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A&P, 252–253, 425
Adams, Abigail, 59
Adams, Charles Francis, 157–158, 229
Adams, Henry, 180, 190–191
Adams, Henry Carter, 225
Adams, John, 30, 54, 76, 101
Adams, John Quincy, 54, 61, 92, 109, 113, 117
Adams Act (1906), 203
Addyston Pipe and Steel, 232
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 406, 420
advertising sector, 254
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), 289, 293, 346
Agricultural Marketing Act, 276, 346
agriculture
government support of, 203–204
Great Depression and, 276
railroads and, 178–179
Aiken, Howard, 407, 411
airmail program, 206
Alabama, 124, 176
A. L. A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 293–295, 361
Alaska Highway, 315
Alcoa, 312, 349
Aldrich, Nelson W., 222–223
Alexander, Catherine, 41
Allen, Hervey, 71
Allen, Horatio, 93
Allen, Paul, 417
Allis-Chalmers, 404
Allison, Saul, 396
Almy, William, 85
Altgeld, John Peter, 172
Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers, 172
American Appliance Company, 415
American Artillerists’ Companion (Tousard), 96
American Broadcasting Company (ABC), 207, 348
American Colonization Society, 57
American Construction Council, 258
American Economic Republic, The (Berle), 350
American Farm Bureau, 204
American Federation of Labor (AFL), 172, 298, 320–321
American Fur Trade Company, 72–73
American Housing Rescue and Foreclosure Prevention Act, 447
American Individualism (Hoover), 256
American Industry in the War (Baruch), 245
American International Group (AIG), 447
American Life, An (Reagan), 304
American Petroleum Institute, 334
American Railway Union, 173
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), 448
American republics, 5–12, 150, 336, 481. See also Next American Economy
American Research and Development (ARD), 418
American System, of Clay, 8, 16, 81, 104–108, 116–117, 140–141, 460
American system, of interchangeable manufacturing parts, 95–97
American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), 250–251, 347–348, 437
Bell Labs and, 192
breakup of, 382–383
Morgan and, 220
RCA and NBC and, 207
American Tobacco, 217, 232–233
Amerika (Kafka), 169
Ames, Fisher, 113
Ames, Oakes, 155
Anderson, Martin, 359
Anderson, Robert O., 387
Andrew, A. Piatt, 222
Anglo-Iranian Oil, 333
Anglo-Persian Oil Company, 335
Anthony Adverse (Allen), 71
antitrust activism
conglomerates and, 365–366
mergers and, 213–233
progressivism and, 230–233
after World War II, 349
Antoine de St. Maxent, Gilbert, 319
A. O. Higgins Lumber and Export Company, 319
Apple Computer, Inc., 417
applied chemistry, nineteenth century innovation and, 202–203
Arab-American Oil Company, 335
Armour, Philip, 160
Arnold, H. H. “Hap,” 404
Arnold, Thurman, 299–300, 313–314
Arnold and Porter, 314
ARPANET, 413, 420
Articles of Confederation, 29–30
Ashley, William H., 74
Asian financial crisis, 429, 455
asset bubbles
from 1980–2008, 16, 47, 273, 388–390, 455–456, 467, 470
in canals and railroads, 119, 216
debt-driven, 12
in Japan, 429
in stocks, in 1929, 269
in tech stocks, in 2001, 12, 441
associationalism, of Hoover, 257–259, 289, 361
Astor, George, 68
Astor, Henry, 68
Astor, John Jacob, 49, 68–75
Astor, Vincent, 75
Astoria: Or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains (Irving), 69
“As We May Think” (V. Bush), 398–399, 419–421
Atanasoff, John V., 408
Atlanta Constitution, 180
Atlantic, 398, 399
Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 156
atomic bomb, 396–397, 402–404
Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 339
Augusta Powder Works, 134
Australia, 146, 432
banking system in, 166–167
economic growth of, 371
immigration and, 479–480
wages in, 290
World War I, 240
Austria, 270, 371
automobiles
demographic changes post–World War II and, 342
development of early, 200, 246–249
aviation industry
deregulation of, 382, 383
government support of, 204–206, 257
World War II, 318
Babbage, Charles, 401, 411
Backhouse, William, 68
Baekeland, Leo, 203
Bahrain, 335
Bakelite, 203
Baker, Dean, 448
Baker, George F., 232
Baker, James, 388–389
balanced budget. See deficit spending
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 92–93
Bankers’ Trust, 219
Bankhead-Jones Act (1935), 204
Banking Act (1935), 355
banking system. See also financial system
creation of national, 141–142
deregulation of, 385–386, 468–469
financial panics and, 165–166
fragmented nature of early, 166–167
megabanks in early twenty-first century, 434–435
public-investment banks proposed, 467–469
as public utility, 354–355
savings and loans and, 355, 363, 385
securitization and, 444–446
unit banks and, 116–167, 218–221, 229, 231, 254, 286
Bank of America, 254, 434, 447
Bank of England, 33
Bank of International Settlements (BIS), 264
Bank of New York, 41–42
Bank of North America, 27, 28, 29
Bank of Stephen Girard, 68, 70
Bank of the United States (first), 31, 36, 41, 70
Bank of the United States (second), 8–9, 47, 71
Clay and, 81, 108
Jackson and, 110, 111–117
Barkley, Alben, 302
Barnard, George, 157–158
Bartlett, Bruce, 391
Baruch, Bernard M., 241–242, 245, 312
Baruch, Hartwig, 242
Batchelor, Charles, 193
Bayer AG, 203
Bear Stearns, 434, 446, 447
Beatrice Foods, 366
Bechtel Corporation, 317
Beckwourth, Jim, 74
Belgium, 281–282
Bell, Alexander Graham, 204
Bell, Daniel W., 369
Bellamy, Edward, 179
Bell Labs, 192, 408, 414, 436–437
Belmont, August, 227
benefits. See employer-based benefits; social contract
Bennett, Harry, 261
Benton, Thomas Hart, 73, 116
Benton, William, 352
Benz, Karl, 191, 199
Berge, Wendell, 300
Berle, Adolf, 184, 213–214, 299, 302, 348, 350
Berlin, Irving, 325–326
Bernanke, Ben, 447
Bernays, Edward, 254
Berners-Lee, Tim, 419
Bessemer, Henry, 202
Bessemer steel process, 163, 202
bicycles, 200
Biddle, Nicholas, 71, 111–112, 114, 116, 117
Biddle, Thomas, 117
bimetallism, 37, 149, 183
birth control, 356
Bismarck, Otto von, 223, 237
Bituminous Coal Conservation Act, 346
Black, Hugo, 288
black codes, in South, 175–176
blacks, migration of, 260
Blackwood’s Magazine, 123
Blanc, Honoré, 96
Blanchard, Thomas, 96–97
Blankfein, Lloyd, 435
Blinder, Alan, 448
Blue Eagle. See National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)
Boehm, Ludwig, 193
Bohr, Neils, 401
Bomford, George, 96
Bonaparte, Joseph, 67
Bonaventura, Rose, 322
Bond, Phineas, 40
Bonneville Dam, 312, 318, 338–339
“Bonus Army,” 283
Bosch, Carl, 202
Boston Manufacturing Company, 86
Boston Tea Party, 21–22
Boulton, Matthew, 79
Bracero Program, 324, 358
Brandeis, Louis, 182, 299
New Freedom and, 10
NIRA and, 293–294
Progressivism and, 228–229, 232, 286
Brave New World (Huxley), 261
Brazil, 432, 459
Breadwinners, The (Hay), 180
Bretton Woods, 368–369, 457. See also gold standard
Bretton Woods II, 429–431
Bridger, Jim, 74
Briggs, Lyman, 403
Brin, Sergei, 420
Britain
atomic bomb and, 403
Civil War and, 132–134
free trade and, 145–146
immigration policies in, 479–480
initial manufacturing superiority, 83–85, 99–104
jet engines and, 405
manufacturing capacity, after World War I, 263
mercantilist policies and, 100
nineteenth century social reforms, 224
nineteenth century US economic rivalry with, 206
railroads and, 154
telegraph and, 159
World War I and, 240, 264
Broadus, James, 209
Brougham, Henry, 101
Brown, E. Carey, 305
Brown, George and Herman, 285
Brown, Moses, 85
Brown, Walter Folger, 206
Brown and Root, 285, 316
Brush, Charles F., 194
Brush Electric Company, 194
Bryan, William Jennings
gold standard and, 149
political economy of, 180–182
as presidential nominee, 166, 222
T. Roosevelt on, 228
Bryce, James, 411
Buchanan, James, 149, 155
“Buckeye Bimetallism,” 149
Buckingham, J. S., 125
Budd, Alan, 386
Buffett, Warren, 443
buna rubber, 312–313
Burke, Edmund, 23–24
Burnham, James, 350, 351
Burr, Aaron, 42
Bush, George, H. W., 418
Bush, George W., 363, 448, 450, 457
Bush, Vannevar, 255, 397–398, 415, 416, 419, 462
biography, 400–402
information technology and, 399–400
jet engine and, 404–405
nuclear power and, 396–397
space program and, 406
Business Advisory Council (BAC), 301
Caesar’s Column (Donnelly), 179
Cain, Louis P., 361
Calhoun, John C., 43, 108, 110
California, 318
California Rural Legal Assistance program (CRL), 358
Camden and Amboy Railroad, 91–92
Cameron, William J., 248
