This book is the product of more than two years of research and reporting. It is based on hundreds of interviews with a wide range of sources: friends, relatives, classmates, and acquaintances; business associates and employees; political allies and adversaries; members of the philanthropic community; and many, many others who were gracious enough to share their perspectives on the Koch family and/or their companies. Unless specified in the source notes below, all quotations come from interviews conducted by me, or, in a handful of cases, by my research assistants Andy Kroll and Ryan Brown. Whenever possible, I strove to quote sources on the record, but in some cases interview subjects requested, and I granted, anonymity so they could speak candidly.
My research also benefited from a huge range of primary source documents, including thousands of pages of correspondence and other material, unearthed at more than a dozen archives. They include those located at the Chicago History Museum, Columbia University, Harvard University, the Hoover Institution, the Library of Congress, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rice University, the Russian State Archive of Economics, the University of Michigan, the University of Oregon, the University of Southern California, Wichita State University, the Wisconsin Historical Society, and elsewhere. I relied as well on many thousands of pages of legal documents—transcripts, depositions, exhibits, motions, and more—produced through numerous lawsuits involving the Koch brothers, their father, and/or the family’s various business entities. Any errors of omission or commission are mine and mine alone.
1. “Okay, boys”: Interview with Jay Chapple.
2. nineteen minutes younger: “Brother Versus Brother,” The New York Times, April 28, 1998.
3. shared a small room: Interview with John Damgard.
4. a college boxer: “Knights of Padded MIT in First Meet Tomorrow,” The Tech, March 5, 1920.
5. “It would make ‘Dallas’ and ‘Dynasty’ look like a playpen”: “Build Your Own Playpen,” New England Business, September 1988.
6. “10,000 orgasms”: “Billionaire Bill Koch Wins $12 Million More From Wine Maven Who Sold Him Bogus Bordeaux,” New York Post, April 13, 2013.
7. Bill ranks 329th: “The World’s Billionaires,” Forbes, March 4, 2013.
8. “the biggest company you’ve never heard of”: “The Price of Immortality,” Portfolio, October 15, 2008.
9. former home to John D. Rockefeller Jr.: Michael Gross, 740 Park (Broadway Books, 2005), p. 48.
10. stage actors working off a script: Brian Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism (Public Affairs, 2007), p. 410.
1. some of the earliest colonial settlers: Mary Judith Robinson, Patriots and Loyalists: An American Family from Colonial Times (2009).
2. enjoyed visiting Fred’s father: “Quanah Parker, Chief of the Comanches,” Kerrville Mountain Sun, November 18, 1926.
3. the Koch family’s home phone number: “Fred Koch at Rice University,” published by Rice University’s Office of Public Affairs, November 2008.
4. briefly captained the MIT team: “Matmen Campaign Proves Successful,” The Tech, March 15, 1921.
5. “The way up the ladder”: “College Grad Seeks Job… And More,” Discovery, July 2012.
6. from plane manufacturing to gold mining: “C.F. De Ganahl, 69, Plane Maker, Dies: Manufacturer Also Had Been Gold Miner,” The New York Times, May 15, 1939.
7. engineering challenges: “Special Napthas with Pipe Still,” F. C. Koch, Oil and Gas Journal, March 10, 1927.
8. “as brilliant a pair of brain lobes”: Charles Francis de Ganahl, The Life and Letters of Charles Francis de Ganahl Vol. II (R. R. Smith, 1949), p. 379.
9. former Army sergeant: The National Cyclopædia of American Biography, Vol. 56 (J. T. White & Company, 1975), pp. 209-210.
10. Fred bought a one-third stake: “Restructure, Inc.”
11. lived in his office: Ibid.
12. Mary’s parents approved: From an unpublished portion of an interview conducted with Mary Koch in 1986 by Leslie Wayne, then of The New York Times. At the time, she also interviewed Charles, Bill, and a handful of Koch Industries executives. Copies of the interview notes are in the possession of the author. (Hereafter, “Leslie Wayne interview notes.”)
13. a month (and six dates): Ibid.
14. “a typical old country boy”: “Family Feud at a Corporate Colossus,” Fortune, July 26, 1982.
15. “Fred was a strong man”: “A Visit with Mary Koch,” East Wichita News, October 1988.
16. The inspiration for the elaborate trip: The Life and Letters of Charles F. de Ganahl.
17. “But this is my trousseau!”: “A Visit with Mary Koch.”
18. After crisscrossing South America: Details of their honeymoon come from films of their trip viewed by the author.
19. Fred felled a pair of leopards: “Koch Family Matriarch Dies at 83,” The Wichita Eagle, December 23, 1990.
20. Mary helped to exercise: From a compilation of family films narrated by Mary Koch and viewed by the author.
21. the child’s namesake telegrammed: “Namesake and Mentor,” Discovery, January 2010.
22. “The most glorious feeling”: “A Letter’s Legacy,” The Wichita Eagle, March 15, 1998.
23. “He wanted to make sure”: Koch v. Koch Industries (D. Kans., 1985), testimony of Charles Koch.
24. “country-club bums”: “A Letter’s Legacy,” The Wichita Eagle, March 15, 1998.
25. “If we wanted to go to the movies”: Ibid.
26. “He was like John Wayne”: “David Koch Intends to Cure Cancer in His Lifetime and Remake American Politics,” Palm Beach Post, February 18, 2012.
27. “The old man didn’t put up with”: “Captain America,” Sports Illustrated, April 20, 1992.
28. “It used to be so hot there”: “A Letter’s Legacy,” The Wichita Eagle, March 15, 1998.
29. “My father was quite a student of history”: Koch v. Koch Industries, testimony of Charles Koch.
30. a cancerous tumor: Details about Fred’s palate condition come from Leslie Wayne’s 1986 interview with Mary Koch and from: John Lincoln, Rich Grass and Sweet Water: Ranch Life with the Koch Matador Cattle Company (Texas A&M University Press, 1989), pp. 5–6.
31. advertise their cattle brands: “Early Day Newspapers in Quanah,” Quanah Tribune-Chief, August 26, 1938.
32. 10,000 acres: Lincoln, Rich Grass and Sweet Water, p. 6.
33. Monet’s Field of Oats and Poppies: George T. M. Shackelford and Elliot Bostwick Davis, Things I Love: The Many Collections of William I. Koch (MFA Publications, 2005), p. 24.
34. He sold a refinery: Lincoln, Rich Grass and Sweet Water, p. 6.
35. “fat cattle and nutritious grass”: Lincoln, Rich Grass and Sweet Water, p. 61.
36. driving there by a different route: “A Letter’s Legacy,” The Wichita Eagle, March 15, 1998.
37. “It sure is clean here”: “Koch and His Empire Grew Together,” The Wichita Eagle, June 26, 1994.
38. “Freddie didn’t want to learn”: From a compilation of family film footage narrated by Mary Koch and viewed by the author.
39. “another world”: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
40. Frederick had a nervous breakdown: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers,” Fortune, February 17, 1997.
41. “Father wanted to make all his boys”: “Survival of the Richest,” Fame, November 1989.
42. “Freddie sort of segregated himself”: “Brothers at Odds,” The New York Times Magazine, December 7, 1986.
43. “Freddie wanted no part”: “Survival of the Richest.”
44. “He and Mrs. Koch have three sons”: “Responsible Leadership Through the John Birch Society,” a pamphlet published by the public relations department of the John Birch Society.
45. tearfully pleading: “Survival of the Richest.”
46. “bad boy who turned good”: “Brothers at Odds.”
47. “I’m still alive”: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
48. “Father put the fear of God in him”: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers,” Fortune, February 17, 1997.
49. “It was a miracle”: “Charles Koch Remains Focused on Business,” The Wichita Eagle, March 29, 1998.
50. In his baby book: “Wild Bill Koch,” Vanity Fair, June 1994.
51. desperate gambits for attention: Ibid.
52. “He’d lash out”: “Pulling the Wraps off Koch Industries,” The New York Times, November 20, 1994.
53. “We had to get Charles away”: “Brothers at Odds.”
54. “to grow up amongst ourselves”: “A Letter’s Legacy,” The Wichita Eagle, March 15, 1998.
55. “When you’re one of four kids”: “Wild Bill Koch,” Vanity Fair, June 1994.
56. mischievous bully: “Blood Feud,” Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1989.
57. “For a long time”: “Wild Bill Koch.”
58. bashed his twin over the head with a polo mallet: Ibid.
59. David still bears a scar: Ibid.
60. “from an unsophisticated country boy”: 2003 Deerfield Medal acceptance speech by David Koch.
61. had become unhinged: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
62. “You’ve got to talk to a psychiatrist to analyze it”: “Survival of the Richest.”
1. 2,500 cracking-related patents: David McKnight Jr., A Study of Patents on Petroleum Cracking (University of Texas, 1938), p. 9.
2. sixteen contracts: Winkler-Koch v. Universal Oil Products (S.D.N.Y., 1945), opinion, July 16, 1951.
3. “conducting a very aggressive, active campaign”: Universal Oil Products Co. v. Winkler-Koch Engineering and Globe Oil and Refining Co. (D. Del., 1931), trial testimony of G. W. Miller.
4. they gathered their clients: Universal Oil Products v. Winkler-Koch Engineering Co. and Root Refining Co. (D. Del., 1929), affidavit of Walter J. Blenko.
5. Koch and Winkler had incorporated a new company: Charter of the Winkler-Koch Patent Company, February 20, 1929.
6. The plan initially called: Details about the Winkler-Koch Patent Company and its legal defense fund come from documents and testimony in Universal Oil Products v. Winkler-Koch Engineering Co. and Root Refining Co.
7. Winkler had been Universal’s chief engineer: The National Cyclopædia of American Biography, Vol. 56, p. 209.
8. worked shoulder to shoulder with Carbon Dubbs: Charles Remsberg and Hal Higdon, Ideas for Rent: The UOP Story, 1994 (UOP), p. 138.
9. declined to testify: Universal Oil Products v. Winkler-Koch Engineering Co., et al. (D. Del., 1931), opinion, April 27, 1934.
10. “post graduates of Universal.”: Ibid.
11. “exclusively a patent holding company”: Universal Oil Products v. Winkler-Koch Engineering Co. and Root Refining Co., trial transcript.
