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Abraham, Spencer, 435
Abrams, Elliot, 425
Acadians, 90, 91–93, 94, 95
Acculturation, 90, 102; See also specific immigrant groups
Adams, Henry, 43
Adams, John, 80, 104, 114
Adams, John Quincy, 117–118, 266
Adler, Jacob, 231
Advisory Committee on Refugees, 300
AFL-CIO, 449–450
Africa, 15, 56–59, 407, 417, 418; See also Slaves, African
Africanisms in the Gullah Dialect (Turner), 60
African Slave Trade: A Census, The (Curtin), 61
Afro-Americans, 60–61, 64, 66, 106
Age of Discovery, 3–4
Aging of U.S. population, 400
Agriculture: African, 57–58; California Alien Land Acts, 211; German farmers, 76, 151–152; illegal workers in, 395–396; Italian farmers, 193–194; Japanese, in California, 253–254; Mexican migrant workers, 312–313
AIDS, 348
Alberti, Peter (Pietro), 190
Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 275–276
Algren, Nelson, 172
Alien and Sedition Acts (1798), 115, 422
Alien Enemies Act (1798), 115
Alien Nation: Common Sense About America’s Immigration Disaster, 439–440
Altgeld, John Peter, 148
Amalgamated Clothing Workers, 200
American, definitions of, 101–102
American Coalition of Patriotic Societies, 333
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 144, 200, 275
American G.I. Forum, 313
American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA), 205–206
American Immigration (Jones), 103
Americanist heresy, 155
American Jewish Committee, 228
American Jewish Congress, 228
American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 228
American (Know-Nothing) party, 269, 270, 274, 275
American Legion, 333
American Protective Association, 275
American Revolution. See Revolution, American
Americas, immigration from, 290, 292–293; See also specific countries
Amerindians, 7–8, 10–11, 104–106, 114
Amish, the, 70
Amnesty program, 391, 392–394, 396, 397, 402, 403
Anarchist/syndicalist movement, 200–201
Anglo-conformity, demand for, 105
Anglo-Saxon complex, 276
Anti-Catholicism, 109, 265, 266–269, 275
Anti-immigrant activity. See Nativism
Anti-Masonic party, 267
Anti-Semitism, 100, 228, 296–302
Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 436–437
Antonini, Luigi, 200
Aquino, Corazon and Benigno, 356
Arabs, 206–209
Arboleya, Carlos, 374
Archdeacon, Thomas, 21, 27, 54, 189, 202
Argentina, immigration to, 24, 25
Arizona, Hispanic population in (1987), 372
Armenians, 209–211
Armughan, Syed, 450
Arroyo, Martina, 326
Articles of Confederation, 112
Arts, Puerto Ricans in, 326
Ashanti, 58, 59
Ashkenazi immigrants, 99
Asian Americans: Emerging Minorities (Kitano and Daniels), 352
Asian Cubans, 375
Asian Indians, 126, 328, 351, 360–364
Asians, 411; educational achievements of, 412; Immigration Act of 1965 and, 341–343; immigration 1930–84, 334, 335; income, 413; nativism and exclusion of, 245, 246–247, 265, 271–272, 278, 279; naturalization statutes and, 114; new (1940–), 350–370; in New World, 3; population by major ethnic group, 350, 351; quotas for, 304, 328; Refugee Relief Act and, 336; World War II and, 302–305; See also specific Asian groups
Askia Muhammad I, 57
Assimilation/acculturation, 90, 102; See also specific immigrant groups
Association Canado-Américaine (ACA), 263
Asylum and asylees, 346–349, 379, 417, 418
Atatürk, Kemal, 205
Augustana College, 171
Augustana Synod, 171
Australia, immigration to, 24, 25, 239, 278
Austria-Hungary, emigration from (1901–10), 188
Austria (ship), 134
Avalon colony, 42
Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery of Montreal (Monk), 268
Ayres, E. Durand, 315–316
Baeck, Leo, 229
Bailyn, Bernard, 36–37, 177
Balkan Wars (1912–13), 205
Ballin, Albert, 187
Baltic republics, pressures from, 406
Bancroft, Hubert Howe, 309
Bankers, immigrant, 158, 194, 374–375
Bank of America, 194
Banneker, Benjamin, 56
Bantu-speaking peoples, 58
Barbarian peoples, 12
Barkan, Elliott R., 263, 264
Bar mitzvah, 229
“Barred Zone” act (1917), 362
Barry, John, 86
Bartók, Béla, 235, 301
Bean, Frank, 427
Beaugrand, Honoré, 259–261, 262
Beecher, Lyman, 267
Beer industry, 150
Beijbom, Ulf, 98, 169
Bell, Daniel, 198
Bellow, Saul, 398
Belmont, August, 157
Benjamin, Judah Philip, 229
Bennett Law (1890), 160
Berkhofer, Robert, 105
Berlin, Irving, 231
Bernardin, Joseph, 197
Bernstein, Richard, 440
Bernstorff, Johann Heinrich von, 148
Bettelheim, Bruno, 398
Bicentennial, American, 407
Bilingualism, 159–160
Billikopf, Jacob, 232
Billington, Ray Allen, 266, 267
Biographical Directory of American Labor Leaders (Fink), 227
Birchall, R. A., 138
Birth Dearth, The (Wattenberg), 400
Bishop’s Hill, Illinois, 167–168
Black Cubans, 375
“Black legend,” 5
Blacks, 65; great migration of, 310; naturalization statutes and, 113–114; relations with other ethnic groups, 136–137, 317, 323, 376; white-black race relations, 106–107; See also Afro-Americans; Slaves, African
Bloom, Lena, 247
B’nai Jeshurun, 155
Boarder-keepers, 236
Boat people, 369, 379–380
Bodnar, John, 214
Bogen, Boris, 232
Boogaart, Ernst van den, 88
Border controls, 391, 426–428
Border crossers, 311, 397; See also Illegal aliens
Border Patrol, 426–428
Bordley, William, 38–39
Boss politics, 144–145
Boston, immigrants in, 130, 137, 267
Boston’s Immigrants (Handlin), 137
Boulter, Hugh, 78
Bowdoin, James, 94
Boyes, Roger, 387
Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth, 175–176
Bracero program, 305–306, 310–311
Bradfield, Jonathan, 74
Bradford, William, 44, 50, 56
Brain drain, 19
Brandauer, Klaus Maria, 385
Brandeis, Louis D., 228
Brazil, immigration to, 24–25
Brice, Fanny, 231
Briggs, Vernon M., Jr., 450
Brighton Beach, Soviet Jews in, 385
Brimelow, Peter, 439
Bristol records, 35
Britain, emigration from (1901–10), 188; See also English immigrants
British Passenger Acts, 128
British Women’s Emigration Association, 179
Bronck, Jonas, 177
Brown, Mary, 141
Brumidi, Constantino, 191–192
Bukowczyk, John, 222
Bull, Ole, 173
Bulosan, Carlos, 357
Bureaucracy, creation of immigration, 274
Bush, George H. W., 380, 386, 406, 424
Bush, George W., 435, 450–451
Butler, Jon, 93, 94–95
Cable Act (1922), 281
Caboto, Giovanni (John Cabot), 189
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 15
Cahan, Abraham, 230
Cahensly, Peter Paul, and Cahenslyism, 154
Cajuns. See Acadians
California: Asian Indians in, 360–361; Chinese immigrants in (1870–1930), 240, 241–243; Cuban Americans in, 373; Filipinos in, 356, 357, 359; German Jews in, 155; gold rush (1849), 239, 314; Hispanic population in (1987), 372; Italian farmers in, 193–194; Japanese Americans in, 250, 251, 253–254; Mexicans in, 96–97, 308, 314–317; Vietnamese in, 369
California Alien Land Acts of 1913 and 1920, 211
Californians for Population Stabilization, 398
Californios, 313, 314; See also Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans
Calvert, Cecilius, 42
