INTRODUCTION
1. Andrei Codrescu, “Arizona Education Loses the Accent of America,” NPR, May 10, 2010.
2. The controversy surrounding President Barack Obama’s birthplace in connection to his legitimacy as president is relevant in this regard, as is, of course, the fact that only a person born on American soil can become president.
3. Many foreign intellectuals were involved in diasporic politics, especially in the German exile community during the war years. Thomas Mann and Bertolt Brecht are cases in point, among others less famous. See Jean-Michel Palmer, Weimar in Exile: The Antifascist Emigration in Europe and America, trans. David Fernbach (London: Verso, 2006).
4. For a comprehensive treatment of Leo Strauss’s influence on American political thought, including from the perspective of some of his former students who became government officials, see Kenneth L. Deutsch and John A. Murley, eds., Leo Strauss, the Straussians, and the American Regime (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
5. For a discussion of Rand’s influence on his views, see Alan Greenspan, The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (New York: Penguin, 2007).
6. See Jamie Stiehm, “Paul Ryan’s Dangerous Obsession with Ayn Rand,” U.S. News and World Report, April 14, 2012.
7. A notable exception, and possibly the definitive treatment of Rand, appears in Jennifer Burns, Goddess of the Market: Ayn Rand and the American Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
8. Seyla Benhabib, The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
9. Jürgen Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, ed. Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1998), 57.
10. Margarethe von Trotta, dir., Hannah Arendt (New York: Zeitgeist Films, 2012).
11. Aristotle’s insights coincide with modern social scientific findings. A 1984 psychological study examined the way audience perception of a speaker (based on factors such as age, gender, and appearance) functioned as the main source of persuasion. The authors found that when audience members were unlikely to elaborate on the information presented, because they were not familiar with the content of the message or not especially interested in it (low likelihood of elaboration), they decided whether to accept the message based on how convincing they perceived the speaker to be. Once convinced by the speaker, an audience could conclude that the argument had intrinsic value. The audience members accepted the arguments as valid because they trusted the arguer. See R. E. Petty and J. T. Cacioppo, “The Effects of Involvement on Responses to Argument Quantity and Quality: Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 69–81.
12. Eugene Garver, Aristotle’s Rhetoric: An Art of Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 192.
13. Pierre Bourdieu, Language as Symbolic Power, ed. John B. Thompson, trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991), 48.
14. Jacques Le Goff, Intellectuals in the Middle Ages (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1993).
15. Richard Pells, The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s, 2nd ed. (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1989).
16. Walter Lacquer, “The Arendt Cult: Hannah Arendt as Political Commentator,” Journal of Contemporary History 33, no. 4 (1998): 289.
17. Benhabib, Rights of Others, 142–43.
18. Immanuel Kant, “Perpetual Peace” (1795), in Kant: Political Writings, ed. Hans Reiss, trans. H. B. Nisbett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 105.
19. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (1835–40), ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), back cover.
20. Sheldon Wolin, Tocqueville Between Two Worlds: The Making of a Political and Theoretical Life (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2009).
21. Ali Behdad, A Forgetful Nation: On Immigration and Cultural Identity in the United States (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005), 60, 64, 51.
22. Tocqueville, Democracy in America, xiii.
23. Ibid., 50.
24. Ibid., 19.
25. Ibid., 9.
26. Ibid., 18. By some accounts, Tocqueville’s image of America was, at heart, a representation of an idealized France. He presented the famous American practical sense as a form of Cartesianism perfected in ways never yet reached in Descartes’s own country. Puzzling over the reference to something as distinctly French as Cartesianism, Susan Weiner argues that Democracy in America “presented French readers with their own idealized reflection” (“Terre à Terre: Tocqueville, Aron, Baudrillard, and the American Way of Life,” Yale French Studies 100 [2001]: 16).
27. It goes without saying that pointing out this rhetorical effect in Tocqueville’s writing does not amount to questioning the significance and originality of American political institutions compared to other political institutions in the West. Traveling to America in 1899, Max Weber studied the working of American democracy in community councils and immigrants’ schools, which inspired some of the key concepts in his Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism.
28. Simon Schama, “The Unloved American: Two Centuries of Alienating Europe,” The New Yorker, March 3, 2003.
29. Frances Trollope, Domestic Manners of Americans (1832), (New York: Knopf, 1949).
30. Charles Dickens, American Notes for General Circulation (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1842).
31. Matthew Arnold, Civilization in the United States: First and Last Impressions of America (Carlisle, Mass.: Applewood Books, 1888).
32. Albert Camus, American Journals (New York: Paragon House, 1987), 31.
33. Simone de Beauvoir, America Day by Day, trans. Carol Cosman (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2000), 24.
34. William Barrett, The Truants: Adventures Among Intellectuals (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1982, 23.
35. Mary McCarthy, “America the Beautiful: The Humanist in the Bathtub,” Commentary 4 (September 1947): 202, 207, 208.
36. Walter Lacquer, Generation Exodus: The Fate of Young Jewish Refugees from Nazi Germany (Boston: Brandeis University Press, 2001).
