CHAPTER ONE: NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
1. Winston S. Churchill, A History of the English-Speaking Peoples, vol. 3, The Age of Revolution (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 1957), 225.
2. Digby Smith, 1813 Leipzig: Napoleon and the Battle of the Nations (London: Greenhill Books, 2001), 189.
3. Andrew Uffindell, Napoleon’s Immortals: The Imperial Guard and Its Battles, 1804–1815 (London: Spellmount Publishers, 2007), 245.
4. Philip J. Haythornthwaite, Napoleon: The Final Verdict (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1996), 220.
5. Baron de Marbot, The Exploits of Baron de Marbot, ed. Christopher Summerville (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2000), 137.
6. Baron Louis François de Bausset-Roquefort, Private Memoirs of the Court of Napoleon (Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey, 1828), 67.
7. George Bourne, The History of Napoleon Bonaparte (Baltimore: Warner & Hanna, 1806), 376.
8. Duchess D’Abrantès, At the Court of Napoleon (Gloucester, UK: The Windrush Press, 1991), 117.
9. Napoleon, Correspondance Générale, vol. 4, Ruptures et fondation 1803–1804, ed. François Houdecek, letter no. 8731, March 12, 1804 (Paris: Éditions Fayard, 2007), 637–38.
10. General Count Philip [Philippe] de Ségur, History of the Expedition to Russia, vol. 1 (London: Thomas Tegg, 1840), 182.
11. Baron Ernst von Odeleben, A Circumstantial Narrative of the Campaign in Saxony in 1813 (London: John Murray, 1820), 182.
12. Ibid., 183.
13. Henry Houssaye, The Return of Napoleon (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1934), 7.
14. Bausset-Roquefort, Private Memoirs of the Court of Napoleon, 67.
15. Jean-Antoine Chaptal, Mes souvenirs de Napoléon (Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie, 1893), 337.
16. Lieut.-Gen. Count Mathieu Dumas, Memoirs of His Own Time, vol. 2 (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1839), 223.
17. Ibid., 107.
18. Richard Henry Horne, The History of Napoleon, vol. 1 (London: Robert Tyas, 1841), 153.
19. John H. Gill, With Eagles to Glory: Napoleon and His German Allies in the 1809 Campaign (London: Greenhill Books, 1992), 9.
20. David Chandler, The Military Maxims of Napoleon (New York: Macmillan, 1987), 203.
21. Haythornthwaite, Napoleon: The Final Verdict, 222.
22. Kevin Kiley, Once There Were Titans: Napoleon’s Generals and Their Battles (London: Greenhill Books, 2007), 19.
23. William Francklyn Paris, Napoleon’s Legion (London: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1927), 15.
24. Napoleon, Correspondance de Napoléon Ier, ed. Henri Plon, vol. 32 (Paris: Imprimerie Impériale, 1858), 68.
25. David Chandler, On the Napoleonic Wars: Collected Essays (London: Greenhill Books, 1994), 99.
26. Michael Hughes, Forging Napoleon’s Grande Armée (New York: New York University Press, 2012), 25.
27. Antoine-Henri, Baron de Jomini, Summary of the Art of War (New York: G. P. Putnam & Co., 1854), 73.
28. Ibid.
29. David Johnson, Napoleon’s Cavalry and Its Leaders (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1978), 22.
30. Chandler, On the Napoleonic Wars, 114.
31. Haythornthwaite, Napoleon: The Final Verdict, 224.
32. Léon de Lanzac de Laborie, Paris sous Napoleon, vol. 2 (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1905), 92.
33. Marquis de Noailles, ed., The Life and Memoirs of Count Molé, vol. 1 (London: Hutchinson, 1923), 163.
34. Fondation Napoleon, Correspondance Générale, vol. 9, Wagram, Février 1809—Février 1810, ed. Patrice Gueniffey, letter no. 20869 (Paris: Éditions Fayard, 2013), 510.
35. Nigel Nicolson, Napoleon: 1812 (New York: HarperCollins, 1985), 99.
CHAPTER TWO: HORATIO NELSON
1. Letter from Benjamin Disraeli to Queen Victoria, August 24, 1879, from William Flavelle Monypenny and George Earle Buckle, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, vol. 6 (New York: Macmillan, 1920), 435.
2. E. Hallam Moorhouse, “Nelson as Seen in His Letters,” Fortnightly Review, ed. W. L. Courtney, vol. 96, 1911, 718.
3. Horatio Nelson, “Sketch of His Life,” October 15, 1799, from Nicholas Harris Nicolas, ed., The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, vol. 1, 1777–1794 (London: Henry Colburn, 1844), 15.
