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Identify a benchmark against which outcomes will be measured.

An engineering solution must demonstrate objectively measurable improvement. This requires that one establish a starting state against which to compare it. At the beginning of the design process—and particularly when the outcome will be perceived and measured differently by different stakeholders—find agreement on and make known any benchmark that will be used to determine improvement. Take accurate measurements before and after, and revisit the benchmark throughout the design process to make sure it remains relevant. If it no longer is, abandon it, but don’t abandon having a benchmark. Identify another, more relevant one that will show you did your job.

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