Campbell, George W., 71
Canada
banking system in, 166–167
economic growth of, 371
immigration and, 479–480
import substitution and, 146
World War I, 240
capitalism
developmental capitalism, 12–13, 15–17, 182, 224, 460
finance capitalism’s transition to managerial capitalism, 349–351
financial-market capitalism, 364, 436–440
welfare capitalism, 86, 260–261, 441
capital of United States, compromises about location of, 34
Cardozo, Benjamin, 229, 299
Carey, Henry C., 104–105, 144–145, 147, 148–149
Carey, Mathew, 104
Carnegie, Andrew, 13, 162–163, 173, 220, 227
Carnegie Steel, 220
Carroll, Charles, 92
Carson, Kit, 74
cartels, 215–216, 258–259. See also mergers
Edison and, 251
government-sponsored, 346–347, 361–362
oil industry, 161, 333–335
railroad, 154, 161
telegraph industry, 161
before World War I, 16
in World War II, 309
Carter, Jimmy, 11, 368, 457
dismantling of New Deal regulations, 362, 375, 380–381, 383, 390–391
catalytic cracking, 315
Catchings, Waddill, 273
CBS, 348
Cellar-Kefauver Act (1950), 349, 365
Central Pacific Railroad, 146, 151–153, 156
Central Valley Water Project, 338
Chamberlain, John, 352
Chandler, Alfred D. Jr., 221
Chaplin, Charlie, 261
Chapters of Erie (Adams), 157–158
Charles River Bridge case, 216
Chase, Salmon P., 138, 141, 165
Chase, Stuart, 277
Chavez, Cesar, 358
Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 55–56, 59, 92–93
Cheves, Langdon, 71, 112
Chevron, 335
Chicago Rapid Transit Company (CRT), 250
Chicago School, 378
child and child-care tax credits, 442
Chile, 432
China
early trade with, 63–67, 68
economic growth of, 458–459
England and, 100
globalization and current-account deficits, 423, 428–433, 457–458
support of low-end industries, 86
Walmart and, 426
Choate, Rufus, 201
Christy, David, 126
Chrysler, 353–354, 448
Chungju Fertilizer Company, 374
Churchill, Winston, 288, 290
Cisternay du Fay, Charles-François, 190
Citibank, 434
Citigroup, 386, 437
Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), 346–347, 383
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 304
Civil Rights Act (1964), 357
civil rights era, 357–358
Civil War
CSA’s constitution and, 130–131
CSA’s reliance on agriculture and shunning of manufacturing, 8, 130–131, 132–134, 464
financing of, 134, 137–139, 145
gold-backed currency and repayment of debts of, 148–149
human costs of, 139
income tax and, 231
origins of, 81–82, 93, 127–128, 129–130
South’s shrunken wealth after, 174–175
technological innovation during, 135–137
telegraph and, 159
Clark, John Bates, 213, 215
Clark, Tom, 300
Clarke, Chapman and Co., 198
Clay, Henry, 47, 57
American System of, 8, 16, 81, 104–108, 116–117, 140–141, 460
Compromise Bill of 1832 and, 109
Compromise of 1850 and, 127
Jackson and, 109, 111, 114, 115
tariffs and, 144
Clay, John, 140–141
Clayton Act (1914), 173, 230, 365
Clemens, Samuel Langhorne (Mark Twain), 210, 233
Clermont (manor house), 61
Clermont (steamboat), 88
Cleveland, Grover, 168, 173, 180, 221–222
Clinton, DeWitt, 53–55, 88
Club of Rome, 379
coal
coal gas used as fuel, 199
electricity generation and, 199, 339
mining of, 94–95
railroads and, 92–93
Cobden, Robert, 100–101
Cockcroft, John, 403
Code Savary, 32
Coffin, Howard E., 241
Cohen, Benjamin, 285
Coin’s Financial School (Harvey), 179
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 32
Cold War, free trade concessions during, 331–332, 368–376, 456–457
Collins, Thomas, 89–90
Colt, John, 3
Colt, Peter, 2
Colt, Samuel, 3, 97, 98
Commerce Clause, in US Constitution, 88
Committee for Economic Development (CED), 352
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), 435
Commons, John R., 227
Commonwealth Edison Company, 249
Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat), 406
Competitive Equality Banking Act (1987), 386
Compromise of 1850, 127–128
Compromise of 1877, 174
Compton, Arthur, 404
computers, evolution of, 11, 407–409
Computer Tabulating Recording Corporation (CTR), 410
Conant, James, 396
Confederate States of America (CSA)
constitution’s weaknesses, 130–131
reliance on agriculture and shunning of manufacturing, 8, 130–131, 132–134, 464
conglomerates, 365–366, 436
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), 298, 321
Connally, John, 376
Connally, Tom, 334
Connally Hot Oil Act, 334
Constitution, of United States
Commerce Clause, 88
preamble contrasted to CSA’s, 131
Sixteenth Amendment, 138, 231
Washington and Constitutional Convention, 30
consumer credit, growth after World War I, 254
container ships, 424–425
Cooke, Henry, 138
Cooke, Jay, 138–139, 193
Coolidge, Calvin, 255, 266
Cooper, Peter, 93
Cooper, Richard, 271
Cooper, Thomas, 112–113
Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export, 331
Corcoran, Tommy “the Cork,” 285, 293, 299
Corn Laws, in Britain, 100
Coronet magazine, 400
corporations. See also employer-based benefits
federal incorporation laws, 227–228
mergers in late nineteenth century, 213–233
Corresca, Rocco, 169
Corwin, Abel, 158
cotton, 7–8, 122–123
CSA’s reliance on, 132–134
cotton gin, 123
Cotton Is King; or, Slavery in the Light of Political Economy (Christy), 126
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, 190
Countrywide Financial, 434, 447
Cox, Christopher, 447
Cox, Father James, 283
Coxe, Tench, 38, 39, 41, 43
creative destruction, 224
Creditanstalt, 270
Credit Mobilier, 143, 155–156
Croly, Herbert, 225
Crooks, Ramsay, 73
crop-lien system, in post–Civil War South, 175–176
CSS Virginia, 137
Cunard, Samuel, 90
currency issues. See also trade
bimetallism, 37, 149, 183
late twentieth century manipulation of, 429–431
Legal Tender Act and creation of national, 141–142
Next American economy and dollar’s status as reserve currency, 459
Reconstruction and return to gold standard, 148–149
current-account deficits
in 1970s, 376
in 1980s, 388–390
China and, 423, 428–433
Japan and, 371–373
maldistribution of income in early twentieth century and, 262–266
Currie, Lauchlin, 302–303
curtain-wall construction, of buildings, 209–210
Curtiss-Wright Corporation, 4
Czech Republic, 37
Czolgosz, Leon, 183
Daimler, Gottlieb, 191, 199
Dallas, Alexander, 71
dams, 275, 276, 304, 312, 318, 338–339
Daugherty, Harry, 258
Davis, Norman, 266
Davison, Henry, 222–223
Dawes, Charles G., 264
Dawes Plan, 264–266
Debow, James B. D., 133
Debs, Eugene, 166, 173
debt peonage, 175–176
Deep Blue computer, 409–410
Deere, John, 87
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), 420, 466
Defense Plant Corporation, 308, 311–312, 348
defense spending
under Carter and Reagan, 391
national security and, 463–464
deficit spending
Great Recession and irrational fears about deficits, 454–456
national debt in World War II, 325
recession of 1928–1933 and New Deal relief programs, 285–300
recession of 1937–1938, 300–303
deflation, Great Depression and, 278–279
DeGolyer, Everette, 335
deindustrialization, of US, 433
Delano, Frederic, 341
Delano, Warren II, 65
Delaware, 216–217
DeLong, Bradford, 221
demographic changes, post–World War II, 341–345, 356–362, 451–452
Dempsey, Paul Stephen, 383–384
Deng Xiaoping, 431
deposit insurance, 286
Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act, 385–386
Derby, Elias Hasket, 63–64
deregulation. See New Deal, dismantling of
Desert Land Act (1877), 177–178
developmental capitalism, of Hamilton, 12–13, 460. See also New Nationalism
Bryan and, 182
List and, 224
producerism contrasted, 15–17
Dickinson, John, 288
Dickson, William Kennedy Laurie, 251
Dictionnaire universel de commerce (Savary), 32
Diesel, Rudolf, 199
Diesel engines, 199–200
Digges, Thomas, 39
Digital Library Initiative (DLI), 420
Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, 449
Dodge, John and Horace, 247
dollar. See also currency issues
origin of term, 37
reserve currency status and, 459
Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, 435
Donnelly, Ignatius, 179
Doriot, George, 418
Douglas, Lewis, 288
Douglas, Stephen A., 129–130, 143
Douglas, William O., 302
Dow Chemical, 374
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 196, 269–270
Doyle, Geraldine Hoff, 321
Drake, Edwin, 77, 161, 200
Dred Scott v. Sanford, 130
Drew, Daniel, 157–158
Drucker, Peter, 367, 440
Duane, James, 31
Duane, William, 115
Dubinsky, David, 298
Duer, William, 41–42
Dunlop, J. B., 200
Dunne, Finley Peter, 226–227