12. “The differences that do exist are modifications”: Universal Oil Products v. Winkler-Koch Engineering Co., et al., opinion, April 27, 1934.
13. to proceed vigorously: “Validity of Petroleum Cracking Patents Sustained,” Chemical Bulletin, June 1934.
14. “We assume you will be interested”: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Military Affairs, United States Senate, 78th Congress, “Monopoly and Cartel Practices: Universal Oil Products,” November 3, 1943.
15. a federal grand jury indicted: “Ex-Judge Davis Accused by Jury of Selling Favors,” The New York Times, March 29, 1941.
16. $1.5 million from his foes: Charles Koch, The Science of Success (Wiley, 2007), p. 7.
17. severed ties: Ibid., p. 10.
18. “It was a living hell to him”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
19. Fred’s advice to his sons: Charles Koch, The Science of Success (Wiley, 2007), p. 7.
20. led the world in petroleum production: Vagit Alekperov, Oil of Russia (East View Press, 2011), p. 80.
21. “a plan for a great world revolution”: Hearings Before the Committee on Ways and Means, 71st Congress, “Prohibition of Importation of Goods Produced By Convict, Forced, or Indentured Labor,” p. 153.
22. “its merit”: “American Cracking for Soviet Refining,” Oil of Russia, No. 4, 2012.
23. When Fred arrived in Moscow: “Two Shores of Professor Sakhanov,” Oil of Russia, No. 1, 2012.
24. “we will make you rotten to the core.”: Fred C. Koch, A Business Man Looks at Communism (1960), p. 8.
25. “Why did you save my life?”: Ibid., p. 8.
26. “We are here just like slaves”: Ibid., p. 38.
27. “I’ll see you in the United States”: Fred C. Koch to Howard E. Kershner, January 9, 1961, Howard E. Kershner Papers, Box 10, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Oregon Libraries.
28. “I was naïve enough to think”: “John Birch Signer,” The Washington Post, February 22, 1964.
1. “It’s something I grew up with”: Brian Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, (Public Affairs, 2007), p. 407.
2. “the only sound countries in the world”: Charles Francis de Ganahl, The Life and Letters of Charles F. de Ganahl, Vol. II, pp. 893–98.
3. “whether we are going to be free men or slaves”: Fred C. Koch to Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer, May 2, 1966, Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers, Box 45, Folder 30, Hoover Institution Archives.
4. returned to Moscow: “Millionaires to Tell Russia ‘It Isn’t True,’ ” Associated Press, July 23, 1956.
5. “The meeting will be completely ‘off the record’ ”: Robert Welch to T. Coleman Andrews, October 27, 1958.
6. “Before tomorrow is over”: A transcript of Welch’s remarks in Indianapolis were published in The Blue Book of the John Birch Society.
7. gave him a job: Koch, A Business Man Looks at Communism (1960), p. 7.
8. “He was always convinced that they pushed him out”: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics,” The Weekly Standard, April 4, 2011.
9. “Here, Bob, we’re in business”: G. Edward Griffin, The Life and Words of Robert Welch (American Media, 1975), p. 274.
10. “the dead will be the lucky ones”: Fred C. Koch to Rep. Al Ullman, May 11, 1961, Group Research Inc. Records, Box 190, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University Library.
11. So many listeners called in: Fred C. Koch to Howard E. Kershner, January 9, 1961, Howard E. Kershner Papers, Box 10, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Oregon Libraries.
12. “It is not the Communists who are destroying America”: Koch, A Business Man Looks at Communism, p. 5.
13. “My father hated Picasso”: “The Koch Collection: Sculptures, Paintings Chosen for Powerful Statements,” The Wichita Eagle, September 6, 1992.
14. Demand was so great: Fred C. Koch to Elizabeth Brown, November 9, 1961, Elizabeth Churchill Brown Papers, Box 2, Folder 19, Hoover Institution Archives.
15. “a security risk”: FBI file of Fred C. Koch.
16. “The sad fact”: “An Address Given on the Occasion of the Graduation Exercises at the Field House of the University of Wichita,” June 5, 1960, Dr. John Rydjord Papers, Box 9, Folder 6, Special Collections and University Archives, Wichita State University Libraries.
17. “you won’t be very controversial lying in a ditch”: “Bircher Warns America of Massive Conspiracy,” Associated Press, August 16, 1961.
18. “If many of the opinions”: Koch, A Business Man Looks at Communism, p. 20.
19. he and Fred had led the successful effort to curb the power of unions: J. Allen Broyles, The John Birch Society: Anatomy of a Protest (Beacon Press, 1966), p. 58; also, “Responsible Leadership Through the John Birch Society,” a pamphlet published by the John Birch Society that included biographical sketches of its members.
20. many of the same business leaders: Gene Grove, Inside the John Birch Society (Gold Medal, 1961), p. 96.
21. “practically medieval”: Broyles, The John Birch Society: Anatomy of a Protest, p. 56.
22. McCarthyesque tactics: “Organizations: The Americanists,” Time, March 10, 1961.
23. “They used my textbook on differential geometry”: “In His Prime: Dirk Jan Struik Reflects on 103 Years of Mathematical and Political Activities,” Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 69, No. 4, Winter 1999.
24. “an MIT Alger Hiss”: Fred C. Koch to Elizabeth Churchill Brown, February 9, 1962, Elizabeth Churchill Brown Papers, Box 2, Folder 19, Hoover Institution Archives.
25. “down on Tech”: Fred C. Koch to Robert M. Kimball, February 1, 1961, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Office of the President, Records of Julius A. Stratton, AC 134, Box 124. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute Archives and Special Collections.
26. “said to have infiltrated Republican organizations”: “Mutiny in the Birch Society,” Saturday Evening Post, April 6, 1967.
27. repealed by referendum a city fluoridation plan: “Fluoride Fight Has Long Rights, Passionate Advocates,” The Wichita Eagle, October 27, 2012.
28. “when the Communists… begin to light these racial fires”: Fred C. Koch to Gen. Albert C. Wedemeyer, July 9, 1963, Albert C. Wedemeyer Papers, Box 45, Folder 30, Hoover Institution Archives.
29. ordered 2,500 copies: Rick Perlstein, Before the Storm: Barry Goldwater and the Unmaking of the American Consensus (Hill & Wang, 2001), p. 62.
30. “They are the kind we need in politics”: “Goldwater Hits Birch Views,” Associated Press, March 30, 1961.
31. Buckley volunteered for the assignment: “Goldwater, the John Birch Society, and Me,” Commentary, March 2008.
32. “so far removed from common sense”: Ibid.
33. “a weapon of demagoguery”: Jonathan Schoenwald, A Time for Choosing: The Rise of Modern American Conservatism (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 63.
34. “I wrote Buckley”: Fred C. Koch to Elizabeth Churchill Brown, February 9, 1962, Elizabeth Churchill Brown Papers, Box 2, Folder 19, Hoover Institution Archives.
35. ran twice, unsuccessfully, for Congress: “Civic, Business Leader, William Robinson, Dies,” The Wichita Eagle, December 27, 1993.
36. “Billy is a very compassionate guy”: “Captain America,” Sports Illustrated, April 20, 1992.
37. “Father was paranoid about communism”: “The Billionaire’s Party,” New York, July 25, 2010.
38. “The U.S. government is trying to win votes”: “U.S. Is Accused of Welfarism by a Speaker at KU,” Lawrence Daily Journal-World, December 16, 1965.
39. opened a John Birch Society bookstore: “Two Birch Society Members Open Bookstore,” The Wichita Eagle, July 15, 1965.
1. dug an old ROTC uniform out of his closet: Interview with Kent Groninger.
2. being pelted with bottles: “MIT, B.U. Riot Follows Hanging of Castro Effigy,” The Boston Globe, May 2, 1961; and “700 Students in Riots,” The Tech, May 3, 1961.
3. “the Engineers prostrated themselves”: “MIT Invades the Yard,” The Harvard Crimson, May 2, 1961.
4. News of the anticommunist student uprising: Interview with Kent Groninger.
5. a halfhearted MIT investigation: “Letters,” The Tech, May 10, 1961.
6. “Led by the brothers Koch”: MIT Technique, 1962.
7. “Great friends, wild parties”: “MIT Class of 1962 25th Reunion,” Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries.
8. A top rebounder: “Meet the Captains,” The Tech, November 15, 1961.
9. Bill was a second-stringer: “Interest High for Harvard Game Tomorrow,” The Tech, December 9, 1960.
10. MIT’s basketball team had a dismal track record: “Hoopsters Have Losing Season; Win Only Three of Sixteen Games,” The Tech, March 10, 1959.
11. Recognizing their inexperience: “Barry Well Earns ‘Coach of the Year’ Title,” The Tech, March 7, 1962.
12. “He organized the team to compensate”: “Captain America,” Sports Illustrated, April 20, 1992.
13. apologized to Barry: “Crimson Basketball Players Romp to Easy 84–34 Triumph at MIT,” The Harvard Crimson, December 14, 1959.
14. aggravated an old knee injury: “Cagers Beaten by Springfield, USCGS,” The Tech, January 12, 1960.
15. Averaging 24 points a game: “Area Coaches Pick Tech Star to All New England Team,” The Tech, February 10, 1961.
16. “The backbone of the team”: “Tech Five Beats RPI in Finale,” The Tech, March 10, 1961.
17. “hustling, fighting, aggressive”: “Meet the Captains,” The Tech, November 15, 1961.
18. “We didn’t even have to attend class”: “Succeeding Through the Foundations of Science,” MIT speech, May 1, 1997.
19. A heart attack had also claimed his older brother: Interview with Carol Margaret Allen.
20. “remain in business until I died”: Fred C. Koch to Robert Welch, August 19, 1966, Clarence E. Manion Papers, Chicago Historical Society, Box 74, Folder 4.
21. left the faintest of impressions: Interviews with several Harvard classmates.
22. “far more interesting work than what was required of me”: Harvard College Class of 1955 Triennial Report, 1958.
23. his master’s thesis: Frederick R. Koch, “No Bed for Bacon: A Musical Comedy in 18 Scenes,” Haas Family Arts Library, Special Collections, Yale University.
