Chapter 3: Discover Your Trauma Events
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10. Feurer, C., et al. (2018), ‘Episodic Life Stress and the Development of Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory to Positive Cues in Youth,’ Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(8): 1563–1571.
11. Griffith, J.W., et al. (2016), ‘Effects of Childhood Abuse on Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory in Current Major Depressive Disorder,’ Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(6): 774–782.
12. Crane, C., et al. (2014), ‘Childhood Traumatic Events and Adolescent Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory: Findings in a UK cohort,’ Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 45(3): 330–338.
13. Feurer, C., et al. (2018), ‘Episodic Life Stress and the Development of Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory to Positive Cues in Youth,’ Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(8): 1563–1571.
14. Griffith, J.W., et al. (2016), ‘Effects of Childhood Abuse on Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory in Current Major Depressive Disorder,’ Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(6): 774–782.
15. Schönfeld, S. and Ehlers, A. (2017), ‘Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Autobiographical Memories in Everyday Life,’ Clinical Psychological Science, 5(2): 325–340.
16. Sumner, J.A. (2012), ‘The Mechanisms Underlying Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory: An Evaluative Review of Evidence for the CaR-FA-X model,’ Clinical Psychology Review, 32(1): 34–48.
17. Williams, J.M.G., et al. (2007), ‘Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder,’ Psychological Bulletin, 133(1): 122–148.
18. Levine, P.A. (2015), Trauma and Memory. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books.
19. Brewin, C.R. (2021), ‘Tilting at Windmills: Why Attacks on Repression Are Misguided,’ Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(2): 443–453.
20. Geraerts, E., et al. (2009), ‘Cognitive mechanisms underlying recovered-memory experiences of childhood sexual abuse,’ Psychological Science, 20(1): 92–98.
21. Mcnally, R.J., and Geraerts, E. (2009), ‘A New Solution to the Recovered Memory Debate,’ Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(2): 126–134.
22. Otgaar, H., et al. (2019), ‘The Return of the Repressed: The Persistent and Problematic Claims of Long-Forgotten Trauma,’ Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6): 1072–1095.
23. Herlihy, J., et al. (2002), ‘Discrepancies in autobiographical memories – implications for the assessment of asylum seekers: repeated interviews study,’ BMJ, 324(7333): 324–327.
24. Ogle, C.M., et al. (2008), ‘Accuracy and Specificity of Autobiographical Memory in Childhood Trauma Victims: Developmental Considerations.’ In M. L. Howe, G. S. Goodman, & D. Cicchetti (Eds.), Stress, Trauma, and Children’s Memory Development: Neurobiological, Cognitive, Clinical and Legal Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press: 171–203.
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26. Chu, J.A., et al. (1999), ‘Memories of Childhood Abuse: Dissociation, Amnesia, and Corroboration,’ The American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(5): 749–755.
27. Bell, A.M., and Hellmann, J.K. (2019), ‘An Integrative Framework for Understanding the Mechanisms and Multigenerational Consequences of Transgenerational Plasticity,’ Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 50: 97–118.
28. Bridgett, D.J., et al. (2015), ‘Intergenerational Transmission of Self-Regulation: A Multidisciplinary Review and Integrative Conceptual Framework,’ Psychological Bulletin, 141(3): 602–654.
29. Dobkin, P.L., et al. (2011), ‘For Whom May Participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program be Contraindicated?,’ Mindfulness, 3(1): 44–50.
30. Gapp, K., et al. (2014), ‘Implication of sperm RNAs in transgenerational inheritance of the effects of early trauma in mice,’ Nature Neuroscience, 17(5): 667–669.
31. Lê-Scherban, F. et al. (2018),’ Intergenerational Associations of Parent Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Health Outcomes,’ Pediatrics, 141(6).
32. Short, A.K., et al. (2016), ‘Elevated paternal glucocorticoid exposure alters the small noncoding RNA profile in sperm and modifies anxiety and depressive phenotypes in the offspring,’ Translational Psychiatry, 6(6).
