Index
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Adams, Abigail
Adams, John
Addison, Joseph
African-Americans, see blacks
Alice (slave)
Allen, Jane
Anderson, James
Anne, Queen
Armistead, James
Armistead, William
Arnold, Benedict
Aron (slave)
Articles of Confederation
Ashby, John
Bacon’s Rebellion
Baker, Eliza
Ball, Joseph
Bassett, Anna Maria Dandridge
Bassett, Burwell
Bassett, Burwell, Jr.
Battle of Bunker’s Hill, The (Trumbull)
“Bear, The” (Faulkner)
Berkeley, William
Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution, The (Kaplan and Kaplan)
blacks
in communities of free mixed-race people
departures from America of, after Revolutionary War
escaping slaves, assistance for
as indentured servants
inferiority of, whites’ belief in
and Revolutionary War: exclusion from American army; participation on American side; participation on British side; veterans’ treatment
slave purchases by
see also slavery
Bland, Richard
Blenheim estate
Blinston, Catherine
Boatner, Mark M.
Boson (slave)
Botetourt, Governor
Boucher, Jonathan
Bowden family
Bowles, Capt. John
Braddock, Gen. Edward
Brandywine, Battle of
Branham, Caroline
Bridenbaugh, Carl
Brookhiser, Richard
Bruton Parish Church
Bryant, Linda
Bunker Hill, Battle of
Burgoyne, Gen. John
Burial of Latané, The (Washington)
Burnaby, Andrew
Burrell family
Burton, Judith Saunders
Burwell, Nathaniel
Butler, Pierce
Byrd, Lucy Parke
Byrd, William, II
Byrd, William, III
Cameron, Mary
Camm, John
Campbell, Christiana
Carleton, Gen. Sir Guy
Carlyle, John
Carter, John
Carter, Landon
Carter, Marcia
Carter, Mary B.
Carter, Robert “King”
Carter family
Cato (Addison)
Charleston, siege of
Charlotte Temple (Rowson)
Chesnut, Mary
Chorley, Kenneth
Christ Church (Virginia’s Northern Neck)
Christopher (slave)
Civil War
Washington’s descendants in
Closen, Baron Ludwig von
Cocke, Catesby
College of William and Mary
Colonial Williamsburg historical site
Commager, Henry Steele
Congress, U.S.
Constitution, U.S.
slavery, provisions on
Constitutional Convention
debate on slavery
Continental Congress
Cook of George Washington (Stuart)
Copley, John Singleton
Cornwallis, Lord
Costin, Harriet
Costin, Philadelphia Judge “Delphy”
Costin, William Custis
Cowpens, Battle of
Craik, James
Crow, Hyland
Cupid (slave)
Custis, Daniel Parke
Custis, Frances Parke
Custis, George Washington Parke “Wash”
Custis, Jacky
discipline problems of
sexual relations with slaves of
at Williamsburg
Custis, John
Custis, John “Black Jack”
Custis, Patsy
Custis estate
Dabney, Virginius
Dandridge, Ann
Dandridge, Bartholomew “Bat,” Jr.
Darrell, Sampson
Davy (slave)
Dawson family
Declaration of Independence
Dinwiddie, Robert
Donaldson, James
Douglas, Stephen
Drayton, William Henry
Dunmore, Governor
Easterbrooks, Prince
“Elegiac Poem” (Wheatley)
Ellis, Joseph
Ellsworth, Oliver
Emerson, Ralph Waldo
England
Evans, Joshua
Fairfax, Bryan
Fairfax, George William
Fairfax, Lord
Fairfax, William
Fairfax, Col. William
Fairfax family
Farrand, Max
Faulkner, William
Fauquier, Governor
Ferling, John
Fischer, David Hackett
Fleming, Thomas
Flexner, James Thomas
Flohr, Georg Daniel
Foner, Philip S.
Ford, George W.