24. “familiar with a booklet or pamphlet”: Frederick R. Koch to ONE Institute, July 15, 1959, Box 29, ONE Incorporated records, ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives, Los Angeles, California.
25. “My father was quite concerned”: Koch v. Koch Industries, testimony of Frederick Koch.
26. “inferiority complex”: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
27. “Freddie never composed anything himself”: “Survival of the Richest,” Fame, November 1989.
28. “He told me either you come back here”: “Koch vs. Koch,” The Wichita Eagle, March 8, 1998.
29. “I hope your first deal is a loser”: Charles Koch, The Science of Success (Wiley, 2007), p. 10.
30. “I have tried to discourage him”: Fred C. Koch to Elizabeth Brown, January 22, 1962, Elizabeth Churchill Brown Papers, Box 2, Folder 19, Hoover Institution Archives.
31. “I think we are going to pour the money down the drain”: Fred Chase Koch to Elizabeth Brown, February 9, 1962, Elizabeth Churchill Brown Papers, Box 2, Folder 19, Hoover Institution Archives.
32. “the junk”: “Family Feud at a Corporate Colossus,” Fortune, August 26, 1982.
33. “Who?”: John Lincoln, Rich Grass and Sweet Water: Ranch Life with the Koch Matador Cattle Company (Texas A&M University Press, 1989), p. 14.
34. “He really taught me a lot about the importance of people”: “Koch and His Empire Grew Together,” The Wichita Eagle, June 26, 1994.
35. “my father was initially furious”: Koch, The Science of Success, p. 10.
36. He suffered a major heart attack: “Industrialist Fred Koch Dies on Hunting Trip,” The Wichita Eagle, November 19, 1967.
37. “Boy, that was a magnificent shot”: “The Billionaire’s Party,” New York, July 25, 2010.
1. “His death threw responsibility”: “Industrialist Fred Koch Dies on Hunting Trip,” The Wichita Eagle, November 19, 1967.
2. “he was never impressed with flattery”: Pastor Rang W. Morgan’s eulogy, Clarence E. Manion Papers, Chicago Historical Society, Box 74, Folder 4.
3. boarded a small plane: “Wild Bill Koch,” Vanity Fair, June 1994.
4. “It may be either a blessing or a curse”: text of the letter provided by Koch Industries.
5. Their father removed Frederick from his will: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch (18th Kan., 1991), testimony of Charles Koch.
6. unaware of Frederick’s removal: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
7. “said that she would never favor”: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, testimony of Frederick Koch.
8. “I have never forgotten your saying”: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, trial transcript.
9. Mary resisted Frederick’s efforts: Ibid.
10. Fred left: Last Will and Testament of Fred C. Koch, 1966.
11. counseled Charles to sell his father’s corporate assets: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Sterling Varner.
12. “I was scared”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Charles Koch.
13. “We don’t typically want to broadcast”: “High Profit, Low Profile,” Forbes, July 15, 1974.
14. “Our change of corporate identity”: “Koch Industries Reveals Plans, Changes Name,” The Wichita Eagle, June 27, 1968.
15. “Charles had all of his father’s ability”: J. Howard Marshall II, Done in Oil (Texas A&M University Press, 1994), p. 253.
16. “I generally do not like partners”: Ibid., p. 254.
17. “Charles had been pressing”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Sterling Varner.
18. “we were handling around a fifth”: Ibid.
19. “We were willing to build”: Charles Koch, The Science of Success (Wiley, 2007), p. 12.
20. “I have wanted one of those big tractors”: John Lincoln, Rich Grass and Sweet Water: Ranch Life with the Koch Matador Cattle Company (Texas A&M University Press, 1989), p. 14.
21. “he always priced them way above the market”: Ibid., p. 14.
22. nearly $500 million: “Family Feud at a Corporate Colossus,” Fortune, July 26, 1982.
23. He grew so accustomed to fielding middle-of-the-night calls: Interview with Nancy Pfotenhauer.
24. “get the most exercise”: “High Profit, Low Profile,” Forbes, July 15, 1974.
25. convened a meeting on a Sunday afternoon: “Koch and His Empire Grew Together,” The Wichita Eagle, June 26, 1994.
26. 650 employees: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Charles Koch.
27. “Frederick and I had quite different interests”: Ibid.
28. “I had accepted my father’s analysis of Freddie”: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, testimony of Charles Koch.
29. “I thought it was presumptuous”: Koch v. Koch Industries, testimony of Frederick Koch.
30. $16,000 a year: Koch v. Koch Industries, testimony of David Koch.
31. developing cigarette filters: Koch v. Koch Industries, deposition of David Koch, October 3, 1991.
32. “Kitzbuhl’s where the swingers are”: “Social Roulette a la Harvard,” The Boston Globe, February 15, 1967.
33. “very technical, but also sales oriented”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Sterling Varner.
34. “I took great pride”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
35. “He almost killed us”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Sterling Varner.
36. The Buzzis owned a chain of department stores: “Former President of Hinkel’s Dies,” The Wichita Eagle, June 18, 1999.
37. Charles delivered his marriage proposal: “Koch and His Empire Grew Together,” The Wichita Eagle, June 26, 1994.
38. “I am so goal-oriented”: “Koch and His Empire Grew Together,” The Wichita Eagle, June 26, 1994.
39. discourses on economics: “Charles Koch Relentless in Pursuing His Goals,” The Wichita Eagle, October 11, 2012.
1. Nestled into this pastoral tableau: Robert LeFevre, A Way to Be Free, Volume II (Pulpless, 1999), pp. 274–75.
2. “with the power of thunder”: “Conservatives at Freedom School to Prepare a New Federal Constitution,” The New York Times, June 13, 1965.
3. He also spoke of having an out-of-body experience: George Thayer, The Farther Shores of Politics (Simon & Schuster, 1967), p. 268.
4. His experiences dealing with city bureaucrats: “Conservatives at Freedom School to Prepare a New Federal Constitution,” The New York Times, June 13, 1965.
5. “Voting is the method for obtaining legal power”: “Abstain from Beans,” Voluntaryist.com.
6. “slavery is rationalized”: LeFevre, A Way to Be Free, p. 319.
7. LeFevre was so puritanical: Brian Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism (Public Affairs, 2007), p. 316.
8. roped David into enrolling: Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, p. 407.
9. Charles often sequestered himself: “The Front Lines: Charles Koch Teaches Staff to Run a Firm Like a Free Nation,” Wall Street Journal, April 18, 1997.
10. credited two works: Charles Koch, The Science of Success (Wiley, 2007), p. ix.
11. “economics is not about goods and services”: Ludwig von Mises, Human Action (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 1998), p. 491.
12. “a society that chooses between capitalism and socialism”: Ibid., p. 676.
13. “increased output per hour of work”: F. A. Harper, Why Wages Rise (Foundation for Economic Education, Inc., 1957), p. 19.
14. “greatest opportunity… for a quick increase in wages”: Ibid., p. 72.
15. “compulsory employment devices”: Ibid., p. 94.
16. “I’ve never looked back”: Remarks by Charles Koch to the Association of Private Enterprise Education, April 3, 2005.
17. “societal well being was only possible”: Speech by Charles Koch to the Philanthropy Roundtable, October 28, 2011.
18. “Every time I hear of an entrepreneur”: “U.S. Is Accused of Welfarism by a Speaker at KU,” Lawrence Daily Journal-World, December 16, 1965.
19. “sturdy shoes”: Freedom School 1963 Prospectus, Group Research Inc. Records, Box 144, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
20. “they would be excluded from class discussions”: Ibid.
21. his school had yet to admit a black person: “Conservatives at Freedom School to Prepare a New Federal Constitution,” The New York Times, June 13, 1965.
22. Charles became one of six officers at the school: Freedom Schools, Inc. Form 990, 1964, Group Research Inc. Records, Box 144, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.
23. donated nearly $7,000: Ibid.
24. disapproved of LeFevre’s offbeat teachings and his approach: Craig Miner, Grede of Milwaukee (Watermark Press, 1989), p. 245.
25. “Let’s Get Out of Vietnam Now”: Ibid., p. 234.
26. “You belong with us in this fight”: Robert Welch to Charles Koch, November 4, 1968, William J. Grede Papers, Wisconsin Historical Society.
27. describing them as “devotees”: “Covert Operations,” The New Yorker, August 30, 2010.
28. “they were never ‘devotees’ ”: “The New Yorker’s Koch Story Is Not Credible Journalism,” KochFacts.com, September 29, 2010.
29. “a defining moment in my life”: “Hans F. Sennholz, 1922–2007,” The Freeman, October 1, 2007.
30. “converted” his wife “to anarchy in about 30 minutes.”: Walter Block, Ed., I Chose Liberty: Autobiographies of Contemporary Libertarians (Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010), p. 377.
31. “I was looking for ways to develop, apply, and spread”: Remarks by Charles Koch to the Association of Private Enterprise Education, April 3, 2005.
32. “no one was familiar with these ideas”: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics,” The Weekly Standard, April 4, 2011.
33. “We did not see politicians as setting the prevalent ideology”: “Comments Made at Meeting of Foundation Directors Sponsored by the Hegeler Institute,” Benjamin A. Rogge Papers, 1945–2005, Box 24, Hoover Institution Archives.
34. “He taught us about liberty”: F. A. Harper, The Writings of F.A. Harper, Volume One: The Major Works (Institute for Humane Studies, 1978), p. 1.
35. Their plan called for the formation of a Libertarian Society: Ibid., p. 216.
36. “Now, we have quite a few scholars in the libertarian movement”: Ibid., p. 217.
37. “He was more hard-core than I was”: “The Battle for the Cato Institute,” Washingtonian, May 30, 2012.
38. “It would be nice to have a libertarian think tank”: Ibid.
39. Portraits of what the Catoites called the “dead libertarians”: Interview with Jeff Riggenbach.
40. the distinctly shabbier offices: Interview with Milton Mueller.
41. Childs had first struck up a correspondence: Roy Childs to George Pearson, June 14, 1969, Roy A. Childs Papers, Box 5, Hoover Institution Archives.
42. In one case, Charles grew angry: Roy Childs to Charles Koch, November 26, 1969, Roy A. Childs Papers, Box 5, Hoover Institution Archives.