33. Menakem, R. (2021), My Grandmother’s Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending Our Hearts and Bodies. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
34. Wolynn, M. (2022), It Didn’t Start With You. London: Vermilion.
35. Hübl, T. (2020), Healing Collective Trauma: A Process for Integrating Our Intergenerational and Cultural Wounds, Louisville: Sounds True.
Chapter 4: Context Is Everything
1. Ciaunica, A., et al. (2021), ‘The “First Prior”: from Co-Embodiment to Co-Homeostasis in Early Life,’ Consciousness and Cognition, 91.
2. Graf, N., et al. (2022), ‘Neurobiology of Parental Regulation of the Infant and Its Disruption by Trauma Within Attachment,’ Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16.
3. Porges, S.W. (2022), ‘Polyvagal Theory: A Science of Safety,’ Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 16.
4. Townshend, K., and Caltabiano, N.J. (2019), ‘The extended nervous system: affect regulation, somatic and social change processes associated with mindful parenting,’ BMC Psychology, 7(1).
5. Azhari, A., et al, (2019), ‘Parenting Stress Undermines Mother-Child Brain-to-Brain Synchrony: A Hyperscanning Study,’ Scientific Reports, 9(1).
6. Esposito, G., et al. (2017), ‘Response to Infant Cry in Clinically Depressed and Non-Depressed Mothers,’ PLoS ONE, 12(1).
7. Ostlund, B.D., et al. (2017), ‘Shaping emotion regulation: attunement, symptomatology, and stress recovery within mother–infant dyads,’ Developmental Psychobiology, 59(1): 15–25.
8. Saxbe, D., et al. (2015), ‘Neural correlates of parent–child HPA axis coregulation,’ Hormones and Behavior, 75: 25–32.
9. Viaux-Savelon, S., et al. (2022), ‘Infant Social Withdrawal Behavior: A Key for Adaptation in the Face of Relational Adversity,’ Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
10. Hambrick, E.P., et al. (2019), ‘Timing of Early-Life Stress and the Development of Brain-Related Capacities,’ Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 13.
11. Kumsta, R., et al. (2017), ‘HPA axis dysregulation in adult adoptees twenty years after severe institutional deprivation in childhood,’ Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86: 196–202.
12. Strathearn, L., et al. (2020), ‘Long-term Cognitive, Psychological, and Health Outcomes Associated with Child Abuse and Neglect,’ Pediatrics, 146(4).
13. Widom, C.S., et al. (2012), ‘A prospective investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and neglected children: New findings from a 30-year follow-up.’ American Journal of Public Health, 102(6): 1135–1144.
14. Beijers, R., et al. (2016), ‘An experimental study on mother-infant skin-to-skin contact in full-terms,’ Infant Behavior & Development, 43: 58–65.
15. Cascio, C.J., et al. (2019), ‘Social touch and human development,’ Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 35: 5–11.
16. Cooijmans, K.H.M., et al. (2022), ‘Daily mother-infant skin-to-skin contact and maternal mental health and postpartum healing: a randomized controlled trial,’ Scientific Reports, 12(1).
17. Fotopoulou, A., et al. (2022), ‘Affective regulation through touch: homeostatic and allostatic mechanisms,’ Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 43: 80–87.
18. Morrison, I. (2016), ‘Keep Calm and Cuddle on: Social Touch as a Stress Buffer,’ Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 2(4), 344–362.
19. Narvaez, D., et al. (2019), ‘The importance of early life touch for psychosocial and moral development,’ Psicologia, Reflexão e Crítica: Revista Semestral Do Departamento de Psicologia Da UFRGS, 32(1).
Chapter 5: How’s Your Homeostatic Balance?
1. Godoy, L.D., et al. (2018), ‘A comprehensive overview on stress neurobiology: Basic concepts and clinical implications,’ Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 127.