Ford, Priscilla
Ford, West
birth date of
claims by descendants of
documentation about
favors by Washington family to
marriage of
wills of John and Hannah Washington concerning
Foster, Eugene
Founding Brothers (Ellis)
Founding Father (Brookhiser)
Fox, Jinny
France
Francis, Jacob
Franklin, Benjamin
Franklin, John Hope
Freeman, Douglas Southall
French and Indian War
French Revolution
Fugitive Slave Act of 1793
Gates, Gen. Horatio
George II, King
George III, King
George Washington Birthplace National Monument
Germantown, Battle of
Gerson, Evelyn
Glover, Col. John
Gooch, Governor
Goodwin, William Archer Rutherfoord
Grant, Jehu
Green, Thomas
Greene, Gen. Nathanael
Griswold, Mac
Grizzard, Frank
Guilford Court House, Battle of
Gum Spring Farm
Hairston family
Hale, Nathan
Haley, Alex
Hamilton, Alexander
Hancock, John
Harrel, Moses
Hemings, Sally
Henry, Patrick
Hercules (slave)
Hill, James
Hirschfeld, Fritz
History of the Negro Race in America From 1619 to 1880 (Williams)
House, John and Margaret
House of Burgesses
Washington’s career in
Howell, Thomas
Huger, Daniel
Humphreys, David
indentured servants
blacks as
criminal proceedings against
Revolutionary War and
rules of servitude and
Washington and
Indians
enslavement of
Washington’s encounters with
Interpreting Our Heritage (Tilden)
Intolerable Acts of 1774
Ireland, James
Isaac (slave)
Jay, John
Jefferson, Thomas
on Articles of Confederation
black inferiority, belief in
emancipation of slaves, rejection of
emancipation proposal of, before House of Burgesses
sexual relations with slaves of
on Washington as legislator
Jemmy (slave)
Jenny (slave)
Johnson, Samuel
Johnston, Henry
Jones, John Paul
Jones, Thomas
Jordan, Winthrop
Judge, Ona
escape from slavery of
service to Washingtons of
Judith (slave)
Kaplan, Sidney and Emma Nogrady
Knight, Humphrey
Lafayette, Marquis de
Armistead and
emancipation proposal of
and Revolutionary War
Washington’s relationship with
Lamson, David
land speculation
Langdon, Elizabeth
Langdon, John
Latané family
Laurens, Henry
Laurens, John
Laurens emancipation plan
Law, Eliza Custis
Law, Thomas
Lawler, Edward, Jr.
Lear, Tobias
Lee, Ann Carter
Lee, Gen. Charles “boiling water”
Lee, Frank
Lee, Henry “Light-Horse Harry”
Lee, Mary Custis
Lee, Richard Henry
Lee, Robert E.
Lee, Thomas
Lee, William
Lee family
Leutze, Emmanuel
Lewis, Fielding
Lewis, Lawrence
Lewis, Nelly Custis
Lewis, Robert
Lexington, Battle of
Liberty Bell
Lightfoot, Armistead
Lincoln, Abraham
Livingston, Isabella
Locke, John
London (slave)
Lossing, Benson J.
Lost Cause nostalgia
Lynch, James B., Jr.
Madison, James
Making of Citizens, The (Merriam)
Malone, Dumas
Maloney, Elizabeth
Manley, Sarah and Nan
Martin, Luther
Mason, George
denunciation of slavery by
Massachusetts
Mazyck, Walter
McCullough, David
McHenry, James
McManning, James
Mercer, George
Merriam, Charles Edward
Mifflin, Thomas
Miller, John Chester
Minute Men
Monmouth, Battle of
Moore, Bernard
Morals (Seneca)
Morgan, Edmund S.
Morgan, Philip D.
Morison, Samuel Eliot
Morris, Gouverneur
Morrison, Jane
Moses (slave)
Moses, William
Mount Vernon
agricultural practices at
economics of farm slavery at
scientific approach to plantation management of
slave barracks at
Washington’s acquisition of
Washington’s dealings with overseers at
Washington’s personal management of slaves at
Washington’s visit to, during Revolutionary War
Moxley, Joseph
music
Myrtilla (slave)
Nace (slave)
Nancy (slave)
Nassau (slave)
National Park Service
Nell, William C.