37. Lisa Fittko, Escape Through the Pyrenees (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press), 110.
38. See Daniel Tichenor, Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), 151.
39. Charles Tilly, “Transplanted Networks,” in Immigration Reconsidered, ed. Virginia Yans-McLaughlin (Oxford: Oxford University Press: 1990), 79–95.
40. Elisabeth Kessim Berman, “Moral Triage or Cultural Salvage? The Agendas of Varian Fry and the Emergency Rescue Committee,” in Exiles and Emigrés: The Flight of European Artists from Hitler, ed. Stephanie Barron, Sabine Eckman, and Matthew Afferon (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Museum of Art; New York: H. N. Abrams, 1997), 109.
41. Stephanie Barron, “European Artists in Exile. A Reading Between the Lines,” in Exiles and Emigrés: The Flight of European Artists from Hitler, ed. Stephanie Barron, Sabine Eckman and Matthew Afferon (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Museum of Art; New York: H. N. Abrams, 1997), 19.
42. Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in American from the 1930s to the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
43. Francis Goffing, “The American and European Minds Compared: An Essay in Definition,” Commentary vol. 28 No. 6 (1959): 506-14. Also quoted in Thomas Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in Exile (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009), 135.
44. Laurent Jeanpierre, “Pontigny-en-Amerique,” in Artists, Intellectuals, and World War II: The Pontigny Encounters at Mount Holyoke College, 1942–1944, ed. Christopher Benfey and Karen Remmler (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2006), 34.
45. Theodor W. Adorno, “Scientific Experiences of a European Scholar in America,” in The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America 1930–1960, ed. Donald Fleming and Bernard Bailyn, trans. Donald Fleming (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969), 344, 348, 348–49.
46. Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, 59.
47. Theodor W. Adorno, “On the Question: What Is German?,” trans. Thomas Y. Levin, New German Critique 36 (1985): 127.
48. Ibid., 128.
49. Sander Gilman, Smart Jews: The Construction of the Image of Jewish Superior Intelligence (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996), 7, 195.
50. Berman, “Moral Triage,” 75.
51. Wulf Koepke, “Lifting the Cultural Blockade: The American Discovery of a New German Literature after World War I—Ten Years of Critical Commentary in the Nation and the New Republic,” in The Fortunes of German Writers in America: Studies in Literary Reception, ed. Wofgang Elfe, James N. Hardin, and Gunther Holst (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1992), 97.
52. See Barry Katz, Foreign Intelligence Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989), 34.
53. Henry Hatfield, “Thomas Mann and America,” Salmagundi 10–11 (1969–1970): 178.
54. See Daniel Kanstroom, Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007).
55. See Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise.
56. James K. Lyon, Bertolt Brecht in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1983), 4.
57. Bertolt Brecht, Foreign Bureau of Investigation File, File 100–190707 (emphasis mine).
58. Ibid.
59. Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise, 383.
60. Ironically, and in contrast to the German war refugees, Eastern and Central European found a cold reception precisely because they were not socialists. It is reported that Milosz was assured by his tenure committee at the University of California, Berkeley, that he would earn it “despite” the fact that he had fled communist Poland. See Jean Bethke Elshtain, God, State, and Self (New York: Basic Books, 2008), 234.
61. Bonnie Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 84.
62. Ibid., 75.
63. Hannah Arendt, “‘What Remains? The Language Remains’: A Conversation with Günter Gaus” (1964), in The Portable Hannah Arendt, ed. Peter Baehr (New York: Penguin, 2000), 13.
64. Paul Ricoeur, “Rhetoric and Poetics,” in Essays on Aristotle’s Rhetoric, ed. Amelie Rorty Oksenberg (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 64.
65. Pierre Bourdieu, Language as Symbolic Power, ed. John B. Thompson, trans. Gino Raymond and Matthew Adamson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1991).
66. Benhabib, Rights of Others, 128.
67. Many earlier social and cultural histories focus on the academic and scholarly success of foreign intellectuals as indicators of enthusiastic reception in the United States. Fewer studies present the obstacles even the most famous of them had to overcome to become recognized in America. To offer an explanation for the foreign intellectuals’ rise to distinction, many authors proceed by situating the foreigner in an institutional context, such as the Institute for Social Research (originally based in Frankfurt) or the New School for Research. Given the sheer size of the German group of scholars who found shelter in American institutions, a lot of effort has gone into comprehensive monographs, social and cultural histories aiming at an overall assessment of the role played by the émigrés in the United States. Some have also looked at the challenges facing the exiles. See Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930–1941 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968); Jeffrey Mehlman, Émigré New York (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000); Volkmar Zühlsdorff, Hitler’s Exiles: The German Cultural Resistance in America and Europe (London: Continuum, 2004); Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise; Claus Dieter Krohn, Intellectuals in Exile: Refugee Scholars and the New School for Social Research (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993). These books have made an invaluable contribution toward documenting the contribution of the exiles to postwar life in America. Later studies, especially Martin Jay, Permanent Exiles: Essays on the Intellectual Migration from Germany to America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), are more analytically oriented toward the sociological, cultural, and philosophical conflicts and confrontations that accompanied the entrance of the European intellectuals to American life. Although these authors do not deal explicitly with the political legitimation of the European intellectuals, they offer some valuable insights by showing how some decisions and choices (especially concerning institutional affiliation or personal ties to particular American academics) helped or hindered the process of acceptance into the American mainstream academia and intelligentsia. Two recent studies share my assumptions about the complex nature of the reception—both hostile and friendly—foreign intellectuals have had in American political discourse: Thomas Wheatland, The Frankfurt Institute in Exile (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009); David Jenemann, Adorno in America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007). Both reveal that it is important not to assume a systematically oppositional or collaborative relation between the foreign and American intellectuals and to understand what led to opposition or collaboration, when either happened. Both Wheatland and Jenemann focus exclusively on German intellectuals: the members of the Institute for Social Research and Theodor W. Adorno, respectively.