2. Maté, G. (2019) When the Body Says No: The Cost of Hidden Stress. London: Vermilion.
3. Kinlein, S.A., et al. (2015), ‘Dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function contributes to altered endocrine and neurobehavioral responses to acute stress,’ Frontiers in Psychiatry, 6: 31.
4. Porges, S.W. (2022), ‘Polyvagal Theory: A Science of Safety,’ Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 16.
5. Godbout, J.P. and Glaser, R. (2006), ‘Stress-Induced Immune Dysregulation: Implications for Wound Healing, Infectious Disease and Cancer,’ Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 1(4): 421–427.
6. Heim, C., et al. (2009), ‘Childhood trauma and risk for chronic fatigue syndrome: association with neuroendocrine dysfunction,’ Archives of General Psychiatry, 66(1): 72–80.
7. Kolacz, J. and Porges, S.W. (2018), ‘Chronic Diffuse Pain and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders After Traumatic Stress: Pathophysiology Through a Polyvagal Perspective,’ Frontiers in Medicine, 5: 145.
8. McManus, E., et al. (2021), ‘The Effects of Stress Across the Lifespan on the Brain, Cognition and Mental Health: A UK Biobank study,’ Neurobiology of Stress, 18.
9. Morris, G. and Maes, M. (2014), ‘Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress and Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Patients with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME)/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS),’ Current Neuropharmacology, 12(2): 168–185.
10. Schakel, L., et al. (2019), ‘Effectiveness of Stress-Reducing Interventions on the Response to Challenges to the Immune System: A Meta-Analytic Review,’ Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88(5): 274–286.
11. Duan, H., et al. (2013), ‘Chronic stress exposure decreases the cortisol awakening response in healthy young men,’ Stress: The International Journal on the Biology of Stress, 16(6): 630–637.
12. Russell, A.L., et al. (2018), ‘Factors promoting vulnerability to dysregulated stress reactivity and stress-related disease,’ Journal of Neuroendocrinology, 30(10).
13. Gerritsen, L., et al. (2017), ‘HPA Axis Genes, and Their Interaction with Childhood Maltreatment, are Related to Cortisol Levels and Stress-Related Phenotypes,’ Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(12): 2446–2455.
14. Kempke, S., et al. (2015), ‘Effects of Early Childhood Trauma on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Function in Patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,’ Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52: 14–21.
15. Kumsta, R., et al. (2017), ‘HPA axis dysregulation in adult adoptees twenty years after severe institutional deprivation in childhood,’ Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86: 196–202.
16. Shalev, I., et al. (2020), ‘Investigating the impact of early-life adversity on physiological, immune, and gene expression responses to acute stress: A pilot feasibility study,’ PLoS ONE, 15(4).
17. Afari, N., et al. (2014), ‘Psychological Trauma and Functional Somatic Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,’ Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(1), 2–11.
18. Godbout, J.P. and Glaser, R. (2006), ‘Stress-Induced Immune Dysregulation: Implications for Wound Healing, Infectious Disease and Cancer,’ Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 1(4): 421–427.
19. Morris, G., et al. (2019), ‘Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome: how could the illness develop?’ Metabolic Brain Disease, 34(2): 385–415.
20. Naviaux, R.K. (2014), ‘Metabolic features of the cell danger response,’ Mitochondrion, 16: 7–17.
Chapter 6: The Outcomes of Your Trauma
1. Cosgrove, L. and Wheeler, E.E. (2013), ‘Industry’s colonization of psychiatry: Ethical and practical implications of financial conflicts of interest in the DSM-5,’ 23(1): 93–106.
2. Frances, A. (2013), ‘The New Crisis in Confidence in Psychiatric Diagnosis,’ Annals of Internal Medicine, 159(3): 221–222.
3. Bredström, A. (2017), ‘Culture and Context in Mental Health Diagnosing: Scrutinizing the DSM-5 Revision,’ Journal of Medical Humanities, 40(3): 347–363.