DuPont, 192, 217, 313, 349
Durand, W. F., 404
earned-income tax credit (EITC), 474, 475
Easley, Ralph Montgomery, 227
Eastman Kodak, 192, 217, 251, 416
Eccles, Marriner, 274, 285, 301, 302
Eckert, J. Presper, 408, 413
Eckert, Wallace J., 411
Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, 413
Eckes, Alfred E., 369
E. C. Knight, 232
Economic Basis of Protection, The (Patten), 147
Economic Opportunity Act (1964), 359
Economic Revitalization Board, 380
Economics (Samuelson), 357
Eddy, Arthur Jerome, 258
Edgar Thomson Steel Company, 162
Edison, Thomas, 3, 9, 202, 397–398
AC/DC issue, 196–197
electric motors, 9, 198
Ford and, 246–247
Insull and, 249
lightbulbs, 194–195
movie trust and, 251–252
research and development, 192–194
Edison Electric Illuminating Company, 195–197
Edison General Electric, 249
Edison Manufacturing Company, 251
education
in early age of steam, 97–98
land-grant colleges, 149–150, 192, 203–204
Next American Republic and proposals for higher-education, 476–477
Edwards, Corwin, 300
Einstein, Albert, 403
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 10, 182, 319, 336, 340, 351, 360, 370
Eizenstat, Stuart E., 387
Electric Home and Farm Authority, 338
electricity
AC/DC issue, 195–197
automobile industry and, 247–248
deregulation of industry, 383
discovery of, 189–194
electric motors, 9, 197–198
growth and regulation of sector, after World War II, 336–339
household appliances, 344–345
industry productivity increases, 262
lighting, 194–195
private utility industry, 249–250
trolley systems, 209
electric numerical integrator and calculator (ENIAC), 408
Electrocuting an Elephant (film), 197
elevators, 209–210
Elizabeth, New Jersey, 452
Ellis Island, 168–169
Ely, Richard T., 214
Emergency Banking Act, 286
Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, 447–448
Emergency Relief and Construction Act, 281
Emergency Revenue Act (1916), 241
Emergency Tariff Act (1921), 265–266
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 105
employer-based benefits
dismantling of system of, 364
health insurance, in World War II, 326
in Next American Economy, 475–476
retirement plan changes in twenty-first century, 437–442
Empress of China, 63
Engelbart, Douglass, 419
England. See Britain
England’s Treasure by Foreign Trade (Mun), 22
Enron, 384
environmental movement, emergence of, 379
Equitable Insurance Building, 209
Erie Canal, 7, 53–57
Erie Railway Company, 157–158
Essex, 76
European Coal and Steel Community, 332
European Economic Community, 332, 371
European Space Agency, 406
Evans, Matthew, 194
Evans, Oliver, 90–91
Evans, Redd, 321–322
excise taxes
Civil War debts and, 137–138
Great Depression and, 305
on whiskey, 35
Export-Import Bank, 355
ExxonMobil, 162
Fairbank, John K., 65
Fairchild Semiconductor, 414, 416
Fairfield, George A., 97
Fair Housing Act (1968), 357
Fair Labor Standards Act (1938), 295, 343
Fannie Mae, 355, 430, 444, 446, 447
Faraday, Michael, 190, 191, 197–198
Farm Bureau, 347
Farm Credit System, 355, 467
Farmer, Moses, 194
Farnsworth Television and Radio Company, 207–208
Farwell, Charles and John, 177
Fascism, 288–289
Federal Aid Road Act (1916), 111, 340
Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 347
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), 286
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), 287
Federal Farm Board (FFB), 276
Federal Farm Loan Bank System, 277
Federal Home Loan Bank Act (1932), 277, 355
Federal Home Loan Bank System, 277, 355, 467
Federal Housing Administration (FHA), 355, 361
Federalist Papers, 30, 38
Federal Land-Grant Act, 143
Federal Maritime Commission, 347
Federal Power Act (1935), 337
Federal Power Commission (FPC), 337, 347
Federal Reserve System, 116, 142
establishment of, 222–223
Great Depression and, 280
stock market crash and discount rate, 269
Federal Trade Commission, 230
Fermi, Enrico, 401, 404
Ferrucci, David, 409
Fidelity, 437–438
Filene, Edward, 273
Fillmore, Millard, 143
finance capitalism, transition to managerial capitalism, 349–351
financial crisis, of 2007, 434–435, 444–450. See also Great Recession
Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act (1989), 386
financial-market capitalism, 364, 436–440
financial system. See also banking system
deregulation of, 385–386
policy proposals for Next American Economy, 467–469
Finland, 371, 372
Firestone, Harvey, 201–202
Firestone tires, 201–202
First American Republic, 5–8, 481
First Industrial Revolution (steam power), 6–8, 81–82, 191, 208, 453–454
American System of H. Clay, 8, 16, 81, 104–108, 116–117, 140–141, 460
American system of manufacturing, 95–97
Civil War and Reconstruction, 129–150
education and technology, 97–98
electric motors and, 198–199
English superiority at start of, 83–85, 99–104
Jackson’s rejection of federal authority, 108–117
railroads and, 90–95, 151–185
regional societal differences and, 119–128
shipping and passenger ship travel, 87–90
Southern opposition to government-sponsored industrial capitalism, 102–104
state infrastructure building, 117–119
textile manufacturing and, 86–87
First National Bank, 219, 231, 232
Fisher, Richard, 440
Fisk, James, 157–158
Fitch, John, 7, 87
Flagler, Henry, 161
Fleming, Alexander, 315
Food Administration, 244–245
Ford, Gerald, 10, 381
Ford, Henry, 202, 246–248, 261, 299, 318, 474
Ford, William Clay Jr., 437
Fordism, 260–262, 361
for service sector, 472–475
Walmart and anti-Fordism, 425–426
Ford Motor Company, 247–249, 311, 353–354, 424, 437, 441
Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922), 265–266
foreign direct investment, 265, 377
Foreign Trade Zone 49, 452–453
Forgotten Man, The (Shlaes), 294
Fort Peck Dam, 338
Foster, William Trufant, 273
France
America War of Independence and, 26
automobile development and, 192
aviation in, 205
Civil War and, 132
economic growth of, 372
manufacturing capacity, after World War I, 263
minimum wage and, 295–296
railroads and, 154
World War I and, 240, 264
Frank, Barney, 447
Frank, Jerome, 285, 288
Frankfurter, Felix, 229, 299
Franklin, Benjamin, 189–190, 191
Franklin, William, 189
Franklin Institute, 95
Freddie Mac, 430, 444, 446, 447
Freeman, S. David, 384–385
free market competition. See producerism, of Jefferson
Free to Choose (Friedman and Friedman), 378
free trade
Cold War concessions to allies, 331–332, 368–376, 456–457
protectionism versus, 146–147
Frémont, John C., 74, 128
Freud, Sigmund, 254
Frezza, Bill, 156
Friant Dam, 338
Frick, Henry Clay, 173
Friedman, Milton, 272, 279, 378
Friedman, Rose, 378
Frigorifique (ship), 203
Fuel Administration, 243
fugitive-slave law, 120–121
Fuller, Ida May, 296
Fuller, R. Buckminster, 344
Fulton, Robert, 87–89, 92, 191
fur trade, 72–75
Galbraith, John Kenneth, 302, 304, 329, 348, 350, 352, 378, 441
Gale, Leonard, 94
Gallatin, Albert, 43–44, 46, 53, 55, 69–70, 71, 114
Garfield, Dr. Sidney, 318
Garner, John Nance, 284, 334
Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act (1982), 386
Gary, Elbert, 233
Gates, Bill, 417
General Aniline, 313
General Dyestuffs, 313
General Electric, 259, 416
broadcasting and, 207
creation of, 196, 197, 217, 220
employee benefits, 260
financial-market capitalism, 436–437
jet engines, 404, 427
research and development, 192
General Motors, 426, 437
creation of, 249
employee benefits and, 441
twenty-first century bailout of, 448
unions and, 298, 351–354
General Motors Acceptance Corporation, 218
General Services Administration, 348
General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, The (Keynes), 12
George, Henry, 179, 223
Georgia, 134
Germany
aviation in, 204
banking system, 218
Cold War and mercantilist policies, 371, 372, 457
globalization, 428
Great Recession, 455
import-substitution policy, 146
jet engines, 404–405
manufacturing capacity, after World War I, 263
Next American economy and, 459
research universities in, 202
social reforms in nineteenth century, 223–224
World War I, 235–236, 264–266, 270
World War II, 236–239, 310, 314, 331–332, 397
Gesner, Abraham, 77
Giannini, A. P., 254, 285, 434
Gibbons v. Ogden, 88, 90
Gilleran, James, 363
Gilman, George F., 252
Girard, Stephen, 49, 65–68, 70–72
Girard College, 66
Glass-Steagall Act, 280, 286, 349, 354, 355, 385–386
repeal of, 435
Glidden, J. F., 177