1. THE STRANGER PERSONA
1. Robert E. Pierre and Paul Farhi, “‘Refugee’: A Word of Trouble,” Washington Post, September 7, 2005.
2. Ibid.
3. Liisa H. Malkki, “Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization,” Cultural Anthropology 11, no. 3 (1996), 378 (emphasis mine).
4. Ibid.
5. “Refugees ‘de Luxe,’” Life Magazine, July 22, 1940.
6. Quoted in Jeffrey Mehlman, Émigré New York: French Intellectuals in Wartime Manhattan, 1940–1944 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 2.
7. Daniel Kanstroom, Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007), 17.
8. Liisa Malkki, “National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and the Territorialization of National Identity among Scholars and Refugees,” Cultural Anthropology 7, no. 1 (1992): 27.
9. Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in American from the 1930s to the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), 35.
10. National origin and race have generally influenced the reception of foreigners in a nation-state. In the United States, these categories have shaped immigration policy, limiting access and establishing preferential treatment. Class, economic standing, and gender have also been important factors but studies of immigration policy often focus primarily on the impact of national origin and race. This focus is justified, given some of the historic changes in immigration policy, such as the introduction of quotas for immigrants from non-European countries, which were driven by considerations of race and national origin.
11. Samuel P. Huntington, Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
12. Desmond King, The Liberty of Strangers (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 25.
13. Nathan Glazer, “Hannah Arendt’s America,” Commentary 60 (1975): 61–67.
14. Laura Fermi, Illustrious Immigrants: The Intellectual Migration from Europe, 1930–1941 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).
15. Barry Katz, Foreign Intelligence Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
16. Stephanie Barron, “European Artists in Exile: A Reading Between the Lines,” in Exiles and Emigrés: The Flight of European Artists from Hitler, ed. Stephanie Barron, Sabine Eckman, and Matthew Afferon (New York: H. N. Abrams, 1997), 19.
17. Aristotle, Politics 1.5.
18. Aristotle, Rhetoric 1.9, 3.16.9.1417a23–27.
19. Ingo Gildenhard, Creative Eloquence: The Construction of Reality in Cicero’s Speeches (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 23.
20. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, 2.1. See also Michael Halloran, “Aristotle’s Concept of Ethos, or If Not His, Somebody Else’s,” Rhetoric Review 1, no. 1 (1982): 61.
21. Stephen Haliwell, “The Challenge of Rhetoric to Political and Ethical Theory in Aristotle,” in Essays on Aristotle’s Rhetoric, ed. Amelie Rorty Oksenberg (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 178.
22. Arthur Walzer, “Blair’s Ideal Orator: Civic Rhetoric and Christian Politeness in Lectures 25–34,” Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric 25, no. 3 (2007): 274–75.
23. Cicero, De Oratore 1.40, 1.8.
24. Ibid., 1.8.
25. Cicero, De Oratore 2.
26. Anthony Giddens, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration (London: Polity, 1984).
27. Adam Seligman, The Problem of Trust (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 107.
28. Walzer, “Blair’s Ideal Orator,” 295.
29. Luc Boltanski, Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics, trans. Graham Burchell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 37.
30. Jürgen Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, ed. Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998), 115.
31. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, On the Social Contract, Book II, 7, ed, and trans. Donald A. Cress (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987).
32. Ibid
33. Bonnie Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 21, 32, 22.
34. Daniel Kanstroom, Deportation Nation, 7.
35. Saskia Sassen, Guests and Aliens (New York: The New Press, 1999), 77, 78.
36. Aristide Zolberg, A Nation by Design: Immigration Policy in the Fashioning of America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006), 25.
37. Linda Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien: Dilemmas of Contemporary Membership (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006), 38.
38. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice: A Defense of Pluralism and Equality (New York: Basic, 1983), 54–55.
39. Bosniak, The Citizen and the Alien, 43, 84.
40. Desmond King, A Nation of Strangers, 166.
41. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 50.
42. Seligman, The Problem of Trust, 118.
43. Zolberg, Nation by Design, 107–8.
44. Shawn J. Parry-Giles, Hillary Clinton in the News: Gender and Authenticity in American Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014).
