Endnotes to Chapter 1
1 Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, in a letter sent to delegates to the first Indigenous Peoples Summit of the AmErikas, Ottawa, March 2001, quoted in Resolving Aboriginal Claims: A Practical Guide to Canadian Experiences, 2003, INAC, 35.
2 Prior to 1966, the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND) was a branch of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration; prior to 1949 it was a branch of the Department of Mines and Resources; prior to 1936, it was part of the Department of the Interior.
3 For simplicity, the acronym IA will be used interchangeably for Indian Affairs and Indigenous Affairs, as both are names commonly used for the same department.
4 Prime Minister’s Office (PMO), August 28, 2017, New Ministers to support the renewed relationship with Indigenous Peoples, https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2017/08/28/new-ministers-support-renewed-relationship-indigenous-peoples.
5 Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy 1969, more commonly referred to as The White Paper, 1969. Available online at https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100010189/1100100010191.
6 The Nielsen Task Force was announced by Prime Minister Brian Mulroney on September 18, 1984, just one day after his Conservative party was sworn into office. Deputy PM Erik Nielsen was mandated to review five key spending areas in government, one of which was “Indian and native programs.”
7 Strengthening the Relationship: Report on the Canada-Aboriginal Peoples Roundtable, April 19, 2004, Government of Canada, http://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.819383/publication.html.
8 The five AROs are: Assembly of First Nations, Métis National Council, Congress of Aboriginal Peoples, Inuit Tapirit Kanatami, and Native Women’s Association of Canada. Based on their respective websites in March 2019, they collectively identify 69 regional, provincial and territorial counterparts.
9 Tribal Council Funding, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada, https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1100100013812/1100100013813.
10 Yale D. Belanger, David R. Newhouse, and Kevin Fitzmaurice, 2008, “Creating a Seat at the Table: A Retrospective Study of Aboriginal Programming at Canadian Heritage,” The Canadian Journal of Native Studies, XXVIII, 1 (2008): 41. Prior to 2012, Canadian Heritage was funding some 4,000 Indigenous groups and organizations, primarily Indigenous women’s and artists’ organizations, friendship centres, and cultural and media organizations. After 2012, many of those programs were transferred to Indigenous Affairs.
11 Indian Affairs and Northern Development Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1966–67, Government of Canada, p 55. Note that off-reserve Status Indians were not the responsibility of IA at that time.
12 Based on interviews by the author in 1999 and 2017.
13 PMO, New Ministers, August 28, 2017.
14 Bruce Campion-Smith, “Canada struggles to improve conditions for Indigenous people, Trudeau tells the UN,” The Toronto Star, September 21, 2017.
15 “Canadian Public Opinion on Aboriginal Peoples,” June 2016, The Environics Institute, with partners Canadians for a New Partnership, The Circle on Philanthropy and Aboriginal People in Canada, The Inspirit Foundation, Institute on Governance, National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, Reconciliation Canada and Tides Canada, 35.
16 Ibid.
17 “Nova Scotia RCMP introduce eagle feather as new option to swear legal oaths,” Media Release, October 30, 2017, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2017/nova-scotia-rcmp-introduce-eagle-feather-new-option-swear-legal-oaths.
18 “Manitoba RCMP announces eagle feather as option to swear legal oaths,” Media Release, January 22, 2019, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/en/news/2019/manitoba-rcmp-announces-eagle-feather-option-swear-legal-oaths.
19 “Robertson, Dylan, Ouellette, interpreter bring Cree voice to House of Commons,” January 28, 2019, Winnipeg Free Press, https://www.winnipegfreepress.com/local/ouellette-interpreter-bring-cree-voice-to-house-of-commons-504990672.html.
20 Wilbert J. Keon, Chair, The Standing Committee on Rules, Procedures and the Rights of Parliament, April 9, 2008, https://sencanada.ca/en/Content/Sen/chamber/392/journals/048ap_2008-04-09-e.