globalization, early twenty-first century current account deficits and, 423–434
Goethals, George Washington, 238
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 473
Goldman, Eric, 245–246
Goldman Sachs, 435
gold standard
agriculture and, 179
Civil War and debt repayment issues, 148–149
Fisk, Gould, and manipulation of, 158
Hoover and Great Depression mistakes, 280
McKinley and, 183
Nixon and suspension of dollar’s convertibility, 376
Reconstruction and return to, 148–149
Roosevelt and Great Depression, 272, 285
Goldwater, Barry, 182
Gompers, Samuel, 171, 172, 225, 227
Goodrich, Benjamin Franklin, 202
Goodyear, Charles, 201
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, 201–202
Google, Inc., 420–421
Gore, Al, 271
Gorgas, Josiah, 134
Gould, Jay, 157–158
government
Foreign Trade Zone 49 and private cooperation, 452–453
support of innovation, 203–208
support of manufacturing, 465
Government Accounting Office (GAO), 383
Government National Mortgage Association (Ginnie Mae), 444, 467
Grady, Henry, 175
Grain Stabilization Corporation, 276
Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, 382
Grand Coulee Dam, 275–276, 304, 312, 318, 338–339
Grange, 179
Grant, Ulysses S., 135, 145, 158, 165
Great Compression, of incomes, 440–441
Great Depression. See also New Deal
causes explored, 271–275
Hoover’s attempts to handle, 275–283
stock market collapse and, 269–271
Great Dismantling. See New Deal, dismantling of
Great Migration, 176, 260
Great Northern Railroad, 156
Great Recession, 267, 272, 427, 448–449, 481
global imbalances and, 456
irrational fears of deficit, 454–456
origins, 272
Great Train Robbery, The (film), 251
Greenspan, Alan, 439
Gribeauval, Jean-Baptiste, 96
grocery chains, 252–253
Groves, Leslie, 403
Guaranty Trust Company, 219
Guericke, Otto van, 190
Gulf Oil, 333, 335
Gulick, Luther, 297
Guthrie, Woody, 339
H1-B visa, 480
Haber, Fritz, 202
Haber-Bosch process, 202
Hale, David, 390
Hall, John H., 97
Halliburton, 285, 316
Hamilton, Alexander, 30–31, 71
assumption of state war debts by federal government, 33–36
Bank of New York and, 41–42
Bank of the United States and, 36
on banks and public utility, 469
developmental economics and, 12–13
Report on Manufactures, 2, 31, 37–39, 40, 104
state-sponsored economic development and, 2–3, 4, 36–47
study of political economy, 31–33
Hamilton, Alexander Jr., 114
Hamilton, Elizabeth Schuyler, 61
Hamilton, James, 113–114
Hammond, George, 40
Hammond, James Henry, 132
Hanch, Charles C., 242
Hanna, Mark, 222, 227
Hanson, P. R. “Roly,” 415
Harding, Warren G., 255, 257
Harford, George and John, 252
Harriman, Henry, 291
Hartford, George, 252
Harvey, William H. “Coin,” 179
Hatch Act (1887), 149–150, 203
Hawaii, 75
Hawley, Willis, 271
Hawley-Smoot Tariff, 271–272
Hay, John, 136, 180, 263
Hayek, Friedrich, 279
Haymarket Riot, 171–172
health care industry, in Next American Economy, 472–473, 475–477
health insurance. See employer-based benefits
Hearst, William Randolph, 164
Heinkel, Ernst, 405
Henry, Alexander, 68
Henry, Joseph, 94
Henry J. Kaiser Foundation, 319
Hepburn, William P., 227
Herndon, William, 118, 139
Hewes, George R. T., 21–22
Hewlett, Bill, 416
Hewlett-Packard, 416–417
Heyward, Nathaniel, 124
Higgins, Andrew Jackson, 319
high-speed rail, 466
Hill, James J., 156
Hillman, Sidney, 298
Hoe, Richard, 164
Hoffman, Felix, 203
holding companies, 216–217, 250, 336–337, 354
Holland, John Philip, 3
Hollerith, Herman, 407, 410
Home Ownership Loan Corporation, 289
Homestead Act, 149, 178
Hong Kong, 375, 432
Hoover, Herbert
associationalism of, 257–259, 289, 361
Great Depression and, 269, 275–283, 291
post–World War II, 332, 334
as secretary of commerce, 255–258, 265, 315, 361
tariffs and, 271
World War I and, 244–245, 270
Hoover Dam, 257, 276, 318, 338
Hopkins, Harry, 287, 341
Houdry, Eugene, 315
House, Edward Mandell, 299
housing
government support of expansion of, post–World War II, 341–342
mortgage interest tax deduction and, 442
securitization of mortgages, 444–446
Howard, Christopher, 442
Hudson Bay Company, 68, 74
Huerta, Dolores, 358
Huerta, Victoriano, 238
Hughes, Jonathan, 361
Hume, David, 31
Humphrey, George, 370
Hunt, H. L., 334, 360
Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Company, 143
Hurley, Edward, 243
Huxley, Aldous, 261
Hyatt, John Wesley, 203
hydroelectric dams, 257, 338
hyperlink concept, 419
Ibn Saud, 335
Iceland, 369
Ickes, Harold, 257
IG Farben, 313
Illinois, 118–119, 142–143
Illinois Central Railroad, 143
immigration
between 1840s and World War I, 168–170
labor markets and, 170–172, 364, 470
Lowell and welfare capitalism, 86
post–World War II, 359
to preindustrial United States, 39
quotas in early twentieth century, 259–260
import substitution policy, 45, 95, 104, 105, 141, 146, 147, 183, 257, 368, 428
income inequality. See maldistribution of income
income taxes
financing of Civil War and, 137–138
progressivism and Constitutional amendment, 230–231
World War I, 240–241
World War II, 325
India, 428, 457, 459
Indiana, 117–118
Indonesia, 429
indoor plumbing, 344
Industrial State, The (Galbraith), 350–351
Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies), 172
inflation in 1970s, 367–368
deregulation to control, 380–381, 386–388
information technology. See Third Industrial Revolution (information age)
infrastructure, policy proposals for Next American Economy, 466–467
innovation, policy proposals for Next American Economy, 461–463
Inouye, Daniel, 324
Insull, Samuel, 249–250, 336–337
integrated circuits, 414
Intel, 414, 416
interest rates, 387, 447
internal combustion engine, 191–192, 199–200
Internal Revenue Service, 138
International Business Machines (IBM), 373, 437
computer development, 407–414, 417
International General Electric (IGE), 259
International Harvester, 217
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 368, 429
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat), 406
International Telephone and Telegraph (IT&T), 366
Internet, 413, 419–421
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), 154, 347
Interstate Highway System, 110, 340–341
Interstate Oil Compact (IOC), 334
investment banks, 354, 440
culture of, 434–435
firewall between investment banks and, 385
firewall between savings and loans and, 363
“Morganization” and, 218–221
“I Paid My Income Tax Today” (song), 325–326
Iran, 335
Iraq, 335
ironclad ships, 137
Irving, Washington, 69
Jablochkoff, Paul N., 194
Jackson, Andrew, 108–109, 182
Bank of the United States and, 8–9, 81, 110, 111–117
Clay and, 109, 111, 114, 115
Clay’s American System and, 16
National Road and, 110–111
Tariff of Abominations and Nullification Crisis, 109–110, 140
War of 1812 and, 43
Jackson, Robert, 299
James, Edmund D., 147
Japan
Cold War and mercantilist policies, 371–373, 376, 428–429, 457
England and, 100
globalization, 428, 432
Great Recession and, 455
immigration policies, 479
import substitution, 146
manufacturing capacity, after World War I, 263
Next American economy and, 459
support of low-end industries, 86
US trade imbalance with, 388–390
World War II, 309–310, 397
Japanese Americans, in World War II, 324
Jarlson, Axel, 170
Jay Cooke & Co., 165
Jefferson, Thomas
Astor and, 69, 73
Bank of the United States, 36, 114
bias against manufacturing, 42–43, 46, 78
on Blanc’s factory, 96
Erie Canal and, 54
on Hamilton, 34
immigration and, 39
O-Grab-Me embargo and, 43, 69
patents and, 40
producerism and, 14–17, 182
slavery and, 57
US currency and, 37
Jenney, William Le Baron, 210
Jennings, Ken, 409–410
Jeopardy, 409–410
jet engines, 404–405, 424, 427
Jevons, Stanley, 101
Jobs, Steve, 417
Jobs Corps, 359
Johnson, Andrew, 148
Johnson, Griff, 302
Johnson, Hugh, 288–289, 293
Johnson, Lyndon, 317, 338, 346
immigration and, 481
on Roosevelt, 305–306
Roosevelt and, 284
War on Poverty, 358–359, 370
Johnson, Robert Wood, 253
Johnston, William, 75
Joiner, C. M. “Dad,” 334
Joint American Study Company (Jasco), 313
Jones, Jesse, 284, 289
Jones, William, 71
Jones, William R., 162–163
Joule, James Prescott, 190
J. P. Morgan and Co., 286
J. P. Morgan and Company, 219, 220, 232, 239–240, 286, 438
JP Morgan Chase, 434, 447
J. S. Morgan & Co., 219
Kafka, Franz, 169
Kahn, Otto, 265
Kaiser, Henry J., 316, 318–319
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation, 312
