NOTES

ALL MODERN BOOKS about ancient Rome derive from the corpus of surviving ancient literary texts (with crucial gaps filled in by archaeology, numismatics, and epigraphy). Writing about Rome is akin to creating a mosaic from fragments of tile left in disorganized chaos after two thousand years of admirable, but still inadequate, storage and maintenance. The mosaic of the period 146 to 78 BC is built around four principal authors: Appian, Plutarch, Sallust, and Cicero. But surrounding those four principal sources, critical details are filled in by other Greek and Roman historians, scholars, and commentators. To give the reader a clear sense of how our knowledge of the ancient world is pieced together, the endnotes focus on the ancient literary sources. A reference table and explanation for how to read the notes is included. Hopefully the reader will be encouraged to discover the joy of studying the ancient masters for themselves.

PROLOGUE

1. Polyb. i.1.

2. Polyb. xxxviii.21–22; App. Pun. xix.132; Diod. xxxii.24.

3. Paus. vii.16.7–10; Strabo viii.6.23; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.87, Off. i.35; Flor. i.32.16; Livy 52.

4. Polyb. vi.57; Sall. Cat. 10, Jug. 41; Vell. Pat. ii.1; Flor. i.1; Oros. v.3.

5. Livy i.4–7; Plut. Rom. 3–12; Diony. i.75–88; Diod. viii.3–6; Dio i.5; Flor. i.1.6–8; Oros. ii.4; Vell. Pat. i.8; App. Reg i.2; Strabo v.3.2.

6. CAH VII.2 ch. 2.

7. Livy i.8, 19–20, 42–44, 58–60; Diony. ii.4–16, 63–74, iv.13–23, 64–85; Plut. Rom. 13, Num. 8–13, Pub. 1; Flor. i.1–2, 6.

8. Quote: Appian BC i.1. See also: Livy ii-iii; Flor. i.4.

9. Livy ii.31–33, 56–57, iii.6, 55; Plut. Cor. 6–7; Diony. vi.45–90; Dio iv.14–15.

10. See Hölkeskamp, Reconstructing the Roman Republic, ch. 2.

11. Livy viii-x; Diony. xv-xvii; Diod. xix.76, 101; Dio viii; App. Samn.; Flor. i.11.16–12.17; Strabo vi.4.2; Oros. iii.15, 21–22.

12. Diod. xix.103–110, xx.10, 17–18, 38, 40, 43, 59, 61–62, 64, 67, 69.

13. Polyb. ii-iii, xii-xii, xv; Livy xxi-xxx; App. Han. i-ix, Pun. i-vii, Iber. i-ii; Plut. Fab. Max. 2–16, Marc.; Diod. xxiii-xxvii; Strabo iii.6, vi.4.2; Dio ix- xvii; Flor. i.13.18, 22.6.33–34; Vell. Pat. i.6; Oros. iv.6–19.

14. Polyb. xv.17–18; Livy xxx.16, 37–38, 43–44; App. Pun. viii-ix; Diod. xxxii.4.4; Dio xvii.

15. Quote: Livy xxxiii.32. Second Macedonian War: Polyb. xv.20–25, xvi.1–12, 22, 24–35, 38, xviii.1–12, 18–27, 34–48; Livy xxxi.1–47, xxxii.3–25, 32–40, xxxiii.2–21, 27–35; Plut. Flam.; App. Mac. i.2–4; Diod. xxviii, xxxi.8; Dio xviii; Flor. i.23.7; Oros. iv.20; Strabo vi.4.2.

16. Livy xxx-xli; App. Iber.vii.38–43; Plut. Cato Maj. 10; Diod. xxix.26; Strabo iii.13, vi.4.2; Dio xviii; Flor. i.33.17.

17. Aemilianus’s birthdate is deduced from Livy xliv.44; Diod. xxx.22; Cic. Rep. vi.12.

18. The Third Macedonian War: Polyb. xxii.18, xxv.3, xxvii.1–11, 14–16, xviii.3–17, xxix.3–11, 14–19; Livy xli.19, 22–26, xlii.5–6, 10–19, 24–26, 29–32, 36–67, xliii.18–23, xliv.1–42; App. Mac.; Paus. 7.10; Diod. xxix.27–34, xxx.1–12, 19–21; Dio xx; Flor. i.28.12; Oros. iv.20; Vell. Pat. i.9.

19. Livy xix-xxxviii, xli-xlv; Polyb. xv-xvi, xviii, xxii, xxv, xxvii-xxx; App. Mac. i.2–5; Plut. Flam., Cato Maj.; Diod. xxviii-xxxi; Dio xx, xvii-xix, xxx-xxxi; Vell. Pat. i.9; Flor. i.23.7, 24.8, 28.12; Oros. iv.20; Strabo vi.4.2, viii.7.3; Paus. 7.10.

20. Polyb. xxviii.6, 12, xxxi.23.

21. Polyb. xxxi.23–25; Diod. xxxi.26.

22. Polyb. vi.1.

23. Polyb. vi.5–9.

24. Polyb. vi.12, 15; Livy ii.1; Strabo v.7; CAH IX ch. 2.

25. Livy ii.18, iii.29, xxiii.22, xxxiii.2; Diony. v.70–7; Cic. Rep. i.63, ii.56, Leg. iii.9; App. BC i.3; Dio iv.13; Flor. i.5.11, i.26; CAH IX ch. 2.

26. Polyb. vi.13, 16; CAH IX ch. 2.

27. Polyb. vi.14, 17; Livy i.36, 43; CAH IX ch. 2.

28. See all of Polyb. vi.

29. Livy vi.36–42, vii.1; Flor. i.17.22–26.

30. Livy iv.43, vii.1 xxiii.41, xxxiii.42, xxxix.7, lxii.6, lxiv.7, lxv.13; Polyb. vi.12–13, 31; Tac. Ann. xi.22; Ulp. Dig. i.13.pr; Cic. Verr. ii.1.37, Flacc. 30, Att. ii.6.2, Phil. ix.16.

31. Cic. Leg. iii.7, Verr. v.14, Fam. viii.6, Phil. ix.17, Har. Resp. 27; Livy iii.6, 55, vii.1, xxxvi.50, 56, xl.44; Diony. vi.90, vii.26, xxxv.3–4; Fest. 258–9; Plut. Caes. 5.

32. Cic. Leg. iii.8; Livy vi.42, vii.1. Mummius elected praetor: Diod. xxxi.42; App. Iber. x.56.

33. Diod. xxxi.39–40; Livy Per. 47; Flor. i.33.17–18.

34. App. Iber. x.56–57. See also: Livy i.35.

35. Polyb. xxxv.5, xxxvi.8; App. Iber. 53–54, Pun. 102–104; Diod. xxxii.8; Livy Per. 48–49; Vell. Pat. i.12; Flor. i.33.17.

36. Quote: Plut. Cato Maj. 27. See also: App. Pun. x.69; Plut. Cato Maj. 26; Vell. Pat. i.13; Flor. i.31.15.

37. App. Pun. x.74-xiii.94, xvi.112; Polyb. xxxvi.3–7; Diod. xxxii.1–3, 6–9; Dio xxi; Vell. Pat. i.12; Flor. i.31.15; Oros. vi.22; Livy Per. 49–51.

38. Paus. vii.15.1. Last novus homo was M. Acilius Glabrio (cos. 191): Livy xxxvii.57.

39. Quote: Paus. vii.14.6. See also: Paus. vii.11–16; Diod. xxxii.9, 15; Vell. Pat. i.11; Flor. i.32.16; Dio xxi; Oros. vi.22; Livy Per. 48–51.

40. Paus. vii.13–16; Diod. xxxii.9, 15; Livy Per. 48–50; Dio xxi; Flor. i.32.16; Oros. vi.22; Vell. Pat. i.11.

41. Plut. Mar. 1; Flor. i.32.16; Paus. vii.16; Oros. v.3; Livy Per. 52.

42. Diod. xxxii.26–27; Vell. Pat. i.11–13; Strabo viii.23; Dio xxi; Flor. i.32.16; Oros. v.3; Livy Per. 52.

43. App. Pun. xvi.113-xix.132; Polyb. xxxviii.19–22; Diod. xxx.ii.22–25; Livy Per. 51; Dio xxi; Flor. i.31.15; Oros. vi.22; Strabo vi.4.2; Vell. Pat. i.12.

44. Quotes: Polyb. xxxviii.21, App. Pun. xix.132; Diod. xxxii.24.

CHAPTER 1: THE BEASTS OF ITALY

1. Cato, ORF, 2nd ed., p. 91.

2. Quote: Livy xxxvii.7. See also: Plut. TG 1; Sall. Jug. 42; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Dio xxiv.83.

3. Quote: Val. Max. iv.4.pr. See also: Plut. TG 1; Cic. Brut. 104; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6; Vell. Pat. ii.2. More on Cornelia: Plut. TG 1, 4, 8; Cic. Brut. 104, 211, Div. ii.62; Tac. Orat. 28.

4. Quotes: Vell. Pat. ii.2. See also: Flor. ii.2.14; Cic. Har. Resp. 19.41; Plut. TG 2.

5. Plut. TG 8.

6. Plut. TG 4.

7. Quote: Cic. Har. Resp. 19.41. For more on Claudius: Plut. TG 4; Livy Per. 53; Cic. Cael. 34, Brut. 108, Rep. i.31, Scaur. 32; Val. Max 5.4.6; Oros. 5.4; Dio 74; “Plut.” Apoph. Sm.9.

8. Livy xxxiv.52, xxxvii.59, xli.7.

9. Quotes: Livy xxxiv.4; Pliny 33.53. Sumptuary Laws: Livy xxxiv.1, 8, xl.44; Val. Max. ix.1.3; Pliny NH x.71; Gell. ii.24; Tac. Ann. ii.33–34; Macr. xvii.3–6.