Calvert, Charles, 43
Calvert, George, 41–42
Cambodians, 368, 369–370
Caminetti, Anthony, 199
Camoëns, Luis de, 4, 5
Campanilismo, 197
Campbell, Mildred, 33, 35
Canada, 116, 309, 421; immigration from, 258–264, 292–293, 328; immigration to, 24, 25, 111, 135, 406
Canary Islands, 14
Cane sugar industry, 53–54
Canny, Nicholas, 102
Cape Fear Valley, 84
Capitalism, slavery and, 53–54
Caribbean islands, slaves brought to, 61, 62
Caribbeans, 55, 307, 348–349, 371, 372–380; educational achievements of, 412; income, 413
Carnegie, Andrew, 84
Carroll, Charles, 86, 116
Carroll, John, 86, 116
Carter, Jimmy, 344, 345, 347–348, 380
Cásali, G. F. Secci de, 193
Casas, Bartolomé de las, 9
Castle Garden, immigrant depot at, 272
Castro, Fidel, 336, 347, 372, 373, 374
Catapusan, Benicio T., 356
Catholicism, 42–43, 69–70, 85; anti-Catholicism, 109, 265, 266–269, 275; French Canadian, 261–263; Irish, 138–140, 319, 320; Italian, 197–198; Mexican American, 319–320; Polish American, 220–222; Puerto Rican, 325
Cavalier vs. Puritan archetypes, 43
Celtic fringe of Britain, 87
Census Bureau, U.S., 308, 311, 312, 318, 320, 323, 400
Censuses, 31, 276, 280, 282, 283
Center for Immigration Studies, 398
Central Americans, 307, 380–384, 405, 411; educational achievements of, 412; income, 413
Central Intelligence Agency, 331
Cermak, Anton, 282
Chain (serial) migration, 19, 130, 141
Chamberlain, Joseph, 187
Chan, Sucheng, 243
Charitable Irish Society, 86
Chavez, César, 319, 320
Chavez-Thomson, Linda, 399, 449
Chazanoff, William, 197
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 114
Chesapeake region, tobacco industry in, 40
Chew, Ng Poon, 249
Chicago, immigrants in, 148, 169–171, 200
Chicanos, 313, 319
Children, forced immigration of, 35–36
China, 418; new pressures from, 405–406
China Men (Kingston), 355
Chinatowns, 171, 242–243, 355
Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, 244
Chinese Educational Mission of 1872–81, 248
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 239, 245, 246–247, 265, 271–272, 304, 311
Chinese immigrants and Chinese Americans, 126, 138, 171, 252, 253; acculturation, 247–250; age distribution in 1920, 251; community, 243–246, 354–355; in contiguous U.S. (1870–1930), 240; coolie trade, 240–241, 248; crime, 245; discrimination against, 245–247, 271–272; education, 354; financing of migration, 241; income, 354; from 1940–1980, 351, 353–356; nineteenth century, 239–250; occupations, 243, 355; quota for, 328; religion, 244; settlement patterns, 240, 241–243, 355; sex ratio, 241, 246, 251; World War II and, 302, 304–305
Chinese Six Companies, 244–245
Chinese Student Protection Act, 431
Cholera, 135, 169
Chung family (musicians), 368
Cilicia, 209
Cincinnati, German Jews in, 155
Cities, migration to, 185; See also specific cities
Citizenship, uniform national, 270–271
Citizenship USA, 431
City of Glasgow (ship), 134–135
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 338
Civil War, immigrants in, 270
Clans, Chinese, 244
Clap, Roger, 47
Clark, Dennis, 137–138
Clay, Henry, 266
Clemente, Roberto, 325
Clergy, absence of educated, 82
Cleveland, Grover, 270, 272, 277
Clifford, Mary Dorita, 357
Clines, Francis X., 401
Clinton, Bill, 424, 434, 435, 440
Code Napoleon, 91
Cold War, 305, 331, 334, 335–337
College of New Jersey (Princeton), 82
Colombians, 378
Colonial identity, 8–9, 102, 104
Colonial period, immigration in, 30–100; Dutch, 66, 67–88, 88–90, 97; English, 30–52; French, 66, 90–96; German, 69–77; indentured immigrants, 34–41, 46, 48; Irish, 85–87; Jews, 98–100; in Maryland, 41–43, 75; in New England, 43–52; Scotch Irish, 52, 69, 77–82; Scots, 82–85; Spanish, 67–68, 88, 96–97; Swedes, 97–98; in Virginia, 32–35, 36, 40–41, 63; Welsh, 87; See also Slavery
Colorado, Hispanics in (1987), 372
Columbus, Christopher, 15
Commerce clause of Constitution, 269
Commission on Immigration and Naturalization, 332–333
Commission on Immigration Reform (CIR), 432
Commission on the Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians, 303
Communism, refugees from, 335–337
Congress. See specific immigration legislation
Connor, Roger, 398, 399
Constantine I, King, 205
Constitution, U.S., 112–113, 246, 269, 270–271, 281
Convict immigrants, 35
Conzen, Kathleen N., 150, 151–152
Cooke, Alistair, 398
Coolidge, Calvin, 281, 283
Coolie trade, Chinese, 240–241, 248
Cornelius, Wayne, 396–397
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 10
Cortés, Hernán, 4, 9
Cotton industry, slavery and, 54
Coughlin, Charles E., 154
Council of Economic Advisors, 390
Counterstream migration, 20–21
Coureurs de bois, 10
Courtship of Miles Standish, The (poem), 44
Crean, William, 38
Creoles, 9
Cressy, David, 34, 45–46, 47, 50, 51
Crèvecoeur, Michel-Guillaume-Jean de, 17, 101–102
Crime, 83, 198, 245
Cromwell, Oliver, 83, 85
Cronkite, Walter, 398, 399
Crosby, Alfred, 7, 133
Crusades, 13
Cuba, 336, 347–349, 373, 374
Cuban Americans, 323, 371, 372–376, 380
Cuban missile crisis (1962), 373
Cuban Refugee program, 376
Cultural pluralism, 305
Cunard Line, 186–187
Curtin, Philip, 61
Czechoslovakia, post-1948 refugees from, 331
Dabroski, Joseph, 221
da Gama, Vasco, 15
Dahomey and Dahomeans, 58, 59
Daignault, Elphège, 263
Dale, Thomas, 35
Damrosch, Leopold and Walter, 163
Daniels, Josephus, 144
Danish, 164, 176–183
da Ponte, Lorenzo, 191
Dare, Virginia, 32
Darien, settlement at, 83
Darwin, Charles, 413
Darwinian evolution, misapplication of, 276
Daughters of the American Revolution, 296
Davis, Gray, 435, 441
Davis, Kingsley, 400
Dawes Act (1887), 114
Dayal, Har, 361
Declaration of Independence, 111–112, 116
DeConcini, Dennis, 402
DeLancey, Oliver, 99
DeLancey family, 94, 111
Democratic party, Irish and, 144
Department of Defense, 331
Deportation, 83, 85, 312–313, 428–429
Depression of 1890s, 275
Détente, 384
Detroit, Arab immigrants in, 208
Dias, Bartholomeu, 15
Diaz, José, 315
Diaz, Justino, 326
Dick, James, 84
Dickinson, John, 111
Dickinson College, 82
Dietrich, Laura J., 383
Di Giorgio brothers, 193–194
Dillingham, William P., 280
Dillingham quota bill, 280–281
Dinnerstein, Leonard, 331
Discrimination. See Nativism; specific immigrant groups
Displaced persons, 301, 329–335
Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 330–332
Dolan, Jay P., 139
Dominican Americans, 371, 376–378
Donaldson, Gordon, 82, 83
Donato, Pietro di, 195
Dongan, Thomas, 86
Donnelly, Brian J., 423
Doráti, Antal, 235
Douglass, Frederick, 56
Draft riots in New York City (1863), 136
Dreiser, Theodore, 149
Duarte, José Napoleon, 382, 425
DuBois, W. E. B., 59, 65
Dukhobors, 210
Duncan, John Donald, 105–106
Dunkards, 70
Du Pont, Victor Marie, 114
Dutch immigrants, 66, 67–68, 88–90, 97, 110
Duvalier, François and Jean-Claude, 378
Eastern Europeans, 212–214, 406; See also Hungarians; Jews; Poles