Kaiser Permanente, 318–319
Kaiser Steel, 317
Kalecki, Michal, 386
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 8, 128, 129–130
Kapur, Ajay, 443
Kaye, Danny, 325
Keefe, Mary, 322
Kemmler, William, 197
Kendall, Amos, 115
Kennan, George, 331
Kennedy, Edward, 391
Kennedy, John F., 346, 370, 375
Kennedy, Joseph, 285
Keynes, John Maynard, 12, 273, 278–279, 291–292, 302, 307, 448, 470
Keynesian economics, 378
Keystone Bridge and Pittsburgh Locomotive Works, 162
Kildall, Gary, 417
Kilgore, Harley, 402
King, Martin Luther Jr., 324, 357
King, William, 143
Kissinger, Henry, 376
Kleine, George, 251
Kleiner, Eugene, 418
Kleiner Perkins, 418
Knights of Labor, 171–172
Knox, Philander, 227
Knudsen, William, 298–299
Koenig, Friedrich, 164
Korea Oil Corporation (KOCO), 374
Kroc, Ray, 342
Kruesi, John, 193, 194
Krugman, Paul, 272
Ku Klux Klan, 183
Kuznets, Simon, 311
labor theory of value, 79
labor unions
class warfare and, 172–173
decline of, 441, 470
deregulation’s effect on, 364, 382
Fordism and, 260–261
Hay’s portrayal of, 180
immigration and, 170–172
NIRA and recognition of, 295
post–World War II benefits and, 353–354
Roosevelt and, 297–299
stakeholder capitalism and, 352–353
World War I, 244
World War II, 320–321
Laemmle, Karl, 252
Lafayette, marquis de, 2, 54
La Follette, Robert, 182
Lamont, Thomas, 264, 302
Lamoreaux, Naomi, 217
land-grant colleges, government support and, 149–150, 192, 203–204
Langley, Samuel Pierpont, 204
Laski, Harold J., 290
Latinos, 324, 357–358, 359, 478–479
Lavassor, Émile, 200
Lawrence, Ernest, 403
Lay, Ken, 384
Lazarus, Emma, 168–169
Lease, Mary Ellen, 179
Lebergott, Stanley, 260
Lee, Roswell, 97
Legal Tender Act (1862), 141
Lehman Brothers, 12, 446, 447
Lend-Lease Act, 309
L’Enfant, Pierre, 2
Lenoir, Jean-Étienne, 199
Letter Concerning Toleration (Locke), 23
Levittown, 340
Lewis, John L., 297–298, 302, 321
Leyden jar, 190
Liberalism (von Mises), 288–289
Liberty League, 301
Liberty Ships, 318
Libraries of the Future (Licklider), 419–420
Licklider, J. C., 412–413, 419–420
Life magazine, 399
lightbulbs, 194–195, 259
Lilienthal, David, 285, 338
Limits to Growth, The (Club of Rome), 379
Lincoln, Abraham, 74, 82, 121, 128, 130, 482
American Colonization Society, 57
banking reform and, 141–142
Homestead Act and, 149
Illinois infrastructure and, 118
national banking system and, 9
political economy of, 139–144
railroads and, 152, 155
technological innovation and, 135–137
Lincoln, Mary Todd, 139, 140
Lindbergh, Charles, 311
Lindsay, Vachel, 181
Lippmann, Walter, 275
liquidationists, Great Depression and, 278–279, 291
List, Friedrich, 104, 224
Livingston, Robert, 61, 87–89, 92
Lloyd George, David, 224
Locke, John, 23
Loeb, John Jacob, 321–322
London, Jack, 182
Long Term Capital Management (LTCM), 429
Looking Backward (Bellamy), 179
Louisiana, 124
Louvre Accord, 389
Lowell, Francis Cabot, 85–86
Lower Colorado River Authority (LCRA), 338
Lowery, Grosvenor, 194
Lucas, Robert, 446
Lucent, 437
Lusitania, 239
MacDonald, Thomas Harris, 340
Macintosh, Charles, 201
MacLeod, Niall, 443
Macomb, William, 41
Madison, James
American Colonization Society, 57
Bank of the United States, 47, 114
Erie Canal, 53–54
Hamilton and, 42
protective tariffs, 45
War of Independence debts, 33
Malaysia, 429
Malcolmson, Alexander, 247
maldistribution of income
in early twentieth century, 262–266
in early twenty-first century, 440–444
Great Depression and, 273–275
policy proposals for Next American Economy, 469–471
Mallet, John W., 134
Malthus, Thomas, 78–79
managerial capitalism, 349–351
Manhattan Project, 396–397, 402–404
Manufacturers’ Aircraft Association, 205
manufacturing, policy proposals for Next American Economy, 463–465
Marconi, Guglielmo, 206–207
Marine Mammals of the North-Western Coast of North America, The (Scammon), 77
Marquette National Bank v. First Omaha Service Company, 385
Marshall, George, 332
Marshall, John, 88
Marshall, Laurence K., 415
Marshall Plan, 332, 369
Martineau, Harriet, 54
Martin Marietta, 320
Marx, Karl, 79, 105
Maryland Chronicle, 56–57
Massachusetts
Boston Tea Party, 21–22
textile manufacturing, 127
War of Independence debts, 29–30, 35
whaling industry, 76–77
mass production, 248, 318
mass transit, 208–209, 342, 466
“Mathematical Theory of Communication, A” (Shanon), 408
Mattei, Enrico, 335
Mauchly, John W., 408, 413
Maxwell, James Clerk, 190
Maybach, Wilhelm, 199
Mayer, Louis B., 252
Maysville Road, 110–111
McAdoo, William Gibbs, 240, 243
McCormick, Cyrus, 87, 97
McCormick Harvesting Company, 171–172
McCormick’s reaper, 87, 97, 121
McCraw, Thomas K., 221
McDonald, Dick and Maurice, 342
McDonald’s, 342, 437
McFadden Act, 355
McGovern, George, 391
McHenry, William, 2
McKenney, William, 73
McKinley, William, 146, 149, 172, 180–183, 263
McKinley Tariff, 146
McLean, Malcolm Purcell, 424
McNary-Watres Act (1930), 206
McReynolds, Jack, 297
Means, Gardiner C., 213–214, 350
meat packaging, 160
Meat vs. Rice: American Manhood Against Asiatic Coolieism. Which Shall Survive? (Gompers), 171
Medicaid, 377, 475, 476, 477
Medicare, 441, 475, 476–477
Mellen, Charles S., 221
Mellon, Andrew, 231, 278–279
Melville, Hermann, 76
memex, of V. Bush, 399–400, 419
mercantilism
Cold War and, 331–332, 368–376, 456–457
England’s, and effect on colonies, 22–26, 33, 37
Hamilton’s developmental economics, 12–13
Jefferson’s producerism and, 15–17
mergers, in Second Industrial Revolution, 213–233
Merrill Lynch, 434, 446, 447
Mexican Revolution, 238
Mexico, 377
Meyer, Eugene, 277
Michoud, Antoine, 319
Microsoft, 417, 427
Microwave Communications Inc. (MCI), 382
Middle class, rebuilding strategies for Next American Economy, 471–475
Middle East oil, 335–336
Middle West Utility Corporation, 250
Midwest
alliance with South, 126–127
modernization of, before Civil War, 120–122
migration, within United States, 124, 176, 260
military
defense spending and, 391
manufacturing capacity and national security, 463–464
Milken, Michael, 436, 450
Mill, J. S., 78
Miller, J. Howard, 321
Miller, Lebbeus B., 97
Millis, Harry, 260
Milward, Alan, 327–328
minié ball, 136
Minié, Claude-Étienne, 136
minimum wage, 343, 361, 364
declining value of, 441, 470
Mississippi, 124
Missouri Compromise, 129–130
Mitchell, Andrew, 39
Mitchell, Samuel Latham, 69
MITRE Corporation, 412
Mittasch, Alwin, 202
Moby-Dick (Melville), 76
Model T Ford, 246–249
Modern Corporation and Private Property, The (Berle and Means), 213–214, 350
Modern Times (film), 261
Mokyr, Joel, 191
Moley, Raymond, 288
Molly Maguires, 165
money market accounts, 385–386
money trust, 231–232
Monroe, James, 54, 73
Monroe, Rose Will, 322
Montgomery, Royal, 260
Montgomery Ward, 253
Moody, John, 217
Moore, Gordon, 414
Morgan, Amelia “Memie” Sturges, 219–220
Morgan, Frances Tracy, 220
Morgan, Jack Jr., 220
Morgan, John Pierpont, 9, 161, 193, 216–217, 225–227, 232, 250, 286
Edison Electric and, 195–196, 197, 249
“Morganization” and, 219–221
Pujo Committee, 231
US financial crises and, 221–222
Morgan, Joseph, 219
Morgan, J. P. “Jack,” 264
Morgan, Junius, 219
“Morganization,” 218–221
Morgan Stanley, 286
Morgenthau, Henry, 301, 331–332
Morrill, Justin, 146
Morrill land-grant colleges, 149, 192, 203
Morrill Tariff, 145
Morris, Gouverneur, 27, 53, 71
Morris, Robert, 26–29, 31, 35, 37, 63
Morse, Samuel F. B., 93–94, 159
mortgage interest tax deduction, 442
Mossadegh, Mohammad, 335
motion-picture industry, 251–252
Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), 251–252
motor power. See Second Industrial Revolution
Moulton, Stephen, 201
Moyers, Bill, 359
MS-DOS, 417
multinational corporations, 427–428
Mun, Thomas, 22
Murphy, R. Taggart, 389
Murphy, Thomas, 352
Murphy, William H., 247
Murray, Philip, 302
Mussolini, Benito, 288–289
Napoleon Bonaparte, 107
NASA, 319–320, 406
Nathan, Robert, 311
National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA), 205, 406
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 205, 206
National Association of Manufacturers, 245, 261
National Banking Act (1863), 116
National Biscuit (Nabisco), 217, 220
National Cash Register (NCR), 410
National City Bank, 219, 231, 232
National Civic Federation, 227
National Credit Corporation, 276–277
National Currency Acts (1863 and 1864), 142
National Defense Mediation Board (NDMB), 320