10. Quote: Sall. Jug. 41. See also: App. BC i.10; Plut. TG 8.

11. App. BC i.7; Sall. Jug. 41; Hor. Odes ii.18; Juv. xiv.140. On agriculture: Cato RR Preface; Cic. Off. 1.151.

12. Quote: App. BC i.7.

13. Quote: Plut. TG 8.

14. Cato RR 136; Pliny xviii.7; Cic. Off. 2.73.

15. For the Spanish Wars: App. Iber. ix-xii; Diod. xxxiii; Flor. xxxiv.

16. Livy Per. 48, 55; Cic. Leg. iii.20; Polyb. xxxv.4.

17. Quote: App. Iber. xiii.78. See also: Livy Per. 47, 57; Sall. Jug. 69; Plut. CG 9; Cic. Leg. iii.20.

18. Cic. Leg iii.35, Amic. 41, Brut. 97, Sest. 103; Pliny Min. Lett. 3.20.

19. For lowering property requirements: Livy i.43; Polyb. vi.19; Cic. Har. Resp. ii.40.

20. Plut. TG 5; Vell. Pat. ii.1–2; Flor. i.34.18; Oros. v.4; Eutr. iv.17; Livy Per. 55.

21. Plut. TG 5–6; Vell. Pat. ii.2. For the treaty of Gracchus the Elder: Polyb. xxxii.2; App. Iber. 43–44; Livy Per. 41.

22. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.1. See also: Plut. TG 7; Dio xxiii.79; Flor. i.34.18; Oros. v.4; Eutr. iv.17; Livy Per. 55.

23. Plut. TG 7; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Dio xxiv.83; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.8.

24. App. BC i.7–9; Plut. TG 8–9; Polyb. vi.17; Diony. xi.63; Gell. 4.12; Cic. Leg. iii.7.

25. App. BC i.9–10; Plut. TG 8; Livy xxxiv.48, vi.35, 42; Pliny NH xviii.17; Varro RR i.2.9; Cato ORF, 3rd ed., p. 65.

26. Plut TG 9. For Scaevola: Cic. Leg. ii.47–57, Verr. i.52, Brut. 108, 239, Orat. i.212, Off. 2.47, Rep. i.31, Fin. i.12. Mucianus: Cic. Orat. i.170, 239–40, Brut. 98, 127; Gell. i.13.19.

27. Quote: App. BC i.9. See also: App. BC i.7–9, 19–21. Plutarch does not mention the Italians at all.

28. See discussion in Bernstein, Tiberius Gracchus, ch. 4.

29. App. Iber. 84; Cic. Rep. vi.11; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Oros. v.7; Livy Per. 56.

30. App. Iber. 84; Plut. Mar. 36.

31. App. BC i.9–10; Plut. TG 9; Cic. Sest. 103, Leg. Agr. ii.81.

32. App. BC i.9; Plut. TG 9; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Oros. v.8; Livy Per. 55.

33. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6. See also: App. BC i.10.

34. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.6. See also: App. BC i.11; Plut. TG 10; Dio xxiv.83.

35. Quotes: Plut. TG 9. See also: Flor. ii.2.14.

36. App. BC i.11–12; Plut. TG 10.

37. Quote: Plut. TG 10.

38. Plut. TG 10; Dio xxiv.83.

39. Quote: Dio xxiv.83. See also: Plut. TG 10; Gell. ii.13.

40. App. BC i.12; Plut. TG 11; Livy xxxiv.38; Polyb. vi.16.

41. Quote: App. BC i.12. See also: Plut. TG 11.

42. App. BC i.12; Plut. TG 11–12; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.

43. See Taylor, Roman Voting Assemblies, ch. 3–4.

44. App. BC i.12; Plut. TG 12; Cic. Brut. 95, 222, Milo. 72, Leg. iii.24; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.1; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.8; Livy Per. 58.

45. App. BC i.12; Livy Per. 58.

46. App. BC i.9, 13; Plut. TG 13; Cic. Leg. iii.24, Milo 72, Brut. 95; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.

47. Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.32; Plut. TG 13.

48. Quote: Plut. TG 13. See also: Gell. ii.13.

49. Plut. TG 14; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo 13; Flor. i.35.20; Oros. v.8; Eutr. iv.18; Just. xxxvi.4; Livy Per. 58.

50. Quote: Flor. i.35.20. See also: Plut. TG 14; Pliny xxxiii.53; Oros. v.8; Livy Per. 58.

51. Quotes: Polyb. vi.13. See also: Plut. TG 14, Livy Per. 58.

52. App. BC i.14; Dio xxiv.83; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.8.

53. App. BC i.14; Plut. TG 16; Dio xxiv.83.

54. App. BC i.14; Plut. TG 16; Dio xxiv.83.

55. App. BC i.14–15; Plut. TG 16; Dio xxiv.83; Gell. ii.13.

56. App. BC i.15; Plut. TG 18–19; Oros. v.9.

57. Quote: Plut. TG 19. See also: App. BC i.16; Sall. Jug. 7, 31; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.

58. Quote: App. BC i.16. See also: Plut. TG 19; Cic. Amic. 41; Sall. Jug. 7, 31; Flor. ii.2.14; Livy Per. 58.

59. App. BC i.16; Plut. TG 19; Diod. xxxv/xxxvi.7.3; Vell. Pat. ii.3; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 58.

60. Quote: App. BC i.17. See also: Plut. TG 19; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.3; Vell. Pat. ii.3; Flor. ii.2.14; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 58.

61. Quote: Plut. TG 20.

62. Plut. TG 20; Oros. v.9.

63. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.3.

CHAPTER 2: THE STEPCHILDREN OF ROME

1. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.33.

2. Quote: XII.11. See also: Polyb. vi.14, 16; Cic. Amic. 41, Leg iii.11, 44, Rep. ii.61; Varro LL vi.90–92.

3. Plut. TG 20; Sall. Jug. 31; Vell. Pat. ii.7.

4. Quote: Val. Max. v.3.2. See also: Plut TG 21; Cic. Dom. 91, Planc. xxxvi.88, Flacc. 75, Orat. ii.285; Pliny vii.34; Strabo xiv.1.38.

5. Plut TG 21; CIL I².719.

6. Quote: Flor. i.34.18; See also: App. Iber. xiv-xv; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Front. vi.1, 8; Strabo iii.4.13; Val. Max. ii.7.1–2; Oros. v.7; Eutr. iv.17; “Plut.” Apoph. Sm.15–16; Livy Per. 57, 59.

7. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.

8. Plut. TG 21, Mor. 201.e.

9. App. Iber. xv.98; Cic. Phil. xi.18; Pliny xxxiii.50; Flor. i.34.18; Oros. v.7; Eutr. iv.19; Livy Per. 59.

10. Cic. Leg. iii.35, Orat. ii.170; Livy Per. 59.

11. Quotes: Vell. Pat. ii.4. See also: Plut TG 21, Mor. 201e-f; Cic. Amic. 96, Orat. ii.106, 170, Milo 8; Val. Max. vi.2.3; Livy Per. 59.

12. CAH IX ch. 17.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Quotes: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.1–3, Athen. xii.542. Acquisition of Sicily: Polyb. i.62; App. Isl. i.2; Oros. iv.11.

18. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.4–16, 38–42; Flor. ii.7.19; Livy Per. 56.

19. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.17–18, 24–25, 43; Flor. ii.7.19; Livy Per. 56.

20. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.8–9; Flor. ii.7.19; Val. Max. ii.7; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 56, 58.

21. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.20; Flor. ii.7.19; Front. vi.1; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 59.

22. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.2.22. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv 44–48; Cic. Verr. ii.4.112; Strabo xi.2.6; Val Max. ii.7.3; Flor. ii.7.19; Oros. v.9; Livy Per. 59.

23. CAH IX ch. 15.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Cic. Verr. ii.3.195, 4.56, Mur. 46, Brut. 106, Off. 2.75.

27. Plut TG 20, Flam. 21; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo xiv.1.38; Just. xxxvi.4; Flor. i.35.20; Eutr. iv.20; Livy Per. 59.

28. Quote: Flor. i.35.20. See also: Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo xiv.1.38; Val. Max. iii.2.12; Just. xxxvi.4; Oros. v.10; Livy Per. 59.

29. Vell. Pat. ii.4; Strabo xiv.1.38; Just. xxxvi.4; Flor. i.35.20; Oros. v.10; Livy Per. 59.

30. Quote: Flor. i.35.20. See also: Strabo xiv.1.38; Just. xxxvi.4.

31. App. Mith. 57; Sall. Hist. iv.67; Vell. Pat. ii.38; Strabo xiv.1.38.

32. Livy xxi.63; Cic. Verr. ii.3.130, 140. For a full discussion see Badian, Publicans and Sinners.

33. Livy i.36, 43, v.7, xxxix.19, 44; Polyb. vi.17.

34. Ulp. Dig. xxxix.4.1.1; Livy v.47, xliii.16, xliv.16, xlviii.5; Polyb. vi.17; Cic. Pro. Cons. 12, Fam. xiv.12, 20, Planc. 32; Pliny NH x.51.

35. Quote: Diod. v.38. See also: Livy xxxiv.21; Strabo iii.59.7.

36. Livy xxxii.7, xxxiv.45, xl.51, xlv.18; Polyb. vi.17; Cic. Off. ii.76, Tusc. iii.48, Verr. ii.3.18, 167; Vell. Pat. ii.6; Pliny xxxiii.56.

37. Cic. Leg. Man. 14, Livy xliii.1, xlv.18; Plut. Pomp. 45, Aem. Paul. 38.

38. White, The Roman Citizenship, ch. 1.

39. Ibid., ch. 2.

40. Ibid., ch. 3.

41. Ibid., ch. 4.

42. App. BC i.18; Cic. Rep. i.31; Livy Per. 59.

43. App. BC i.18. Cic. Rep. i.31, iii.41; Livy Per. 59.

44. App. BC i.19; Cic. Rep. i.31; Livy Per. 59.

45. App. BC i.19.

46. App. BC i.19; Oros. v.10; Dio xxiv. 84.

47. Quotes: App. BC i.19. See also: Plut. CG 10; Cic. Amic. 12, Rep. vi.12; Vell. Pat. ii.4; “Plut.” Apoph. Sm.23; Oros. v.10.

48. App. BC i.20; Plut. CG 10, Rom. 27; Cic. Milo 16; Vell. Pat. ii.4; Oros. v.10; Livy Per. 59.

49. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.4; For Cornelia and/or Sempronia: App. BC i.20; Livy Per. 59; Oros. v.10. Gaius and Flaccus: Plut. CG 10. Carbo: Cic. Quint. ii.3.3, Fam. ix.21.3. Suicide: App. BC i.20; Plut. Rom. 27.

