernment.org/transportation/federal-highway-funding.
21. Don Jeffrey, “Vermont Fights Ruling It Can’t Shut Entergy Nuclear Plant,” Bloomberg.com, January 14, 2013, www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-14/vermont-fights-ruling-it-can-t-shut-entergy-nuclear-plant.html.
22. Jonathan Turley, “Fighting Pot with Water,” USA Today, July 7, 2014.
23. Tim Dickinson, “Jerry Brown’s Tough-Love California Miracle,” Rolling Stone, August 29, 2013.
24. Turley, “Fighting Pot.”
25. Jill E. Fisch, “The New Federal Regulation of Corporate Governance,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 28, no. 1 (Fall 2004): 39.
26. Frank Easterbrook, “Federalism and Commerce,” Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy 36, no. 3 (Summer 2013), 937–39.
27. Ibid.
28. Michael Memoli, “Democratic Governors Join Obama in Push for Higher Minimum Wage,” Los Angeles Times, February 21, 2014.
29. Conor Friedersdorf, “Role-Reversal in Debate over States’ Rights?,” Orange County Register, January 7, 2014.
30. “Tea Party’s ‘States’ Rights’ Constitutional Amendment,” Daily Kos, January 2, 2011, www.dailykos.com/story/2011/01/02/932988/-Tea-Party-s-States-Rights-Constitutional-Amendment.
31. Indur Goklany, Clearing the Air: The Real Story of the War on Air Pollution (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1999), 3, 91–96.
32. Jonathan Adler, “Let Fifty Flowers Bloom: Transforming the States into Laboratories of Environmental Policy,” American Enterprise Institute Federalism Project, Roundtable on Federalism and Environmentalism, September 20, 2001.
33. Richard Revesz, “Federalism and Environmental Regulation: A Normative Critique,” in The New Federalism: Can the States Be Trusted?, eds. John Ferejohn and Barry Weingast (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution, 1997).
34. James Buckley, Freedom at Risk (New York: Encounter, 2010).
35. Peter Applebome, “A Vision of a Nation No Longer in the U.S.,” New York Times, October 18, 2007.
36. Thomas More Law Center v. Obama, 651 F.3d 529 (6th Cir. 2011).
37. E. Fuller Torrey, How to Bring Sanity to Our Mental Health System, Heritage Foundation, Center for Policy Innovation Discussion Paper No. 2, December 19, 2011, 9.
38. E. Fuller Torrey, “Fifty Years of Failing America’s Mentally Ill,” Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2013, A15.
39. Fuller, Sanity, 9.
40. Herbert Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), Kindle edition, chapter 3.
41. Brutus I, 2.9.16, in Storing, What the Anti-Federalists Were For.
42. Jason Crook, “Towards a More ‘Perfect’ Union: The Untimely Demise of Federalism and the Rise of a Homogeneous Political Culture,” University of Dayton Law Review 34, no. 1 (Fall 2008): 47.
Chapter 10: A More Competent Government
1. Sharon Begley, “As ObamaCare Tech Woes Mounted, Contractor Payment Soared,” Reuters, October 17, 2013.
2. Michael D. Shear, “Boehner Calls for More Action on V.A. Scandal,” New York Times, June 4, 2014.
3. Peter Schuck, Why Government Fails So Often and How It Can Do Better (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014), 190.
4. Marshall J. Breger and Gary J. Edles, “Established by Practice: The Theory and Operation of Independent Federal Agencies,” Administrative Law Review 52, no. 4 (Fall 2000): 1131.
5. Chris Edwards, Downsizing Government (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 2005), 74.
6. Al Gore, Creating a Government That Works Better and Costs Less: Report of the National Performance Review (Darby, PA: Diane Publishing, 1993), 93.
7. John Samples and Emily Ekins, Public Attitudes toward Federalism, Cato Policy Analysis no. 759, September 23, 2014, p. 23.
8. Schuck, Why Government Fails, 166–67.
9. Daniel P. Moynihan, “Quadragesimo Anno,” in The Federal Budget and the States, 24th edition (Cambridge, MA: Taubman Center, 2000), 14.
10. Pietro S. Nivola, “Rediscovering Federalism,” Issues in Governance Studies, Brookings Institution, July 2007, pp. 2–3.
11. Michael Waddoups and David Clark, “A Modest Proposal to the Federal Government: Let Utah Do It,” Washington Post, February 19, 2010.
12. Chris Edwards, “Fiscal Federalism,” Downsizing the Federal Government, Cato Institute, June 2013, www.downsizing government.org/fiscal-federalism.
13. Edwards, Downsizing Government, 114.
14. Ibid., 111–14.
15. Beryl H. Davis, “Improper Payments: Remaining Challenges and Strategies for Government Reduction Efforts,” Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management, Government Information, Federal Services, and International Security, Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, US Senate (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, March 2012).