43. spotted at the greasy spoon down the street: Interview with Justin Raimondo.
44. raised his fists in the boxing stance: Interview with Walter Block.
45. “It is to serve as a night watchman”: “Wichita Millionaire Blasts Government Intervention,” United Press International, June 13, 1979.
46. “How discrediting it is for us”: “The Business Community: Resisting Regulation,” Libertarian Review, May 1978.
47. “Who is against liberty?”: “Libertarians & Conservatives,” National Review, June 8, 1979.
48. A separate article focused on Cato: “Cato Institute & the Invisible Finger,” National Review, June 9, 1979.
49. “buy the major Libertarian institutions”: Samuel Edward Konkin III, New Libertarian Manifesto (Komen Publishing, 1983), p. 7.
50. he cajoled Bill and David: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
51. “Here was a great guy”: “How Those Libertarians Pay the Bills,” New York, November 3, 1980.
52. David circulated a letter: “Libertarians in Convention,” Libertarian Review, November 1979.
53. “I was disturbed by it”: “Seducing the Left,” Mother Jones, May 1980.
54. “We are no longer at the stage where the movement can be ‘bought’ ”: “Libertarians in Convention,” Libertarian Review, November 1979.
55. “short but very valuable”: Audio recording of David Koch’s speech to the Libertarian Party convention in possession of the author.
56. “Before you can teach”: “Libertarian Candidate Says Campaign Symbolic,” Fort Worth Star-Telegram, November 19, 1979.
57. “The real threat to the [Libertarian Party]”: “Reason Profile,” Reason, December 1974.
58. “Our greatest strength”: “Reminiscences & Prognostications,” Reason, May 1978.
59. “pushing the party into a stance”: David Nolan to Ed Clark, March 13, 1980, Ed Clark Papers, Box 8, Hoover Institution Archives.
60. “a paradigm shift in all parts of the ‘Kochtopus’ ”: Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, p. 416.
61. “low-tax liberalism”: Ibid., p. 415.
62. more than $2 million: Ibid., p. 414.
63. David reflected on the campaign as a personal triumph: “MIT Class of 1962 25th Reunion,” Institute Archives and Special Collections, MIT Libraries.
64. “The Clark/Koch campaign was a fourfold disaster”: “The Clark Campaign: Never Again,” Libertarian Forum, September–December 1980.
65. “SMASH THE CRANE MACHINE”: “Free Radical; Libertarian—and Contrarian—Ed Crane Has Run the Cato Institute for 25 Years. His Way,” The Washington Post, May 9, 2002.
66. “we believe it would be difficult, if not impossible”: “It Usually Ends with Ed Crane,” Libertarian Forum, January–April 1981.
67. “This action is illegal”: Ibid.
68. had angered its benefactor: Interview with Justin Raimondo.
69. “The massive shift of the Kochtopus to D.C.”: “The State of the Movement: The Implosion,” Libertarian Forum, September–December 1984.
1. Christmas Day 1979: This account is drawn from a variety of sources, including Charles Koch’s trial testimony in Koch v. Koch Industries and In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch; Leslie Wayne’s 1986 interview with Mary Koch; and “Brothers at Odds,” The New York Times, December 7, 1986. Asked about this episode during the Koch v. Koch Industries trial, Bill responded, “I don’t remember that.”
2. perceived Mary as cool and distant: “Wild Bill Koch,” Vanity Fair, June 1994.
3. pressed her on the disposition of the family’s art collection: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, trial testimony of Charles Koch.
4. “just leave her alone”: “Testimony Discloses Emotional Cost of Koch Family Split,” The Wichita Eagle, December 6, 1991.
5. Bill laid into Charles: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
6. a company lawyer had presented Bill with a draft estate plan: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
7. Sobbing: “Brothers at Odds,” The New York Times Magazine, December 7, 1986.
8. “He had a country-club attitude”: “Wild Bill Koch.”
9. bleeding $90,000: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers,” Fortune, February 17, 1997.
10. “Bill couldn’t get to work on time”: Ibid.
11. The deal netted Koch $5 million: Koch v. Koch Industries, testimony of Bill Koch.
12. Koch executives felt he could waffle: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
13. Koch Carbon did not fare well: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers.”
14. “Bill was never happy running a division”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Sterling Varner.
15. “It was important for Bill to be important”: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers.”
16. “He wanted unilateral authority”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
17. a surefire morale killer: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Charles Koch.
18. “We don’t want to go out and acquire the world”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
19. “He was very upset”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
20. “My emotions carried me away”: Ibid.
21. “Prince Charles”: Ibid.
22. Bill trashed Charles: Ibid.
23. “What is the purpose of these attacks on me?”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial transcript.
24. returned criminal indictments: “Koch Industries Inc., Unit Officers Indicted on Conspiracy Charge,” Wall Street Journal, June 19, 1980.
25. more than $1 billion: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch; also, “Former Koch Employee Testifies,” Topeka Capital-Journal, April 19, 1998.
26. overcharging on sales of propane: “FEA Hits Koch Gas Prices,” The Wichita Eagle, April 11, 1975.
27. “libertarian revolution causes”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
28. “the political philosophy of one man”: Koch v. Koch Industries (D. Kans., 1982), deposition of Bill Koch, December 20, 1982.
29. about 6 percent: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
30. “That was our religion”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Sterling Varner.
31. “insatiable”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
32. nearly $4 million: Ibid.
33. “literally over my dead body”: “Mr. Big,” Forbes, March 3, 2006.
34. “the officers and directors would be in jail”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch. Cordes said: “I testified fully to all of those facts some 16 years ago in a jury case and the jury found in our favor, so I really don’t remember any of the details. Billy made a lot of allegations that the jury rejected, so that’s all I can say.”
35. had known about the illegal activities: Ibid.
36. an eleven-page single-spaced letter: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial transcripts.
37. “W.I.K. Has Leveled Serious Charges”: Ibid.
38. “Charles Koch is the boss”: Ibid.
39. “I don’t believe I have misread Bill’s intention”: Ibid.
40. “I said I would live up to the rules of the corporation”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
41. “progress had been made in clearing up these harsh feelings”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
42. He was as uneasy as ever: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
43. “If you have irrevocably decided that you cannot tolerate me”: Ibid.
44. “Corporate democracy”: Ibid.
45. Bill’s consortium: The share breakdown comes from Koch v. Koch Industries, trial transcripts and related documents filed in the case.
46. The extent of his involvement: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Frederick Koch.
47. a homosexual blackmail attempt: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers.”
48. “My primary effort”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial transcripts.
49. he told the banker a parable: Koch v. Koch Industries (1982), deposition of Bill Koch, December 21, 1982.
50. Bill stepped into Charles’s office: The account of their meeting comes from Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Charles and Bill Koch.
51. “One piece of advice”: “Secretive Koch Reveals Power Struggle,” The Wichita Eagle, July 10, 1982.
52. He wanted to gauge where Frederick stood: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
53. “Fred listened attentively”: Ibid.
54. “I got this notice, Freddie, what’s going on?”: Ibid.
55. the goal was not to remove Charles as CEO: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, trial testimony of Frederick Koch.
56. “either the smartest or the luckiest thing I ever did”: J. Howard Marshall II, Done in Oil (Texas A&M University Press, 1994), p. 254.
57. Marshall had reassured Koch’s worried CEO: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Charles Koch.
58. “What do we do now?”: Marshall, Done in Oil, p. 256.
59. “there’s one thing that Howard III understands”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Charles Koch.
60. he offered to double it: Ibid.
61. brought the old man to tears: Ibid.
62. stored in a safety-deposit box: Ibid.
63. $140 a share: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of David Koch.
64. their safety could not be guaranteed: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of James Linn. Don Cordes would later deny making a threat, saying, “This story developed a life of its own.” In addition to Linn, two members of the Simmons family remember this episode.
65. He sent the presents back: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
66. Charles told his mother: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, trial testimony of Charles and David Koch.
67. “He was almost paralyzed”: “Wild Bill Koch,” Vanity Fair, June 1994.
68. urged him to visit a Boston psychiatrist: Koch v. Koch Industries, Simmons plaintiffs’ statement, March 31, 1998.
69. “I asked a number of questions”: Ibid.
70. “Bill was a very demanding client”: Koch v. Koch Industries, deposition of Alfred Eckert, October 21, 1992.
71. Another pressure point was publicity: Koch v. Koch Industries, deposition of Bill Koch, March 5, 1993.
72. the corporate discord spilled into the press: “Family Feud at a Corporate Colossus,” Fortune, July 26, 1982.
73. later turned out to be Bill: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial testimony of Bill Koch.
74. Charles and David retaliated with a $400 million countersuit: “Court Filing Continues in Koch Feud,” The Wichita Eagle, January 11, 1983.
75. “We came into this fight together”: Koch v. Koch Industries, deposition of Bill Koch, April 6, 1993.
76. “horse trading to around $220”: Ibid.
77. “I’m not going to go with their draft”: Ibid.
78. “We’ve got our business affairs separated”: “Witness Recalls Charles Koch Snub,” Topeka Capital-Journal, April 10, 1998.
79. a symbolic resolution: Koch Industries board resolution, 1984.
1. She felt his absence most acutely: Mary expressed her feelings about the feud between her sons in correspondence introduced in a lawsuit over her will (In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch); Mary Koch to Bill Koch and Joan Granlund, October 26, 1984.
2. she lay awake nights: Mary Koch to Bill Koch, undated.
3. “made of stubborn Dutch stock”: Ibid.
4. act of “character assassination”: Mary Koch to Bill Koch and Joan Granlund, July 14, 1982.
5. “You have judged Charles”: Mary Koch to William and Joan Koch, October 19, 1982.
6. “help me to mend bridges not destroy them”: Mary Koch to Frederick Koch, undated.
7. “This conflict is tearing me down”: Mary Koch to Bill Koch, undated.
8. “Please listen to me before I die!”: Mary Koch to Bill Koch and Joan Granlund, October 19, 1982.
9. “I never was so relieved”: Mary Koch to Frederick Koch, June 16, 1983.
10. “I trust & pray that you can find some business”: Mary Koch to Bill Koch, July 10, 1983.