National Defense Resource Committee (NDRC), 401, 403, 408
National Grain Corporation, 276
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA), 10, 287–296
“virtual,” after World War II, 345–347, 361
National Institutes of Health, 192
National Labor Relations Act (1935), 353
National Labor Union, 171
National Recovery Administration (NRA), 16, 279, 361
National Road, 46, 110–111
National Science Foundation (NSF), 192, 402, 420
national security, manufacturing base and, 463–464
National Telegraph and Telephone Company (NTT), in Japan, 373
National War Labor Board, 244
National Youth Administration (NYA), 304
natural gas, 201
Navigation Acts, England, 24
Navigation Acts, United States, 52
NBC, 207, 348
Nelson, Donald, 310
Nelson, Theodore H., 419
neoclassical economics. See producerism, of Jefferson
neoliberalism, 11–12, 362, 375, 376, 380, 391, 441
Neutrality Acts, 308
“New Colossus, The” (Lazarus), 168–169
Newcomen, Thomas, 84
New Competition, The (Eddy), 258
New Deal, 10, 11
attempt to balance budget and recession of 1937–1938, 300–303
deficit spending, relief programs, and recession of 1928–1933, 285–300
leadership of, 283–285
successes and failures of, 303–306
New Deal, dismantling of, 363–391
Cold War and trade concessions to allies, 368–376
deregulation and its effects, 380–391
growth of conservative, supply-side movement, 376–380
inflation in 1970s, 367–368
managing for finance, not production, 365–367
New Freedom, 10, 225, 228–231, 233
“new individualism,” 277
New Jersey
corporate law in, 216–217
Edison’s Menlo Park laboratory, 193–194
protectionism and, 145
New Nationalism, 9–10, 225–228, 230, 233
New Orleans, 88
New York
Erie Railway Company, 158
Hudson River valley landowners and tenants, 60–62
New York Central Railroad, 220
New York Daily Tribune, 67
New York Gazette, 34
New York Herald, 168
New York Journal, 164
New York Press, 164
New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), 42, 435, 438
New York Temporary Emergency Relief Administration (TERA), 287
New York Times, 142, 195, 407
New York World, 158, 164
New Zealand, 146, 290
NeXt, 417
Next American Economy, 451–482
case for skilled immigration, 478–481
financial policy proposed, 467–469
global rebalancing of America’s role needed, 456–461
Great Recession and irrational fears about deficits, 454–456
infrastructure policy proposed, 466–467
innovation policy proposed, 461–463
maldistribution of income and wealth, 469–471
manufacturing policy proposed, 463–465
middle class rebuilding strategies, 471–475
social contract in, 475–477
Niles, Hezekiah, 104, 125
Nimitz, Chester, 328
Nixon, Richard, 10, 375–376, 380, 381, 457
NLS (oNLine system), 419
Nobel, Alfred, 202
Norris, George, 338
North, Simeon, 96, 97
North American Aviation, 321
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 332
North Carolina National Bank, 434
Northeast, modernization of, before Civil War, 119–120, 122
Northern Pacific Railroad, 152, 165, 232
Northern Securities Corporation, 227, 232
Northwest Ordinances, 120
Norway, 371
nostalgic historical preservation, deindustrialization and, 4
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson), 44
Noyce, Robert, 414
nuclear power plants, 339
Nullification Crisis, 109–110
Nusbaum, Aaron, 164
Nye, Gerald P., 240
Obama, Barack, 448–449
Occupy Wall Street movement, 449
Oersted, Hans Christian, 190
Office of Price Administration (OPA), 326
Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 396, 401, 403
Office of War Mobilization, 310
O-Grab-Me embargo, 43, 69
Ohain, Hans von, 404–405
Ohio-Steamboat Navigation Company, 88
Ohio Telegraph Company, 162
oil industry, 160–161, 200–201
imports and US trade deficit, 430–431
oil glut of 1980s, 388
pipelines and, 316
price of oil in 1970s, 381
waste and regulation of, post–World War II, 333–336
Oklahoma, 178
Oldham, W. S., 131
oligopolies
in twenty-first century, 427, 437
after World War II, 347–349
Olney, Richard, 173
Omaha Platform, 179
opium trade, 64–66, 100
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 397, 404
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 336, 381, 433–434
Oruktor Amphibolos, 91
OTC derivatives, 436
Other People’s Money: And How the Bankers Use It (Brandeis), 232
Otis, Elisha Graves, 209
Otis Elevator, 209, 217
Otto, Nikolaus August, 199
Otto engine, 199
Ottoman Empire, 100
Outcault, Richard and Felton, 164
Pacific Fur Company, 72
Pacific Railroad Act, 151–152, 155
Pacific Telegraph Act (1860), 159
Packard, David, 416
Page, Larry, 420
Pahlavi, Muhammad Reza Shah, 335
Panama Canal, 238
Panic of 1792, 41–42
Panic of 1837, 116, 118, 167
Panic of 1893, 166, 173, 221–222
Panic of 1907, 222
Parish, David, 70–72
Park Chung-hee, 374
Parkinson, George, 39
Parris, Hugh G., 379
Parsonage, Edward E., 242
Parsons, Charles, 198
Parsons, William, 198
Paterson, New Jersey, 1–4, 40, 451–452
Paterson, William, 2
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (2010), 449
Patman, Wright, 253
Patten, Simon, 147
Patterson, John H., 410
Paulson, Henry, 447
Pax Americana
in Cold War, 331–333, 368–376, 456–457
moving beyond, in Next American economy, 456–461
Peabody, George, 219
peak associations, 296
Peek, George Nelson, 289
penicillin, 315
Pennsylvania
canals and, 55
coal in, 94–95
infrastructure in, 121
labor violence and, 173
oil and, 77–78, 161, 200
protectionism and, 104–105, 145, 146–147, 149
whiskey tax and, 35
Pennsylvania, University of, 147
Pennsylvania Railroad, 162
Pennsylvania Society for the Encouragement of Manufactures and the Useful Arts, 39
Pension Benefit Guarantee Corporation, 441
People’s Party, 179
Perfect Merchant, The (Savary), 32
Perkin-Elmer, 414
Perkins, Frances, 288, 297
Perkins, Thomas Handasyd, 64
Perkins, Tom, 418
Pershing, John J., 310
Persia, 100
personal computers, 416–417, 427
Peterson, Pete, 376
Pettis, Spencer, 117
Phoebus cartel, 259
Pidgeon, Walter, 322
Pinchot, Gifford, 336
pipelines, 316
Plankton, Armour & Co., 160
plastics, 203
Plaza Accord, 389, 429
plutonomies, 443
political economy, Hamilton’s study of, 31–33
Pope Manufacturing Company, 97
Populism, 179
Porter, Cole, 288
POSCO, 374
Postlethwayt, Malachy, 31–32, 33
Potomac Company, 58–59
Powderly, Terence, 172
Powers, James, 407
Pratt and Whitney, 427
preindustrial economy, 19
canals and, 53–57
characteristics of, 49–52
early financial systems and federal assumption of state war debts, 26–37
England’s mercantilism and, 21–26
Hudson River valley landowners and tenants, 60–62
merchants and traders, 62–78
slavery and, 57–60
state-sponsored economic development and protective tariffs, 37–47
price-fixing, “ruinous competition” and, 215–216
Priestly, Joseph, 189, 190
Principles of Political Economy (Carey), 105
producerism, of Jefferson, 14–15. See also New Freedom
Bryan and, 182
Hamilton’s developmental economics contrasted, 15–17
productivity growth, innovation and, 461–463
Progress and Poverty (George), 179
progressivism, 182, 223–225. See also New Freedom; New Nationalism
Promise of American Life, The (Croly), 225
protectionism. See tariffs
Public Credit Act of 1869, 148
public employment, proposal for Next American Economy, 474
public purpose banks, 467–469
Public Utility Holding Company Act (1935), 337, 346
Public Works Administration (PWA), 288
publishing industry, 164
Pujo, Arsène, 231
Pujo Committee, 231–232
Pulitzer, Joseph, 158, 164
Pullman Company, 220
Pullman Palace Car Company, 173
Pulteney Associates, 29
Purnell Act (1925), 204
Putnam’s Magazine, 98
racism. See civil rights era; Latinos; slavery
radio, 206–207, 257
Radio Corporation of America (RCA), 207–208
Railroad Administration, 243
railroads, 8–9, 82
agricultural sector and, 178–179
consolidation in late nineteenth century, 217–218
corruption and speculation and, 155–158
deregulation of, 382
financial difficulties of early, 153–155
labor violence and, 172–173
late nineteenth century assets, 214
Lincoln and, 143–144
“Morganization” and, 220–221
nationwide strike, 1877, 165–166
oil and, 161
retail businesses and, 163–164
role in Civil War, 135
telegraph and, 159
transcontinental, 143–144, 151–153
Rand, Ayn, 156
Rand, James, 413
Randolph, A. Philip, 323–324
Randolph, Edmund, 36, 40
rationing, during World War II, 326
Ratzel, Friedrich, 125
Rayburn, Sam, 284, 334
Raymond, Daniel, 104