Nelson, Thomas
New York, Battle of
New York Times
Nicholson, Francis
Niemcewicz, Julian
North, Lord
Notes on the State of Virginia (Jefferson)
Ohio Company
Okeson, Reverend
Olney, Capt. Stephen
“On Being Brought from Africa to America” (Wheatley)
Oswald, Richard
Otis, James
Paris (slave)
Parke, Daniel, II
Parkinson, Richard
Pasteur, William
Peale, Charles Willson
Pearce, William
Pendleton, Edmund
Peros (slave)
Peter, Armistead, III
Peter, Martha Custis
Peter, Thomas
Philadelphia
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth
Pioneer Farm
Pitcairn, Maj. John
Pittsburgh Courier
Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (Wheatley)
Pope, Nathaniel
Posey, John
Power, James
Prosser, Gabriel
Putnam, Gen. Israel
Quakers
Quarles, Benjamin
Randolph, Edmund
Randolph, Peyton
Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington (Custis)
Reed, Joseph
religion
gentry of Virginia and
slavery and
Revere, Paul
Revolutionary War
American setbacks in, due to failure to recruit blacks
Cato and
economic causes of
emancipation proposals during
espionage during
France and
Hessian units in
indentured servants and
peace treaty of
slavery and
smallpox used as weapon in
taxation issues of
training for American troops in
Washington and
see also under blacks
Rhode Island, Battle of
Rhode Island plan for emancipation of slaves
Richmond (slave)
Rights of the British Colonies (Otis)
Robinson, John
Robinson, Mike
Rockefeller, John D., Jr.
Rocky Mountain News
Rogers, J. A.
Roots (Haley)
Rowson, Susanna
Rules of Civility & Decent Behaviour in Company and Conversation, The
Rutledge, Edward
Rutledge, John
Salem, Peter
Saratoga, Battle of
Saunders, Catherine C. Ford
Schuyler, Philip
Secordia (slave)
Selig, Robert
Seneca
Sequeyra, John de
Sex and Race in the New World (Rogers)
sexual relations between masters and slaves
anguish suffered by masters’ families
brutality and shame suffered by slaves
corrupting effect on masters of
historians’ views on
incest and
lies and evasions surrounding
prevalence of
self-hatred in slaves resulting from
suppression of facts regarding
see also Ford, West
sharecropping
Shays, Daniel
Sherman, Roger
Shy, John
Sierra Leone
Simpson, Gilbert
slavery, slaves
Africans brought to Virginia
breeding of labor force
child-rearing by slaves
child’s status as slave or free
determined by mother’s
Constitutional Convention debate on
constitutional provisions on
corrupting effect on masters
crimes by slaves
education for slaves
emancipation proposals: before Congress in 1790; before House of Burgesses; by Lafayette; during Revolutionary War
escapes by slaves; by Judge
family separations
former slaves’ accounts of
games played by slaves
Indians as slaves
Laurens emancipation plan
laws regarding
liberty and representative government, relation to
military role of slaves
Niemcewicz’s observations about
origin and development
passive resistance by slaves
psychological effect on later generations of blacks
racial prejudice and
raffling of slaves
recording of births and marriages
reenactments of slavery
religion and
repatriation of captured slaves following Revolutionary War
revolts by slaves
Revolutionary War and
Rhode Island plan for emancipation
selling of slaves; reenactments of
sexual fears of whites regarding black men and
social transformation resulting from
surnames for slaves
tobacco planting and
treatment of slaves
Wheatley’s life and experiences
see also sexual relations between masters and slaves; Washington, George, and slavery
Smith, Samuel Abbot
Sparks, Jared
Spotswood, Alexander
Spotswood, Elizabeth Washington
Spotswood, Governor
Staines, John
Stamp Act of 1765
Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm Augustus von
Stuart, David
Stuart, Eleanor Calvert Custis
Stuart, Gilbert
sugar planters of Barbados
Sweig, Donald
Swett, Samuel
Tarleton, Banastre
Tayloe, John
theater
Thompson, Joseph
Thompson, Mary
Thomson, Charles
Thornton, William
Tilden, Freeman
tobacco planting
Tom (slave)
tools used by slaves
Trenton, Battle of
Trumbull, John
Tudor Place mansion
Tull, Jethro
Turley, Paul
Twine, Peter and Elly
Twohig, Dorothy
Valley Forge encampment
Van Lew, Elizabeth
Varnum, Gen. James Mitchell
Venus (slave) (West Ford’s mother)
Vergennes, Charles
Vernon, Adm. Edward
Virginia, colonial
see also Williamsburg
Virginia Gazette
“Virginian Luxuries” (painting)
Voltaire
Walsh, Lorena S.