50. Pliny vii.59.

51. Quote: Plut. Mor. 2.

CHAPTER 3: DAGGERS IN THE FORUM

1. Sall Hist. i.12.

2. Quotes: Cic. Div. i.56; Plut. CG 1. See also: Val. Max. i.7.6.

3. Quotes: Plut. TG 2. See also: Dio xxv.85.

4. Plut. CG 2.

5. Quotes: Cic. Har. Resp. 41; Plut. CG 1. See also: Plut. CG 5; Cic. Brut. 125–6; Dio xxv.85.

6. Plut. TG 21, CG 1.

7. App. BC i.21, 34.

8. Quote: App. BC i.21.

9. Quotes: App. BC i.21, Cic. Off. iii.47. See also: Cic. Brut. 109; App. BC i.34; Pliny NH xxix.8; Festus in ORF, 2nd ed. pp. 179–80.

10. App. BC i.34; Flor. i.37.2; Tac. Hist. iv.73; Livy Per. 60.

11. Quote: Livy xxvii.10. See also: Livy xiii.22, xxvi.9.

12. Quote: “Cic.” Rhet. iv.22, 37. See also: Vell. Pat ii.7; “Cic.” Rhet. vi.13; Cic. Planc. 70; Val. Max. ii.8.4; Ascon. 17; Amm. xv.9.10; Livy Per. 60.

13. Vell. Pat ii.7; Cic. Planc. 70.

14. Plut. CG 1–2; Livy Per. 60.

15. Plut. CG 2; Livy Per. 60.

16. Plut. CG 2; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.24.

17. Gell. xv.12. See also: Plut. CG 2.

18. App. BC i.21; Plut. CG 2; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.24.

19. Plut. CG 3.

20. App. BC i.22, Mith. 57; Cic. Orat. ii.188, 194–6, Div. Caec. 69, Font. 38; Sall. Hist. iv.67; Vell. Pat. ii.4.

21. Gell. xi.10.

22. Quote: Plut. CG 3. See also: Cic. Orat. iii.214, Brut. 126, Har. Resp. 43.

23. Quote: Plut. CG 3. See also: App. BC i.21; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.724.

24. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.6. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.25.1.

25. Plut. CG 4; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.25.2. See also: Stockton, The Gracchi, ch. 6.

26. Plut. CG 4; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.27; Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, Cat. iv.10, Brut. 128, Leg. iii.26, Red. Sen. 37, Dom. 82, 87, Rep. i.6, Clu. xxxv.95; Vell. Pat. ii.7.

27. App. BC i.34; Plut. CG 5; Vell. Pat. ii.6; Oros. v.11; Livy Per. 60.

28. App. BC i.23; Plut. CG 5; Vell. Pat. ii.6; Livy Per. 60.

29. Plut. CG 7; App. BC i.23.

30. Quote: Cic. Sest. 103. See also: App. BC i.22; Plut. CG 5; Cic. Off. ii.72; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.25.1; Vell. Pat. ii.6; Flor. ii.3; Oros. v.11; Livy Per. 60.

31. Plut. CG 5; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.25; Oros. v.11.

32. App. BC i.21; Cic. Verr. ii.3.12; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.25.1.

33. App. BC i.22; Plut. CG 5; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.25.1; Vell. Pat. ii.6; Livy Per. 60.

34. App. BC i.21; Plut. CG 8, 11.

35. Plut. CG 8.

36. Quote: Plut. CG 6.

37. App. BC i.23; Plut. CG 8–9; Cic. Brut. 109, Fin. iv.66; Tac. Ann. iii.27.

38. App. BC i.23, 34; Plut. CG 8; Vell. Pat. ii.6.

39. Quote: App. BC i.23.

40. App. BC i.24; Plut. CG 10–11; Vell. Pat. i.15, ii.6; Oros. v.12; Eutr. iv.21; Livy Per. 60.

41. App. BC i.24; Plut. CG 11; Oros. v.12; Livy Per. 60.

42. App. BC i.24; Plut. CG 10–11; Cic. Orat. iii.213–14.

43. Plut. CG 11–12.

44. Plut. CG 12.

45. App. BC i.24; Plut. CG 13; Flor. ii.3.15; Oros. v.12.

46. App. BC i.25; Plut. CG 13; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.27; Oros. v.12.

47. Quote: Cic. Orat. iii.213. See also: App. BC i.25; Plut. CG 13; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.27; Oros. v.12.

48. App. BC i.25; Plut. CG 14.

49. Quote: Cic. Phil. viii.14. See also: Caes. BC i.5; App. BC i.25; Plut. CG 14; Cic. Cat. i.4. Dom. 102; Phil. viii.14; Sall. Jug. 16; Livy Per. 60.

50. Quote: Cic. Div. i.56. See also: Plut. CG 14.

51. Quotes: Plut. CG 15.

52. App. BC i.26; Plut. CG 16; Cic. Phil. viii.14; Flor. ii.3.15; Livy Per. 61.

53. App. BC i.26; Plut. CG 16; Cic. Phil. viii.14; Vell. Pat ii.6; Oros. v.12.

54. App. BC i.26; Plut. CG 16; Cic. Cat. i.4, Dom. 102, Phil. viii.14; Sall. Jug. 16, 31; Vell. Pat ii.6; Oros. v.12; Livy Per. 61.

55. App. BC i.26; Plut. CG 17; Vell. Pat ii.6; Val. Max. iv.7.2; Oros. v.12.

56. App. BC i.26; Plut. CG 17; Cic. Cat. i.4; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.29; Vell. Pat ii.6; Val. Max. iv.7.2, vi.8.3; Oros. v.12; Livy Per. 61.

57. App. BC i.26; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.27–29; Vell. Pat ii.6; Val. Max. ix.4.3; Flor. ii.3.15.

58. Plut. CG 17; Vell. Pat ii.7; Val. Max. vi.3.1; Pliny xxxiii.14; Flor. ii.4.16; Oros. v.12.

59. Quote: Cic. Orat. ii.170. See also: Cic. Brut. 103, Sest. 140, Fam. ix.21.3, Orat. ii.106, 132, Verr. ii.3.3; Val. Max. iii.7.6, vi.5.6; Livy Per. 61.

60. App. BC i.27.

61. Quotes: Plut. CG 19. See also: Plut. CG 4; Pliny xxxvi.14.

62. Quote: Sall. Jug. 41.

63. Quote: Sall. Jug. 42.

64. Quotes: Cic. Leg. iii.20, Plut. CG 17. See also: App BC i.26.

CHAPTER 4: A CITY FOR SALE

1. Cic. Verr. ii.5.126.

2. Quotes: Vell. Pat. ii.11; Sall. Jug. 63. See also: Plut. Mar. 2.

3. Quote: Plut. Mar. 3. See also: Cic. Balb. 47.

4. Quotes: Plut. Mar. 6.

5. See Prologue. For more on the career of Macedonicus: Diod. xxxii.9, 15; Polyb. xxxviii.17–18; App. Iber. 76; Front. i.1.12, iii.7.3, iv.1.11, 1.23, 7.42; Paus. vii.13–15; Dio xxiii.82; Vell. Pat. i.11, ii.5; Flor. i.30.14, 32.16, 33.17; Oros. v.3; Livy Per. 50, 52–53.

6. Cic. Fin. v.82, Orat. 264, Scaur. 46 Clu. 119; Flor. i.43.8; App. Ill. 10–11; Vell. Pat. ii.8; Ascon. 28; Strabo iii.5.1; Val. Max. ii.9.9; Oros. v.13; Livy Per. 60, 62. See also: FC and FT.

7. Quotes: Cic. Orat. ii.283; Sall. Jug. 15. See also: Cic. Orat. i.214; Plut. Mor. 318.e; Val. Max. iv.4.11; “Vict.” Vir. Ill. 72.

8. Quote: Cic. Orat. ii.365. See also: Chapter 3.

9. Quotes: Cic. Orat. i.364, Clu. 140. See also: Cic. Phil. 134, Brut. 165, Orat. i.24.

10. Sall. Jug. 63; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.38; Strabo iii.5.1; Flor. i.43.8; Oros. v.13; Livy Per. 60.

11. Flor. xxxix.4.

12. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.23; Vell. Pat. i.15; Strabo iv.1.5; Flor. i.37.2; Tac. Hist. iv.73; Amm. xv.12.5; Eutr. iv.22; Livy Per. 61.

13. Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.36; Vell. Pat. i.15, ii.10; Strabo iv.1.11, 2.3; Flor. i.37.2; Amm. xv.12.5; Oros. v.13; Livy Per. 61.

14. Cic. Orat. ii.223, Brut. 160; Diod. v.38.5; Vell. Pat. ii.7, 10; Val. Max. vi.9.14.

15. Plut. Mar. 4.

16. Plut. Mar. 4; Cic. Leg. iii.38.

17. Plut. Mar. 4; Cic. Brut. 222, Off. ii.72.

18. Plut. Mar. 5.

19. Plut. Mar. 5; Cic. Planc. 51; Val. Max. vi.9.14; Plut. Mor. 202.b.

20. Sall. Jug. 5; Eutr. iv.11.

21. Quote: Sall. Jug. 6. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.35.

22. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 7–8.

23. Quote: Sall. Jug. 9.

24. Sall. Jug. 9–13; Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.26; Livy Per. 61.

25. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 14–15. See also: Flor. i.36.1.

26. Sall. Jug. 16; Plut. CG 18; Flor. i.36.1.

27. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 13, 15. See also: Flor. i.36.1.

28. Plut. Mar. 5; Val. Max. vi.9.14.

29. Plut. Mar. 5.

30. Plut. Mar. 5, Mor. 318.e; Cic. Clu. 119; Vell. Pat. ii.8; Val. Max. ii.9.9; Livy Per. 61.

31. Plut. Mar. 6.

32. Plut. Mar. 6, Caes. 1.

33. Sall. Jug. 20; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.31; Livy Per. 64.

34. Sall. Jug. 21; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.31; Livy Per. 64.

35. Sall. Jug. 21–22; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.31; Livy Per. 64.

36. Sall. Jug. 25; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.31; Flor. i.36.1.

37. Sall. Jug. 26; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.31; Eutr. iv.26; Livy Per. 64.

38. Quote: Sall. Jug. 26. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.31.

39. Sall. Jug. 27; Livy Per. 64.

40. Sall. Jug. 27–28; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.26; Livy Per. 64.

41. Sall. Jug. 28.

42. Quote: Sall. Jug. 29. See also: Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.26.

43. Quote: Sall. Jug. 28. See also: Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.26.

44. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 31.

45. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 31.

46. Sall. Jug. 32; Flor. i.36.1; Livy Per. 64.

47. Sall. Jug. 33–34; Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15.

48. Sall. Jug. 33–34.

49. Sall. Jug. 35; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.35a; Flor. i.36.1; Livy Per. 64.

50. Quote: Sall. Jug. 35. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.35a; Flor. i.36.1; Livy Per. 64.

51. Quote: Sall. Jug. 35. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.7.35a; Oros. v.15; Livy Per. 64.

CHAPTER 5: THE SPOILS OF VICTORY

1. Sall. Jug. 5.

2. App. Gall. 13; Plut. Mar 11; Tac. Germ. xxxvii.2; Flor. i.38.3.

3. Quote: Diod. xxxvii.1. See also: App. Gall. 13; Plut. Mar. 11; Strabo vii.2.2; Tac. Germ. xxxvii.2; Flor. i.38.3.

4. Quote: Strabo ii.3.6. See also: App. Gall. 13; Flor. i.38.3.

5. App. Gall. 13; Diod. xxxvii.1.

6. App. Gall. 13.

7. App. Gall. 13; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.37; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Strabo v.1.8; Livy Per. 63.

8. Quote: Flor. i.39.4. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.30; Front. iii.10.7; Dio xxvi.88; Eutr. iv.24; Amm. xxvii.4.4; Livy Per. 63.

9. Dio xxvi.88; Front. ii.4.3; Flor. i.39.4; Amm. xxvii.4.10; Livy Per. 63, 65.

10. Cic. Verr. ii.3.184, 4.22, Balb. 28, Fam. ix.21.3; Vell. Pat. ii.8.

11. Sall. Jug. 36–39; Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.26.

12. Sall. Jug. 43; Vell. Pat. ii.11.

13. Sall. Jug. 43; Cic. Orat. ii.275–276; Ascon. 68.

14. Plut. Mar. 7.

15. Sall. Jug. 43–46; Front. i.8.8.

16. Sall. Jug. 46–53; Plut. Mar. 7; Front. iv.2; Flor. i.36.1; Val. Max. ii.7.2; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.27; Livy Per. 65.

17. Sall. Jug. 54.

18. Quote: Sall. Jug. 40. See also: Cic. Brut. 127–128.

19. Quote: Plut. CG 18. See also: Cic. Pis. 95, Brut. 127–128, Planc. 69–70, Sest. 140; Vell. Pat. ii.7; Ascon. 17.

20. Cic. Brut. 127–128; Sall. Jug. 40.

21. Cic. Brut. 127–128.

22. Sall. Jug. 65; Cic. Brut. 127–128, Orat. ii.284.

23. Ascon. 68.

24. Quote: Flor. i.38.3. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.37; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Ascon. 68, 80; Eutr. iv.27; Livy Per. 65.

25. Quote: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.37. See also: Vell. Pat. ii.12; Ascon. 68, 80; Flor. xxxviii.3; Eutr. iv.27; Livy Per. 65.

26. Sall. Jug. 55; Ascon. 80.

27. Sall. Jug. 56–61; Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.27.

28. Sall. Jug. 61–62; Front. i.8.8.

29. Quote: Sall. Jug. 62. See also: Dio xxvi.88; Oros. v.15.

30. Sall. Jug. 63.

31. Quote: Plut. Mar. 7. See also: Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.38.

32. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 63. See also: Plut. Mar. 8; Pliny xi.73.

33. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 64; Plut. Mar. 8; Dio xxvi.89.

34. Quote: Sall. Jug. 64. See also: Sall. Jug. 65; Plut. Mar. 7; Vell. Pat. ii.11.

35. Sall. Jug. 66–67; Plut. Mar. 8; Dio xxvi.89.

36. Sall. Jug. 68–69; Plut. Mar. 8.

37. Sall. Jug. 69; Plut. Mar. 8.

38. Quote: Sall. Jug. 72. See also: Front. i.8.8.

39. Sall. Jug. 73; Plut. Mar. 8; Cic. Off. iii.79.

40. Sall. Jug. 74–76.

41. Sall. Jug. 80.

42. Sall. Jug. 80; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.38; Oros. v.15.

43. Sall. Jug. 81–83.

44. Quote: Sall. Jug. 82. See also: Eutr. iv.27.

45. Quote: Cic. Off. iii.79. See also: Sall. Jug. 73; Plut. Mar. 8.

46. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 85. See also: Plut. Mar. 8.

47. Sall. Jug. 73; Gell. xvi.10.

48. Quote: Sall. Jug. 86. See also: Plut. Mar. 8; Gell. xvi.10; Flor. i.36.1.

49. Sall. Jug. 86; Flor. i.36.1.

CHAPTER 6: THE GOLDEN EARRING

1. Eur. Phoen. 532.

2. Sall. Jug. 95; Plut. Sulla 1; Vell. Pat. ii.17.

3. Sall. Jug. 95; Plut. Sulla 1–2; Vell. Pat. ii.17; Val. Max. vi.9.6.

4. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 95; Plut. Sulla 2. See also: Plut. Mor. 318.c.

5. Quote: Plut. Sulla 1.

6. Plut. Sulla 3; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Livy Per. 66.

7. Sall. Jug. 86; Plut. Mar. 10.

8. Sall. Jug. 88; Cic. Att. i.16.4, Balb. 11; Vell. Pat. ii.11; Val. Max. ii.10.1.

9. Sall. Jug. 87–88; Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15.

10. Sall. Jug. 89–92; Front. iii.9.3; Strabo xvii.3.12.

11. Quote: Sall. Jug. 96. See also: Plut. Sulla 3.

12. Sall. Jug. 97–101; Front. ii.1.3, 4.10; Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.27; Livy Per. 65.

13. See Chapter 5.

14. Caes. BG i.7, 12, 14; Oros. v.15; Livy Per. 65.

15. Oros. v.15; “Cic.” Rhet. i.25; Livy Per. 65.

16. Quote: “Cic.” Rhet. Her. iv.34. See also: “Cic.” Rhet. Her. i.25; Oros. v.15.

17. Quote: Cic. Orat. i.225. See also: Cic. Orat. ii.199, Brut. 161, 164.

18. Quote: Gell. iii.9.7. See also: Strabo iv.1.13; Oros. v.15.

19. Quote: Just. xxxii.3. See also: Strabo iv.1.13; Gell. iii.9.7; Dio xxvii.90; Oros. v.15.

20. Sall. Jug. 102; Plut. Sulla 3; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.39; Dio xxvi.89; Flor. i.36.1; Oros. v.15; Livy Per. 66.

21. Quotes: Sall. Jug. 102. See also: Plut. Sulla 3.

22. Sall. Jug. 103; Plut. Sulla 3.

23. Quote: Sall. Jug. 104. See also: Plut. Sulla 3; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.39; Vell. Pat. ii.12.

24. Sall. Jug. 106–107.

25. Sall. Jug. 108–109; Plut. Mar. 10.

26. Sall. Jug. 109–111.

27. Sall. Jug. 112.

28. Sall. Jug. 113; Plut. Mar. 10, Sulla 3.

29. Sall. Jug. 133; Plut. Mar. 10, Sulla 3, Mor. 806.d; Diod. xxxiv/xxxv.39, xxxvi.1; Vell. Pat. ii.2; Val. Max. vi.9.6; viii.14.4; Oros. v.15; Livy Per. 66.

30. Flor. xxxviii.3.

31. Dio xxvii.90; Flor. xxxviii.3; Oros. v.16.

32. Cic. Planc. 12, Mur. 36; Flor. xxxviii.3.

33. Plut. Mar. 16; Gran. xxxiii.11; Dio xxvii.91; Oros. v.16.

34. Gran. xxxiii.12; Cic. Luc. 27; Plut. Cam. 19; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Dio xxvii.91; Oros. v.16; Livy Per. 67.

35. Diod. xxxvi.1; Cic. Orat ii.199–200; Tac. Germ. xxxvii.5; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Flor. xxxviii.3; Oros. v.16; Livy Per. 67.

36. Diod. xxxvi.1; Plut. Sert. 3; Cic. Orat. ii.199–200; Tac. Germ. xxxvii.5; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Flor. xxxviii.3; Gran. xxxiii.12; Oros. v.16; Eutr. v.1; Livy Per. 67.

37. Plut. Mar. 14; Livy Per. 67.

38. Plut. Mar. 11–12; Cic. Prov. 19; Ascon. 78; Eutr. v.1.

39. Quote: Sall. Jug. 114. See also: Plut. Mar. 12, Sulla 3; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Pliny xxxiii.4; Just. xxxviii.6; Livy Per. 67.

40. Quote: Flor. i.36.1. See also: Plut. Mar. 12; Vell. Pat. ii.12; “Cic.” Rhet. Her. iv.23; Val. Max. vi.9.14; Oros. v.15; Eutr. iv.27; Livy Per. 67.

41. Quote: Plut. Mar. 10. See also: Plut. Sulla 3, Mor. 806.d.

CHAPTER 7: MARIUS’S MULES

1. Plut. Sulla 12.

2. Plut. Mar. 16; Flor. i.38.3; Oros. v.16.

3. Quotes: Plut. Mar. 16. See also: Flor. i.38.3; Oros. v.16.

4. Quote: Plut. Mar. 18. See also: Flor. i.38.3; Oros. v.16.

5. Val. Max. ii.3.2; Front. iv.1.2, 2.2; Gran. 14.

6. Plut. Sulla 4; Vell. Pat. ii.17.

7. Plut. Mar. 13–14.

8. Diod. xxxvi.3.

9. Diod. xxxvi.3.1–2.

10. Diod. xxxvi.3.3; Dio xxvii.93.

11. Diod. xxxvi.4; Dio xxvii.93.

12. Diod. xxxvi.5–7; Flor. ii.7.19.

13. Cic. Brut. 129, Off. iii.77; See also: FC.

14. Cic. Verr. ii.2.118, Nat. Deo. ii.74, Div. Caec. 67; Ascon. 78, 80; Oros. v.15.

15. Cic. Nat. Deo. ii.74; Ascon. 78; Oros. v.15.

16. Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.18, Scaur. 1.b, Deiot. 31; Plut. Mor. 91.d; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Val. Max. vi.5.5; Ascon. 21; Dio xxvii.37, 92; Livy Per. 67.