Raytheon, 414–415
Reagan, Ronald, 182, 317, 376, 457
deregulation and, 387–388
New Deal and, 304
supply-side economics and, 11, 378, 390
War on Poverty and, 358–359
Realpolitik, 375–376, 457
Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (RTAP), 368
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC), 277, 279, 284, 289, 308–309, 311, 316, 355, 380, 467
Reed, Dr. Walter, 238
Regulation Q, 355, 385
Relation of the State to Industrial Action (Carter), 225
relief programs. See social contract
Remington, Philo, 210
Remington Rand, 407–408, 413
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 61
Report on Manufactures (Hamilton), 2, 31, 37–39, 40, 104
research and development
government support of innovation, 203–208, 398
proposed federal R&D bank, 462–463
during World War II, 315
after World War II, 349
Resselaerwyck, 60, 62
retail sector, growth after World War I, 252–253
Reuther, Walter, 353
Revenue Act (1932), 280
Reverse Plaza Accord, 429
Reynolds Metal Company, 312
Rhode Island, 27, 29
Ricardo, David, 78–79, 224
Richardson, Sid, 316
Richberg, Donald, 288
Riegle-Neal Act, 386
rifles, Civil War improvements and, 136
Robinson, Joan, 378
Robinson-Patman Act, 253
Rockefeller, Frank, 160
Rockefeller, John D., 160–161, 214, 222
Rockwell, Norman, 322
Roebuck, Alvah Curtis, 164
Rolls-Royce, 427
Romer, Christine, 448
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 28, 65, 178, 239, 379, 482
court-packing and, 294
gold standard and, 376
Great Depression and, 270, 275, 337, 338, 341
Hoover’s associationalism and, 257, 258
labor standards and, 343
labor unions and, 297–299
Manhattan Project and, 403–404
New Deal and, 10, 285, 288, 289, 290, 294, 297, 305, 361
progressivism and, 224, 305
on progress of steam age, 184–185
radio and, 207
V. Bush and, 401–402
World War II, 307–308, 314, 315, 320, 322
Roosevelt, Nicholas, 88
Roosevelt, Theodore
on Bryan, 182
conservation and, 379
corollary to Monroe Doctrine, 237–238
Morgan and financial panic, 222
New Nationalism and, 9–10, 225, 226–227
trade and, 146, 263
Rosenwald, Julius, 164
Rosie the Riveter, 321–322
Royal Dutch Shell, 333, 335
rubber, 201–202
synthetic, 312–314, 348
“ruinous competition,” price-fixing and, 215–216
Rumsey, James, 57
Rural Electrification Administration (REA), 337
Rush, William, 66
Russia, 146, 205, 240, 429. See also Soviet Union
Rutter, Brad, 409
Sachs, Alexander, 403
Saint Lawrence Seaway, 276, 315–316
Salomon, Haym, 27–28
Samuelson, Paul, 357, 378
Sandalwood trade, 75
Sarnoff, David, 207
satellites, 405–406, 420
Saudi Arabia, 335, 381
Saunders, Clarence, 252
Savary, Philemon-Louis, 32
Savary des Bruslons, Jacques, 32–33
savings and loans (S&Ls), 355, 363, 385
Sawyer, William, 195
Scammon, Charles Melville, 77
Scarborough, William, 124
Schechter, Joe, 294–295
Schechter opinion, 293–295, 361
Schelp, Helmut, 405
Schmidt, Eric, 420
Schumacher, E. F., 379
Schumpeter, Joseph, 5, 79, 224
Schuyler, Henry, 61
Schuyler, Philip, 53
Schwab, Charles M., 163, 243
Science, the Endless Frontier (V. Bush), 398, 402
Scioto scandal, 41
Scott, H. Lee, 426
Scott, Tom, 162
Sears, Richard Warren, 163–164
Sears, Roebuck, 163–164, 253, 340, 425
Sears Holdings, 437
Seattle Computer Products, 417
Second American Republic, 5–6, 8–10, 150, 481
Second Industrial Revolution (Motor Age), 187, 397, 453–454
corporate mergers and antitrust issues, 213–233
economic growth and global trade imbalances, 255–267
Great Depression, 269–283
innovations and their effects on US, 189–211
New Deal and, 10, 11, 283–306
New Deal’s dismantling, 363–391
post–World War II expansion, demographic changes, and government regulation, 329–362
World War I, 235–255
World War II, 307–328
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 289, 337, 347, 349, 435
securitization, of mortgage loans, 444–446
Semi-Automatic Business Research Environment (SABRE), 413
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE), 412–413
Seneca Chief, 53, 54
Seton, William, 41
shadow banking system, 436
Shannon, Claude, 407–408
sharecropping, in post–Civil War South, 175–176
Shasta Dam, 338
Shays, Daniel, 30
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 135
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 16, 173, 215, 226–227, 232, 300
Sherwood, Robert, 305
shipbuilding, in World War II, 327–328
Shipping Board, 243
Shlaes, Amity, 294
Shockley, William, 414, 416
Sholes, Christopher Latham, 210
Shukert, Johann, 194
Siam, 100
Siemens, Werner, 190
Simons, Henry, 279
Singapore, 375, 377, 432
Singer, Isaac Merritt, 97
Singh, Narendra, 443
Six Percent Club, 41
Sixteenth Amendment, to US Constitution, 138, 231
skyscrapers, 209–210
Slater, Samuel, 85, 86
slavery
banned in Midwest, 121
economic stagnation in South and, 122–125
financial cost of abolition of, 139
Girard and, 67–68
slave owners exempt from CSA draft, 134
steam navigation’s impact on, 89
Tariff of Abominations and Nullification Crisis, 110
Washington and Jefferson and, 57–60
Sloan, Alfred P., 249, 298, 301, 367
Small Is Beautiful (Schumacher), 379
Smith, Adam, 12, 24, 31, 38, 52, 78, 101, 103–104, 224, 461, 463
Smith, Al, 301–302
Smith, Charles G., 415
Smith-Lever Act (1914), 204
social contract
Great Depression relief programs, 281, 285–300, 304
proposals for Next American economy, 475–477
unemployment insurance, 257, 361, 454
social democracy, in Europe, 11
Socialist Party of America, 173
Social Science and National Economy (Thompson), 147
Social Security, 296–297, 360–361, 438, 441, 475, 476
Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures (SUM), 2, 39–40
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act (1936), 346
Somervell, Brehon, 311
Sonneborn, Harry, 342
Soros, George, 388
South
alliance with Midwest, 126–127
black codes in, 175–176
incorporation into US mainstream, post–World War II, 343–344
industrial growth during World War II, 316–320
shrinking of wealth, after Civil War, 174–175
slavery and economic stagnation in, 122–125
South Carolina, 124, 130
South Improvement Company, 161
South Korea, 374–375, 377, 429, 432, 459
Soviet Union. See also Russia
Cold War and, 331–332, 369
manufacturing capacity after World War I, 263
space program, 205–206, 405–406
Specie Circular, 116
Spencer, Percy, 415
Sprague, Frank, 208
stagflation, 368
Staggers Act (1980), 155
stakeholder concept of corporation, 351–353
Stalin, Joseph, 261, 332
Standard/IG Company, 313
Standard Oil Company, 161, 230, 232–233, 315
Standard Oil of California, 333, 335
Standard Oil of New Jersey, 313–314, 333, 335
Standard Oil of New York, 333, 335
Stanford, Leland, 416
Stanley Steamers, 246
Starley, John K., 200
state capitalism, 432
state-owned enterprises (SOEs), in Korea, 374–375
Statue of Liberty, 168–169
Steagall, Henry B., 286
steam power. See First Industrial Revolution (steam power)
Steele, Osman, 62
steel industry, 162–163, 202, 217–218, 257
Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC), 299
Stephens, Alexander, 140
Stephenson, George, 91
Sterling, Ross, 334
Stettinius, Edward R., 239
Stevens, Edwin Augustus, 91
Stevens, John, 91–92
Stevens, Robert Livingston, 91
Stillman, James, 232
Stimson, Henry L., 323
stimulus programs, 454–455
stock market
crash of 1929, 269–270, 271
crash of 1987, 12
evolution after World War I, 254–255
stock ownership and financial-market capitalism, 437–439, 470
Strategic Materials Act, 308
streetcars, 208–209
Strong, Benjamin, 222
student loans, 476–477
suburbanization, 208–209, 341–342, 344–345
Suffolk Bank of Massachusetts, 167
Sumner, William Graham, 223
supply-side economics
deregulation and its effects, 386–391
growth of conservativism and, 376–380
Supreme Court. See also specific rulings
antitrust activism, 232–233
FDR and packing of, 294
National Industrial Recovery Act and, 10
“ruinous competition” and price-fixing, 215–216
Sussex, 239
Swan, Joseph, 194
Sweden, 371
Swift, Gustavus, 160
Switzerland, 371
Swope, Gerard, 259, 277, 289
Swope Plan, 277–278, 289
synthetic rubber, 312–314, 348
Szilard, Leo, 401, 402–403
Tabulating Machine Company, 407, 410
Taft, William Howard, 244
Taft-Harley Act (1947), 296, 353
Taiwan, 375, 377, 432
takeover artists, 366, 436
Taney, Roger, 115
Tarbell, Ida, 230, 314
Target, 437
tariffs
in 1920s, 266–267
Brandeis and New Freedom, 230