16. “OMB Issues Instructions to Agencies and States for Combating Waste, Fraud, and Abuse in Federal Programs,” Office of Management and Budget, news release, June 19, 2003, www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/omb/pubpress/2003-22.pdf.
17. Reporting Improper Payments: A Report Card on Agencies’ Progress, Hearing Before the Federal Financial Management, Government Information, and International Security Subcommittee of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, 109th Cong. (March 9, 2006), www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109shrg27749/pdf/CHRG-109shrg27749.pdf.
18. Davis, “Improper Payments.”
19. Schuck, Why Government Fails, 192.
20. Timothy Male, “U.S. Is Overspending to Save Salmon, Seattle Times, March 19, 2014, http://seattletimes.com/html/opinion/2023155976_timothymaleopedendangeredspecies18xml.html./.
21. Paul C. Light, “Has the National Government Become an ‘Awful Spectacle’?,” Public Administration Review 71, issue supplement s1 (December 2011): S155.
22. William Stanbury and Fred Thompson, “Toward a Political Economy of Government Waste: First Step, Definitions,” Public Administration Review 55, no. 5 (September/October 1995): 418.
23. John Shannon, “Federalism’s ‘Invisible Regulator’—Interjurisdictional Competition,” in Competition Among States and Local Governments, eds. Daphne Kenyon and John Kincaid (Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press 1991).
24. Ferrara, “Block Grants for All.”
25. Ibid.
26. Edwards, Downsizing Government, 108–10.
27. Nora Gordon, “Do Federal Grants Boost School Spending? Evidence from Title I,” Journal of Public Economics 88, nos. 9–10 (August 2004): 1771–92.
28. Robert B. Helms, Medicaid: The Forgotten Issue in Health Reform, American Enterprise Institute Health Policy Outlook no. 14, November 2009.
29. Stanbury and Thompson, “Government Waste,” 418.
30. John Ydstie, “Sen. Burns Scrutinized for Earmark Tied to Abramoff,” National Public Radio, March 27, 2006, www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5299944.
31. Ronald D. Utt, President’s Plan to Consolidate Federal Economic Development Programs Is Long Overdue, Heritage Foundation Web Memo #656 on Federal Budget, February 7, 2005.
32. Rick Newman, “Why Federal Government Trumps the States,” U.S. News & World Report, September 23, 2011.
33. Federal Assistance: Grant System Continues to Be Highly Fragmented (GAO-03-718T), Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, April 29, 2003, www.gao.gov/assets/110/109870.pdf.
34. Edwards, Downsizing Government, 57.
35. Light, “Awful Spectacle.”
36. David Fahrenthold, “What Does Rural Mean: Feds Have 15 Answers,” Washington Post, June 9, 2013, A1.
37. Edwards, Downsizing Government, 57.
38. Schuck, Why Government Fails, 190.
39. Lennard G. Kruger, Staffing for Adequate Fire and Emergency Response: The SAFER Grant Program, Congressional Research Service, Washington, DC, January 23, 2014.
40. Edwards, Downsizing Government, 115.
41. Message of the President of the United States Transmitting the Reports of the Commission on Economy and Efficiency, House of Representatives Document 1252, Washington, DC, 1913.
42. Edwards, Downsizing Government, 52–53.
43. Paul C. Light, A Government Ill Executed (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008), 168.
44. Waddoups and Clark, “Modest Proposal.”
45. John Kincaid, interview with the author, March 13, 2013.
46. Schuck, Why Government Fails, 169.
47. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Government at a Glance 2013: Switzerland, www.oecd.org/gov/GAAG2013_CFS_CHE.pdf.
Chapter 11: A Lasting Peace
1. “160 Tennessee National Guardsmen Deployed to Afghanistan,” News Channel 5, Nashville, March 16, 2014, www.jrn.com/newschannel5/news/250551911.html.
2. Maya Schenwar, “States Push to Take Back National Guard,” Truthout, February 11, 2009, http://truth-out.org/archive/component/k2/item/82486:states-push-to-take-back-national-guard.
3. Ibid.
4. 2015 National Guard Bureau Posture Statement (Washington, DC: National Guard Bureau), www.nationalguard.mil/portals/31/Documents/PostureStatements/2015%20National%20Guard%20Bureau%20Posture%20Statement.pdf.
5. Schenwar, “States Push.”
6. John R. Vile, The Constitutional Convention of 1787, vol. 1 (Denver: ABC-CLIO, 2005), 320.
7. 2015 National Guard Bureau Posture Statement.
8. Jerry Cooper, The Rise of the National Guard (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997), 9.
9. Houston v. Moore, 18 US 1 (1820).
10. James Biser Whisker, “The Citizen-Soldier under Federal and State Law,” West Virginia Law Review 94, no. 4 (Summer 1992): 967–68.