11. “emotionally wrenching”: Leslie Wayne interview notes.
12. “Howard, I want you to do something for me”: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, testimony of Robert Howard.
13. “My heart aches”: Mary Koch to Bill Koch, July 10, 1983.
14. “The buying goes on relentlessly”: “The Great Victorian Hoard,” Daily Telegraph, October 30, 1986.
15. “like a kid let out of reform school”: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers,” Fortune, February 17, 1997.
16. “After eating so many gourmet meals”: “Build Your Own Playpen,” New England Business, September 1988.
17. “The best thing that ever could have happened to me”: Ibid.
18. more than $800 million: “Pulling the Wraps off Koch Industries,” The New York Times, November 20, 1994.
19. “How could they have so much cash?”: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers.”
20. The suit alleged: Koch v. Koch Industries, second amended complaint.
21. “I don’t think the lawsuit has anything to do with money”: “Brothers at Odds,” The New York Times, December 7, 1986.
22. “Now, that’s sibling rivalry”: “Forbes 400,” Forbes, October 28, 1985.
23. Mary had sought companionship: Interview with Michael Oliver.
24. “My mother was afraid of my father”: “Wild Bill Koch,” Vanity Fair, June 1994.
25. “a woman of all seasons”: “Koch Family Matriarch Dies at 83,” The Wichita Eagle, December 23, 1990.
26. deadly marksmanship: Ibid.
27. “Charles was running the Foundation for his own benefit”: William I. Koch and Frederick R. Koch v. Charles G. Koch, et al. (18th Kan., 1988), deposition of Bill Koch, November 16, 1988.
28. “I was dissatisfied”: William I. Koch and Frederick R. Koch v. Charles G. Koch, et al., deposition of Frederick Koch, December 6, 1988.
29. tried to keep the peace: Mary Koch to Frederick Koch, May 13, 1985.
30. dredged up Murray Rothbard: William I. Koch and Frederick R. Koch v. Charles G. Koch, et al., “Murray N. Rothbard—Summary of Anticipated Deposition Testimony,” April 3, 1989.
31. “cannot tolerate dissent”: Ibid.
32. A surreal courtroom scene: William I. Koch and Frederick R. Koch v. Charles G. Koch, et al., trial transcript.
33. “Have you seen this?”: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, trial testimony of Robert Howard.
34. “To hear William Koch tell it”: “Blood Feud,” Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1989.
35. “In light of what they’re saying”: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, trial testimony of Robert Howard.
36. a new clause to her will: The Last Will and Testament of Mary R. Koch, 1989.
37. “killing Charles”: In the Matter of the Estate of Mary R. Koch, trial testimony of Robert Howard.
38. Mary’s health deteriorated: Interview with Michael Oliver.
39. belonged to the Hemlock Society: “For Close Relatives, a Suicide Can Bring Relief or More Suffering,” People, June 25, 1990.
40. invited Mary to join them in a suicide pact: Interview with Michael Oliver.
41. “All I want to do is see my children one more time”: Ibid.
42. had to seek Liz’s permission: Ibid.
43. “Mary doesn’t need you now, but I do”: Ibid.
44. Liz called back the following day: Ibid.
45. “These are my personal papers”: Ibid.
1. His shoes were off: “Recollections of My Survival of an Airplane Crash,” letter sent by David Koch to friends, February 13, 1991.
2. David had a date: Interview with John Damgard.
3. “Stay down, stay down, stay down!”: “Recollections of My Survival of an Airplane Crash.”
4. scoured the floor for his loafers: Ibid.
5. “I’m going to die!”: “The Price of Immortality,” Portfolio, October 15, 2008.
6. “Oh, what the hell!”: “Recollections of My Survival of an Airplane Crash.”
7. 58 messages: Ibid.
8. crushing sense of guilt: “Cleared for Disaster,” Air Disasters, Smithsonian Channel.
9. “This may sound odd”: “The Billionaire’s Party,” New York, July 25, 2010.
10. “liked having a lot of women around”: “David Koch’s Ex: ‘I Was Just One of Many Girls’,” New York Observer, March 30, 2012.
11. “Marla’s a babe”: “Ivana’s New Life,” New York, October 15, 1990.
12. “a third of which were beautiful, wild, single women”: “A Personal Stake in Giving,” The Chronicle of Philanthropy, April 3, 2008.
13. he served guests two meals: “Dave Koch Lives It Up,” Newsday, August 10, 1993.
14. “gun-shy”: “Survival of the Richest,” Fame, November 1989.
15. assistant to the fashion designer Adolfo: “Woman Ascending a Marble Staircase,” The New York Times, January 11, 1998.
16. “It was the sort of place”: Donald Trump, Trump: The Art of the Deal (Ballantine, 1987), p. 95.
17. “forward with my humor”: “The Billionaire’s Party,” New York, July 25, 2010.
18. “Afterward we shook hands”: “Woman Ascending a Marble Staircase.”
19. “David, we went out together”: Ibid.
20. “Julia gave me two choices”: “Woman Ascending a Marble Staircase.”
21. triple emerald cut diamond ring: “Birth Pangs for Patty, Mac,” New York Daily News, January 3, 1996.
22. “many thought she’d be his trophy wife”: “Damp with an Occasional Spritz,” NewYorkSocialDiary.com, August 26, 2010.
23. “the construction of Julia Koch”: “Woman Ascending a Marble Staircase.”
24. chronicled Julia’s supposed high-society faux pas: “How New York Rejected Its Leading Socialite,” New York Post, February 23, 1999.
25. “Julia’s fingerprints were all over it”: Ibid.
26. “I DON’T THINK WE’RE IN KANSAS ANYMORE”: “String Game: The Kochs Host a Joshua Bell Recital,” Women’s Wear Daily, January 6, 2012.
27. “That puts the fear of God in you!”: “The Team Builder,” Philanthropy, Summer 2012.
28. champagne-fueled Southampton soiree: “One Cheer for the Pony Express,” Rocky Mountain News, August 17, 1993.
29. “The side effects”: “Donald Trump Doesn’t Have Support of Billionaire David Koch—Money-wise—as Presidential Candidate,” New York Daily News, May 3, 2011.
30. “I’m a chemical engineer”: Hearing before the Government Activities and Transportation Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, 102nd Congress, “Aircraft Cabin Safety and Fire Survivability,” April 11, 1991.
31. “Discovering that I had cancer”: “The Team Builder.”
32. place a bet on the winner: “The Science of Giving,” Quest, October 2011.
1. “Is that what you’re thinking?”: Paul C. Larsen, To the Third Power (Tilsbury House, 1995), pp. 26–27.
2. “replaces the family harmony”: “On an Outside Tack,” The Boston Globe Magazine, April 19, 1992.
3. “$30,000-a-month”: “Captain America,” Sports Illustrated, April 20, 1992.
4. handed day-to-day control: Larsen, To the Third Power, p. 255.
5. 200 people: Ibid., p. 195.
6. glimpsing a virtual ocean: “Scientific Sailing Bill Koch Uses High Tech in Pursuit of America’s Cup,” Sun Sentinel, May 5, 1991.
7. “the Gerald Ford of sailing”: “Koch, He’s the Real Thing,” Sports Illustrated, May 25, 1992.
8. he spotted the Cup: Larsen, To the Third Power, p. 193.
9. “I learned a lot about myself”: Ibid., p. 202.
10. “The real issue is why did he want the Cup”: “Wild Bill Koch,” Vanity Fair, June 1994.
11. “I can’t bet against my brother”: “Captain America,” Sports Illustrated, April 20, 1992.
12. pledged $500,000: “Koch Spurs Plans for Downtown Boathouse,” The Wichita Eagle, August 29, 1992.
13. “I’m a celebrity in Kansas”: “Pulling the Wraps off Koch Industries,” The New York Times, November 20, 1994.
14. admiral of the Kansas Navy: “Koch in Command of Kansas’ Proud But Land-Locked Navy,” The Wichita Eagle, December 11, 1994.
15. “She took my brothers’ side”: “Koch Names Yacht After His Mother,” The Wichita Eagle, March 3, 1995.
16. “the best coverage money can buy”: “Ethics Questions Arise as Koch Courts Media,” Kansas Business Report, October 1, 1994.
17. “listening to the suitors”: “Koch May Set Sail in Race Against Brownback,” Lawrence Journal-World, December 27, 1997.
18. “Billy wouldn’t even have a rowboat”: “Pulling the Wraps off Koch Industries.”
19. rejected a $50,000 contribution: “Rival Koch Brothers Sporting Controversy,” Topeka Capital-Journal, November 23, 1997.
20. “I’ve had a lot of bad PR”: Ibid.
21. barreled through the intersection: “Loss of 12-Year-Old Zac Pains Family, Classmates,” The Wichita Eagle, September 21, 1993.
22. “every eye in that church was on them”: “Koch and His Empire Grew Together,” The Wichita Eagle, June 26, 1994.
23. 100 hours of community service: “Teenager Gets Service Work, Probation,” The Wichita Eagle, January 12, 1994.
24. “our whole strategy was that no one needed to know anything”: “Pulling the Wraps off Koch Industries.”
25. “You won’t even see his smoke”: “Koch’s Hidden Message: Houston Expansion Is About More Than Business,” The Wichita Eagle, March 23, 1997.
26. “We’re up against a very secretive company”: “Journalists, or Detectives? Depends on Who’s Asking,” The New York Times, July 28, 1999.
27. “has wiretapped their discussions”: Michael P. Aquilina v. William I. Koch, et al. (C.D. Cal., 1988), declaration of Michael P. Aquilina, July 18, 1988.
28. “I didn’t authorize using it, and never will”: “Wild Bill Koch.”
29. “The recording wasn’t worth shit”: Ibid.
30. resulted in a temporary restraining order: Koch v. Koch Industries, Memorandum and Order, March 20, 1998.
31. “a man whose closet is free of skeletons”: “Wild Bill Koch.”
32. “Santa Barbara surfing girl”: “Koch: Mistress Wanted $5 Million,” Boston Herald, November 21, 1995.
33. “She started kissing me quite passionately”: “Housing Court Hears Billionaire Tell of Love Affair Gone Bad,” The Boston Globe, November 15, 1995.