17. Quote: Cic. Off. ii.73.

18. Plut. Mar. 13–14.

19. Plut. Mar. 13–14; Front. iv.1.7; Pliny x.5.

20. Plut. Mar. 25.

21. See Sampson, The Crisis of Rome, ch. 11.

22. Cic. Pro. Cons. 19; Livy Per. 67.

23. Plut. Mar. 14, Sulla 4, Sert. 3.

24. Quote: Diod. xxxvi.12. See also: Cic. Har. Resp. 43, Sest. 39, Brut. 224; Diod. xxxvi.12.

25. Quote: Cic. Brut. 224. See also: Cic. Har. Resp. 43, Sest. 39; Diod. xxxvi.12.

26. Cic. Orat. ii.124, 197, 199–204. “Cic.” Rhet. Her. i.24; Val. Max. iv.7.3, vi.9.13; Gran. xxxiii.13.

27. Cic. Orat. ii.125; Gran. xxxiii.13.

28. Cic. Orat. ii.107, 201.

29. “Vict.” Vir. Ill. 73; “Caes.” BA 56.

30. Plut. Mar. 14; Livy Per. 67.

31. Diod. xxxvi.8.

32. Quote: Diod. xxxvi.9.

33. Quote: Diod. xxxvi.9. See also: Plut. Luc. 1.

34. Plut. Mar. 15; Flor. xxxviii.3.

35. Plut. Mar. 15; Oros. v.15; Livy Per. 68.

36. Plut. Mar. 18. See also: Plut. Mar. 15–22; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Pliny iii.4; Strabo iv.1.8; Flor. xxxviii.3; Oros. v.16; Livy Per. 68.

37. Quote: Plut. Mar. 18. See also: Front. ii.4.6, 7.12; Oros. v.16.

38. Quotes: Oros. v.16; Plut. Mar. 21. See also: Vell. Pat. ii.12; Livy Per. 68.

39. Quotes: Cic. Mur. 36; Plut. Sulla 4.

40. Plut. Mar. 23, Sulla 4, Mor. 202.d-e; Front. i.5.3; Oros. v.16; Livy Per. 68.

41. Front. i.5.3; Dio xxvii.93.

42. Quotes: Plut. Mar. 23.

43. Front. iv.1.13; Val. Max. v.8.4; “Vict.” Vir. Ill. 72.

44. Quote: Plut. Mar. 23.

45. Quote: Oros. v.16. See also: Plut. Mar. 23; Dio xxvii.94; Flor. xxxviii.3.

CHAPTER 8: THE THIRD FOUNDER OF ROME

1. App. BC i.33.

2. Quotes: Cic. Brut. 224, Orat. iii.164.

3. Cic. Sest. 101; Val. Max. iii.8.6, ix.7.2; Flor. ii.4.16.

4. Val. Max. iii.8.6.

5. App. BC i.28; Oros. v.17.

6. App. BC i.28; Cic. Sest. 101; Val. Max. ix.7.2; Dio xxxviii.95; Oros. v.17.

7. Diod. xxxvi.15.

8. Quote: Diod. xxxvi.15. See also: Plut. Mar. 24.

9. Plut. Mar. 24; Oros. v.16.

10. Quote: Plut. Mar. 24. See also: Flor. i.38.3.

11. Plut. Mar. 25–27; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Flor. i.38.3; Oros. v.16.

12. See Sampson, The Crisis of Rome, ch. 10.

13. Plut. Mar. 25–27; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Front. ii.2.8; Flor. i.38.3; Oros. v.16; Eutr. v.2; Strabo iv.3.3; Pliny viii.61; Livy Per. 68.

14. Quote: Livy Per. 68. See also: Plut. Mar. 27.

15. Diod. xxxvi.10; Livy Per. 69.

16. Quotes: Diod. xxxvi.11.

17. Diod. xxxvi.10; Livy Per. 69.

18. Diod. xxxvi.10; Livy Per. 69.

19. Plut. Mar. 27; Cic. Pro. Cons. 26; Diod. xxxviii.4; Val. Max. iii.6.6, ix.12.4; Livy Per. 69.

20. Plut. Mar. 28; Livy Per. 69.

21. Quote: Plut. Mar. 28. See also: Oros. v.17.

22. App. BC i.28; Val. Max. ix.7.3; Flor. ii.4.16; Oros. v.17; Livy Per. 69.

23. Cic. Verr. ii.1.26, Rab. Post. 9, Brut. 224; Ascon. 21.

24. “Cic.” Rhet. Her. i.21, ii.17.

25. Cic. Balb. 48; Vell. Pat. i.15; Strabo iv.6.7; Livy Per. 69.

26. Quote: Plut. Mar. 28. See also: Cic. Balb. 46–48; Val. Max. v.2.8.

27. App. BC i.30.

28. Quote: Plut. Mar. 29. See also: App. BC i.29–31; Flor. ii.4.16; Oros. v.17; Livy Per. 69.

29. App. BC i.32.

30. App. BC i.32.

31. Cic. Brut. 224, Har. Resp. 51.

32. Quote: Oros. v.17. See also: App. BC i.32; Cic. Cat. iv.4; Flor. ii.4.16; Livy Per. 69.

33. App. BC i.32; Plut. Mar. 30; Cic. Rab. Perd. 18–31, Cat. i.4; Val. Max. iii.2.18.

34. App. BC i.32; Plut. Mar. 30.

35. App. BC i.32; Plut. Mar. 30; Cic. Rab. Perd. 18–31, Phil. viii.15; Cat. iii.15; Vell. Pat. ii.12; Val. Max. iii.2.18; Flor. ii.4.16; Oros. v.17; Livy Per. 69.

36. App. BC i.33; Plut. Mar. 30; Cic. Planc. 69, Red. Sen. 38, Rab. Perd. 24; Diod. xxxvi.16; Vell. Pat. ii.15; Dio xxviii.95; Oros. v.17; Livy Per. 69.

37. Quotes: Vell. Pat. ii.11, Plut. Mar. 2. See also: Plut. Mar. 31–32.

CHAPTER 9: ITALIA

1. Flor. ii.6.18.

2. App. BC i.46; Diod. xxxvii.1.

3. Plut. Cato Min. 2.

4. Quote: Diod. xxxvii.10.

5. Livy ix.9–12, xiii.10, xxxix.3, xli.8.

6. Quotes: Gell. x.2.5, 2.9.

7. App. BC i.21.

8. See Dart, The Social War, ch. 3.

9. Diod. xxxvi.3; Plut. Mar. 28; Cic. Balb. 46–48; Val. Max. v.2.8.

10. See Dart, The Social War, ch. 3.

11. Cic. Balb. 48–49, 54, Orat. ii.257, Brut. 63, Off. iii.47; Sall. Hist. i.17–18; Ascon. 67–68.

12. Ascon. 67–68.

13. Quote: Cic. Leg. Man. 14.

14. Diod. xxxvii.5; Cic. Planc. 33, Att. vi.1.15; Dio xxviii.97; Val. Max. viii.15.6; Ascon. 15; Livy Per. 70.

15. Quote: Diod. xxxvii.5. See also: Dio xxviii.97; Livy Per. 70.

16. Cic. Orat. i.229–23; Brut. 115; Pis. 95, Font. 38; Vell. Pat. ii.13; Dio xxviii.97; Flor. ii.17; Val. Max. ii.10.5, vi.4.4; Livy Per. 70.

17. Vell. Pat. ii.13; Livy Per. 70.

18. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.14. See also: Cic. Dom. 120; Diod. xxxvii.10; Dio xxviii.96.

19. App. BC i.35; Cic. Orat. i.24–25, Brut. 181, Rab. Post. 16; Diod. xxxvii.10; Vell. Pat. ii.13; Flor. ii.5.17; Livy Per. 70.

20. App. BC i.35; Flor. ii.5.17; Vell. Pat. ii.13; Ascon. 21; Livy Per. 71.

21. App. BC i.35; Flor. ii.5.17; Vell. Pat. ii.13; Livy Per. 71.

22. Quote: Flor. ii.5.17. See also: App. BC i.35; Vell. Pat. ii.13; Livy Per. 71.

23. Quote: Flor. ii.5.17. See also: Cic. Orat. i.24; Val. Max. ix.5.2.

24. App. BC i.38; Flor. ii.5.17; Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 71.

25. App. BC i.36; Vell. Pat. ii.14; Flor. ii.5.17, 6.18; Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 71.

26. Quote Cic. Orat. i.213.

27. Cic. Orat. i.24–27.

28. Quote Cic. Orat. iii.8. See also: Cic. Quint. xi.1.37.

29. Quote: Diod. xxxvii.10. See also: Cic. Dom. 41, 50, Leg. ii.14, 31; Ascon. 68–69.

30. Quotes: Diod. xxxvii.13. See also: Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 71.

31. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.14. See also: App. BC i.36; Cic. Nat. Deo. iii.80–81, Milo. 16; Rhet. Her. iv.31; Flor. ii.5.17; Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 71.

32. App. BC i.38; Vell. Pat. ii.15; Oros. v.18.

33. App. BC i.38; Cic. Font. 41; Diod. xxxvii.12; Vell. Pat. ii.15; Flor. ii.5.17; Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 72.

34. App. BC i.39; Diod. xxxvii.1–2; Flor. ii.5.17; Oros. v.18; Eutr. v.3; Livy Per. 72.

35. App. BC i.38, 40; Diod. xxxvii.1–2; Vell. Pat. ii.16; Flor. ii.5.17; Stabo v.241; Oros. v.18; Eutr. v.3; Livy Per. 72.

36. “Cic.” Rhet. Her. ii.28, iv.9; Plut. Cato. Min. 1–2; Diod. xxxii.19; Livy Per. 72.