45. Alan McPherson, “Americanism against American Empire,” in Americanism: New Perspectives on the History of an Ideal, ed. Michael Kazin and Joseph A. McCartin (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 117.
46. Honig, Democracy and the Foreigner, 74.
47. Georg Simmel, “The Stranger,” in The Sociology of Georg Simmel, ed. Kurt H. Wolff (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1950), 404.
48. Montesquieu, Persian Letters, trans. C. J. Betts (London: Penguin, 2004), 83.
49. Simmel, “The Stranger,” 402, 404, 405.
50. Pierre Birnbaum, Geography of Hope: The Enlightenment and Disassimilation (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2008), 141.
51. Simmel was accused of political utopianism. See Birnbaum, Geography of Hope.
52. Albert Salomon, “Georg Simmel Reconsidered,” in Georg Simmel and the American Prospect, ed. Gary D. Jaworski (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997).
53. Ibid.
54. Robert Park, “Human Migration and the Marginal Man,” American Journal of Sociology 33, no. 6 (1928): 881–93.
55. Birnbaum, Geography of Hope, 150–51.
56. Simmel, “The Stranger,” 403.
57. Ibid., 402.
58. Alfred Schutz, “The Stranger: An Essay in Social Psychology,” American Journal of Sociology 49, no. 6 (1944): 506.
59. Aleksandra Alund, “Alterity in Modernity,” Acta Sociologica 38 (1995): 314, 312.
60. Philosophers in Exile: The Correspondence of Alfred Schutz and Aron Gurwitch, 1939–1959, trans. Claude Evans (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989).
61. Schutz, “The Stranger,” 499–500, 501.
62. Ibid., 502.
63. Z. D. Gurevitch, “The Other Side of Dialogue: On Making the Other Strange and the Experience of Otherness,” American Journal of Sociology 93, no. 5 (1988): 1180.
64. Ibid.
65. Carlo Ginzburg, “Making Things Strange: The Prehistory of a Literary Device,” Representations 56 (1996): 15.
66. Viktor Shklovsky, Theory of Prose, trans. Benjamin Sher (Normal, Ill.: Dalkey Archive Press, 1990), 5.
67. Shklovsky, Theory of Prose, 10.
68. Svetlana Boym, Another Freedom: The Alternative History of an Idea (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 208.
69. Viktor Shklovsky, Zoo or Letters Not About Love, trans. Richard Sheldon (Normal, Ill..: Dalkey Archive Press, 2001).
70. James Perrin Warren, Culture of Eloquence: Oratory and Reform in Antebellum America (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999), 31.
71. Fredrick Antczak, Thought and Character: The Rhetoric of Democratic Education (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1985), 9–10.
72. Svetlana Boym, “Estrangement as a Lifestyle: Shklovsky and Brodsky,” Poetics Today 17, no. 4 (1996): 515.
73. Roman Jakobson, Language in Literature, ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rushi (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987), 93.
74. Vladimir Nabokov, “The Art of Fiction no. 40,” interview by Herbert Gold, Paris Review 41 (1967).
75. Simmel’s essay was read as an argument against Zionism because he did not believe that Jews needed their own state in order to be recognized politically. Rather, he believed in a European political order that would incorporate the Jews organically. See Birnbaum, Geography of Hope.
2. HANNAH ARENDT: THE THINKER AND THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC
1. Hannah Arendt and Karl Jaspers, Correspondence 1926–1969 (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1992).
2. Arendt is clearly referring to the distribution of power at the states level within the American Republic.
3. Hannah Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” Dissent 6, no. 1 (1959); Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (New York: Penguin, 1994).
4. Harvey Teres, Renewing the Left: Politics, Imagination, and the New York Intellectuals (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
5. In On Revolution, Arendt extols the political vision introduced by the American Revolution and the Founding Fathers, especially its ideal of equality, contrasting it to the vision of the French Revolution, which was quickly perverted, in her view, through corruption, power, and violence. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York: Viking, 1991).
6. Hannah Arendt, “‘What Remains? The Language Remains’: A Conversation with Günter Gaus,” in The Portable Hannah Arendt, ed. Peter Baehr (New York: Penguin, 2000), 12.
7. Jenny Teichman, “Understanding Arendt,” The New Criterion 12 (April 1994).
8. Jerome Kohn, “Evil: The Crime against Humanity,” Hannah Arendt Papers, Library of Congress, http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/arendthtml/essayc1.html.
9. Kenneth Burke, “Terministic Screens,” Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966.
10. Elisabeth Young-Bruehl, Hannah Arendt: For Love of the World (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1982), 10, 14, 27.
11. Ibid., 11.
12. Ibid., 32.
13. See Young-Bruehl, For Love of the World, 61.
14. See Richard Wolin, Heidegger’s Children: Hannah Arendt, Karl Löwith, Hans Jonas, and Herbert Marcuse (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001).
15. Young-Bruehl, For Love of the World, 71.
16. Ibid., 108.
17. Ibid., 98.
18. The Soldiers’ Council was mainly responsible for the revolution that led to the creation of the Weimar Republic.
19. Arendt’s political theory has been amply discussed. For summarizing this vast body of thought in this chapter, I have relied especially on Margaret Canovan, Hannah Arendt: A Reinterpretation of Her Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) and Dagmar Barnouw, “Speaking about Modernity: Arendt’s Construction of the Political,” New German Critique, no. 50 (Spring–Summer 1990).