34. “Hot Love From Your X-rated Protestant Princess”: “Eviction Style of Very Rich Titillates Boston,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, November 23, 1995.
35. “My poor nerve endings are already hungry”: Facing Up to the Fax, The Boston Globe, November 22, 1995.
36. “It is beyond calculation”: “Court Hears Lurid Faxes of Ex-Model, Millionaire.” Associated Press, November 28, 1995.
37. “There were moles and spies all over”: “Wild Bill Koch.”
38. drafted a bogus memo: Koch v. Koch Industries, Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief in Support of Plaintiffs’ Motions in Limine, March 25, 1998.
39. “he changed completely”: “Wild Bill Koch.”
40. “This is war”: “On an Outside Tack,” The Boston Globe Magazine, April 19, 1992.
41. “Keep the King”: Larsen, To The Third Power, pp. 105–6.
42. “I wasn’t alone”: “Cup Costs, Spying Irk Koch,” Palm Beach Post, May 16, 1992.
43. hired Italian speakers: “Wild Bill Koch.”
44. “how many times we go to the bathroom”: “Bold Espionage Tactics Stir Up Cup Emotions,” Los Angeles Times, May 9, 1992.
45. spent more than $2 million: “Old Fashioned Spying Aids America,” Boston Herald, May 16, 1992.
46. “the Bill Koch rule”: “Wild Bill Koch.”
47. $300 per interview: Koch v. Koch Industries, Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief in Support of Motion to Re-Open Discovery, December 29, 1995.
48. “I would gain from 3 to 4 barrels of oil”: Koch v. Koch Industries, Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief in Support of Motion to Re-Open Discovery, affidavit of Robert Gould, July 22, 1988.
49. “Always help Charlie out”: USA v. Koch Industries (S.D. Tex., 1995), deposition of David F. Toliver, October 17, 1995.
50. “Keep Old Charlie Happy”: Interview with Bob Buford.
51. “Top management-directed theft”: Hearings Before the Special Committee on Investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, US Senate, 101st Congress, “Natural Resources on Indian Lands,” May 9, 1989.
52. Bill’s “vendetta.”: “U.S. Attorney Handling Oil Theft Probe,” Associated Press, June 25, 1989.
53. “political skullduggery”: “Bob Dole’s Oil Patch Pals,” BusinessWeek, March 31, 1996.
54. hired a group of high-powered Democratic lobbyists: “The Kochs Can Play Washington’s Power Game,” The National Journal, May 16, 1992.
55. “systematic theft”: A Report of the Special Committee on investigations of the Select Committee on Indian Affairs, US Senate, 101st Congress, “A New Federalism for American Indians,” November 20, 1989.
56. stolen at least $31 million worth of oil: Ibid.
57. “the pattern of oil theft is so pervasive”: Frederick Koch to Mary Koch, November 23, 1989; letter in possession of the author.
58. “come back in a body bag”: “D(oil)e,” The Nation, August 26, 1996.
59. “U.S. government to brand you as a racketeer”: “Blood Feud,” Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1989.
60. “I was cold-blooded and Machiavellian”: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers,” Fortune, February 17, 1997.
61. “I almost wish”: “Blood Feud,” Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1989.
62. “the stage for the unraveling of a family”: “Survival of the Richest,” Fame, November 1989.
63. “a man consumed by hatred”: Koch v. Koch Industries, Defendants’ Brief in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Eight Motions in Limine, February 20, 1998.
64. “a childhood tussle on the school playground”: Koch v. Koch Industries, Memorandum and Order, March 23, 1998.
65. The seating had even been arranged: “Attorneys Focus on Koch Brawls,” Associated Press, April 13, 1998.
66. “surpassed $200,000 per week”: “Zero Is the Verdict in $2 Billion Koch Family Feud,” The New York Times, June 20, 1998.
67. “There’s no poor people”: “All Four Brothers Attend Trial Opening,” The Wichita Eagle, April 7, 1998.
68. “Business is war”: “The Billionaires’ Brawl,” USA Today, April 8, 1998.
69. “a truly fascinating Kansas family”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial transcript.
70. “peace that has never come to Kansas”: Ibid.
71. “This is tough to talk about”: Ibid.
72. “largely involved in charitable activities”: Ibid.
73. Bartlit launched his examination: Ibid.
74. “Work for Koch Industries”: Ibid.
75. “distracted and preoccupied”: “Kochs’ Friends Prepare for More Legal Action,” The Wichita Eagle, June 20, 1998.
76. hundreds of layoffs: “Layoffs Follow Koch Setbacks,” The Wichita Eagle, April 11, 1999.
77. “The only thing that people like this recognize”: Koch v. Koch Industries, trial transcript.
78. for research purposes: “Koch Trial Inspires Man to Study Law,” The Wichita Eagle, July 22, 2000.
79. “They’re guilty of misrepresentation”: “Koch Inc. Prevails,” The Wichita Eagle, June 20, 1998.
80. “the jury unanimously ruled”: “Kochs’ Friends Prepare for More Legal Action,” The Wichita Eagle, June 20, 1998.
81. Charles delivered the news: “Koch Inc. Prevails,” The Wichita Eagle, June 20, 1998.
82. “breath or money”: “Blood Feud,” Wall Street Journal, August 9, 1989.
83. “15-round championship fight”: “Zero Is the Verdict in $2 Billion Koch Family Feud,” The New York Times, June 20, 1998.
1. plans for her farewell party: “Two Teens Mourned in Kaufman County Blast,” Dallas Morning News, August 26, 1996.
2. buy him a new Harley: Smalley v. Koch Industries (86th Tex., 1997), testimony of Danny Smalley.
3. The smell had gotten worse: “Blast That Killed 2 Teens Exposed Koch’s History of Harmful Mistakes,” Austin American-Statesman, July 23, 2001.
4. “like it was strafed by Napalm”: Smalley v. Koch Industries, testimony of George York.
5. “You’re no God!”: Ibid.
6. The pressure in the Sterling I pipeline: Smalley v. Koch Industries, testimony of Danny Mills.
7. Unknown to Danny Smalley: “Blast That Killed 2 Teens.”
8. “Good God”: Smalley v. Koch Industries, trial transcript.
9. All he saw was her burnt corpse: Smalley v. Koch Industries, testimony of Danny Smalley.
10. became suicidal: Interview with Ted Lyon.
11. offering $10 million: Interview with Marquette Wolf.
12. the decrepit state: “Oil Spills Bring 2nd Koch Probe,” Minnesota Star Tribune, May 3, 1998.
13. just 420 gallons of oil had spilled: Ibid.
14. Koch officials pleaded the Fifth Amendment: P.D. Hamilton v. Koch Industries (E.D. Tex., 2001), affidavit of Linda Eads.
15. “Many of Koch’s spills”: USA v. Koch Industries (S.D. Tex., 1995), affidavit of Philip Dubose.
16. hired a security firm to sweep for listening devices: Interview with Ted Lyon.
17. the company was having Danny Smalley tailed: Ibid.
18. The supervisor’s callous response: Smalley v. Koch Industries, deposition of Kenoth Whitstine.
19. “Given the time-value of money”: P.D. Hamilton v. Koch Industries, affidavit of Linda Eads.
20. it could reap an additional $8 million: “Blast That Killed 2 Teens.”
21. evidence of corrosion in 583 locations: Ibid.
22. “Koch Industries is definitely responsible”: Smalley v. Koch Industries, deposition of Billy Ray Caffey, April 14, 1999.
23. “Money to them is blood”: Smalley v. Koch Industries, testimony of Danny Smalley.
24. “There is no more horrible death”: Smalley v. Koch Industries, trial transcript.
25. failed to corroborate the charges: “Grand Jury Clears Koch Oil No Charges Planned in Indian Lands Case,” The Daily Oklahoman, April 3, 1992.
26. “Bill Koch has been attacking Charles”: “Bill Says He Wants to Reconcile with Charles,” The Wichita Eagle, September 26, 1999.
27. plunged into darkness: “Koch Courtroom Is a Multimedia Spectacular, The Wichita Eagle, October 24, 1999.
28. Bell displayed a pyramid of photographs: “Sides Trade Shots as Latest Koch Trial Starts,” The Wichita Eagle, October 5, 1999.
29. sent copies of the tape: Interviews with Marquette Wolf and Ted Lyon.
30. Seated at the cramped counsel’s table: “Former Employees Across Midwest Testify,” Associated Press, October 7, 1999.
31. “I felt that it was stealing oil”: “Former Koch Industries Workers Describe ‘Bringing in the Barrel,’ ” Associated Press, October 8, 1999.
32. “It was enough to bother my conscience”: “Ex-Koch Gaugers Tell of Underreporting,” Tulsa World, October 9, 1999.
33. “I feel like I’m up here telling the whole world”: “Former Koch Manager Says Oil Adjustments Discussed at Meetings,” Associated Press, October 15, 1999.
34. “I had to do what they said to do”: “Former Koch Workers Testify About Oil Collection,” The Wichita Eagle, October 7, 1999.
35. “I made what I felt were necessary and fair adjustments”: “Koch Oil Rebuts Allegations of Gauge Cheating,” Tulsa World, November 10, 1999.
36. “explained to me the nature of the crude oil measuring business”: “Oil Firm’s Chief Executive Defends Company at Tulsa, Okla., Trial,” Tulsa World, December 10, 1999.
37. “accepted on both sides”: “Oil Company Owner Gives His Side of the Story,” Associated Press, December 10, 1999.
38. “they’re going to take volume away from you”: “Tulsa, Okla., Jury Hears Last Day of Testimony in Oil-Theft Trial,” Tulsa World, December 11, 1999.
39. found Koch guilty of nearly 25,000 false claims: “Jury Finds Koch Underreported Oil Purchases,” Associated Press, December 24, 1999.
40. “Billy has stalked his brothers”: “Koch Industries, Oil Industry Disappointed by Verdict,” Koch Industries, December 23, 1999.
41. “a company that practiced organized, white-collar crime”: “Jury Finds Koch Cheated,” Tulsa World, December 24, 1999.
42. “There were times when… yeah, we lied”: “State Took Koch at Its Word in False Records Case,” Minnesota Star-Tribune, July 19, 1998.