4. John Sugden, Nelson: A Dream of Glory, 1758–1797 (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2004), 105.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid., 121.
7. Ibid., 217.
8. Robert Southey, The Life of Horatio, Lord Nelson (London: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1902), 131.
9. Terry Coleman, The Nelson Touch: The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 124.
10. Ibid., 147.
11. John Sugden, Nelson: The Sword of Albion (New York: Henry Holt and Co., 2013), 127.
12. Coleman, The Nelson Touch, 7.
13. Ibid., 18.
14. Tom Pocock, “Nelson, Not by Halves,” The Times (London), July 23, 1996.
15. Southey, The Life of Horatio, Lord Nelson, 327.
16. Letter from Nelson to Lady Hamilton, September 17, 1805, from The Living Age, vol. 12, 1847, 140.
17. Letter from Nelson to Lady Hamilton, April 28, 1804, from Thomas Joseph Pettigrew, Memoirs of the Life of Vice-Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, vol. 2 (London: T. & W. Boone, 1849), 390.
18. Letter from Nelson to Lord Barham, October 5, 1805, from James Stanier Clarke and John M’Arthur, The Life of Admiral Lord Nelson from His Manuscripts, vol. 2 (London: Bensley, 1809), 431.
19. Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, October 21, 1805, quoted in Nicholas Harris Nicolas, ed., The Dispatches and Letters of Vice Admiral Lord Viscount Nelson, vol. 7, August to October 1805 (London: Henry Colburn, 1846), 14.
20. Coleman, The Nelson Touch, 261.
21. Sugden, Nelson: The Sword of Albion, 827–28.
22. Ibid., 832.
CHAPTER THREE: WINSTON CHURCHILL
1. Private diary entry of King George VI, May 10, 1940, Royal Archives, Windsor Castle.
2. Walter Thompson, I Was Churchill’s Shadow (London: Christopher Johnson, 1951), 37.
3. Lord Moran, Winston Churchill: The Struggle for Survival (London: Constable & Co., 1966), 324.
4. Ibid.
5. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 1, The Gathering Storm (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948), 526–27.
6. A. G. Gardiner, Pillars of Society (London: J. M. Dent, 1913), 61.
7. Martin Gilbert, In Search of Churchill (New York: HarperCollins, 1994), 215.
8. Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries, ed. James W. Muller (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2012), 235.
9. David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 57. See also Neville to Ida, September 19, 1938, Neville Chamberlain Papers 18/11/1069, The National Archives: The Cabinet Office Papers.
10. Churchill, The Gathering Storm, vol. 1, 75.
11. Winston Churchill, The River War, vol. 1 (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1899), 37.
12. Anthony Montague Browne, Long Sunset: Memoirs of Winston Churchill’s Last Private Secretary (London: Cassell, 1995), 119.
13. Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay (New York: Viking Press, 1960), 183–84.
14. Winston S. Churchill, Winston Churchill: Thoughts and Adventures, ed. James W. Muller (Wilmington, DE: ISI Books, 2009), 9.
15. Winston Churchill, “A Second Choice,” in Churchill, Thoughts and Adventures, 10.
16. Letter from Winston to Clementine, in Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill, ed. Mary Soames (New York: Doubleday, 1999), 149.
17. John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1986), 432–33.
18. James Leasor, War at the Top (London: Michael Joseph, 1959), 148n1.
19. House of Commons Debate, June 15, 1944, Hansard, vol. 400, cc2293–2300.
CHAPTER FOUR: ADOLF HITLER
1. Adolf Hitler, Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941–44: His Private Conversations, ed. Hugh Trevor-Roper (New York: Enigma Books, 2007), 356.
2. Ibid., 443.
3. Ibid., 233.
4. Ibid., 682–83.
5. Ibid., 241.
6. Ibid., 245.
7. Ibid., 126.
8. Ibid., 252.
9. Ibid., 359.
10. Ibid., 360.
11. Ibid., 188.
12. Ibid., 397.
13. Ibid., 545.
14. Ibid., 236.
15. Ibid., 249.
16. Ibid., 250.
17. Ibid., 195.
18. Ibid., 194.
19. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), 289.
20. Laurence Rees, The Holocaust: A New History (New York: PublicAffairs, 2017), 59.
21. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 2008), 562.