War of 1812
Washington, Ann Aylett
Washington, Anne Brett
Washington, Ann Fairfax (sister-in-law)
Washington, Ann Pope
Washington, Augustine “Gus” (father)
Washington, Augustine, Jr. “Austin” (half brother)
Washington, Bushrod (nephew)
Washington, Butler
Washington, Corbin (nephew)
Washington, Frances Appleton
Washington, George
birth of
birthplace of
chariot purchase by
childhood and youth of
at Constitutional Convention
court and vestry positions of
Custis estate, assumption of control over by
death of
debt problem of
dentures of
descendants of
education of
electoral victories in colonial Virginia of
eloquence of
as father
foxhunting of
gambling of
honesty of
horse-breaking by
human nature, view of
illegal actions of
indentured servants and
as inspiration for slaves desiring freedom
inventions by
larger-than-life quality of
legislative career of
marriage of, see Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis
memorials to
military career of, in 1750s
myth of
naval career considered for
physical appearance of
political pragmatism of
presidency of; behavior as president; election in 1789
racial views of
in retirement
rules of behavior of
self-discipline of
smallpox infection of
social standing of
surveying career of
theater, enjoyment of by
wilderness experiences of
Williamsburg visit of, in 1769
will of
writings: advertisements; diaries; directives for farm workers; letters
see also Mount Vernon; Revolutionary War; specific persons
Washington, George, and slavery
baptism of slaves
clothing for slaves
Constitutional Convention debate on slavery
corrupting effect of slavery on masters, criticism of
Custis slaves, acquisition of
defense of slavery
education for slaves
emancipation failures during his lifetime, consequences of
emancipation of his slaves
emancipation plans devised during presidency
emancipation proposal before Congress in 1790
emancipation proposal before House of Burgesses
emancipation proposal by Lafayette
emancipation proposals during Revolutionary War
escaped slaves, dealing with; Judge’s escape
fair-mindedness in dealing with slaves
familiarity with individual slaves
family separations
fears regarding America’s future were slavery to persist
Fugitive Slave Act
house slaves
housing for slaves
Niemcewicz’s observations on Mount Vernon slaves
Pennsylvania’s residency rules for slaves, evasion of
Peter’s selling of slaves
pleasure in power over slaves
presidency, slaves kept on hand during
punishment of slaves
purchase of slaves
raffling of slaves
rations for slaves
relatives kept as slaves
repatriation of captured slaves following Revolutionary War
repudiation of slavery
selling of slaves
sexual relations with slaves, see Ford, West
teeth of slaves appropriated by Washington
treatment of slaves
vacillation on issues related to slavery
Wheatley’s contacts with Washington
Washington, Hannah Bushrod (sister-in-law)
Washington, Henry (slave)
Washington, Jane Butler
Washington, Jenny (niece)
Washington, John (great-grandfather)
Washington, John Augustine (brother)
Washington, Lawrence (grandfather)
Washington, Lawrence (half brother)
Washington, Lund (cousin)
Washington, Martha Dandridge Custis (wife)
Black Jack tale and
Custis name kept by children of
Daniel Custis’s marriage to
Jacky Custis’s death and
Jacky Custis’s relationship with
Patsy Custis and
death of
domestic life of
Judge’s escape from slavery and
Judge’s service to
Niemcewicz’s assessment of
physical appearance of
relatives of, kept as slaves
social standing of
Washington’s compatibility with
Washington’s emancipation of his slaves and
Washington’s marriage to
wealth of
widowhood of
Washington, Mary Ball (mother)
influence on Washington of
Washington, Mildred (niece)
Washington, Richard
Washington, Richard Henry Lee
Washington, Sarah Tayloe
Washington, Spotswood (cousin)
Washington, William (cousin)
Washington, William Augustine (nephew)
Washington, William D.
Washington Crossing the Delaware (Leutze)
Washington family cemetery
Washington Post
Washingtons and Their Homes, The (Wayland)
Wayland, John W.
Weems, Mason Locke “Parson”
Westover, James
Wheatley, Phillis
Wheatley family
Whipple, Joseph
Whipple, Prince
Whipple, William
Whitefield, George
White Over Black (Jordan)
Will (slave)
William and Mary, College of
Williams, George W.
Williamsburg
civility and manners in social activities at
“Publick Times” celebrations of
revelry and gambling at
slave market at
Washington at
see also Colonial Williamsburg historical site
Wills, Anita
Wilson, Ellen
Winter, John
Wolcott, Oliver
Wollaston, John
Wood, Gordon
Yorktown, Battle of
Young, Arthur