4. Ussher, J.M. (2013), ‘Diagnosing difficult women and pathologising femininity: Gender bias in psychiatric nosology,’ Feminism and Psychology, 23(1): 63–69.
5. Davies, J. (2014). Cracked: Why Psychiatry is Doing More Harm than Good. London: Icon Books.
6. Achenbach, J., et al. (2019), ‘Childhood traumatization is associated with differences in TRPA1 promoter methylation in female patients with multisomatoform disorder with pain as the leading bodily symptom,’ Clinical Epigenetics, 11(1).
7. Brown, R.C., et al. (2018), ‘Associations of adverse childhood experiences and bullying on physical pain in the general population of Germany,’ Journal of Pain Research, 11: 3099–3108.
8. Kascakova, N., et al. (2020), ‘The Unholy Trinity: Childhood Trauma, Adulthood Anxiety, and Long-Term Pain,’ International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2).
9. Kolacz, J. and Porges, S.W. (2018), ‘Chronic Diffuse Pain and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders After Traumatic Stress: Pathophysiology Through a Polyvagal Perspective.’ Frontiers in Medicine, 5, 145.
10. Yeung, E.W., et al. (2016), ‘Cortisol Profile Mediates the Relation between Childhood Neglect and Pain and Emotional Symptoms among Patients with Fibromyalgia,’ Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 50(1): 87–97.
11. Lipton, B. (2016), The Biology Of Belief. London: Hay House.
12. Cowan, N. (2001), ‘The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity,’ The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24(1): 87–114.
13. Cowan, N. (2015), ‘George Miller’s Magical Number of Immediate Memory in Retrospect: Observations on the Faltering Progression of Science.’ Psychological Review, 122(3): 536–541.
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15. Hilbert, M. (2012), ‘Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: how noisy information processing can bias human decision making,’ Psychological Bulletin, 138(2): 211–237.
16. Lieder, F., et al. (2018), ‘Over-representation of extreme events in decision-making reflects rational use of cognitive resources,’ Psychological Review, 125(1): 1–32.
17. Santos, L.R. and Rosati, A.G. (2015), ‘The Evolutionary Roots of Human Decision Making,’ Annual Review of Psychology, 66: 321–347.
Chapter 7: Recognize Which State Your Nervous System Is In
1. Van der Kolk, B. (2015), The Body Keeps the Score. London: Penguin Books Ltd.
Chapter 9: Stop Running, Start Feeling
1. Bridgett, D.J., et al. (2015), ‘Intergenerational Transmission of Self-Regulation: A Multidisciplinary Review and Integrative Conceptual Framework,’ Psychological Bulletin, 141(3): 602–654.
2. Townshend, K. and Caltabiano, N.J. (2019), ‘The extended nervous system: affect regulation, somatic and social change processes associated with mindful parenting,’ BMC Psychology, 7(1).
3. Graf, N., et al. (2022), ‘Neurobiology of Parental Regulation of the Infant and Its Disruption by Trauma Within Attachment,’ Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16.
4. Saxbe, D., et al. (2015), ‘Neural correlates of parent–child HPA axis coregulation,’ Hormones and Behavior, 75: 25–32.
5. Vink, M., et al. (2020), ‘Towards an integrated account of the development of self-regulation from a neurocognitive perspective: A framework for current and future longitudinal multi-modal investigations,’ Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 45.
6. Azhari, A., et al. (2019), ‘Parenting Stress Undermines Mother-Child Brain-to-Brain Synchrony: A Hyperscanning Study,’ Scientific Reports, 9(1).
7. Cashman, K.D. (2007), ‘Vitamin D in childhood and adolescence,’ Postgraduate Medical Journal, 83(978): 230–235.
8. Esposito, G., et al. (2017), ‘Response to Infant Cry in Clinically Depressed and Non-Depressed Mothers,’ PLoS ONE, 12(1).
9. Kumsta, R., et al. (2017), ‘HPA axis dysregulation in adult adoptees twenty years after severe institutional deprivation in childhood,’ Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86: 196–202.
