Endnotes to Chapter 16

1 Annual Report, 1966–67, Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 113.

2 Dan Levin, 2017, “Canada’s Treaty Payments: Meager Reminder of a Painful History,” The New York Times, July 23, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/23/world/Americas/winnipegs-treaty-payments-meager-reminder-of-a-painful-history.html.

3 Statistics Canada, 2016, Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm.

4 Levin, 55.

5 Evaluation of Indian Moneys, Estates and Treaty Annuities, 2013, Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, p 64, http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/aanc-inac/R5-143-2013-eng.pdf.

6 Ibid., footnote, 65.

7 Ibid.

8 Ibid., 39.

9 Jean Allard, 2002, “Big Bear’s Treaty: The Road to Freedom,” Inroads, Vol. 11, 131.

10 Dr. Harold Cardinal, Tribute, June 2005, Peter A. Allard School of Law, http://www.allard.ubc.ca/news-events/news-room/dr-harold-cardinal.

11 Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrandt, 2002, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is That Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized as Nations, University of Calgary Press, 47.

12 Evaluation of Indian Moneys 59.

13 Leona Freed, interview with author, August 2017.

14 Ibid.

15 Stewart Clatworthy, 2007, “Estimated 2007 Value of Original Annuity Amount, Adjusted for the Consumer Price Index, for Major Treaty and Adhesion Dates, as presented in The Treaty Annuity as Livelihood Assistance and Relationship Renewal,” in Volume 7: A History of Treaties and Policies, Aboriginal Research Series, Erik Anderson, ed., Thompson Educational Publishing, 2013, 90.

16 Ibid.

17 Report on the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 1996, Volume 2-Restructuring the Relationship, 76.

18 Historical Summary of Minimum Wage Rates in Manitoba, Government of Manitoba, https://www.gov.mb.ca/labour/labmgt/histmin.html.

19 Table of the Aboriginal Population of Canada, 1871, Statistics Canada, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151278-eng.htm#part2.

20 Status Indian population in 2015 was 953,043. Sixty percent of that is about 572,000. Registered Indian Population by Type of Residence for All Canada, December 31, 1989 – 2016, https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1523286391452/1523286414623#tbc9.

21 Appendix C: Average Treaty Indian populations, 1871–2015.

22 Ibid.

23 Levin, 2017. By 2016, some $16-million in annuities had remained unclaimed.

24 Michael Raine, “Tisdale, Sask., farm sells for $26.5 million,” The Western Producer, September 27, 2016.

25 Appendix C.

26 Appendix D: Average MB farmland value 1880–2015.

27 Calculation for total augmented annuity payments (Appendix C, Appendix D) for 1880–2015: 214,000 Treaty Indians/year x 135 years x $189/acre x 5 acres/Treaty Indian = $27.3-billion or $27-billion.

28 Calculation for total augmented annuity payments for all Status Indians (Appendix C, Appendix D) for 1880–2015: 356,637 Status Indians/year x 135 years x $189/acre x 5 acres/Status Indian = $45.5-billion or $46-billion.

29 Mark Milke, 2013, “Ever Higher: Government spending on Canada’s Aboriginals since 1947,” Centre for Aboriginal Studies, Fraser Institute, iii.

30 Ibid., 25.

31 Report of the Department of Indian Affairs, for the year ended 31st December 1880. Annuity payments for Treaties 1–7 were $218,002, p 316, and $85,242 for the Robinson Treaties (454). Expenses: 16.

32 Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1966–67, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, 66.

33 IA does not list annuities as a line item in its Estimates, so exact figures are not available. For 2017–18, of the 970,562 Status, about 582,000 are Treaty. With a $5 annuity, the total is about $2.9-million, but some annuities are $4 and not all are collected. Estimate $2.7million.

34 See Appendix A.