11. Cooper, Rise of the National Guard, 9.
12. John R. Brinkerhoff, “Restore the Militia for Homeland Security,” Journal of Homeland Security, November 2001, available at www.constitution.org/mil/cmt/brinkerhoff_nov01.htm.
13. Peter A. Fish, “The Constitution and the Training of National Guardsmen,” Journal of Law and Politics 4, no. 3 (Winter 1988): 597.
14. Ibid., 630–31.
15. Perpich v. Department of Defense, 880 F.2d 11 (8th Cir. 1989), aff’d 110 S.Ct. 2418 (1990).
16. Akhil Amar, “Of Sovereignty and Federalism,” Yale Law Journal 96, no. 7 (June 1987): 1425.
17. Josh Hicks, “National Guard Is New Gay Rights Battleground as Four States Refuse to Handle Federal Benefits,” Washington Post, September 21, 2013.
18. National Governors Association, “America Wins: The Struggle for Control of the National Guard,” State-Federal Brief, undated, www.nga.org/files/live/sites/NGA/files/pdf/1210NationalGuardAmericaWins.pdf.
19. Ken Picard, “Leahy to Reverse White House ‘Power Grab’ of National Guard,” Seven Days, June 27, 2007.
20. Alfonso Chardy, “Reagan Aides and the Secret Government,” Miami Herald, July 5, 1987.
21. Christian Smith, Resisting Reagan: The U.S. Central America Peace Movement (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
22. Walter Pincus, “National Guard Association, Vets Groups, Know How to Win at Defense Fiscal Football,” Washington Post, May 26, 2014.
23. Chris Johnson, “How Will Obama Handle National Guard Units Disobeying Federal Directive?,” Washington Blade, September 30, 2013.
24. Hicks, “Battleground.”
25. Benson Scotch, “Memo to the Wisconsin Assembly Committee on Veterans and Military Affairs,” March 13, 2010, Democracy Square, http://democracycharter.com/publications-talks/scotch-legal-memo-wisconsin-safeguard-guard-act.
26. Jessica Zuckerman et al., “Why More States Should Establish State Defense Forces,” Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder, no. 2655, February 28, 2012.
27. State Guard Association of the United States, http://www.sgaus.org.
Chapter 12: An Action Plan
1. Amy Vickers, “The Energy Policy Act: Assessing Its Impact on Utilities,” Journal of the American Water Works Association 85, no. 8 (August 1993): 56.
2. Doug Bandow, Demonizing Drugmakers: The Political Assault on the Pharmaceutical Industry, Cato Policy Analysis no. 475, May 8, 2003, pp. 32–35.
3. Jon Harper, “Senator: More Than 1,000 Veterans May Have Died as a Result of VA Misconduct,” Stars and Stripes, June 24, 2014.
4. John W. Dawson and John J. Seater, “Federal Regulation and Aggregate Economic Growth,” Journal of Economic Growth 18, no. 2 (June 2013): 137–77.
5. Ernst A. Young, “Welcome to the Dark Side: Liberals Rediscover Federalism in the Wake of the War on Terror,” Brooklyn Law Review 69, no. 4 (Summer 2004): 1302.
6. Daniel P. Moynihan, “Quadragesimo Anno,” in The Federal Budget and the States, 24th edition (Cambridge, MA: Taubman Center, 2000).
7. Ronald D. Utt, “‘Turn Back’ Transportation to the States,” Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder no. 2651 (February 6, 2012).
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. “54% Say States Should Be Able to Opt Out of Federal Programs,” Rasmussen Reports, August 26, 2011.
11. Charles Murray, “Tax Withholding Is Bad for Democracy,” Wall Street Journal, August 13, 2009, http://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204313604574328273572673730.
12. Peter Ferrara, “Block Grants for All: Liberating the Poor and Taxpayers Alike,” Heartland Institute Policy Brief, May 2014, p. 19.
13. Lindsey Burke, “How the A-PLUS Act Can Rein In the Government’s Education Power Grab,” Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder, no. 2858 on Education, November 14, 2013.
14. The Path to Prosperity: Fiscal Year 2015 Budget Resolution (Washington, DC: House Budget Committee, April 2014).
15. Paul Ryan, Expanding Opportunity in America: A Discussion Draft from the House Budget Committee (Washington, DC: House Budget Committee Majority Staff, July 24, 2014).
16. Linda Bilmes and Shelby Chodos, “Want to Stimulate the Economy? Let’s Hand Cash Directly to the States,” Washington Post, June 29, 2012.
17. John Kincaid, interview with the author, March 13, 2013.
18. See the website of the Firearms Freedom Act at http://firearmsfreedomact.com.
19. Justine McDaniel, Robby Korth, and Jessica Boehm, “In States, a Legislative Rush to Nullify Federal Gun Laws,” GovBeat (blog), Washington Post, August 29, 2014, www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/govbeat/wp/2014/08/29/in-states-a-legislative-rush-to-nullify-federal-gun-laws/.