20. Lisa Fittko, Escape Through the Pyrenees (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2000).
21. Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger, Hannah Arendt and Martin Heidegger, Letters: 1925–1975, ed. Ursula Ludz, trans. Andrew Shields (Boston: Harcourt, 2004), 12–13.
22. Julia Kristeva, Hannah Arendt, trans. Ross Guberman (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
23. Hannah Arendt, Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess (London: East and West Library, 1957).
24. Arendt, Rahel Varnhagen, xv–xvi.
25. Seyla Benhabib, “The Pariah and Her Shadow: Hannah Arendt’s Biography of Rahel Varnhagen,” Political Theory 23, no. 1 (1995): 8.
26. Wolin, Heidegger’s Children.
27. Ibid., 47.
28. Benhabib, “The Pariah and Her Shadow,” 9.
29. Wolin, Heidegger’s Children, 46.
30. Hannah Arendt, “The Jews and Society,” in The Jewish Writings, ed. Jerome Kohn and Ron H. Feldman (New York: Schocken Books, 2007).
31. Lisa Jane Disch, Hannah Arendt and the Limits of Philosophy (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1996).
32. Wolin, Heidegger’s Children, 56.
33. Benhabib, “The Pariah and Her Shadow,” 11.
34. See Leerom Modovoi, Rebels: Youth and the Cold War Origins of Identity (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005).
35. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951).
36. Hannah Arendt, Men in Dark Times (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1955).
37. Disch, Limits of Philosophy, 191
38. Ibid., 176.
39. Hannah Arendt, The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age, ed. Ron H. Feldman (New York: Grove Press, 1978), 77.
40. Disch, Limits of Philosophy, 187.
41. Arendt, Men in Dark Times, 29.
42. Hannah Arendt, “‘The Rights of Man’: What They Are,” Modern Review 31 (1949): 24–37.
43. Jeffrey Isaac, “Situating Hannah Arendt on Action and Politics,” Political Theory 21, no. 3 (1993): 509–10.
44. Hannah Arendt, “We, Refugees,” in The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age, ed. Ron H. Feldman (New York: Grove Press, 1978), 55–66; Disch, Limits of Philosophy, 172.
45. Arendt, “We, Refugees,” 58, 60.
46. Giorgio Agamben, “We, Refugees,” Symposium 49, no. 2 (1995): 116.
47. Arnold Gennep, The Rites of Passage, trans. Monika B. Vizedom and Gavrielle L. Caffe (London: Routledge, 1960); Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1967).
48. Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
49. Many of the articles published in Aufbau have been included in an anthology that I used throughout this chapter: Arendt, The Jewish Writings.
50. Young-Bruehl, For Love of the World, 179.
51. The Origins of Totalitarianism was reviewed, among others, by Raymond Aron and David Riesman. The genesis of the book was complicated, as Arendt kept adding sections.
52. Young-Bruehl, For Love of the World, 211.
53. Ibid., 255.
54. David Riesman, Riesman-Arendt Correspondence, Hannah Arendt Papers, Library of Congress, Folder PO2, images 12, 26, 35, quoted in Peter Baehr, Hannah Arendt, Totalitarianism, and the Social Sciences (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010), 46.
55. See Bruce Lincoln, Authority: Construction and Erosion (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
56. “Hannah Arendt on Hannah Arendt,” in Hannah Arendt: The Recovery of the Public World, ed. M. A. Hill (New York: St. Martin Press, 1979), 333.
57. William Barrett, The Truants: Adventures Among Intellectuals (Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor/Doubleday, 1982), 101–2.
58. Ibid., 102.
59. This connection would become more and more common in later critiques of Arendt’s work.
60. Martin Jay, “Force Fields: Intellectual Family Values: William Phillips, Hannah Arendt and the Partisan Review,” Salmagundi 142 (2003): 43–55.
61. For a discussion of Arendt’s essay from a legal perspective that considers the broader historical context, see Maribel Morey, “Reassessing Hannah Arendt’s ‘Reflections on Little Rock’” (1959), Law, Culture, and the Humanities (December 2011): http://lch.sagepub.com/content/early/2011/12/20/1743872111423795.full.pdf+html
62. Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” 46.
63. James Bohman, “The Moral Costs of Political Pluralism: The Dilemmas of Difference and Equality in Hannah Arendt’s ‘Reflections on Little Rock,’” in Hannah Arendt: Twenty Years Later, ed. Larry May and Jerome Kohn (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1997), 54.
64. David Spitz, “Politics and the Realms of Being,” Dissent 6, no. 1 (1959): 56–58; Melvin Tumin, “Pie in the Sky,” Dissent 6, no. 1 (1959): 65–66.
65. Hannah Arendt, “A Reply to Critics,” Dissent 6, no. 2 (1959): 179.
66. “Hannah Arendt and Little Rock: Reflections on the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Desegregation of Central High School,” Princeton University Program in Law and Public Affairs, April 27, 2007.