37. App. BC i.40; Cic. Font. 43.

38. App. BC i.37.

39. App. BC i.37; Val. Max. viii.6.4; Ascon. 22.

40. Cic. Orat. iii.11, Brut. 304–305, Sest. 101, Scaur. 3; App. BC i.37; Ascon. 22, 73.

41. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.11. See also: App. BC i.37.

42. App. BC i.40; Plut. Sulla 6, Sert. 3.

43. Plut. Sulla 5; Val. Max. vii.5.

44. Plut. Sulla 5; App. BC i.77, Mith. 10; Front. i.5.18; Strabo xii.2.11; Livy Per. 70.

45. Plut. Sulla 5; Vell. Pat. ii.24; Fest. 15; Livy Per. 70.

46. Plut. Mar. 32, Sulla 6, Mor. 806.c-d.

47. Quote: Diod. xxxvii.18. See also: App. BC i.41–42, 45; Flor. ii.6.18; Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 73.

48. App. BC i.43; Vell. Pat. ii.16; Dio xxix.98; Flor. ii.6.18; Oros. v.18; Eutr. v.3; Livy Per. 73.

49. App. BC i.44; Livy Per. 73.

50. App. BC i.44, 46; Diod. xxxvii.15; Flor. ii.6.18; Oros. v.18; Eutr. v.3l; Livy Per. 73.

51. Quotes: Plut. Mar. 33.

52. App. BC i.47–48; Flor. ii.6.18; Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 73.

53. Quote: Diod. xxxvii.2.3.

54. App. BC i.49; Cic. Balb. 21; Vell. Pat. ii.16; Gell. iv.4.

55. Pliny NH iii.24; Ascon. 3.

56. Quote: Cic. Arch. 7. See also: “Cic.” Rhet. Her. iii.2; Vell. Pat. ii.17.

57. App. BC i.50; Vell. Pat. ii.16; Flor. ii.6.18; Eutr. v.3; Livy Per. 73, 75.

58. App. BC i.48, 50, 52; Vell. Pat. ii.21; Oros. v.18; Livy Per. 75.

59. Quote: Oros. v.18. See also: App. BC i.48, 50; Diod. xxxvii.2; Flor. ii.6.18; Livy Per. 73, 76.

60. Diod. xxxvii.2.

61. App. BC i.50–51; Plut. Sulla 6; Diod. xxxvii.2; Vell. Pat. ii.16; Flor. ii.6.18; Oros. v.18; Eutr. v.3; Livy Per. 74.

62. Diod. xxxvii.1; Pliny NH ii.85; Flor. ii.6.18.

63. Quote: Oros. v.18. See also: Diod. xxxvii.24; Vell. Pat. ii.15; Flor. ii.6.18.

64. Oros. v.18.

65. Quote: App. BC i.54. See also: Livy Per. 73.

66. Cic. Arch. 11.

67. Obseq. 56.

68. App. BC i.53; Diod. xxxvii.2; Oros. v.8; Eutr. v.3.4; Livy Per. 76.

CHAPTER 10: THE RUINS OF CARTHAGE

1. App. BC i.57.

2. Plut. Dem. 4; Diod. xx.111; Strabo xii.3.11; Flor. i.40.5.

3. App. Mith. 112; Sall. Hist. ii.87–88, v.5; Just. xxxvii.1–2, xxxviii.1; Strabo x.4.10; Dio xxxvi.9.5; Eutr. vi.12.3; Oros. vi.5.

4. App. Mith. 112; Just. xxxvii.3; Strabo ii.1.1.6, vii.3.17–18, 4.3–4, 4.7, xi.2.18.

5. App. Mith. 62, 112, 118; Just. xxxviii.1; Diod. xxxvi.15; Flor. i.40.5; Fest. xi.3; Eutr. xi.12.3; Oros. vi.1.

6. Quote: Plut. Mar. 31–32.

7. Plut. Sulla 5; App. BC i.77, Mith. 10, 13, 57; Just. xxxviii.3; Flor. i.40.5; Front. i.5.18; Strabo xii.2.11; Livy Per. 70, 76.

8. App. Mith. 11, 56; Just. xxxviii.3; Livy Per. 74.

9. App. Mith. 11–12, 14, 57; Sall. Hist. vi.67; Dio xxx.99.

10. App. Mith. 11, 56; Sall. Hist. vi.67; Dio xxx.99.

11. App. Mith. 10, 15, 57, BC i.5; Flor. i.40.5; Dio xxx.99; Fest. xi.3; Eutr. v.4.

12. App. Mith. 17; Just. xxxviii.3; Livy Per. 77.

13. App. Mith. 17–19; Sall. Hist. iv.67; Diod. xxxvii.26; Just. xxxviii.3, 5; Flor. i.40.5; Strabo xii.3.40; Eutr. v.4; Oros. vi.2; Livy Per. 77.

14. App. Mith. 20; Diod. xxxvii.26–27; Plut. Luc. 4; Just. xxxviii.3; Vell. Pat. ii.18; Flor. i.40.5; Eutr. v.5; Oros. v.19, vi.1; Livy Per. 77.

15. Plut. Mar. 33, Sulla 6, Luc. 2; App. BC iv.25; Vell. Pat. ii.15–16; Diod. xxxvii.2.1.

16. Quote: Plut. Mar. 34. See also: App. BC i.55; Diod. xxxvii.29; Eutr. v.5.

17. Quote: Diod. xxxvii.2.12. See also: App. BC i.53; Cic. Har. Resp. 43, Brut. 226; Diod. xxxvii.25; Vell. Pat. ii.17; Ascon. 25; Livy Per. 75.

18. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.18. See also: Cic. Orat. i.24–27, Har. Resp. 43, Brut. 226; App. BC i.55; Plut. Sulla 6; Diod. xxxvii.25.

19. Quote: Plut. Sulla 6.

20. App. BC i.55; Plut. Mar. 34; Vell. Pat. ii.18; Livy Per. 77.

21. Quotes: Plut. Sulla 8, Cic. Har. Resp. 41. See also: Plut. Mar. 35; Livy Per. 76.

22. Quote: Plut. Sulla 8. See also: Plut. Mar. 35.

23. App. BC i.53, 55; Plut. Sulla 8; “Cic.” Rhet. Her. ii.45; Ascon. 64; Livy Per. 77.

24. Quote: App. BC i.53. See also: Plut. Sulla 8; Ascon. 64; Livy Per. 77.

25. App. BC i.55–56; Plut. Mar. 35, Sulla 8; Cic. Amic. 1–3; Vell. Pat. ii.18; Livy Per. 77.

26. App. BC i.56; Plut. Mar. 35, Sulla 8.

27. App. BC i.56; Plut. Mar. 35, Sulla 8; Vell. Pat. ii.18; Flor. ii.9.21; Eutr. v.4; Livy Per. 77.

28. Plut. Sulla 7; Diod. xxxvii.2; Vell. Pat. ii.18; Eutr. v.4; Oros. v.19.

29. Plut. Sulla 8–9; App. BC i.57; Oros. v.19.

30. App. BC i.57.

31. Plut. Mar. 35, Sulla 8; Val. Max. vi.7e.1; Oros. v.19.

32. App. BC i.57; Plut. Sulla 9; Eutr. v.4.

33. Quote: Plut. Sulla 6. See also: App. BC i.57; Plut. Sulla 9.

34. App. BC i.57; Plut. Sulla 9, Mar. 35.

35. Quote: App. BC i.57. See also: Plut. Sulla 9.

36. App. BC i.57; Plut. Sulla 9.

37. App. BC i.58; Plut. Sulla 9.

38. Quote: App. BC i.58. See also: Plut. Mar. 35, Sulla 9; Flor. ii.9.21; Oros. v.19; Eutr. v.4; Livy Per. 77.

39. App. BC i.58; Plut. Mar. 35, Sulla 9; Flor. ii.9.21; Vell. Pat. ii.19; Val. Max. viii.6.2; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 77.

40. App. BC i.59.

41. App. BC i.59; Oros. v.19.

42. App. BC i.60; Plut. Sulla 10; Cic. Cat. iii.24, Brut. 168; Flor. ii.9.21; Vell. Pat. ii.19.

43. App. BC i.59, 73; Cic. Phil. viii.2.7; Livy Per. 77.

44. App. BC i.59–60; Plut. Sulla 10; Vell. Pat. ii.19; Livy Per. 77.

45. Quote: Oros. v.19. See also: App. BC i.60; Plut. Sulla 10; “Cic.” Rhet. Her. i.25, iv.31, Orat. iii.11, Brut. 307, Cat. iii.24; Vell. Pat. ii.19; Eutr. v.4; Livy Per. 77.

46. Plut. Mar. 35; Eutr. v.4.

47. Plut. Mar. 35–36.

48. Quote: Plut. Mar. 36. See also: App. BC i.61, 75.

49. Plut. Mar. 37.

50. Plut. Mar. 37.

51. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.19. See also: Plut. Mar. 38; Cic. Red. Pop. 20, Sest. 50, Pis. 43, Fin. ii.105; Sall. Hist. i.21; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 77.

52. Quote: App. BC i.61. See also: Plut. Mar. 38–39; Vell. Pat. ii.19; Val. Max. ii.10.6; Gran. xxxv.15; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 77.

53. Quote: Plut. Mar. 39. See also: App. BC i.62; Cic. Sest. 50, Planc. 26; Sall. Hist. i.22; Vell. Pat. ii.19; Val. Max. i.5.5; Gran. xxxv.16; Livy Per. 77.

54. App. BC i.62; Plut. Mar. 40.

55. Quotes: Plut. Mar. 40, See also: App. BC i.62; Cic. Red. Pop. 20, Pis. 43; Diod. xxxvii.29; Vell. Pat. ii.19; Val. Max. vi.9.6; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 77.

56. App. Mith. 22–23; Vell. Pat. ii.18; Plut. Pomp. 37; Dio xxx/xxxv.101; Flor. i.40.5; Oros. vi.2; Eutr. v.5; Livy Per. 78.

57. App. Mith. 22–23, 58, 62; Cic. Leg. Man. 7; Vell. Pat. ii.18; Val. Max. ix.2e.3; Dio xxx/xxxv.101, 109; Tac. Ann. iv.14; Eutr. v.5; Oros. vi.2; Livy Per. 78.