43. Woodlief asked his distracted boss for a word: Interview with Tony Woodlief.
44. “egregious violations”: “Koch Industries to Pay Record Fine for Oil Spills in Six States,” Department of Justice, January 13, 2000.
45. “We should not cave in”: “The Business Community: Resisting Regulation,” Libertarian Review, August 1978.
46. “While business was becoming increasingly regulated”: Charles Koch, The Science of Success (Wiley, 2007), pp. 44–45.
47. “It was something he could not get over”: “How Angela Outslicked Oilman Ex,” New York Post, February 20, 2001.
48. “He was not fun to be around”: Ibid.
49. threatened “to beat his whole family to death with his belt”: “Yachtsman Bill Koch Charged with Domestic Abuse,” Associated Press, July 20, 2000.
50. Angela was granted a restraining order: “Palm Beacher Bill Koch Under Restraining Order,” Palm Beach Post, July 21, 2000.
51. “It was frightening, and embarrassing”: “How Angela Outslicked Oilman Ex,” New York Post, February 20, 2001.
52. “I’ll litigate you into the ground”: Ibid.
53. she dropped a civil suit against Bill: “Domestic Violence Charges Against Koch Are Dropped,” The Boston Globe, December 6, 2000.
54. “I liked looking at it when I was happily married”: “Koch’s Delight,” Palm Beach Daily News, December 31, 2000.
55. eventually settled for $25 million: “Koch Brothers End 21-Year Feud,” The Wichita Eagle, May 26, 2001.
56. initiated a cautious rapprochement: “Koch Brothers Settle Suit,” Palm Beach Post, May 27, 2001.
57. “During the settlement discussions”: George T. M. Shackelford and Elliot Bostwick Davis, Things I Love: The Many Collections of William I. Koch (MFA Publications, 2005), p. 37.
58. “We ended up in a heated argument”: “Why Does Bill Koch Collect So Much Stuff? ‘I Collect What Makes Me Feel Good,’ ” Palm Beach Post, September 18, 2005.
59. “organized crime”: “Blood & Oil,” 60 Minutes II, November 28, 2000.
60. “There’s nothing more explosive”: “Koch Brothers Finally Bury the Hatchet After 20 Years,” Cox News Service, May 29, 2001.
61. Out of all the other children at the preschool: “The Price of Immortality,” Portfolio, October 15, 2008.
62. Bill and Bridget invited David and Julia: “Koch Birthday Bash a Studio 54 Redux,” Palm Beach Daily News, May 5, 2002.
63. “Welcome to El Sarmiento”: “Don’t Look for Sympathy on Royally Insulted Island,” Palm Beach Daily News, December 7, 2003.
64. “Who would have thought 10 years ago”: “28-Story Mast to Be Visible For Miles,” Palm Beach Post, February 20, 2005.
65. “Come to the Emerald City”: “Billionaire David Koch had a Wizard of Oz-Themed Birthday Party,” New York, May 18, 2010.
66. “the brother of the twin”: “Inside the Koch Empire: How the Brothers Plan to Reshape America,” Forbes, December 5, 2012.
67. “peaceful coexistence”: “Bill Koch’s Wild West Adventure,” 5280, February 2013.
1. “I just bought Georgia-Pacific”: Interview with John Damgard.
2. “We thought we were in the oil business”: “Market-Based Management at Koch Industries: Discovery, Dissemination, and Integration of Knowledge,” Competitive Intelligence Review, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1995.
3. asbestos-related lawsuits: “Georgia-Pacific Choked by Asbestos Lawsuits,” Atlanta Business Chronicle, January 29, 2001.
4. reliance on untested theories: Brian Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism, (Public Affairs, 2007), p. 409.
5. It deemphasized job titles: “Profitable Theory—Market Based Management Drives Koch Industries,” The Wichita Eagle, December 3, 2005.
6. “Everybody’s after everybody else’s throat”: “A Company Tries to Manage the Future,” The Wichita Eagle, June 27, 1994.
7. “generally hiring one type of ‘clone’ ”: Gary Gorman v. Koch Industries (D. Kan., 1997), complaint.
8. “The concepts became little more than buzzwords”: Charles Koch, The Science of Success (Wiley, 2007), p. 42.
9. “Koch has a pattern of delaying”: P. D. Hamilton vs. Koch Industries, affidavit of Linda Eads.
10. “If I get a concept in my head”: “Mr. Big,” Forbes, March 13, 2006.
11. ignited an acrimonious uprising at the school: “Collegiate Parents in Uproar over Resignation,” The Wichita Eagle, March 5, 1993.
12. hung in effigy around campus: “Interim Chief at Collegiate Is Seeking Solution,” The Wichita Eagle, March 7, 1993.
13. “the Shadow falling on Rivendell”: “Shadow of the Kochtopus,” Aaeblog.com, May 5, 2008.
14. “stamped on the time cards of factory workers”: “Big Brothers,” The Nation, April 21, 2011.
15. recruiting talent from elite universities: Interview with Tony Woodlief.
16. “discredited science”: “Perspective,” Discovery, April 2008.
17. “the greatest loss of liberty”: “Perspective,” Discovery, January 2008.
18. “Imagine what our world could be like”: “Perspective,” Discovery, October 2008.
19. “the George Orwell book, 1984”: Glassdoor.com.
20. “in a fifty-fifty deal”: “The Curse on the Koch Brothers,” Fortune, February 17, 1997.
21. “I am Charles Koch”: “The Front Lines: Charles Koch Teaches Staff to Run a Firm Like a Free Society,” Wall Street Journal, April 18, 1997.
1. “dedicated egalitarian”: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics,” The Weekly Standard, April 4, 2011.
2. “hard core economic socialist”: Ibid.
3. “If we are going to do this”: “The Kochs’ Quest to Save America,” The Wichita Eagle, October 11, 2012.
4. accused the library of whitewashing history: Interview with John Damgard.
5. “If we do it right”: “The Kochs’ Quest to Save America,” The Wichita Eagle, October 11, 2012.
6. invited Fink to Wichita: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics.”
7. he came through with $150,000: “The Center for Market Processes,” University of Virginia Darden School Foundation, 1983.
8. “I like polyester”: “The Kochs’ Quest to Save America.”
9. “There are a lot of people who have ideas”: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics.”
10. 14 of the 23 federal rules: “Rule Breaker: In Washington, Tiny Think Tank Wields Big Stick on Regulation,” Wall Street Journal, July 16, 2004.
11. $10,000 bequest: Last Will and Testament of Mary Koch, 1989.
12. “a third-rate political hack”: “Koch Versus Cato: Unraveling the Riddle,” CharlesRowley.com, March 5, 2012.
13. “When we apply this model”: “From Ideas to Action: The Role of Universities, Think Tanks, and Activist Groups,” Philanthropy, Winter 1996.
14. totaled nearly $31 million: “Koch Millions Spread Influence Through Nonprofits,” InvestigativeReportingWorkshop.org, July 1, 2013.
15. veto power over job candidates: “Billionaire’s Role in Hiring Decisions at Florida State University Raises Questions,” Tampa Bay Times, May 9, 2011.
16. “What we needed was a sales force”: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics.”
17. friends on Capitol Hill grew: “Grass-Roots Goliath,” National Journal, July 13, 1996.
18. Microsoft donated $380,000: “Think Tanks: Corporations’ Quiet Weapon,” The Washington Post, January 29, 2000.
19. “THIS IS CLINTON CARE”: “When CSE Brings Its Big Guns to Bear,” National Journal, July 13, 1996.
20. “Our belief is that the tax”: “Politics That Can’t Be Pigeonholed,” The Wichita Eagle, June 26, 1994.
21. “into submission”: Interview with Dick Armey.
22. registered the domain name taxpayerteaparty.com: “ ‘Tea Party’ Label Invites Discord,” USA Today, February 6, 2010.
23. “reject excessive taxation by the Crown”: “Tea Party Talking Points,” Americans for Prosperity, April 2009.
24. played a cameo role: “Consultants for Va. Candidate Linked to Indicted Lobbyist,” The Washington Post, November 3, 2005.
25. “The modern-day Birchers”: “Where Have You Gone, Bill Buckley,” The New York Times, December 3, 2012.
26. “I’ve never been to a Tea-Party event”: “The Billionaire’s Party,” New York, July 25, 2010.
27. directed nearly $25 million: “Koch Industries: Secretly Funding the Climate Denial Machine,” Greenpeace, March 2010.
28. “audacious stealth campaign”: “The Election Campaigns We Can’t See,” The Washington Post, September 23, 2010.
29. “it’s the worst covert operation in history”: “ ‘Tea Party Billionaire’ Fires Back,” TheDailyBeast.com, September 10, 2010.
30. “apparently concerted campaign”: “Smear Disappears,” New York Post, January 5, 2011.
31. “a disturbing trend in journalism”: Mark Holden to Sid Holt, April 25, 2011.
32. “If not us, who?”: Letter to members of the Koch donor network, September 24, 2010.
33. pledged at least $12 million: “Koch Conference Under Scrutiny,” Politico, January 27, 2011.
34. “an unconstitutional power grab”: “How Congress Can Stop the EPA’s Power Grab,” Wall Street Journal, December 28, 2010.
35. “You bet I am”: “Exclusive: Polluter Billionaire David Koch Says Tea Party ‘Rank And File Are Just Normal People Like Us,’ ” ThinkProgress.com, January 6, 2011.
1. ejected the journalist: “The Kochs Fight Back,” Politico, February 2, 2011.
2. “He’s an evil man”: “Koch Ventures into the Brooklyn Lion’s Den,” FT.com, December 24, 2010.
3. “we would be attacked”: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics,” The Weekly Standard, April 4, 2011.
4. “We’ve been called just about everything”: “Birch Society Leader Warns of Red Danger,” The Wichita Eagle, October 10, 1960.
5. “It generated a lot of enthusiasm”: “Inside Today’s Koch Brothers ‘Billionaire’s Caucus,’ ” Forbes.com, January 31, 2011.
6. encouraged Walker to battle the unions: “Billionaire Brothers’ Money Plays Role in Wisconsin Dispute,” The New York Times, February 21, 2011.