67. See Bohman, “The Moral Costs of Political Pluralism”; Meili Steele, “Arendt Versus Ellison on Little Rock: The Role of Language in Political Judgment,” Constellations 9, no. 2 (2002): 184–206.
68. I use the term in the sense of Chaim Perelman and L. Olbrecths-Tyteca, as a technique of argumentation that differentiates within aspects of reality or experience, which are otherwise assumed to be linked, in order to evaluate one of these aspects as positive and deem the other negative. In this case, Arendt was trying to present social discrimination as positive and political discrimination, tantamount to racism, as negative.
69. Jennifer Ring, “The Pariah as Hero: Hannah Arendt’s Political Actor,” Political Theory 19, no. 3 (1991): 436.
70. Hannah Arendt, Crises of the Republic (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1972).
71. Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” 46.
72. Ibid.
73. Arendt, Crises of the Republic.
74. Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” 46, 54.
75. Ibid., 49; Arendt, “A Reply to Critics,” 181.
76. George Kateb, “The Questionable Influence of Arendt (and Strauss),” in Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German Emigres and American Political Thought After World War II, ed. Peter Graf Kielmansegg, Horst Mewes, and Elisabeth Glaser-Schmidt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 34.
77. See Carol Polsgrove, Divided Minds: Intellectuals and the Civil Rights Movement (New York: Norton, 2001).
78. Arendt, “A Reply to Critics,” 181.
79. Sydney Hook, “Letter to the Editors,” Dissent 6, no. 2 (1959): 203.
80. Spitz, “Politics and the Realms of Being,” 58. Melvin Tumin, “Pie in the Sky,” 65.
81. A further elucidated treatment of the topic is found in Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958).
82. Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” 57.
83. Ibid., 51.
84. Ibid.
85. For a comprehensive view, see Hanna Fenikel Pitkin, The Attack of the Blob: Hannah Arendt’s Concept of the Social (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
86. Norman Podhoretz, “My Negro Problem—and Ours,” Commentary 35 (1963): 93–101.
87. Ibid., 93, 101.
88. Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” 46.
89. Young-Bruehl, For Love of the World, 311.
90. Philip Hansen, “Hannah Arendt and Bearing with Strangers,” Contemporary Political Theory 3 (2004): 12.
91. Kenneth Warren, “Ralph Ellison and the Problem of Cultural Authority,” boundary 2 30, no. 2 (2003): 15.
92. Quoted in Young-Bruehl, For Love of the World, 316.
93. Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” 50.
94. Arendt developed these views further in a lecture given in Bremen in 1958 and later published as “The Crisis in Education,” Partisan Review 25, no. 4 (1958).
95. Arendt, “A Reply to Critics.”
96. Tumin, “Pie in the Sky,” 65.
97. Ralph Ellison, “The World and the Jug,” in The Collected Essays of Ralph Ellison (New York: Modern Library, 1995), 156.
98. Martha Minow, Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion, and American Law (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990): 19–23.
99. Henry Hampton, Steve Fayer, and Sarah Flynn, Voices of Freedom: An Oral History of the Civil Rights Movement from the 1950s through the 1980s (New York: Bantam, 1990).
100. Bohman, 58.
101. Polsgrove, Divided Minds, 59.
102. Bohman, 54.
103. Arendt, “Reflections on Little Rock,” 232.
104. Daniel Tichenor, Dividing Lines: The Politics of Immigration Control in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press), 151.
105. Ezra Pound, quoted in Alfred Kazin, New York Jew (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1996), 32.
106. Kazin, New York Jew, 34.
107. Kazin, “Wisdom in Exile,” The New Republic 7, no. 22 (1977): 28, 26.
108. A special issue of Salmagundi was dedicated to the impact of German émigrés on American thought and society. Salmagundi: The Legacy of the German Refugee Intellectuals 10–11 (1970).
109. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987).
110. Barrett, The Truants, 23.
111. Jacob Robinson, And the Crooked Shall Be Made Straight: The Eichmann Trial, the Jewish Catastrophe, and Hannah Arendt’s Narrative (New York: Macmillan, 1965).
112. Lion Abel, “The Aesthetics of Evil: Hannah Arendt on Eichmann and the Jews,” Partisan Review 30, no. 2 (1963): 211–30; “Eichmann in Jerusalem: An Exchange of Letters Between Gershom Scholem and Hannah Arendt,” Encounter 1 (1964): 51–56; Irving Howe, “The New Yorker and Hannah Arendt,” Commentary 36, no. 4: 318–19; Norman Podhoretz, “Hannah Arendt on Eichmann: A Study in the Perversity of Brilliance,” Commentary 36, no. 3 (1963): 201–8; Anti-Defamation League, “A Report on the Evil of Banality: The Arendt Book,” Facts 15, no. 1 (1963): 263–70.