10. Ostlund, B.D., et al. (2017), ‘Shaping emotion regulation: attunement, symptomatology, and stress recovery within mother–infant dyads,’ Developmental Psychobiology, 59(1): 15–25.
11. Sanders, M.R. and Hall, S. L. (2018), ‘Trauma-informed care in the newborn intensive care unit: promoting safety, security and connectedness,’ Journal of Perinatology, 38(1): 3–10.
12. Black, D.S. and Slavich, G.M. (2016), ‘Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials,’ Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1373(1): 13–24.
13. Creswell, J.D., et al. (2019), ‘Mindfulness Training and Physical Health: Mechanisms and Outcomes,’ Psychosomatic Medicine, 81(3): 224–232.
14. Pascoe, M.C., et al. (2021), ‘Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the mood benefits of meditation: A narrative review,’ Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology, 6.
15. Schlechta Portella, C.F., et al. (2021), ‘Meditation: Evidence Map of Systematic Reviews,’ Frontiers in Public Health, 9.
16. Zhang, D., et al. (2021), ‘Mindfulness-based interventions: an overall review,’ British Medical Bulletin, 138(1): 41–57.
17. Zhu, L., et al. (2021), ‘Mind–Body Exercises for PTSD Symptoms, Depression, and Anxiety in Patients With PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,’ Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
18. Burrows, L. (2015), ‘Safeguarding Mindfulness Meditation for Vulnerable College Students,’ Mindfulness, 7(1): 284–285.
19. Dobkin, P.L., et al. (2011), ‘For Whom May Participation in a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program be Contraindicated? Mindfulness, 3(1): 44–50.
20. Zhu, J., et al. (2019), ‘Trauma- and Stressor-Related History and Symptoms Predict Distress Experienced during a Brief Mindfulness Meditation Sitting: Moving toward Trauma-Informed Care in Mindfulness-Based Therapy,’ Mindfulness, 10(10): 1985–1996.
21. Kelly, A. and Garland, E.L. (2016), ‘Trauma-Informed Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Female Survivors of Interpersonal Violence: Results From a Stage I RCT,’ Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(4): 311–328.
22. Chen, L., et al. (2015), ‘Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult posttraumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis,’The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(6): 443–451.
23. Church, D., et al. (2018), ‘Guidelines for the Treatment of PTSD Using Clinical EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques),’ Healthcare, 6(4).
24. Khan, A.M., et al. (2018), ‘Cognitive Behavioral Therapy versus Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in Patients with Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials,’ Cureus, 10(9).
Chapter 10: Put a STOP to Your Unhelpful Behaviors
1. Albert, P.R. (2019), ‘Adult neuroplasticity: A new “cure” for major depression?’ Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 44(3): 147–150.
2. Phillips, C. (2017), ‘Lifestyle Modulators of Neuroplasticity: How Physical Activity, Mental Engagement, and Diet Promote Cognitive Health during Aging,’ Neural Plasticity, vol. 2017.
3. Bartol, T.M., et al. (2015),’ Nanoconnectomic upper bound on the variability of synaptic plasticity,’ eLife, 4.
Chapter 16: Build Better Boundaries (the Power of No)
1. Johnson, S. (2011), Hold Me Tight. London: Piatkus
2. Wolynn, M. (2022), It Didn’t Start With You. London: Vermilion.
Chapter 17: Commit to Your Healing
1. Fleury, M.J., et al. (2014), ‘Determinants and patterns of service utilization and recourse to professionals for mental health reasons,’ BMC Health Services Research, 14(1).
2. Gonzalez, J.M., et al. (2005), ‘How do attitudes toward mental health treatment vary by age, gender, and ethnicity/race in young adults?,’ Journal of Community Psychology, 33(5): 611–629.
3. Nam, S.K., et al. (2010), ‘A Meta-analysis of Gender Differences in Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help,’ Journal of American College Health, 59(2): 110–116.