East Friesland, 88
Eburne, Richard, 33
Economist, The, 435
Economy, volume of migration and, 22
Edding, Friedrich, 26
Edict of Nantes (1598), 93
Education. See under specific immigrant group
Edwards v. California, 112
Efficiency of migratory streams, 20–21
Einstein, Albert, 300, 301, 359
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 148, 333, 336, 338, 373
Elective Governors Act (1947), 321
Eliot, John, 105
Ellis Island, 272–274, 289, 340, 408
El Postillón (newspaper), 321
El Salvador, deportations, 429; refugees from, 381, 382
Emancipation Act of 1829, 133
Emergency Quota Act of 1921, 289, 292
Emigrants, The (Moberg), 167
Emigration from United States, 25–28, 111; 1921–1945, 287–288, 289, 294, 295; See also under specific immigrant groups
Employers, sanctions against, 392, 395–396
Employment eligibility, 392, 394–395
Enemy alien status, 302–303
English as official language, 318, 398–399
English colonial society, 10–11
English immigrants: attitudes of, 103–104; colonial and early-post-colonial period, 30–52; conflicting claims of loyalty for, 104; convicts, 35; impediments faced by, 48–49; indentured, 34–41; kidnapped, 35; in Maryland, 41–43; mortality among seventeenth-century, 32–33, 36; in New England, 43–52; provisioning of, 47–48; return migration, 26; sea transport and fare, 49–51; settlement patterns, 67–68; in Virginia, 32–36, 40–41
English Revolution, 51
Entertainment industry, Jews in, 231–232
Era of Good Feeling, 266
Erickson, Charlotte, 212
Erie Canal, 130
Eriksson, Leif, 14
Ervin, Sam, 340
Eskimos, 3
Esterlin, Richard A., 28–29
Ethiopia, 418
Ethnic enclave, 170–171
Ethnicity, 25, 94–95, 198; ethnic relations, 107–112; See also Nativism; specific immigrant groups
Ethnocide, 105
Ettor, Joseph J., 200
Europe: intra-European movements, 25–27; population (1600–2000), 15–16; premodern mass migrations into, 11–13
Europe, 418; Age of Discovery and, 3–4; colonial identity problem and, 8–9; before Columbus, 11–16; in comparative perspective, 23–29; destinations, 23–25; gender ratios, 27–28; immigration myths and, 17–18; immigration trends in, 446; intra-European movements, 25–27; laws of migration and, 16–22; major streams of (ca. 1820), 6; migration from, 3–29; motives for migration, 4, 5; in 1921–1945, 290; population (1600–2000), 15–16; population and/or labor policies of colonizers and, 5–11; population growth and, 15–16, 24; Portuguese navigators, 14–15; premodern mass migrations into, 11–13; return migration, 25–26; Thistlewaite’s thesis on, 23–24, 26; Vikings, 14; See also specific immigrant groups
European Economic Community, 396, 445
European superiority, notion of, 4–5
Europeans, 411; income, 413; notion of superiority, 4–5
Evangeline (Longfellow), 91
Exchange visitors, 420
Expatriation Act of 1907, 281
Ezell, Harold, 433
Fabricy, Mihály Kováts de, 232
FAIR (Federation for American Immigration Reform), 398, 399
Family: Chinese associations, 244; preference system, 341, 342, 343, 399–400, 401, 402; reunification of, 255, 293, 305, 332, 339, 340, 342
Famine in Ireland, 126–127, 133–140
Faneuil, André, 94
Farmer-Labor party, 172
Farm Workers movement, 319
Far West, Irish experience in, 138
Federal government, immigration administration by, 272–274
Federalists. 114–115, 116
Feinstein, Dianne, 434
Felsenthal, Bernhard, 158
Ferrer, Jose, 326
Ferris, Elizabeth G., 383
Festa, 197
Fifth Chinese Daughter (Wong), 355
Filipinos, 278, 279, 294, 328, 351, 356–360
Fink, Gary, 227
Finns, 98, 235–236
Fitzgerald, Joseph P., 324
Flemings, 88, 89
Flores Magon brothers, 309
Florida, immigrants in, 96, 372, 373, 374
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 144
Folk religion, 325
Foraker Act (1900), 321
Forbes magazine, 439
Ford, Gerald R., 303, 345
Foreign-born population (1910–80), 403–404
Fort Christina, 97
Fort Nassau, 88, 97
Fourteenth Amendment, 246, 270–271
Fox, Vincente, 450
France, 27, 114
Franciscans, 96
Frankfurter, Felix, 297
Franklin, Benjamin, 52, 104, 109–110, 161, 190, 218, 265, 391
Franklin, John Hope, 63
Franks, Jacob, 99
Franks, Phila, 99
Frazier, E. Franklin, 60
Frederickson, George, 110
Free-Soil party, 270
Free willers, 72
French Canadians, 258–264
French colonial society, 10
French in colonial America, 66, 67–68, 88, 90–96
Fresno region, Armenians of, 210–211
Freyre, Gilberto, 61
Frisians, 88, 89
Fürstenwarther, Moritz von, 73–74
Fur traders, 10
Furuseth, Andrew, 174
Gadar Movement, 361–362
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 390
Galenson, David, 51
Garcia, Maria Cristina, 443
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 192
Garment industry, 200, 226–227
Gastarbeiter (guest workers), 23
Gender ratios, 27–28, 141–142, 179–180, 241, 246, 251
Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907–8, 255, 256, 280, 293, 357
George, Henry, 314
German-American Alliance, 278
Germanic invasions, 12
German immigrants and German Americans, 52, 145–164; in colonial America, 69–77; culture, 159–164, 171; defined, 69; discrimination against, 108, 109–110, 265, 267–269; divisions among, 152–159; indentured servitude, 71–75; Irish compared with, 145–146; Jews, 155–158, 194, 227–228; language maintenance, 152, 159–161; migration patterns, 19, 73; motives for migration, 70, 147–149; occupations, 76, 148–152; in Pennsylvania, 76–77, 151; problems in identifying, 147; radicals, 148; refugees in 1930s, 296–302; religion, 70, 147–148, 265, 267–269; Scotch Irish compared with, 81; settlement patterns, 66, 67–68, 76, 79, 149–150, 151; stereotypes, 151; volume of immigration, 146, 188, 292
German Society of Maryland, 75
Germantown, Pennsylvania, 19, 69
Germany, 149, 152, 419; immigration trends in, 446
Ghana, 57
Ghettos, 170, 195
Giannini, Amadeo Pietro, 194
Gibran, Kahlil, 208
Gibson, Woolman, “the 3d.,” 38
Gingrich, Newton L. (Newt), 432
Giovannitti, Arturo, 200
Glasnost, 384, 386, 387, 406
Glazer, Nathan, 17–18, 338, 408
Gleason, Philip, 117, 305
Glengarry County, 111
Globalization, 443—448
Godfather, The (film), 199
Gold, Mike, 227
Golondrinas, las, 26
Gompers, Samuel, 449
Gonzales, Elian, 441–442, 443
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 386, 406
Gore, Al, 443
Goren, Arthur, 225, 226
Graft, honest, 145
Graham, Otis, 398
Graham, Richard, 39
Grant, Madison, 296
Greasers, 314, 315
Great Depression of 1930s, 21, 22, 237, 283, 287, 294–296
Great Migration of 1630s, 44–46
Great Philadelphia Road, 79
Great Plains Indians, 8
Great Society, 338, 339
Greek American Progressive Association (GAPA), 205, 206
Greeks, 11–12, 20, 188, 201–206
Greene, Victor R., 220
Greenhouse, Steven, 449
Greenland, 14
Grosse Isle, 135
Grundtvig faction, 182
Guadalupe-Hidalgo, Treaty of (1848), 308
Guatemala, deportations, 429
Guatemala, refugees from, 381, 382
Guggenheim, Simon, 229
Guggenheim family, 156