113. Mary McCarthy, “The Hue and Cry,” Partisan Review 31, no. 1 (1964): 82–94; Stephen Spender, “Death in Jerusalem,” The New York Review of Books 1, no. 2 (1963); Daniel Bell, “The Alphabet of Justice: Reflections on Eichmann in Jerusalem,” Partisan Review 30, no. 3 (1963): 417–29; Bruno Bettelheim, “Eichmann, the System, the Victims,” The New Republic 148, no. 24 (1963): 22–33.
114. Irving Howe, “‘The New Yorker’ and Hannah Arendt,” Commentary 36, no. 4 (1963): 318–19.
115. Fred Kaplan, “The Woman Who Saw Banality in Evil,” New York Times, May 24, 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/26/movies/hannah-arendt-directed-by-margarethe-von-trotta.html.
116. See Deborah E. Lipstadt, The Eichmann Trial (New York: Schocken, 2011).
117. Gershom Scholem to Hannah Arendt, “An Exchange of Letters,” in The Jew as Pariah: Jewish Identity and Politics in the Modern Age, ed. Ron H. Feldman (New York: Grove, 1978), 242.
118. Arendt to Scholem, “Exchange of Letters,” 248.
119. Walter Lacquer, “Footnotes to the Holocaust,” The New York Review of Books 5, no. 7 (1965).
120. See Richard Piro, Hannah Arendt and the Tragedy of Politics (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2000); David Douglas Klusmeyer, “Beyond Tragedy: Hannah Arendt and Hans Morgenthau on Responsibility, Evil, and Political Ethics,” International Studies Review 11 (2009): 332–51.
121. Klusmeyer, “Beyond Tragedy,” 336.
122. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 251.
123. Dagmar Barnouw, “Hannah Arendt Revisited: Eichmann in Jerusalem,” Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 21 (2003): 22.
124. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 4.
125. Ibid., 7, 8.
126. According to Lipstadt, Arendt was absent from the courtroom for most of the trial.
127. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 8 (emphasis mine).
128. Ibid., 48.
129. Mieke Bal, Narratology: Introduction to the Theory of Narrative (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1997), 23.
130. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 84–85.
131. Ibid., 51.
132. Ibid.
133. David Velleman, “Narrative Explanation,” Philosophical Review 112 (2003): 23.
134. For Arendt’s conception of evil, I have relied on Steven Aschheim, “Nazism, Culture, and the Origins of Totalitarianism: Hannah Arendt and the Discourse of Evil,” New German Critique 70 (1997): 117–39.
135. Berel Lang, “The Limits of Irony,” New Literary History 27, no. 3 (1996): 571–88.
136. Richard Rorty, Contingency, Irony, and Solidarity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
137. Lang, “The Limits of Irony,” 574.
138. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 58.
139. Karl Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt, trans. E. B. Ashton (New York: Fordham University Press, 2000).
140. Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem, 152.
141. James Baldwin, “A Letter from the South: Nobody Knows My Name,” Partisan Review 26, no. 1 (1959).
142. Aron Rabinbach, “Eichmann in New York: The New York Intellectuals and the Hannah Arendt Controversy,” October 108 (2004): 110.
143. Norman Podhoretz, Ex-Friends: Falling Out with Allen Ginsberg, Lionel and Diana Trilling, Lilian Hellman, Hannah Arendt, and Norman Mailer (New York: The Free Press, 1999).
144. Sophisticated as it is in its take on what constitutes true commitment to one’s “own people,” this statement did not convince Scholem, or many other members of the Jewish American community. It did not help that Arendt addressed him in her letter as Gerhardt rather than by the Jewish name he had been using after moving to Israel, Gershom. Yet she probably used the German name not intending offense as much as scorn for the ostentatious change her friend had made to signal that he was Jewish. That does not mean she did not feel Jewish. In a letter sent to Jaspers, who questioned the right of the Israeli police to arrest Eichmann by abducting him in Argentina, Arendt defended the decision passionately in the name of the Jewish people, using repeatedly the first person plural “we.”
145. Dana Villa, “The Philosopher Versus the Citizen: Arendt, Strauss, and Socrates,” Political Theory 26, no. 2 (1998): 147–72.
146. Arendt, “What Remains,” 3.
147. Kateb, “The Questionable Influence,” 30.
148. Hannah Arendt, “Philosophy and Politics,” Social Research 57, no. 1 (1990): 73, 74.
149. Villa, “The Philosopher,” 148.
150. Anthony Grafton, “Arendt and Eichmann at the Dinner Table,” The American Scholar 68, no. 1 (1999): 105–119.
151. Arendt, “Philosophy and Politics,” 80.
152. Ibid., 81.
153. Villa, “The Philosopher Versus the Citizen,” 168.
154. Shirley Samuels, ed., The Culture of Sentiment: Race, Gender, and Sentimentality in Nineteenth-Century America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
155. Arendt to Scholem, “Exchange of Letters,” 246.
156. Hannah Arendt to Georg Lichtenstein, 23 November 1957, Hannah Arendt Papers, Library of Congress, quoted in Polsgrove, Divided Minds, 56.