22. Hitler, Hitler’s Table Talk, 241.
23. Kershaw, Hitler, 649.
24. Adolf Hitler, speech on Stalingrad, September 30, 1942, in Laurence Rees, Hitler’s Charisma: Leading Millions into the Abyss (New York: Pantheon Books, 2012), 268.
25. Hitler, Hitler’s Table Talk, 145.
26. Ibid., 79.
27. Ibid., 87.
28. Ibid., 332.
29. Hitler, speech before the Reichsleiters and Gauleiters, August 4, 1944, in Max Domarus, The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary, ed. Patrick Romane (Wauconda, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 2007), 791.
30. Hitler, Hitler’s Table Talk, 196.
31. Ferenc A. Vajda and Peter G. Dancey, German Aircraft Industry and Production: 1933–1945 (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1998), 101.
32. Adolf Hitler’s marriage license, April 29, 1945, William Russell Philip collection (Box 9, Item 7), Hoover Institution Library and Archives.
CHAPTER FIVE: JOSEPH STALIN
1. Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 511.
2. Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar (New York: Vintage Books, 2003), 219.
3. Joseph Stalin, “Morning,” quoted in Robert Service, Stalin: A Biography (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 38.
4. Stephen Kotkin, Stalin, vol. 1, Paradoxes of Power, 1878–1928 (New York: Penguin Books, 2014), 8–9.
5. Joseph Stalin, “Industrialisation and the Grain Problem,” July 9, 1928, quoted in Evan Mawdsley, The Stalin Years: The Soviet Union, 1929–1953 (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1998), 120.
6. Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 732.
7. Robert Gellately, Stalin’s Curse: Battling for Communism in War and Cold War (New York: Vintage Books, 2013), 7.
8. Joseph Stalin, “Report on the Work of the Central Committee to the Eighteenth Congress of the C.P.S.U. (B.),” March 10, 1939, in J. V. Stalin, Works, 1939–1940, vol. 14 (London: Red Star Press, 1978).
9. Service, Stalin, 410.
10. Ibid., 411.
11. Ibid., 421.
12. Ibid.
13. Lewis E. Lehrman, Churchill, Roosevelt & Company: Studies in Character and Statecraft (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2017), 6.
14. Amos Perlmutter, FDR & Stalin: A Not So Grand Alliance, 1943–1945 (Columbia: University of Missouri, 1993), 139.
15. Service, Stalin, 428.
16. Ibid., 454.
17. Albert Axell, Stalin’s War: Through the Eyes of His Commanders (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1997), 139.
18. Frank Roberts, quoted in foreword by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., in Susan Butler, ed., My Dear Mr. Stalin: The Complete Correspondence of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005), x.
19. Letter from Roosevelt to Churchill, March 18, 1942, in Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. 1 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 420–21.
20. Richard Overy, “A Curious Correspondence,” review of My Dear Mr. Stalin, ed. Susan Butler, Literary Review, May 2006, 20–21.
21. Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin, 280.
22. Letter from Roosevelt to Stalin, January 25, 1943, in Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin, 113.
23. Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, 43.
24. Antony Beevor, The Second World War (New York: Hachette, 2012), 689.
25. Kotkin, Stalin: Paradoxes of Power, 735.
26. Raymond Carr, “The Nature of the Beast,” review of Stalin by Robert Service in The Spectator, December 4, 2004.
CHAPTER SIX: GEORGE C. MARSHALL
1. Letter from Mrs. to Mr. Churchill, in Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine, ed. Mary Soames (New York: Doubleday, 1999), 546.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 548.
4. Roger Daniels, Franklin D. Roosevelt: The War Years, 1939–1945 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2016), 373.
5. Katherine Tupper Marshall, Together: Annals of an Army Wife (New York: Tupper & Love, Inc., 1946), 110.
6. Katherine Tupper Marshall, Together: Annals of an Army Wife (New York: Tupper and Love, 1946), 110.
7. Albert C. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Reports! (New York: Henry Holt, 1958), 132.
8. Ibid., 105.
9. Ibid., 132.
10. Ibid., 133.
11. Ibid., 134.
12. Franklin D. Roosevelt, memorandum to Marshall, July 16, 1942, quoted in Winston S. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2001), 399.
13. Lewis E. Lehrman, Churchill, Roosevelt & Company: Studies in Character and Statecraft (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2017), 70.
14. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries 1939–1945, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 680.
15. Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 7, Road to Victory, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986), 843.
16. Churchill, The Hinge of Fate, 344.
CHAPTER SEVEN: CHARLES DE GAULLE
1. Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944, vol. 1 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1990), 220.