Gustavus Adolphus College, 171
Haiti, history of, 378
Haitian immigrants, 348–349, 378–380
Haitian religion, 59
Hakluyt, Richard, 32
Haley, Alex, 55
Hall, Prescott F., 276
Hamburg-Amerika line, 186
Hamilton, Alexander, 111, 114
Hampden-Sydney, 82
Handlin, Oscar, 129–130, 131, 132, 137, 214
Hansen, Marcus Lee, 128–129, 183, 407
Hanson, John, 98
Haraszthy, Agaston, 232
Harding, Warren G., 280, 281
Harney, Robert, 19–20
Harris, Joel Chandler, 60
Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (HEAEG), 212, 294, 308
Hatch, Orrin G., 399–400, 402
Hawaii, immigrants in, 250, 356, 357
Hawgood, John, 163–164
Hayakawa, Samuel I., 362, 398, 399
Haymarket riot (1886), 148, 200
Hazard of New Fortunes, A (Howells), 148
Head taxes, 269, 272
Hebrew, 223, 224
Hebrew Union College (HUC), Refugee Scholars Project, 298
Henderson v. Mayor of New York, 272
Henrique Navegador, Infante, 14–15
Herskovits, Melville J., 56, 59, 60–61
Hesburgh, Theodore M., 389, 390, 391
Hessians, 75–76
Hickey, William, 262–263
Higginson, Francis, 47–48
Higham, John, 100, 109, 183, 281
Hispanics, 326, 372; See also Central Americans; Cuban Americans; Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans; Puerto Ricans
History of Plimmoth Plantation (Bradford), 44
Hitler, Adolf, 296, 297, 331
Hmong, 368, 369–370
Hoar, George Frisbie, 271
Ho Chi Minh, 27, 368
Hod Carriers and Building Laborers, 200
Hodur, Francis, 221
Hofstadter, Richard, 11, 28, 122
Honduras, deportations, 429
Hong Kong, 355, 397, 405–406
Hoover, Herbert, 281, 295, 399
Howells, William Dean, 148
Huerta, Victoriano, 309
Hughes, John, 139
Huguenots, 90, 93–95, 96
Huguenots in America, The (Butler), 93
Hull, Cordell, 297
Hungarians, 232–237
Hutchinson, Anne, 51
Hvidt, Kristian, 166, 176–177, 178, 180, 181
Iacocca, Lee, 407
Iceland, discovery of, 13–14
Icelanders, 165–166
Identity card, forgery-proof, 391, 395
Iglesias, Santiago, 321
Illegal aliens, 293, 311–313, 377, 391–397, 401–402, 403
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, 437–438, 441
“Immigrant gifts,” 98
Immigrant tradition, rediscovery of, 407
Immigrants: diversity, 418–419; employment-based, 416–417; family-sponsored, 416; illegal, 421–422; nonimmigrant, 419–421; origins of foreign born in 2000, 411; parole authority, 417; settlement patterns in 2000, 411–412; statistics concerning twentieth-century, 409–413
Immigration: economic arguments for continued, 400; migration vs., 3; 1921–45, 288, 289, 290; 1931–84 (by region), 334–335; 1941–87, major streams of, 291; 1977–80, volume and categories, 344; 1981–90, legal, 404; 1996–98, legal, 414–419; public opinion and, 438–441; volume and source of, at turn of century, 274–275
Immigration Act: of 1924, 69, 265, 282–284, 292–294, 328, 422; of 1965, 336–344, 345, 363; of 1990, 425, 426
Immigration bill (1989), 402–403, 406
Immigration law (1948–80), 328–349; Cold War refugees and, 335–337; displaced persons and new pattern of immigration, 329–335; family preference system, 341, 342, 343, 399–400, 401, 402; Immigration Act of 1965, 336–344, 345, 363; McCanan-Walter Act, 329, 332–334, 335–336, 339, 341, 342, 358; Mariel crisis and ambiguity of refugee policy, 347–349; Refugee Act of 1980, 344, 345–347
Immigration legislation, 422–423; controlling our borders, 426–428; deportation, 428–429; Gingrich revolution and, 422–423; globalization and, 443–448; immigration reform, 423–426; naturalizations, 430–431; Proposition 187, 433–436; turning against immigrants, 431–438; in twenty-first century, 448–451
Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 311, 312, 331, 392, 397, 414, 421, 426, 428, 430; incompetence of, 409; 1998 Yearbook, 421
Immigration Reform Act of 1986, 344, 389, 391–397
Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), 418; amnesty provisions, 423–425; enforcement provisions, 425–426
Immigration Restriction League, 276, 283
Income. See under specific immigrant group
Indentured immigrants, 34–41, 46, 48, 74–75, 241
Indian Freedom movement, 361
Indians, American, 7–8, 10–11, 104–106, 114
Indians, Asian. See Asian Indians
Industrialization, 122
Inge, Robert W., 164
In-hwan, Chang, 365
Inner Mission faction, 182
Instad, Helge, 14
Intelligence, immigrant, 166
Internal Security Act of 1950, 115
International Ladies Garment Workers’ Union (ILGWU), 200
International Refugee Organization (IRO), 330
Inuit, 3
Invisible immigrants, 212
Involuntary migration, 83
Iran, 418
Iranian hostage crisis, 388
Ireland: emigration from, 18, 121, 188; famine years, 126–127, 133–140; migration to, 34; women’s position in, 141
Irish Echo (newspaper), 402
Irish immigrants and Irish Americans, 126–145, 184; blacks’ relations with, 136–137; Catholicism of, 138–140, 319, 320; chain (serial) migration pattern, 130, 141; in colonial America, 85–87; to countries other than United States, 127, 128, 135; discrimination against, 108–109, 131, 138–139, 265, 267–269; from 1860–1930, 140–145; famine period of immigration, 126, 133–140; French Canadians’ relations with, 262–263; illegal aliens, 401–402; impact of, 127–128; indentured servitude, 86; networks of, 143; nonfamily character of immigration, 141–142; occupations, 133, 136, 142–143; in politics, 144–145; prefamine immigration, 128–132; return migration, 26, 127; “second colonization of New England” by, 128–130, 142; settlement patterns, 67–68, 133, 136, 142; sex ratio, 141–142; shipboard mortality, 134–135; socioeconomic status, 136–137; Swedes’ relations with, 170; trade unionism, 144; working women, 131–132, 143
Irish Immigration Reform Movement, 402
Islamic invaders, 12–13
Israel, Soviet Jews in, 385
Issei (first-generation Japanese), 255
Italian immigrants and Italian Americans, 24, 188–201; in American radical movement, 200–201; crime and, 198; Emergency Quota Act and, 292; explorers and conquerors, 189–190; motives for migration, 190, 192; occupations, 190–196, 203, 204; political aspirations, 199–200; political exiles, 192; refugees, 331; religion, 192, 197–198; return migration, 25–26, 189, 194–195; settlement patterns, 192–193, 195; stream pattern of migration, 19–20; village organization and loyalties, 196—197; volume of migration, 188–189, 292
Italy, uneven modern development of, 190
Jackson, Andrew, 80, 266
Jackson, Henry M., 374
Jackson, Jesse, 317
Jackson amendment (1972), 374
Jacobites, 83
James, Henry, 289
James I of England, King, 40
Jamestown, New York, 171
Jamestown, Virginia, 32–33
Jansson, Eric, 167–168
Janssonists, 167–168
Japan: Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907–8, 255, 256, 280, 293, 357; Immigration Act of 1924 and, 283; immigration trends in, 446–447; occupation of Korea, 365, 366
Japanese American Citizens League, 333, 341
Japanese Association of America, 256