CHAPTER 11: THE SPIKED BOOTS

1. Sall. Cat. 11.

2. App. BC i.63; Plut. Sulla 10.

3. Plut. Sulla 10. See also: FC.

4. See Lovano, The Age of Cinna, which is an indispensible guide to his life and times.

5. App. BC i.60.

6. Plut. Sulla 10; Cic. Planc. 51; Dio xxx/xxxv.102; Eutr. v.4.

7. Plut. Sulla 10.

8. App. BC i.63; Vell. Pat. ii.20; Val. Max. ix.7e.2; Livy Per. 77.

9. App. BC i.64.

10. Plut. Sulla 10; Dio xxx/xxxv.102; Eutr. v.4.

11. App. BC i.64; Plut. Mar. 41; Vell. Pat. ii.20.

12. App. BC i.65; Plut. Mar. 41, Sert. 4; Cic. Cat. iii.24, Phil. viii.7; Vell. Pat. ii.20; Flor. ii.9.21; Gran. xxxv.15; Livy Per. 79.

13. App. BC i.65–66; Plut. Mar. 41; Vell. Pat. ii.20; Livy Per. 79.

14. App. BC i.65; Plut. Sert. 4; Vell. Pat. ii.20.

15. Quote: App. BC i.65. See also: Vell. Pat. ii.20; Livy Per. 79.

16. App. BC i.66; Vell. Pat. ii.21; Gran. xxxv.19, 21.

17. Quote: Dio xxx/xxxv.102. See also: App. BC i.68; Vell. Pat. ii.21; Gran. xxxv.20–21; Dio xxx/xxxv.102; Livy Per. 80.

18. Plut. Sulla 11; Flor. xl.5.

19. App. Mith. 27–28; Plut. Sulla 11; Paus. i.20.5; Flor. i.40.5; Eutr. v.6; Livy Per. 79.

20. App. Mith. 29; Plut. Sulla 11.

21. App. Mith. 30–32; Plut. Sulla 11–12, Luc. 2; Paus. ix.7.4; Flor. i.40.5; Eutr. v.6; Livy Per. 81.

22. App. BC i.67; Plut. Mar. 41, Sert. 5; Oros. v.19.

23. Quote: Flor. ii.9.21. See also: App. BC i.67; Plut. Mar. 41, Sert. 5; Gran. xxxv.17; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 79.

24. App. BC i.67; Plut. Sert. 5; Flor. ii.9.21; Val. Max. iv.7.4; Gran. xxxv.17; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 79.

25. App. BC i.67; Gran. xxxv.18; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 79.

26. App. BC i.67; Plut. Mar. 42–43, Pomp. 1, 3, Mor. 553.b; Vell. Pat. ii.21; Gran. xxxv.18–23; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 80.

27. Quote: Diod. xxxviii.1. See also: App. BC i.69–70; Plut. Mar. 43; Diod. xxxviii.2–4; Gran. xxxv.23.

28. App. BC i.70; Plut. Mar. 42; Vell. Pat. ii.21; Dio xxx/xxxv.102; Livy Per. 80.

29. Quote: App. BC i.70. See also: Plut. Mar. 43; Vell. Pat. ii.22; Flor. ii.9.21; Dio xxx/xxxv.102; Val. Max. i.6.10; Ascon. 23; Oros. v.19; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 80.

30. App. BC i.70–71; Plut. Mar. 42; Cic. Tusc. v.55; Vell. Pat. ii.22; Flor. ii.9.21; Livy Per. 80.

31. Quote: App. BC i.72. See also: Plut. Mar. 44, Ant. 1; Cic. Orat. iii.10, Tusc. v.55, Brut. 307, Fam.vi.2.2; Flor. ii.9.21; Val. Max. viii.9.2, ix.2.2; Ascon. 25; Livy Per. 80.

32. Quotes: Plut. Mar. 44, Vell. Pat. ii.22. See also: Cic. Orat. iii.9, Tusc. v.56, Brut. 307, Nat. Deo. iii.80; Flor. ii.9.21; Val. Max. ix.12.4–5.

33. Quote: Dio xxx/xxxv.102. See also: App. BC i.72–74; Plut. Mar. 43, Cras. 4; Cic. Tusc. v.55, Cat. iii.24, Red. Sen. 38; Diod. xxxviii.4; Vell. Pat. ii.22; Oros. v.19; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 80.

34. Quote: Plut. Mar. 43. See also: Plut. Mar. 44, Sert. 5; Dio xxx/xxxv.102; Oros. v.19.

35. Vell. Pat. ii.23; Oros. v.19; Eutr. v.7.

36. Plut. Sulla 12, 22.

37. Quote: Plut. Sulla 12. See also: Diod. xxxviii.7; Paus. ix.33.6, x.21.6.

38. Quotes: Plut. Sulla 13. See also: App. Mith. 38–39; Plut. Sulla 6, 13–14; Vell. Pat. ii.23; Flor. xl.5; Oros. vi.2; Eutr. v.6; Livy Per. 81.

39. Flor. i.40.5; App. Mith. 40–41; Plut. Sulla 14; Vell. Pat. ii.23–24; Strabo ix.1.15, xiv.2.9; Eutr. v.6.

40. App. BC i.75; Plut. Mar. 45; Vell. Pat. ii.23; Dio xxx/xxxv.102; Oros. v.19; Livy Per. 80.

41. Plut. Mar. 45.

42. Plut. Mar. 45, Mor. 202.b; App. BC i.75; Cic. Tusc. ii.35, 53, Nat. Deo. iii.81; Diod. xxxvii.29; Vell. Pat. ii.23; Flor. ii.9.21; Oros. v.19.

43. Quotes: Livy Per. 80, Plut. Mar. 45. See also: Plut. Sulla 30, Luc. 38; Diod. xxxvii.29; Val. Max. ii.2.3, vi.9.14.

44. App. BC i.75; Plut. Sulla 20; Vell. Pat. ii.23; Livy Per. 82.

45. Cic. Font. 1; Sall. Cat. 33; Vell. Pat. ii.23.

46. Cic. Leg. iii.36, Off. iii.80–81; Pliny NH xxxiii.46, xxxiv.12.

47. App. Mith. 42–45; Plut. Sulla 15–19, Luc. 3, 11; Flor. xl.5; Strabo ix.2.37; Paus. i.20.6, ix.40.7; Eutr. v.6; Oros. vi.2; Livy Per. 82.

48. App. Mith. 51; Plut. Sulla 20.

49. Quote: Plut. Sulla 21. See also: App. Mith. 49; Plut. Sulla 22; Flor. xl.5; Front. ii.3.17, 8.12; Gran. xxxv.24–26; Eutr. v.6; Oros. vi.2; Livy Per. 82.

50. App. Mith. 52; Plut. Sulla 23, Luc. 7, 34; Diod. xxxviii.8.1; Vell. Pat. ii.24; Val. Max. 9.11.2; Strabo xiii.1.27; Dio xxx/xxxv.104; Oros. vi.2; Livy Per. 82.

51. App. Mith. 52; Plut. Luc. 3; Diod. xxxviii.8.2–3; Vell. Pat. ii.24; Dio xxx/xxxv.104; Livy Per. 83.

52. Plut. Sulla 22–23; Gran. xxxv.26–27; Eutr. v.6–7.

53. Quote: Plut. Sulla 24. See also: App. Mith. 56–58; Plut. Luc. 4; Sall. Hist. i.27; Vell. Pat. ii.23; Flor. i.40.5; Strabo xiii.1.27–28; Gran. xxxv.27; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 83.

54. Plut. Sulla 24; Flor. i.40.5.

55. App. Mith. 59–60; Plut. Sulla 25; Diod. xxxviii.8.4; Vell. Pat. ii.24; Oros. vi.2; Livy Per. 83.

56. App. Mith. 61–63; Plut. Sulla 25, Luc. 4; Cic. Flac. 32; Flor. xl.5; Gran. xxxv.28.

57. Cic. Brut. 308.

58. Livy Per. 84, 86; Cic. Phil. xii.27.

59. App. BC i.76; Livy Per. 83.

60. App. BC i.77.

61. App. BC i.76–77; Livy Per. 83.

62. App. BC i.78; Livy Per. 83.

63. App. BC i.78.

64. App. BC i.78; Plut. Pomp. 5, Sert. 6; Vell. Pat. ii.24; Dio xlv.47, lii.13; Livy Per. 83.

65. Quotes: Cic. Nat. Deo. iii.81; Vell. Pat. ii.24.

CHAPTER 12: CIVIL WAR

1. App. BC i.60.

2. App. BC i.78; Vell. Pat. ii.24; Livy Per. 84.

3. Diod. xxxviii.13.

4. App. BC i.81.

5. App. Ill. 5; Plut. Cras. 6, Numa 9; Cic. Verr. ii.2.5, 5.8; Diod. xxxvii.2, xxxviii.8; Livy Per. 84.

6. Quote: Cic. Brut. 239. See also: Plut Pomp. 1–3, Mor. 717.c; App. BC i.12; Cic. Leg. Man. 28; Vell. Pat. ii.53; Val. Max. v.2.9; Pliny NH xxxvii.6; Gran. xxxiii.13; Strabo xiv.1.48.

7. App. BC i.82, ii.13–14, iii.46; Plut. Caes. 14, Cato. Min. 33, Pomp. 48, Cras. 14; Dio xxxviii.8, xlv.13; Vell. Pat. ii.44; Seut. Caes. 14.

8. Quote: App. BC i.82. See also: Livy Per. 84.

9. Plut. Sulla 27; Vell. Pat. ii.24.

10. App. BC i.79, 84; Plut. Sulla 27; Flor. ii.9.21; Sall. Hist. i.28; Vell. Pat. ii.25; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 85.

11. Plut. Sulla 27.

12. App. BC i.81.

13. App. BC i.80–81; Plut. Cras. 6; Dio xxx/xxxv.106; Livy Per. 84.

14. App. BC i.80.

15. Diod. xxxviii.9; App. BC i.80; Plut. Pomp. 6–8, Cras. 6; Cic. Phil. v.43–44, Leg. Man. 61; Sall. Hist. v.16; Val. Max. v.2.9; Dio xxx/xxxv.107; Livy Per. 85.