2. Julian Jackson, De Gaulle (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2018), 48, 58.
3. Ibid., 132.
4. Jonathan Fenby, The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved (New York: Skyhorse Publishing, 2012), 495.
5. De Gaulle at the funeral of his youngest daughter, Anne, February 1948, quoted in Lacouture, De Gaulle, 142.
6. Jonathan Fenby, The History of Modern France: From the Revolution to the War with Terror (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015), 461.
7. De Gaulle’s radio broadcast, June 18, 1940, quoted in Lacouture, De Gaulle, 224–25.
8. Charles de Gaulle, The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1964), 92.
9. Arthur J. Marder, Operation Menace: The Dakar Expedition and the Dudley North Affair (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 143.
10. Jackson, De Gaulle, passim.
11. Robert and Isabelle Tombs, That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present (New York: Knopf, 2006), 569. See also Alain Larcan, De Gaulle inventaire: la culture, l’esprit, la foi (Paris: Bartillat, 2003), 490.
12. Winston Churchill, Great Contemporaries (London: Thornton Butterworth Limited, 1937), 137.
13. Richard M. Langworth, Churchill’s Wit (London: Ebury, 2009), 69.
14. Sir Edward Louis Spears, Fulfilment of a Mission (Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1977), 121.
15. François Kersaudy, Churchill and De Gaulle (London: Collins, 1981), 127.
16. William Craig, Enemy at the Gates: The Battle for Stalingrad (New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1973), xv.
17. Letter from Roosevelt to Churchill, June 17, 1943, in Warren F. Kimball, ed., Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, vol. 2 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 255.
18. Ibid.
19. Lewis E. Lehrman, Churchill, Roosevelt & Company: Studies in Character and Statecraft (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 2017), 201.
20. Julian Jackson, A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle (London: Allen Lane, 2018), 772.
21. John Keegan, The Second World War (London: Pimlico, 1997), 308.
22. De Gaulle’s speech after the liberation of Paris, August 25, 1944, quoted in Fenby, The General, 254.
23. Omar Bradley, “The German: After a Triumphant Sweep Across France,” Life, April 23, 1951, 89.
24. Charles de Gaulle, War Memoirs, vol. 1, trans. Jonathan Griffin (New York: Viking Press, 1955), 9.
25. Paul Johnson, “Sinister March of the Tall Fellow,” Standpoint, December 2015.
26. Arletty’s retort during her arrest, October 20, 1944, translated as “My heart is French, but my ass is international!”
CHAPTER EIGHT: DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
1. Bernard Montgomery of Alamein, The Memoirs of Field Marshal Montgomery (London: Collins, 1958), 484.
2. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries 1939–1945, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), 546.
3. Rick Atkinson, “Eisenhower Rising: The Ascent of an Uncommon Man,” Harmon Memorial Lecture, U.S. Air Force Academy, March 5, 2013, http://www.usafa.edu/app/uploads/Harmon55.pdf.
4. James Leasor, War at the Top (Cornwall, UK: House of Stratus, 2001), 298n20.
5. Rick Atkinson, The Guns at Last Light: The War in Western Europe, 1944–1945 (New York: Henry Holt, 2013), 11–12.
6. John Colville, The Fringes of Power: Downing Street Diaries, 1939–1955 (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1986), 674–75.
7. Jean Edward Smith, Eisenhower: In War and Peace (New York: Random House, 2012), 415.
8. Stephen E. Ambrose, Americans at War (New York: Berkley Books, 1997), 96.
9. Stephen E. Ambrose, The Supreme Commander (New York: Anchor Books, 2012), 229.
10. Atkinson, “Eisenhower Rising.”
11. Atkinson, The Guns at Last Light, 29.
12. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War, vol. 6, Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1953), 547.
13. Correlli Barnett, The Lords of War: From Lincoln to Churchill (London: The Praetorian Press, 2012), 223.
14. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), 126.
15. Letter from George Patton to wife, Beatrice, September 8, 1944, quoted in Martin Blumenson and Kevin M. Hymel, Patton: Legendary Commander (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2008), 68.
16. Ambrose, Americans at War, 136.
17. Atkinson, “Eisenhower Rising.”
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Ambrose, Eisenhower, 95.
21. Barnett, The Lords of War, 227.
22. David Irving, The War Between the Generals (New York: Congdon & Lattes, 1981), 94.
23. Barnett, The Lords of War, 229.
24. Telegraph from Churchill to Roosevelt, April 1, 1945, quoted in Roosevelt and Churchill: Their Secret Wartime Correspondence, ed. Francis L. Loewenheim, Harold D. Langley, and Manfred Jonas (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1975), 699.