20. Ibid.; Kathleen S. Callahan, Lisa M. Lindemenn, and Barak Y. Orbach, “Arming States’ Rights: Federalism, Private Lawmakers, and the Battering Ram Strategy,” Arizona Law Review 52, no. 4 (Winter 2010): 1161–1206.
21. “State Marijuana Laws Map,” Governing, no date, www.governing.com/gov-data/state-marijuana-laws-map-medical-recreational.html.
22. “4th Amendment Protection Act,” Tenth Amendment Center, no date, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/legislation/4th-amendment-protection-act/.
23. Michael Maharrey, “Utah Legislator Introduces Bill to Cut Off NSA’s Water Supply,” Tenth Amendment Center, February 12, 2014, http://tenthamendmentcenter.com/2014/02/12/utah-legislator-introduces-bill-to-cut-of-nsa-data-centers-water-supply/.
24. Michael Greve, “Cooperation or Coercion: Is the EPA Trying to Deputize the States?” Federalist Society Teleforum, July 28, 2014.
25. Ted Cruz and Mario Loyola, Reclaiming the Constitution: An Agenda for State Action (Austin: Texas Public Policy Foundation, November 2010), 16.
26. Nina A. Mendelson, “A Presumption against Agency Preemption,” Northwestern University Law Review 102, no. 2 (Spring 2008): 695–725.
27. Catherine M. Sharkey, “Federalism Accountability: ‘Agency-Forcing’ Measures,” Duke Law Journal 58, no. 8 (May 2009): 2174–6.
28. Catherine M. Sharkey, “Inside Agency Preemption,” Michigan Law Review 110, no. 4 (February 2012): 584.
29. Vikrant Reddy, “You Don’t Have to Make a Federal Case out of It,” USA Today, December 9, 2012.
30. “States Cut Both Crime and Imprisonment,” Pew Charitable Trust, Public Safety Performance Project, December 19, 2013, www.pewtrusts.org/en/multimedia/data-visualizations/2013/states-cut-both-crime-and-imprisonment.
31. Akhil Amar, “Of Sovereignty and Federalism,” Yale Law Journal 96, no. 7 (June 1987): 1425.
32. John J. Gibbons, “The Eleventh Amendment and State Sovereign Immunity: A Reinterpretation,” Columbia Law Review 83, no. 8 (December 1983): 1943, n. 296.
33. William Duker, A Constitutional History of Habeas Corpus (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980), 126–80.
34. Amar, “Of Sovereignty and Federalism,” 1517.
35. McDaniel, Korth, and Boehm, “Legislative Rush.”
36. Owen J. Roberts, “Fortifying the Supreme Court’s Independence,” American Bar Association Journal 35, no. 1 (January 1935), 4.
37. Wayne A. Logan, “Constitutional Cacophony: Federal Circuit Splits and the Fourth Amendment,” Vanderbilt Law Review 65, no. 5 (October 2012).
38. “Federal Control of the East v. West,” presentation by the Hon. Rob Bishop, available at http://energystates.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/RepBishopEPSCPresentation-.pdf.
39. Michelle L. Price, “Feds Miss Public Lands Deadline as Utah Gears Up for a Fight,” Standard Examiner, January 3, 2015, http://www.standard.net/Government/2015/01/03/Utah-gears-up-for-lands-fight-as-deadline-passes-1.
40. “Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act,” Utah Sierran, https://utah.sierraclub.org/content/utah-transfer-public-lands-act.
41. Colby Frazier, “With GOP Support, Utah Wilderness Act Clears Committee,” City Weekly, March 4, 2014.
42. Alex Newman, “Western States Want Feds to Surrender ‘Federal Land,’” New American, April 22, 2014.
43. “Federal Control of East v. West.”
44. Jonathan Adler, “Let Fifty Flowers Bloom: Transforming the States into Laboratories of Environmental Policy,” American Enterprise Institute Federalism Project, Roundtable on Federalism and Environmentalism, September 20, 2001.
45. Paul R. Portney, “Environmental Policy in the Next Century,” in Setting National Priorities: The 2000 Election and Beyond, eds. Henry J. Aaron and Robert D. Reischauer (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999), 379.
46. Adler, “Fifty Flowers.”
47. Pietro S. Nivola, “Last Rites for States Rights?,” Brookings Institution, Reform Watch, no. 1 (June 2000).
48. Fred Lucas, “Obama Calls for Palestinian Self-Determination in Israel Speech,” Cnsnews.com, March 21, 2013, http://cnsnews.com/news/article/obama-calls-palestinian-self-determination-israel-speech.