in Clay’s American System, 107
early twentieth century trade imbalances and, 262–267
Great Depression causes and, 271–272
Lincoln and protective, 9, 144–145
Lowell and textile manufacturing, 86
to pay for War of Independence debt, 38
in preindustrial United States, 35, 40–41, 43–46
tariff of 1870, 163
Tariff of Abominations and Nullification Crisis, 109–110
Taussig, Charles, 302
Taussig, Frank W., 146
taxes
conservative belief in benefits of cutting, 378–379, 457, 470
excise taxes, 35, 137–138, 305
financial transaction tax, proposed, 469
Hoover and Great Depression mistakes, 280
income taxes, 137–138, 230–231, 240–241, 325
redistribution of income and, 474–475
on retained earnings, 299
social insurance paid from, in Next American Economy, 475–477
tax subsidies and, 442, 475
Tea Party movement, 449
telecommunications, deregulation of, 382
telegraph industry, 93–94, 135, 159, 193
telephone industry, 250–251, 347
television, 207–208, 348
Tellier, Charles, 203
Temporary National Economic Committee (TNEC), 300
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), 337–338, 379–380, 404
Terman, Frederick, 416
Tesla, Nikola, 9, 192–193, 196
Texaco, 333, 335
Texas, 317–318, 334–335, 336
Texas Instruments, 318, 414
Texas Railroad Commission (TRC), 334, 381
textile manufacturing, 86–87, 120, 126–127
Thailand, 429
Thatcher, Margaret, 11, 386–387
Third American Republic, 5–6, 10–12, 336, 481
Third Industrial Revolution (information age), 270, 393–394, 453–454
banks and financial-market capitalism, 434–440
computer evolution, 407–409
globalization and current-account deficits, 423–434
Great Compression of incomes, 440–441
information technology, 399–400, 407–421
jet engines, 404–405
maldistribution of income and financial crisis, 441–450
nuclear power, 397–398, 402–404
space programs, 405–406
Thompson, Robert Ellis, 147
Thomson-Houston Company, 196, 197
Thornton, William, 97
Thurow, Lester, 359
Timber and Stone Act, 178
Timber Culture Act (1873), 178
Time, 399
time capsules, 395–396
Times (London), 133
time zones, railroads and, 163
tires, 201–202
Tizard, Henry, 403
Tobin tax, 469
Todd, Lyman Beecher, 140
Tomkins Square Riot, 165
Tom Thumb, 93
Tousard, Louis de, 96
township and village enterprises (TVEs), in China, 431
trade. See also current-account deficits
Foreign Trade Zone 49 and government-private cooperation, 452–453
NIRA and, 295
trade associations during World War I, 245–246
Trade Boards Act of 1909 (England), 290
transatlantic telegraph cable, 94
transcontinental railroad, 143–144, 151–153
Transportation Act (1920), 154
Travelers Insurance, 386
Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Maxwell), 190
Treaty of the Six Nations, 159
Treaty of Wang Hiya, 65
Trevithick, Richard, 91
Trollope, Frances, 54
Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP), 447
trucking, deregulation of, 382
Truman, Harry S., 239, 314, 332, 336, 346, 369, 402
Tugwell, Rexford, 279–280, 299, 302
Turbinia (ship), 199
Turkey, 369
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 178
Twain, Mark (Samuel Langhorne Clemens), 210, 233
Tweed, William “Boss,” 158
typewriters, 210
Underwood Tariff Act (1913), 230
unemployment
Cold War and trade concessions to allies, 369
in Great Depression, 270, 281, 308
in Great Recession, 448–449
unemployment insurance, 257, 361, 454
in Volcker recession, 386–388
in World War II, 320
Union Pacific Railroad, 74, 143, 151–153, 155–156, 158
unit banks, 116–167, 218–221, 229, 231, 254, 286
United Auto Workers (UAW), 299, 353
United Farm Workers, 358
United Mine Workers, 321
United States Steel Corporation, 161
United States v. Butler, 346
United States v. Darby, 294
United Steel, 217
UNIVAC, 413
Untermyer, Samuel, 231
UPS, 437
urban areas, nineteenth century changes in, 208–211
US Agency for International Development (USAID), 374
US Rubber, 349
USS Merrimack, 137
USS Monitor, 137
US Steel, 216, 220, 226, 233, 299, 327
utilities, deregulation of, 364–365, 384–385
Vail, Alfred, 94
value-added tax (VAT), 476
Van Buren, Martin, 109, 111, 113, 116
Van Depoele, Charles, 208
Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 89–90, 157–158
Vanderbilt, William, 154
Vanderbilt, William H., 220
Vanderlip, Frank A., 222–223, 243
Van Deusen, James, 61
Vanity Fair, 77–78
Van Rensselaer, Martha Schuyler, 61
Van Rensselaer, Stephen III, 49, 60–61, 62
Van Rensselaer, Stephen IV, 62
Van Rensselaer, William, 62
Veblen, Thorstein, 350, 351
venture capital, 418
Verein fur Sozialwissenschaft, 147
Virginia
canals and, 55
infrastructure in, 121
War of Independence debts and, 29, 33–34
Washington and, 40, 87–89
Volcker, Paul, 386–387
Volta, Alessandro, 190
Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA), 359
von Mises, Ludwig, 288–289
Voting Rights Act (1965), 357
Wachovia Bank, 67–68
Wadsworth, Decius, 96
wages. See also maldistribution of income
economic growth after World War I and, 256–257
Great Depression and, 278–279, 290–291
NIRA and minimum, 295
Wagner, Herbert, 405
Wagner, Robert, 288
Wagner Act, 295–296
Wallace, Henry, 284
Wall Street Journal, 378
Walmart, 425–426, 437
Walpole, Robert, 33
Walsh, Frank P., 244
Walter, Rosalind Palmer, 322
Walton, Sam and Bud, 425
Wanniski, Jude, 271
War Assets Administration, 348
Warburg, Paul M., 222
Wardman, Ervin, 164
War Emergency Pipelines, Inc., 316
War Finance Corporation, 243, 245, 361
War Industries Board (WIB), 241–243, 245, 277, 288, 289
War of 1812, 43, 47, 61, 70–71, 106
War of Independence
financing and debts of, 26–30
origins of, 22, 26
War on Poverty, 358–359
War Production Board, 310, 311
Warren, Thomas, 97
War Resources Board, 308
Washington, DC, compromises on locating US capital, 34
Washington, George, 2, 203, 481–482
Articles of Confederation, 30
Hamilton and manufacturing, 31, 40
on military preparedness, 464
slavery and, 57–60
tariffs and, 35
Washington, Martha, 59–60
Washington Mutual, 427, 434
Watson, Thomas Jr., 413–414
Watson, Thomas Sr., 408–413
Watt, James, 6, 79, 81, 84, 191
Wayland, Francis, 104
“Wealth” (Carnegie), 13
Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 24, 52, 103–104
Webb-Pomerene Act (1918), 258
Webster, Daniel, 114, 127, 201
Weed Sewing Machine Company, 97
Welch, Jack, 436
welfare capitalism, 86, 260–261, 318, 441–442
welfare programs, success of, 359
welfare statism, 442
Wells, David Ames, 214–215
West, and closing of frontier, 177–178
Western Union, 159, 193
West Germany, 331–332, 428–429
Westinghouse, George, 196–197
Westinghouse Corporation, 196–199, 207, 246, 395–396, 404
whaling industry, 76–78
Wharton, Joseph, 146–147
Wharton School of Finance and Economy, 147
Wheatstone, Charles, 190
Whitney, Asa, 155
Whitney, Eli, 96, 123
Whitney, Henry, 209
Whittle, Frank, 404–405
Wiener, Norbert, 408
Wigfall, Louis T., 133
Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 257
Wilcocks, Benjamin Chew, 64
Wilkinson, Lewis, 97
William II, Kaiser, 237
Williams, Lee G., 358
Willing, Charles, 26
Willing, Thomas, 26–27, 29
Wilson, Charles Erwin “Engine Charlie,” 351, 367, 426
Wilson, Woodrow, 10, 182, 206, 222
Fourteen Points, 239
money trust and, 231
New Freedom and, 228–229
World War I and, 235, 238–239, 240, 241, 244
Wingner, Eugene, 402–403
Wither Bound? (F. Roosevelt), 401–402
women, in World War II workforce, 322–323
Wood, Fernando, 127
Woodward, Henry, 194
Woolens Act, 24
Woolworth, Frank W., 253
Works Financing (“Spend-Lend”) Bill, 302, 303
Works Projects Administration, 284, 304
World Bank, 368
World War I, 235–255
aviation and, 205
debt repayment, 264, 276–277
financing of, 239–241
industrial and retail growth after, 246–255
New Deal agencies and, 289
origins of, 236–239
private-government cooperation and, 241–246
World War II
end of, 397
financing of, 325–328
industrial and economic growth during, 307–320
privatization of property after,348
social changes and, 320–325
Wozniak, Steve, 417
W. R. Grace, 366
Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 3, 204
Wright Aeronautical Corporation,3–4
Wu Ping-chien (Houqua), 63, 64–65
Wyoming Coal and Mining Company, 156
XIT Ranch, 177
yellow journalism, 164
Youmans, Edward Livingston, 223
Young, Owen D., 264, 265, 302
Zandi, Mark, 448
Zapata Off-Shore, 418
Zimmerman, Arthur, 239
Zimmerman telegram, 239
Zukor, Adolf, 252
Zworykin, Vladimir, 208