Japanese immigrants and Japanese Americans, 24–25, 315; acculturation, 256–257; age and sex distribution (1920), 252; in contiguous United States (1900–1930), 250; demographic data 1940–1980, 351, 352–353; discrimination against, 254–255, 278, 279, 302–304; early (1869–1924), 250–258; education, 257, 353; income, 353; motives for migration, 250, 253; occupations, 203, 204, 253, 255–256; outmarriage, 353; religion, 257; settlement patterns, 250–251, 253–254; World War II and, 302–304
Jay, John, 107–108
Jean-Baptiste, Herbert, 450
Jeanne La Fileuse (Jeanne the Mill Girl) (Beaugrand), 259–261
Jefferson, Thomas, 41, 111–112, 116, 190–191, 372
Jeffersonians, 115, 116
Jesuits, 96
Jewish Daily Forward (newspaper), 230–231
Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 387
Jews, 276, 329; admitted from 1948–1952, 331–332; anti-Semitism, 100, 228, 296–302; in colonial America, 98–100; culture, 227–228; Eastern European, 223–232; educational commitment, 229–230; German, 155–158, 194, 227–228; Hungarian, 235; motives for migration, 223, 224; obstacles to migration, 224–225; occupations, 226, 230–232; in politics, 229; press journalism, 230–231; refugees from 1930s and World War II, 296–302; religious devotion, 229; religious persecution of, 223–224; return migration, 26, 225, 386; Russian, 224–225, 226; settlement patterns, 226; Soviet, 384–387, 406
Johanson, Donald, 3
John Paul II, Pope, 444
Johnson, Albert, 282–284
Johnson, Hiram W., 358
Johnson, Lyndon B., 339, 340–341, 345, 373
Johnson, Randy, 450
Johnstown, Pennsylvania, 236–237
Jones, Benjamin Franklin, 229
Jones, Maldwyn A., 54, 103
Jones Act of 1917, 321
Jordan, Barbara, 432, 440
Jordan, David Starr, 254
Josselyn, John, 50
Jouges, Isaac, 80
Jufvrouw Johanna (ship), 75
Julia, Raul, 326
Kahn, Otto, 163
Kellogg, Mary L., 248
Kelly, Paul (Paolo Antonio Vaccarelli), 199, 200
Kennedy, Edward M., 347, 402, 403, 423
Kennedy, John F., 338–339, 373
Kennedy, Robert F., 319–320
Kensington Stone, 14
Kern, Jerome, 231
Kiareldeen, Hany Mahmoud, 436–437
Kidnapped persons, forced immigration of, 35–36
Kiernan, Rosie, 401
Kingston, Maxine Hong, 355
Kino, Eusebio Francesco, 190
Kirk, Dudley, 26–27
Kissinger, Heinz (Henry), 302
Kitano, Harry H.L., 352, 366
Kjellberg, Isador, 170
Kleindeutschland, 150
Knobel, Dale T., 110
Know-Nothing party, 269, 270, 274, 275
Koch, Ed, 312
Koerner, Gustave, 164
Kohl, Helmut, 446
Korea, occupation by Japan, 365, 366
Korean Americans, 351, 364–368
Korean War, 310
Koreatown (Los Angeles), 367
Kósciuszko, Tadeusz, 219
Kossuth, Lajos, 232
Krefelders, 70
Kristallnacht, 298, 300
Krome Avenue detention center, 429
Kruska, Wenceslaus, 221
Kupperman, Karen, 32–33
Ky, Air Vice Marshal, 369
Labor contractors, 196
La causa, 319
La Follette, Robert M., 172
La Guardia, Fiorello H., 195–196, 199, 273–274
Laguerre, Michel, 379
Landsmanschaftn, 228
Language maintenance, 159
L’Anse aux Meadows, 14
Laotians, 368, 369–370
Laqueur, Walter, 301
Lassen, Peter, 177
Latin Americans, immigration, 305–306, 307, 333–334; income, 413; See also Caribbeans; Central Americans; specific countries
Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 13
Laud, William, 43
Law, Negro slavery and, 106
Lazarus, Emma, 17, 271
League of Nations, 297
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), 313
Lebanese, 206
L’Echo du Canada (newspaper), 260
Le Havre, 149
Lehman, Herbert H., 297, 299
Lehman family, 155
Lemon, James, 76, 87
Letters from an American Farmer (Crèvecoeur), 101–102
Lewkowitz, Albert, 298–299
Leyburn, James, 78, 81
Liberia, 418
Liberty Weekend (1986), 407–408
“Likely to become a public charge” (LPC) clause, 274, 295, 296, 310, 340, 362
Lincoln, Abraham, 248
Lippman, Walter, 281
List, Friedrich, 73
Literacy test, 276–279, 310
Literature, contributions to, 162, 355
Little Haiti (Miami), 379
Little Havana (Miami), 374
Little Sicily (Chicago), 170
Lodge, Henry Cabot, 276
Logan, James, 80
Log cabin, 98
London, migration to, 34
Londos, Jim, 206
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 44, 91
Longtime Californ’ (Nee and Nee), 246
Los Angeles, immigrants in, 254, 315–317, 367
Louisiana, immigrants in, 90–92, 96
Louis XIV of France, King, 70, 93
Loyalists, 111
Lusiads, The (Camoëns), 4
Lutherans/Lutheranism, 152–153, 171–172, 174–175, 182
Lyon, Matthew, 36
McCarran, Patrick A., 329, 333
McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 329, 332–334, 335–336, 339, 341, 342, 358
McCarthy, Eugene, 319–320
McCarthy, Margaret, 130
McGee, Thomas D’Arcy, 132
Machine politics, 144–145
McIntyre, James Francis Cardinal, 320
McKinley, William, 279
McWilliams, Carey, 253, 316
Madero, Francisco, 309
Mafia syndrome, 198–199
Maggio, Antonio (James March), 199–200
Magyar immigrants. See Hungarians
Maine, anti-Catholicism in, 267–268
Makemie, Francis, 77–78
Mali, 57
Manhattan Project, 301
Manigault family, 94
Mann, Thomas, 162, 300
Mansfield, Lord, 106
March, James (Antonio Maggio), 199–200
Marcos, Imelda and Ferdinand, 356
Marcus, Jacob Rader, 156, 174
Mariel crisis (1980), 347–349, 374
Marimpetri, Anzuino D., 200
Marín, Francisco Gonzalo, 321
Marshall, F. Ray, 390
Marshall, John, 269
Marshall, Louis, 228
Martí, José, 373
Martinique, 5
Marty, Martin, 95
Marx, Karl, 148
Maryland, immigrants in, 41–43, 75
Mascagni, Pietro, 191
Masons, 267
Massachusetts, immigrants in, 44–46, 93–94, 105, 107, 267–268
Massachusetts Bay Company, 49
Matamoros, 12
Mather, Cotton, 43, 93
Mather, Richard, 49
Maxwell School of Government, summary of INS problems, 409
Mayflower, 44
Mazzei, Philip, 190
Mazzoli, Romano L., 392
Mazzoli-Simpson Bills, 391–392, 398, 423
Mazzuchelli, Samuele C., 192
Means, defined, 17
Mediterranean, immigrants from, 185–188; See also Arabs; Armenians; Greeks; Italian immigrants and Italian Americans
Meier, August, 55
Meissner, Doris, 421, 426
Meitner, Lise, 301
Melting Pot myth, 8, 17–18
Menard, Russell, 42
Mennonites, 70
Mestizos, 9–10
Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans, 326–327, 421; acculturation, 317–320; blacks and, 317; bracero program, 305–306, 310–311; community, 308, 313–320; deportation of, 429; discrimination against, 313–320; education, 317–318; emigration during Great Depression, 295; illegal aliens, 311–313; income, 318; language, 318–319; motives for migration, 309–311; naturalization rates, 317; occupations, 26, 309, 312–313, 318; population estimates on, 308–309; religion, 319–320; repatriation program for, 307, 310; settlement patterns, 96–97, 307–308, 309, 310, 314–317, 318; twentieth-century migration, 292–293, 294, 309–320
Mexican revolution (1909), 307, 309, 333
Mexican War (1846–47), 307–308
Mexico, 7, 309, 382, 419
Meyer, Michael A., 298
Meyer, Robert T., 161
Meyer v. Nebraska, 161
Miami, immigrants in, 374, 379
Michigan Bureau of Labor, 275
Migrants, characteristics of, 18–19
Migrant workers, Mexican, 312–313