25. Atkinson, “Eisenhower Rising.”
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid. See also “To General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower, May 7, 1945,” in The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 5 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003), 168–69.
CHAPTER NINE: MARGARET THATCHER
1. Sir Lawrence Freedman, The Official History of the Falklands Campaign, vol. 2 (London: Routledge, 2005), 132.
2. Jorge Luis Borges, quoted in Time, February 14, 1983.
3. Sean Penn, “The Malvinas/Falklands: Diplomacy Interrupted,” Guardian, February 23, 2012.
4. Max Hastings and Simon Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands (London: Pan Books, 2010), 16.
5. Thatcher Archive: COI transcript, Interview for Press Association, “10th Anniversary as Prime Minister,” May 3, 1989, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/107427.
6. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, 85.
7. Norman Longmate, Island Fortress: The Defence of Great Britain, 1603–1945 (London: Random House, 2001), 267.
8. Antony Beevor, Crete: The Battle and the Resistance (New York: Penguin Books, 1991), 217.
9. Hastings and Jenkins, The Battle for the Falklands, 85.
10. Ibid., 90.
11. Ibid., 91.
12. Ibid., 102.
13. Ibid., 164.
14. Ibid., 165.
15. Ibid., 187.
16. Carol Thatcher, Below the Parapet: The Biography of Denis Thatcher (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 188.
17. Ibid., 320.
18. Ibid., 364.
19. Thatcher to Sir Anthony Parsons, April 18, 1982, quoted in Charles Moore, Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, vol. 1 (New York: Knopf, 2013), 696–97.
20. House of Commons debate, June 14, 1982, Hansard, vol. 25, cc700–702.
21. House of Commons debate, June 17, 1982, Hansard, vol. 25, cc1080–84.
22. Thatcher Archive: CCOPR 486/82, “Speech to Conservative Rally at Cheltenham,” July 3, 1982, https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104989.
CONCLUSION: THE LEADERSHIP PARADIGM
1. Winston S. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 4, The Aftermath, 1918–1928 (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1929), 451.
2. Papers of Sir Edward Marsh, vol. 1, Churchill Archives Center, Churchill College, Cambridge.
3. Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (Archive Media Publishing, 1939), 19. See also David Dilks, Churchill and Company: Allies and Rivals in War and Peace (London: I. B. Tauris & Co., 2015), 267.
4. Cathal J. Nolan, The Allure of Battle (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017), passim.
5. Randolph Churchill, Winston S. Churchill, Companion Volume 1, Part 2: 1896–1900 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1967), 839.
6. James Gray Stuart, Within the Fringe: An Autobiography (London: Bodley Head, 1967), 96.
7. William I. Hitchcock, The Age of Eisenhower: America and the World in the 1950s (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019), xix.
8. Roosevelt’s campaign address in Boston, October 30, 1940, Master Speech File: Box 55, 1330A, https://fdrlibrary.org/.
9. Basil Liddell Hart, Thoughts on War (London: Faber & Faber, 1944), 222.
10. John A. Adams, The Battle for Western Europe (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010), 200.
11. Napoleon, Correspondance de Napoléon Ier, ed. Henri Plon, vol. 32 (Paris: Impeimerie Impériale, 1858), 68.
12. Richard Nixon, Leaders (New York: Warner Books, 1982), 4.
13. Sun Tzu, The Art of War, trans. Lionel Giles (independently published, 2017), 10.
14. Colin White, ed., Nelson: The New Letters (Martlesham, UK: The Boydell Press, 2005), 160–61.
15. Ibid., 46.
16. A. J. P. Taylor, Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman (New York: Vintage, 1967), 115.
17. Hastings Lionel Ismay, The Memoirs of Lord Ismay (New York: Viking Press, 1960), 139.
18. Ibid., 140.
19. Ibid., 142.
20. Winston S. Churchill, Great Contemporaries (London: The Reprint Society, 1941), 304.
21. Winston Churchill, “Haig . . . the Man They Trusted,” Daily Mail, October 3, 1935, Daily Mail Historical Archive.
22. Churchill’s sage advice to an American exchange student, in Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill: Never Despair, 1945–1965 (London: Heinemann, 1966), 835. See also the American’s recollections in James C. Humes, Churchill: Speaker of the Century (New York: Stein and Day, 1980), vii.
23. Terry Coleman, The Nelson Touch: The Life and Legend of Horatio Nelson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 7.