7. David’s secretary delivered the news: “The Paranoid Style in Liberal Politics.”
8. “Are you reassured?”: “Shock Doctrine, U.S.A.,” The New York Times, February 24, 2011.
9. left an angry voice mail: Interview with Mark Holden.
10. “The Koch brothers will DIE!!!!!”: “Charles Koch, Employees Reveal E-mailed Threats from Past Year,” The Wichita Eagle, February 17, 2012.
11. round-the-clock protection: Interview with John Damgard.
12. “We are not going to stop”: “Koch Executives Speak Out on Wisconsin,” National Review, February 24, 2011.
13. “This is the mother of all wars”: “Inside the Koch Brothers’ Secret Seminar,” MotherJones.com, September 6, 2011.
14. $70 million’ worth of pledges: “Karl Rove vs. the Koch Brothers,” Politico, October 10, 2011.
15. angered Mitt Romney’s campaign: Jonathan Alter, The Center Holds: Obama and His Enemies (Simon & Schuster, 2013), p. 223.
16. “building a coalition of like-minded organizations”: Center to Protect Patient Rights, Form 1024, October 8, 2009.
17. “This government policy and strategy”: Association for American Innovation, Form 1024, November 4, 2011.
18. “Who the hell”: “Who the Hell Is Going to Take a Think Tank Seriously If It’s Controlled by Billionaire Oil Guys?” Slate.com, March 22, 2012.
19. “genetic libertarian”: “Free Radical; Libertarian—and Contrarian—Ed Crane Has Run the Cato Institute for 25 Years. His Way,” The Washington Post, May 9, 2002.
20. “I’ll go to my grave”: Brian Doherty, Radicals for Capitalism (Public Affairs, 2007), pp. 603–4.
21. “ ‘What the hell is this about?’ ”: “The Battle for the Cato Institute,” Washingtonian, May 30, 2012.
22. the bedraggled building: David Boaz, The Politics of Freedom (Cato Institute, 2008), p. 244.
23. Crane recalled telling him. “I can’t do that.”: “The Battle for the Cato Institute.”
24. Crane’s star had sunk: “The Ear,” The Rothbard-Rockwell Report, August 1991.
25. no longer taking Crane’s calls: “The Battle for the Cato Institute.”
26. “He’s the emperor”: “Covert Operations,” The New Yorker, August 30, 2010.
27. “Charles is really upset”: “The Battle for the Cato Institute.”
28. “Kevin Gentry seated over there”: “The Crane Chronicles Part 2: The Care and Feeding of Board Members,” Breitbart.com, April 4, 2012.
29. “esoteric concepts”: Statement by David H. Koch, March 22, 2012.
30. “providing intellectual ammunition”: “Cato Goes to War,” Slate.com, March 5, 2012.
31. “They thought wrong”: Statement by Charles G. Koch, March 8, 2012.
32. “some sort of auxiliary for the GOP”: “Cato Institute Is Caught in a Rift Over Its Direction,” The New York Times, March 6, 2012.
33. “rule or ruin” strategy: Statement by David H. Koch, March 22, 2012.
34. “undermine our community’s intellectual defenses”: FreedomWorks Statement Regarding Koch-Cato Lawsuit, April 12, 2012.
35. “contract killers in super-PAC land”: “Obama Campaign to Go After ‘Contract-Killer’ Super Pac Ads,” Roll Call, May 7, 2012.
36. “carefully orchestrated campaign of vituperation”: “Obama’s Enemies List,” Wall Street Journal, February 1, 2012.
37. “if somebody’s out to cheat me”: “The Jefferson Bottles,” The New Yorker, September 3, 2007.
38. cell phone ring tone: Ibid.
39. perhaps a dental drill: Benjamin Wallace, The Billionaire’s Vinegar (Crown, 2008), p. 250.
40. “This is National Treasure”: Ibid., p. 254.
41. “I absolutely can’t stand to be cheated”: “Billionaire William Koch Wins Trial over Fake French Wine,” Bloomberg.com, April 12, 2013.
42. over a glass of fine wine: “Billionaire Wins Wine Fight; Jury Awards Him $380,000,” Associated Press, April 11, 2013.
43. a forensic review of his employees’ communications: Oxbow Carbon v. Kirby Martensen (15th Fla., 2012), complaint.
44. “I’m doing it because I can”: “Bill Koch’s Wild West Adventure,” 5280, February 2013.
45. The phone and Internet service: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, “Gunnison County Sheriff’s Office Official Misconduct Report,” November 5, 2012.
46. “Would you feel the same way about Kirby”: Kirby Martensen v. William Koch (N.D. Cal., 2012), deposition of Lawrence Black, June 25, 2013.
47. A hidden camera rolled: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, “Investigative Supplement Report,” June 28, 2013.
48. at least eight security guards: Ibid.
49. current and former police officers: Kirby Martensen v. William Koch, Opposition to William Koch’s Motion for Partial Reconsideration.
50. “A sheriff is here”: Kirby Martensen v. William Koch, complaint.
51. placed the deputy on administrative leave: Colorado Bureau of Investigation, “Gunnison County Sheriff’s Office Official Misconduct Report,” November 5, 2012.
52. off-duty Palm Beach police officers: Kirby Martensen v. William Koch, Opposition to William Koch’s Motion for Partial Reconsideration.
53. “For all intents and purposes”: Kirby Martensen v. William Koch, deposition of Kirby Martensen, May 16, 2013.
54. “I gave this money to Kirby Martensen”: Kirby Martensen v. William Koch, deposition of Charlie Zhan, January 9, 2013.
55. “this is the type of thing that Bill does”: Kirby Martensen v. William Koch (N.D. Cal., 2012), deposition of Lawrence Black, June 25, 2013.
56. “The idea as explained to me”: Martensen whistleblower complaint, May 13, 2013.
57. “the lion king of button-down libertarianism”: “Free Radical; Libertarian—and Contrarian—Ed Crane.”
58. convened a Hamptons mixer: “Romney in the Hamptons with David Koch,” Politico, August 16, 2010.
59. “the financial engine of the Tea Party”: “Internal Memo: Romney Courting Kochs, Tea Party,” Washington Examiner, November 2, 2011.
60. “the title of that book comes from a poem”: “Mitt Romney Reveals a Literary Connection with a Koch Brother,” The Washington Post, August 22, 2012.
61. “like two world leaders with their first ladies”: “Mitt: What Koch Problem?” New York Post, July 10, 2012.
62. “I look at it as an asset”: Ibid.
63. “I believe in gay marriage”: “David Koch Breaks from the GOP on Gay Marriage, Taxes, Defense Cuts,” Politico, August 30, 2012.
64. “We’ve got to do better with primaries”: Interview with John Damgard.
65. “difficult to assess the kind of bang for buck”: “Americans for Prosperity Chief: We Don’t Know if $27 Million in Anti-Obama Ads Has Any Effect,” MotherJones.com, September 3, 2012.
66. “We had met with some other people from Koch”: Deposition of Anthony Russo, July 17, 2013.
67. “We were not involved”: “The Koch Brothers in California,” NewYorker.com, October 25, 2013.
68. “Despite November’s disappointing election results”: “Kochs Postpone Post-Election Meeting,” National Review, December 11, 2012.
69. “reaching the right people with the right message”: “Exclusive: Read the Koch Brothers’ Plans for Their Upcoming Donor Retreat,” MotherJones.com, April 23, 2013.
1. “Oh, hi, Freddie”: Interview with John Damgard.
2. “Never ask from where I came”: “Call Me Frederick,” The Daily Telegraph, November 14, 1986.
3. Donahue was a man of vices: Christopher Wilson, Dancing with the Devil: The Windsors and Jimmy Donahue (St. Martin’s Press, 2000), pp. 32–35.
4. “I’ve done it”: “James Donahue, Social Leader, Kills Himself,” Associated Press, April 23, 1931.
5. “hoped to be a playwright”: Frederick R. Koch to John Mason Brown, July 19, 1961, John Mason Brown Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University.
6. “crude bluff and blackmail”: “Wrangle over Dreams for Mansion,” The Times of London, May 7, 1986.
7. “The lodge is deteriorating”: “Pass My Plans or Treasures Leave Britain, Says Billionaire,” Daily Mail, May 6, 1986.
8. baffled the British art world: “Philanthropist Stays Silent on Art Museum,” The Times of London, May 11, 1993.
9. “dig two graves”: “Captain America,” Sports Illustrated, April 20, 1992.
10. “chance of several lifetimes”: “Osterville House Sells for $19 Million,” Cape Cod Times, January 11, 2013.
11. “for staying together”: “Bill Koch’s Wild West Adventure,” 5280, February 2013.
12. “I don’t want to do that to my kids”: George T. M. Shackelford and Elliot Bostwick Davis, Things I Love: The Many Collections of William I. Koch (MFA Publications, 2005), p. 37.
13. “My proudest accomplishment”: “Inside the Koch Empire: How the Brothers Plan to Reshape America,” Forbes, December 24, 2012.
14. “I’m going to ride my bicycle until I fall off”: “The Private Empire of Koch Industries,” Financial Times, January 30, 2004.
15. “We have the best leaders”: “Inside the Koch Empire,” Forbes.
16. Chase joined Koch Industries’ board of directors: Interview with Nestor Weigand.
17. “I was a bohemian”: “Adventures in Publishing,” Town & Country, May 2012.
18. “disturbed and convoluted relationship with money”: “The World Compatibility Test: Back in Tokyo, Part 1,” Smithmag.net, March 30, 2007.
19. “thought it was the right thing to do”: “Ground Is Officially Broken on Met’s ‘David H. Koch Plaza,’ ” The New York Times, January 14, 2013.
20. “Boycott the Metropolitan Museum of Art”: “The Two Kochs,” Artnet.com, February 8, 2012.
21. “Well, it’s $65 million!”: “$65-Million Naming Opportunity: Groundbreaking for Metropolitan Museum’s ‘David H. Koch Plaza,’ ” ArtsJournal.com, January 16, 2013.
22. “apparently so offended”: “A Word from Our Sponsors,” The New Yorker, May 27, 2013.
23. the portrait of their father: Shackelford and Bostwick Davis, Things I Love: The Many Collections of William I. Koch, p. 37.