Migration: immigration vs., 3; laws of, 16–22; myths, 8, 11, 17–18, 43, 52, 56–61, 79–81
Milieu-Frömmigkeit, 229
Miller, Kerby, 134, 135–136, 141
Miller, William, 339
Mill towns, New England, 259–261
Milne, Alexander, 84
Milwaukee, 162
Minnesota, Swedish immigrants in, 168–169
Mintz, Sidney, 53
Missionaries, 105
Missouri Synod, 153
Mittelberger, Gottlieb, 72–73
Moberg, Vilhelm, 167
Modell, John, 254
Modernization, 149
Moley, Raymond, 297
Molnár, Ferenc, 235
Molokans, 210
Moltmann, Günter, 72, 73–74
Mondale, Walter, 296
Monk, Maria, 268–269
Montezuma, 9
Moors, 12
Morais, Sabato, 192
Moravians, 70
Moreschi, James, 200
Morgan, Edmund S., 32, 36, 63
Morgenstern, Julian, 298
Morison, Samuel Eliot, 15, 46
Mormino, Gary, 373
Mormons/Mormonism, 177–178, 274
Morris, Gouvemeur, 112
Morrison, Bruce, 348–349
Mortality, immigration and, 32–33, 36, 50, 63, 64, 134–135
Morton, John (né Mortenson), 98
Morwaska, Eva, 214, 219, 236–237
Moscowitz, Belle, 232
Mother tongue data, 215–218
Motion picture industry, 204, 231
Mount Lebanon, 206
Moynihan, Daniel P., 17–18
Mozygemba, Leopold, 220
Muhlenberg, Henry M., 109
Mulder, William, 168
Munch, Peter, 173
Mundelein, George Williams, Cardinal, 153–154
Muñoz Marín, Luis, 321
Musa, Mansa, 57
Music, German American, 162–163
Muslims, 208–209
Myrdal, Gunnar, 317, 323
Myth of the Negro Past, The (Herskovits), 56
Myths, migration, 8, 11, 17–18, 43, 52, 56–61, 79–81
Naff, Alixa, 207, 208, 209
Naipaul, V. S., 334–335
Nash, Gary, 106, 110
Nassy, David, 99
Nast, Thomas, 144
National Association of Manufacturers, 280
National Catholic Welfare Council, 333
Nationalism: American, 115–118; English, 108
National Origins Act. See Immigration Act of 1924
National origins system, 280–284, 332–334, 338, 339, 341
National Research Council, 312
National Review, 439
Nation of Immigrants, A (Kennedy), 338
Native American Association, 269
Native Americans, 7–8, 10–11, 104–106, 114
Native Sons of the Golden State, 248–249
Nativism, 265–284; anti-all immigrants, 265, 275–284; anti-Asian, 245, 246–247, 265, 271–272, 278, 279; anti-Catholicism, 109, 265, 266–269, 275; economic grounds for, 275–276; “English only” movement of 1980s, 318, 398–399; in Era of Good Feeling, 266; Franklin and, 109; literacy test, 276–279, 310; modified, 333; in 1920s, 279–284, 399; in 1930s, 300; in 1980s, 388, 391, 397–407; Roosevelt (FDR) and, 296; white collar, 398; World War I and, 277–278
Naturalization, 113–115, 266, 269–271, 430–431
Naturalization Act: of 1795, 116; of 1870, 245–246
Natural-rights philosophy, 116
Navajo Indians, 8
Nazism, 296–302, 331
Nebraska, anti-German hysteria in, 160–161
Nee, Victor, and Brett de Barry, 246
Negro Family in the United States (Frazier), 60
Negro past, myth of, 56–61
Negro slavery, 9, 59–60, 63–64, 106–107
Neilsen, Neils Jensen, 180–181
Nelli, Humbert, 196
Nelson, Alan C., 433
Netherlands, 88
Neumann, John von, 235
New Brunswick Seminary, 90
New Canal, 137
New England, immigrants in: English, 43–52; French Canadians, 259–264; Great Migration of 1630s, 44–46; indentured servants, 48; Irish, opposition to, 52; motives for migration, 46–47; myths about, 43; Pilgrims, 43–44; population growth, 51–52, 103–104; return migration, 51; “second colonization,” 128–130; upward mobility, 46
Newfoundland, 41–42
New France (Canada), 10
New Jersey, English minority in, 103
New Mexico, immigrants in, 97, 308, 313–314, 372
New Netherland, 88, 89
New Orleans, 91
New vs. old immigrants, 121–122, 183–184
New World, 3, 5, 15, 59
New World immigrants. See Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans; Puerto Ricans
New York: immigrants in, 93–94, 372, 373, 374; reception centers in, 272–274
New York City, 89–90; anti-Catholicism in, 267–268; Arab immigrants in, 208; draft riots (1863), 136; Italian immigrants in, 195; naturalization process in Era of Good Feeling, 266; Puerto Ricans in, 320, 321, 324; slavery in, 106–107
New York Times, 440, 449
Nicaraguans, 381, 382–383, 405
Nicola, Louis, 191
Nineteenth Amendment, 281
Ninfo, Salvatore, 200
Nisei (second-generation Japanese), 255
Nixon, Richard, 338
Nizza, Marco da, 190
No Chinese Stranger (Wong), 355
Nonquota immigrants, 293–294
Norsemen (Vikings), 8, 14
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 420, 431
North Carolina, Scotch-Irish settlement in, 79
Norwegians, 164, 172–176, 188
Nova Scotia, 91
Nuns, anti-Catholicism and view of, 268–269
Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (Franklin), 109
Occupational patterns, 122; See also specific immigrant groups
Ocean Monarch (ship), 134
O’Connell, Daniel, 133
O’Faoláin, Sean, 133
Office of Management and Budget, 430
Ohio, immigrants in, 159, 267–268
Old South culture, Africans and, 30
Old vs. new immigrants, 121–122, 183–184
On, Sing, 247
Operation Paperclip, 331
Operation Pedro Pan, 442–443
Operation Wetback, 312
Ormandy, Eugene, 235
Orsi, Robert, 197
Orthodox churches, 201, 204–205
Ostdeutsche, 331
Ottoman Turks, 13
Outmarriage, immigrant, 263–264, 324–325, 353
Oxford English Dictionary, 443–444
Pacheco, Rornualdo, 199
Pacific Northwest, Asian Indians in, 360
Padrone system, 19, 196
Pagden, Anthony, 102
Paine, Thomas, 190
Palatines, 70–71
Panama, 380
Pantages, Alexander, 204
Paper sons, 246–247, 253
Parker, Eli Samuel, 114
Parnas, 99
Parochial schools, 222, 262, 263
Parole programs, presidential, 300, 345
Passenger Cases, 269
Passenger shipping industry, 185–187
Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 70
Patroonships, 89
Peddlers, Arab, 207–208
Peel, Robert, 134
Peerson, Cleng, 173
Pei, I. M., 355
Peninsulares, 9
Pennsylvania, 76–79, 87, 103, 109–110, 151, 159
Pennsylvania “Dutch,” 19, 70
Perestroika, 406
Perpetual Emigration Fund, 178
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 437
Peru, 347
Pfaelzer, Mariana R., 435
Phelan, James, and James D. (son), 138
Philadelphia, Irish immigrants in, 137–138
Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell, 30
Picasso, Pablo, 58
Picon, Molly, 231
Picture-bride marriage, 255
Pierce v. Society of the Sisters, 161
Pilgrims, 43–44
Plaine Pathway to Plantations, A (Eburne), 33
Plantation, 64
Plunkitt, George Washington, 145
Pluralism, cultural, 305
Plymouth, 44
Plymouth Rock myth, 17
Poland, changing statuses of, 215
Poles, 214–223, 292; motives for migration, 219; nationalism, 221–222; occupations, 220; politics, 223; religion, 220–222; return migration, 219–220; settlement patterns, 220; unions and, 222–223; volume of immigrants, 214–219
Polish National Alliance (PNA), 222
Polish National Catholic Church, 221
Polish Roman Catholic Union (PRCU), 222
Political dissenters, deportation of, 83
Political refugees. See Refugees
Politics, 144–145, 279; See also specific immigrant groups
Polo, Marco, 4
Polovchak, Walter, 442
Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico), 322
Population growth, immigration and nineteenth-century, 124–126
Population Reference Bureau, 397
Ports, emigrant (1907), 186
Portuguese explorers, 14–15
Potato famine, Irish, 126–127, 133–136
Powderly, Terrence V., 144
Powell, Colin, 55
Pozzetta, George, 373
Preference system, family, 341, 342, 343, 399–400, 401, 402
Prejudice. See Nativism; specific immigrant groups
Presbyterians, 82
Press, ethnic, 161–162, 171–172, 175, 230–231, 321, 402
Priestley, Joseph, 114
Priests, 192, 268
Prohibition, 151, 281
Proportion of Provisions Needful for Such as Intend to Plant Themselves in New England for One Whole Yeare, 48
Proposition 187, 433–436, 440, 441
Protestantism, 69, 85, 108; anti-Catholicism and, 109, 265, 266–269, 275
Puerto Rican Federal Relations law (1950), 321
Puerto Ricans, 22, 320–327
Puerto Rico, 320–323
Pulaski, Count Casimir, 218–219
Pull: defined, 17; migrants, 18
Purcell, John B., 194
Puritanism, 46–47
Puritan vs. Cavalier archetypes, 43
Push: defined, 17; migrants, 18
Puskás, Julianna, 233–234
Puzo, Mario, 199
Quakers, 70, 83, 110
Quebec, French-speaking population of, 258–264
Queen Anne’s War, 70
Quill, Michael J., 144
Quota systems: for Asians, 304, 328; Dillingham plan, 280–281; displaced persons and, 330, 331; Immigration Act of 1924, 69, 265, 282–284, 292–294, 328; McCarran-Walter Act as continuation of, 332; provisions for nonquota immigrants, 293–294
Race relations, 104–107, 113–114; See also Slavery
Racism, 4, 275–276, 283–284, 302–304; See also Nativism
Rack renting, 77
Radicalism, 148, 200–201, 236, 279
Radical Republicans, 271
“Rainbow coalition,” 317
Raleigh, Walter, 40
Ramgavars, 211
Rauber, professor, 179
Ravage, Marcus Eli, 102
Ravenstein, E. G., 16–22, 368, 380
Rayner, Isidor, 229
Reagan, Ronald, 80, 303, 380, 381, 386, 388, 390, 407, 424–425
Reagan administration, 348
Reconquista, 12
Redemptioners, 36–37, 72–75; See also Indentured immigrants
Red scare, 279
Reed, Rebecca T., 268
Refugee Act of 1980, 344, 345–347
Refugee Relief Act (1953), 336
Refugees, 417, 445; admitted from 1981–85, 346; ambiguity of policy toward, 347–349; camps, 71; Central American, 380–384; Cold War, 335–337; Cuban, 373–376; definitions of, 335, 346; Displaced Persons Act of 1948, 330–332; Haitians as economic, 379, 380; Hungarian, 232; Immigration Act of 1965 and, 337, 339, 345; Italian, 331; Japanese, 250; during 1930s and World War II, 296–302; persons admitted as (1945–80), 337; Southeast Asian, 345, 368–370
Register, 75
Reimers, David, 374, 422
Reiner, Fritz, 235
Religion, 59, 95, 116–117, 325; See also specific immigrant groups and religions
Religious dissenters, deportation of, 83
Remigration. See Emigration from United States
Reno, Janet, 429, 442, 443
Rensselaer, Stephen Van, 90
Republican party platform of 1864, 270
Restauration (sloop), 173
Restrictive immigration policy, 271–284
Return migration. See Emigration from United States
Revere, Paul, 94
Revolution, American, 80–81, 86, 104, 107–108, 111, 116–117, 218–219, 378, 407
Rhee, Syngman, 365–366
Rhodesia, 57
Richman, Julia, 232
Rise of David Levinsky, The (Cahan), 230
Rivkind, Perry, 349
Roanoke, Virginia, 32
Rogers-Wagner bill, 299
Rolfe, John, 40
Rolph, James, Jr., 254
Rølvaag, Ole E., 175–176
Roman Catholic Church in America, 138–140, 153–155; See also Catholicism
Romans, 12
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 145, 153, 282, 295, 303, 304, 321, 336, 345; refugees of 1930s and World War II under, 296, 297–302
Roosevelt, Theodore, 4–5, 248, 254–255, 257, 270, 366, 380
Roots (Haley), 55
Rosati, Giuseppe, 192
Rosenblatt, Angel, 7
Rosenwald, Julius, 158
Ros-Lehtinen, Ileana, 376
Rowan, Carl, 390
Rowse, A. L., 33
Royce, Josiah, 314
Rubin, Yevgeny, 385–386
Rudwick, Elliott, 55
Rural vs. urban immigrants, 121–122
Rush, Benjamin, 100
Russell, John, 134
Russia, emigration from (1901–1910), 188; immigration trends in, 477; See also Soviet Union
Russian Revolution, 211
Russian/Soviet Jews, 224–225, 226, 384–387, 406
Rust belt, 213
Rutgers College, 90
Ryan, John A., 154
Sacco, Nicola, 201
Sagres, 15
Saint Augustine settlement, 96
St. John, J. Hector. See Crèvecoeur, Michael-Guillaume-Jean de
Saint Louis, bilingualism in, 159–160
Saint Louis (ship), 300
Saint Raphael Society, 154
Salem witchcraft trials (1692), 107
Saloutos, Theodore, 20, 118, 202
Saltonstall, Richard, 33
Salyer, Lucy, 436
Sanctuary movement, 382, 383–384
Sandburg, Carl, 172
San Francisco, 242–243, 246; School Board Affair (1906), 256–257
Sängerfeste, 162–163
Sängvereine, 162
Saroyan, William, 210
Sauer, Christopher, 161
Saund, Dalip Singh, 362, 363
Sbarboro, Andrea, 193
Scandinavians, 164–166; See also Danish; Norwegians; Swedes
Scarface (film), 198
Schönberg, Arnold, 301
Schools, 159–161, 222, 262, 263
Schumer, Charles E., 396
Schurz, Carl, 148, 164
Schwartz, Maurice, 231
Schwenkfelders, 70
Scotch Irish, 52, 69, 77–82, 110
Scots in colonial America, 67–68, 82–85
Seaflower (ship), 78
Sea Islands, 60
Sea voyages, colonial, 49–51
Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy (1981), 345, 388, 389–391
Self-Realization Fellowship, 361
Seligman, Joseph, 156, 158
Sephardic Jews, 99
Serial (chain) migration, 19, 130, 141
Serra, Junipero, 96, 105
Servants, reluctance of native-born Americans to work as, 131–132
Settlement patterns, 66–69, 122; See also specific immigrant groups
Shaplen, Robert, 328
Shearith Israel (synagogue), 155
Shelley v. Kraemer, 211
Shenandoah Valley, German settlement in, 79
Sherman, John, 248
Shima, George, 253–254
Shtetls, 227
Sikhs, 360
Simon, Joseph, 229
Simpson, Alan K., 391, 402, 403
Simpson-Mazzoli bills, 391–392, 398
Singh, Jagjit, 328, 362
Six Companies, Chinese, 244–245
Six Months in a Convent (Reed), 268
Skårdal, Dorothy Burton, 176
Skouras, Spyros, 204
Slavery: African, 9, 59–60, 63–64, 106–107; capitalism and, 53–54; Constitution and, 112–113; cotton industry and, 54; Indian, 105–106; in Puerto Rico, 322–323
Slaves, African: Americanization of, 64–65; historical studies of, 54–55; illegal, 63, 113; lack of primary sources on, 55–56; material conditions, 64; mortality, 63, 64; myth of Negro past, 56–61; Old South culture and, 30; plantation, 64; rebellions of, 106–107; in Virginia, 63
Slave trade, African, 53–54, 56, 58, 61–65, 113
Sleepy Lagoon case, 315
Slovaks, 212
Smith, Abbot, 33
Smith, Adam, 31–32, 51
Smith, Alfred E., 145, 282, 399
Smith, John, 32–33, 56
Social mobility, upward, 36, 42, 46, 73, 78–79, 198–199; See also specific immigrant groups
Social reform and social work, Jewish influence on, 231–232
Society of Sons of St. George, 103
Socioeconomic status. See specific immigrant groups
Sojourners, 51
Solomon, Barbara Miller, 276
Solti, Georg, 235
Somalia, 418
Songhai, 57
Soto, Mario, 377
South, absence of Roman Catholic churches in, 95