16. Quote: Plut. Cras. 6.

17. App. BC i.80; Cic. Pro. Cons. 21; Livy Per. 85.

18. Plut. Sulla 27.

19. App. BC i.84; Plut. Sulla 27; Vell. Pat. ii.25; Flor. ii.9.21; Oros. v.20; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 85.

20. App. BC i.85; Plut. Sulla 28, Sert. 6.

21. Quote: App. BC i.85. See also: Plut. Sulla 28, Sert. 6; Cic. Phil. xii.27, xiii.1.

22. App. BC i.85; Plut. Sert. 6.

23. Quote: Plut. Sulla 28. See also: App. BC i.85–86; Sall. Hist. i.29; Diod. xxxviii.16; Vell. Pat. ii.25; Flor. ii.9.21; Eutr. v.7; Livy Per. 85.

24. App. BC i.86.

25. Quote: Diod. xxxviii.13. See also: App. BC i.86; Cic. Phil. xii.27.

26. App. BC i.86; Plut. Pomp. 6; Flor. ii.10.22; Vell. Pat. ii.25.

27. Quote: Diod. xxxviii.10. See also: Plut. Pomp. 7.

28. App. BC i.86; Plut. Sert. 6.

29. App. BC i.87; Sall. Hist. i.30; Vell. Pat. ii.26; Livy Per. 86.

30. App. BC i.87.

31. App. BC i.87; Diod. xxxviii.12–13.

32. App. BC i.87; Plut. Sulla 28; Sall. Hist. i.30–32; Flor. ii.9.21; Vell. Pat. ii.26; Oros. v.20; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 87.

33. App. BC i.87.

34. App. BC i.87–88; Dio xxx/xxxv.108; Livy Per. 87.

35. App. BC i.88.

36. Diod. xxxviii.17; App. BC i.88; Cic. Brut. 311, Nat. Deo. iii.80, Fam. ix.21; Diod. xxxviii.17; Vell. Pat. ii.26; Flor. ii.9.21; Val. Max. ix.2.3; Oros. v.20; Livy Per. 87.

37. App. BC i.88–89; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 87.

38. App. BC i.89.

39. Quote: Plut. Sulla 30.

40. Plut. Pomp. 6.

41. App. BC i.89; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Pliny NH viii.82.

42. App. BC i.89–90; Oros. v.20.

43. App. BC i.90.

44. Plut. Sulla 28.

45. Quote: App. BC i.91.

46. Plut. Sulla 28; Sall. Hist. i.33; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 88.

47. App. BC i.92; Plut. Sulla 29.

48. App. BC i.92; Plut. Sulla 29; Sall. Hist. i.34.

49. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.27. See also: Strabo v.4.11; Livy Per. 88.

50. App. BC i.93; Plut. Sulla 29, Cras. 6; Strabo v.4.11; Oros. v.20; Eutr. v.8; Livy Per. 88.

51. Quote: App. BC i.94. See also: Diod. xxxvii.29, xxxviii.15; Vell. Pat. ii.27; Val. Max. xi.8.2, ix.2.1; Strabo v.3.11; Front. ii.9.3; Livy Per. 88.

52. Dio xxx/xxxv.109.

CHAPTER 13: DICTATOR FOR LIFE

1. Seut. Caes. 77.

2. Plut. Sulla 30; Dio xxx/xxxv.109.

3. Quote: Plut. Sulla 30. See also: Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Flor. ii.9.25; Val. Max. ix.2.1; Strabo v.4.11; Oros. v.21.

4. App. BC i.95.

5. Quote: Plut. Sulla 31. See also: App. BC i.95; Livy Per. 88.

6. Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95; Cic. Leg. ii.56; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Val. Max. ix.2.1; Pliny NH vii.54; Gran. xxxvi.33; Seut. Caes. 11; Flor. ii.9.25.

7. Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95; Diod. xxxviii.19; Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Oros. v.21.

8. Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95; Cic. Verr. ii.3.8, Leg. Agr. ii.56, Rosc. Am. 126; Dio xxx/xxxv.109.

9. Plut. Sulla 31, Cras. 3, 6; App. BC i.96; Dio xxx/xxxv.109.

10. Plut. Sulla 32; Sall. Cat. 5, 16, 37, Hist. i.36–37; Flor. ii.9.25; Val. Max. ix.2.1; Ascon. 84, 90–91; Pliny NH xxxiv.12; Oros. v.21; Livy Per. 89.

11. Plut. Sulla 1; Cic. Rosc. Am. 15–32; Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Oros. v.21.

12. Quote: Plut. Pomp. 9. See also: Plut. Sulla 31; App. BC i.95–96; Sall. Hist. i.44; Val. Max. v.3.5, vi.2.8, ix.13.2; Eutr. v.8; Oros. v.21; Livy Per. 89.

13. Quote: Vell. Pat. ii.22. See also: Dio xxx/xxxv.109; Sall. Cat. 37.

14. Quote: Seut. Caes. 1. See also: Seut. Caes. 74; Plut. Caes. 1; Dio xliii.43; Vell. Pat. ii.41, 43.

15. App. BC 95, 103; Cic. Rosc. Am. 128; Flor. ii.9.25.

16. Plut. Sulla 34 Mor. 318.d, 542.f; App. BC i.97; Cic. Phil. ix13; Diod. xxxviii.15; Vell. Pat. ii.27, 61; Livy xxx.45; Val. Max, xi.4.4, ix.2.1; Pliny NH vii.43.

17. Plut. Sulla 33, Pomp. 9; App. BC i.98; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Livy Per. 89.

18. App. BC i.3, 98; Cic. Verr. ii.3.82, Leg. Agr. Iii.5–6, 8, Leg. i.42; Oros. v.21.

19. Plut. Sulla 33.

20. App. BC i.98–99.

21. Livy Per. 89.

22. App. BC i.100, ii.29; Cic. Verr. ii.1.155, Leg. iii.22; Caes. BC i.7; Vell. Pat. ii.30; Ascon. 67, 78; Seut. Caes. 5; Livy Per. 89.

23. App. BC i.100; Cic. Luc. ii.1; Tac. Ann. 11.

24. Cic. Fam. i.9.25, iii.6.3, 6.6, 10.6.

25. App. BC i.100; Sall. Cat. 37; Livy Per. 89.

26. Cic. Verr. i.37–38, ii.2.77; Vell. Pat. ii.32; Tac. Ann. xi.22.

27. Cic. Clu. 151, 154, Fam. iii.11.2, Rab. Post. 8–9, Pis. 50; Just. i.2.2.32, ix.2.5.1, xxix.5.25.1, xlvii.5.23.2, 10.5.1–7, 37, xlviii.2.12.4, 5.33.1, 8.1.17.

28. App. BC i.96, 102; Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12; Gran. xxviii.10; Flor. ii.9.25; Livy Per. 89.

29. Gell. ii.24.11; Amm. xvi.5.

30. Plut. Pomp. 22, Mor. 203.f-204.a; Cic. Verr. i.54l; Val. Max. v.9.1. See also Brunt, Italian Manpower, ch. 7.

31. Plut. Sulla 34; App. BC i.103.

32. Plut. Sulla 33; App. BC i.100; Ascon. 91; Livy Per. 89.

33. Quote: App. BC i.104. See also: Oros. v.22.

34. Plut. Sulla 35–36; App. BC i.103–104; Cic. Planc. 51; Sall. Hist. i.50–53; Val. Max. vi.9.6; Pliny NH xxxiii.47.

35. Plut. Sulla 37.

36. Quote: Plut. Sulla 37. See also: App. BC i.105; Pliny vii.43.

37. Quote: Plut. Sulla 37. See also: App. BC i.105; Dio lii.17; Val. Max. ix.3.8; Pliny NH vii.43; Paus. i.20.7, ix.33.6; Livy Per. 90.

38. Plut. Sulla 38, Luc. 43, Pomp. 15, 81; App. BC i.105–106; Cic. Leg. ii.57; Pliny NH vii.54; Gran. xxxvi.32–33.

39. Quote: Plut. Sulla 38. See also Plut. Pomp. 15; App. BC i.106.

40. Cic. Verr. ii.1.123, Fam. xviii.5.2; Dio xliii.50; Vell. Pat. ii.28; Livy Per. 88.

41. Tribunes: Cic. Verr. i.44, Leg. iii.22, 26; Sall. Cat. 38; Caes. BC i.7; Livy. Per. 97; Vell. Pat. ii.30; Ascon. 76; Tac. Ann. iii.27; Plut. Pomp. 22; App. BC ii.29. Juries: Cic. Verr. ii.2.174, 3.223, Clu. 130, Phil. i.20; Livy. Per. 97; Vell. Pat. ii.32; Ascon 17, 67, 78; Tac. Ann. iii.28; Plut. Pomp. 22. Land: Cic. Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12.

42. App. BC i.27–30; Plut. Mar. 29, Cras. 2; Cic. Leg. ii.14, Leg. Agr. ii.35, 68–70, 78, 81, iii.7, 12; “Caes.” BA 56; Livy Per. 69.

43. Plut. Cras. 12, Cato Min. 26, Caes. 8, Pomp. 50; Cic. Off. ii.58, Verr. ii.3.163, 173, 214–216, ii.5.52, Scaur. 3, Att. xv.9–12; Dio xxxix.24; Ascon. 48; Sall. Hist. ii.44–47, iii.48.

44. See Syme, Roman Revolution, ch. 5.

45. Quote: Seut. Tib. 32.

46. Quote: Dio lxxviii.9.

47. Plut. Pomp. 16–20, Sert. 6–27; App. BC 108–115; Flor. ii.11; Oros. v.24–25; Livy Per. 90–93, 96.

48. Plut. Cras. 12, Pomp. 23; Seut. Caes. 19; Sall. Hist. iv.51.

49. Plut. Caes. 5; Seut. Caes. 6.

50. See most especially: App. BC 8–29, Mith. 64–113; Plut. Pomp. 31–52, Luc. 5–42, Caes. 14–28, Cras. 14–33; Caes. BC, BG.

51. Quote: Seut. Caes. 77.

52. See most especially: Dio liii.1–33; Seut. Aug. 25–31.