South Africa, 407
South Americans, 307; educational achievements of, 412; income, 413
South Carolina, immigrants in, 66, 79, 94
Southeast Asian refugees, 345, 351, 368–370
Southwestern Louisiana, University of, 92
Soviet/Russian Jews, 224–225, 226, 384–387, 406
Soviet Scientists Act, 431
Soviet Union (former), 417, 418
Spain, tricultural civilization in, 12
Spanier, Arthur, 298–299
Spanish Americans, 313; See also Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans
Spanish-American War of 1898, 320, 372
Spanish colonial society, 9–10
Spanish immigrants, 24, 67–68, 88, 96–97
Standish, Miles, 44
State Department, 297–300, 331
Statue of Liberty, 17, 407–408
Steam-powered transportation, 185–186
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 13
Steinbeck, John, 194
Stevens, Durham W., 365
Stratton, William G., 330
Strauss, Levi, 155
Stream migration, 19–20, 123
Streets of Fire (film), 385
Stricken Land, The (Tugwell), 321
Strikes, 200
Students, foreign, 419–420
Sudan, 57
Suffrage, legal alien, 266
Sumner, Charles, 271
Sunset Boulevard, 20
Sun Yat-sen, 192
Survivals, African cultural, 60
Swamis, 361
Swansea settlement, 87
Sweden, emigration from (1901–1910), 188
Swedes, 164, 166–172; in colonial America, 66–67, 97–98; settlement patterns, 66–69, 122, 168–171
Swede Town, 169, 170
Swierenga, Robert P., 89
Synagogues, 155
Syndicalist/anarchist movement, 200–201
Syrians, 206
Szell, George, 235
Szilard, Leo, 235, 301
Tacitus, 12
Tacksmen, 83–84
Taft, William Howard, 277
Tammany Hall, 266
Tannenbaum, Frank, 61
Tanton, John, 398
Tashnags, 211
Tateos Cartozian case, 211
Taxes, head, 269, 272
Taylor, Albert Henry, 247
Taylor, George Washington, 247, 248
Taylor, Myron C., 300
Tejanos, 313; See also Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans
Teller, Edward, 235
Temporary immigrants. See Immigrants, nonimmigrant
Temporary Protected Status (TPS), 425, 426
Tennent, William, 82
Texas, Hispanics in, 96–97, 313, 372
Texas Rangers, 313
Thayer, Webster, 201
Theater, German American, 163
They Remember America (Saloutos), 20
Thistlewaite, Frank, 23–24, 26
Thomas, Theodore, 163
Thompson, Charles, 36, 79
Thompson, William “Big Bill,” 282
Three-fifths compromise, 112
Thucydides, 11
Thurmond, Strom, 347
Tiananmen Square (1989), 355, 405, 406
Tickets, prepaid, 186
Time magazine, 434
Tobacco industry, 42
Togoda Satsanaga Society, 361
Tongs, Chinese American, 245
Tourain, Levon, 211
Trade unionism, 144, 200, 222–223, 227, 275, 449–450
Transplanted, The (Bodnar), 214
Transportation, 21–22, 185–186
Traveling salesmen, 157–158
Trevelyan, Charles, 134
Triangle Shirt Waist fire of 1911, 227
Triangular trades, 54
Truman, Harry S., 322, 329–330, 332, 339, 343
Tubman, Harriet, 384
Tucker, Sophie, 231
Tugwell, Rexford Guy, 321
Turkish migration, 13, 23, 202
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 76, 213, 276
Turner, Lorenzo, 60
Twain, Mark, 408
Tweed, William Marcy, 144
Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), 358
Ulster, 77, 82; See also Scotch Irish
Underground Railroad, 384
“Unguarded Gates, The” (Aldrich), 275–276
Uniform national citizenship, 270–271
Unionism, 144, 200, 222–223, 227, 275
Union St. Jean-Baptiste D’Amérique (USJB), 263
United Farm Workers, 319
United Fruit Company, 380
United Kingdom, 419
United Nations, 322, 330, 382
United States Catholic Conference, 325
United States Immigration Commission, 388, 389
United States Navy, Filipinos in, 358–359
United States Supreme Court, 269, 272
Uprooted, The (Handlin), 214
Urbanization, 122
Urban vs. rural immigrants, 121–122
Ursuline Convent, burning of (1834), 267
US English, 398–399
Ushijima, Kinji. See Shima, George
US Inc, 398
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 91
Vaccarelli, Paolo Antonio (Paul Kelly), 199, 200
Vandals, 12
Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 201
Vecoli, Rudolph I., 196–197
Vedanta Society, 361
Venizélos, Eleuthérios, 205
Verrazano, Giovanni da, 189–190
Vespucci, Amerigo, 189
Veterans of Foreign Wars, 333
Vietnamese immigrants, 345, 351, 368–370, 417
Vietnam War, 344, 345, 368
Vigo, Giuseppe Maria Francesco, 191
Vikings (Norsemen), 8, 14
Villanueva, Zonia, 450
Vineland, New Jersey, 193
Vineland Map hoax, 14
Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 432–433
Virginia, colonial immigrants to, 32–36, 40–41, 63, 66
Visa abusers, 311
Visas for refugees in 1930s, 297–300
Vivekananda, Swami, 361
Vladeck, B. Charney, 230
VOLAGS (voluntary agencies), 330, 376, 392–393
Völkerwanderungen, 12
Volksblatt (newspaper), 162
Volksdeutsche, 331
Volume of migration, 18, 20–22, 122–124; See also specific immigrant groups
Voodoo, 59
Voting Rights Act of 1965, 338
Wade, Richard, 64
Wagner, Robert F., 145
Wahlgren, Erik, 14
Wald, Lillian, 232
Waldensians, 190
Walker, Francis Amasa, 28–29
Walker, Mack, 146
Walsh, Bryan, 443
Walsh, Louis S., 262
Walther, C. F. W., 153
Wang, An, 355
Wang, Ling-chi, 354–355
Ward, John William, 80
War of Spanish Succession, 70
War Refugee Board (WRB), 301
Warren, Avra M., 298
Washington, George, 37–38, 100, 111, 116
Washington Post, 437
Wattenberg, Ben J., 400
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 31–32
Welsh, 87
West Africa, 57, 58, 59
West Indies, immigrants from, 307
We Who Built America (Wittke), 213
Wheatley, Phillis, 56
White, Lynn, Jr., 4
White-black race relations, 106–107; See also Slavery
White-collar nativism, 398
White Hand Society, 199
Whitfield, James, 139
Whitman, Marcus and Narcissa, 105
Wiback, Stina, 169
Wigner, Eugene, 235
Williams, George Washington, 106–107
Williams, Roger, 51, 56
Wilson, Pete, 434
Wilson, Woodrow, 145, 222, 277, 278, 280
Winthrop, John, 4, 7, 45, 51, 56
Winthrop, John (son), 45
Wisconsin, Bennett Law (1890), 160
Wise, Stephen S., 228, 297
Wittke, Carl, 132, 151, 163, 213
Woman Warrior, The (Kingston), 355
Women: Asian Indian, 364; Chinese, 249, 304–305; citizenship of, 281; Puerto Rican households headed by, 323; working, 131–132, 143, 150–151, 236–237
Wong, Jade Snow, 355
Wood, William, 49
Woodham-Smith, Cecil, 126
Woodson, Carter G., 59
Wool Act of 1699, 77
Worcester, Massachusetts, 171
Workers and trainees, temporary, 420
World Bank, 378
World’s Parliament of Religions (1893), 361
World War I, 237, 277–278, 302, 310
World War II: Asian Americans and, 302–305; bracero program during, 305–306, 310; cultural pluralism and, 305; discrimination against Mexican Americans during, 315–317; Filipino image and, 358; labor shortages during, 310–311; refugees of, 296–302
Wright, Carroll D., 258
Wrigley, E. A., 34
Wu Ting-fang, 256
Yiddish, 223, 224
Yogananada, Swami, 361
Yugoslavia (former), 417, 418
Yulee, David Levy, 229
Yung Wing, 247–248
Zangwill, Israel, 17
Zayats, Alex, 386
Zerrahn, Carl, 163
Zimbabwe, 57
Zoot Suit riots, 316–317