3. HERBERT MARCUSE’S GERMAN REVOLUTION IN AMERICA
1. Carlo Romani “Occupy This: Is It Comeback for Herbert Marcuse?” The Chronicle of Higher Education, December 11, 2011, http://chronicle.com/article/Occupy-This-Is-It-Comeback/130028.
2. Ibid.
3. Leo Löwenthal, Mitmachen wollte Ich nie: Ein autobiographisches Gespräch mit Helmut Dubiel (Frankfurt: Suhrkampf, 1980).
4. Paul Breines, “From Guru to Specter: Marcuse and the Implosion of the Movement,” in Critical Interruptions: New Left Perspectives on Herbert Marcuse, ed. Paul Breines (New York: Herder and Herder, 1970), 1–21; Richard Wolin, The Frankfurt School Revisited and Other Essays in Politics and Society (London: Routledge, 2006).
5. Anthony Heilbut, Exiled in Paradise: German Refugee Artists and Intellectuals in America from the 1930s to the Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983).
6. Michael G. Horowitz, “Portrait of the Marxist as an Old Trouper,” Playboy, September 1970, http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/newsevents/1970/709PlayboyInt.htm.
7. The information is presented in Paul Alexander Juutilainen’s documentary Herbert’s Hippopotamus: Marcuse and Revolution in Paradise, University of California at San Diego (1996).
8. Thomas Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009).
9. See Kevin Mattson, Intellectuals in Action: The Origins of the New Left and Radical Liberalism, 1945–1970 (State Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002); Mattson, “Between Despair and Hope: Revisiting Studies on the Left,” in The New Left Revisited, ed. John M. Millian and Paul Buhle (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000).
10. David Jones, The Lost Debate: German Socialist Intellectuals and Totalitarianism (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999), 67.
11. Barry Katz, “Praxis and Poiesis: Toward an Intellectual Biography of Herbert Marcuse (1898–1979),” New German Critique 18 (1979): 13.
12. Ibid., 16.
13. For comprehensive accounts of the Frankfurt School, see Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination. A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973); Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America; and Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995).
14. Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research, 1923–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973), 35.
15. Ibid., 9 (emphasis mine).
16. Fritz Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community, 1890–1933 (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1990), 122.
17. Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 105.
18. Jay, Dialectical Imagination, 4.
19. Katz, “Praxis and Poiesis,” 16.
20. Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America, 73.
21. Stephen Gennaro and Douglas Kellner, “Under Surveillance: Herbert Marcuse and the FBI,” Nature, Knowledge and Negation: Current Perspectives in Social Theory 26 (2009): 285.
22. Herbert Marcuse, Gespräche mit Herbert Marcuse (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1978).
23. See Barry Katz, Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
24. Wheatland, Frankfurt School in America, 99.
25. Both Jay and Wiggershaus follow this line.
26. Jay, Dialectical Imagination, 30.
27. Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America, 72.
28. See Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America.
29. Peter Marcuse, “Herbert Marcuse’s Identity,” in Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, ed. John Abromeit and W. Mark Cobb (London: Routledge, 2004), 249.
30. Jay, Dialectical Imagination, 32.
31. Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno, The Dialectic of Enlightenment, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007).
32. Jonathan Judaken, “Blindness and Insight: The Conceptual Jew in Adorno and Arendt’s Post Holocaust Reflections on the Anti-Semitic Questions,” in Arendt and Adorno: Political and Philosophical Investigations, ed. Lars Rensmann and Samir Gandesha (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2012), 173–96.
33. See Elliot Cohen, “Jewish Culture in America,” Commentary 3 (1947): 412–20.
34. Marcuse, “Herbert Marcuse’s Identity,” 251.
35. See Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America.
36. Marcuse, “Herbert Marcuse’s Identity,” 250.
37. Katz, “Poiesis and Praxis,” 18.
38. Bryan Magee, “Marcuse and the Frankfurt School: Dialogue with Herbert Marcuse,” in Men of Ideas (New York: Viking, 1978), 55.
39. See Jay, Dialectical Imagination.
40. Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 221.
41. See Marianne DeKovic, Utopia Limited: The Sixties and the Emergence of the Postmodern (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2004).
42. See my discussion of Adorno’s philosophical style in chapter 1.
43. Enzo Traverso, “Theodor W. Adorno: Portrait of a Marxist Mandarin,” Queen’s Quarterly 111, no. 4 (2004): 525.
44. Jay, Dialectical Imagination, 71, 70.
45. Fredric Jamieson, Marxism and Form (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1971), xiii.
46. See Magee, “Marcuse and the Frankfurt School.”
47. Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 498.
48. Andrew Jamison and Ron Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 123.
49. Traverso, “Theodor W. Adorno,” 526.
50. Angela Y. Davis, “Preface,” in The Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse: The New Left and the 1960s, vol. 3, ed. Douglas Kellner (London: Routledge, 2004).
51. Herbert Marcuse, “Dear Angela,” in The New Left and the 1960s, 49–50.
52. Brian Thill, “Black Power and the New Left: The Dialectics of Liberation, 1967,” in Mediations: Journal of the Marxist Literary Group 23, no. 2 (2008), http://www.mediationsjournal.org/articles/black-power-and-the-new-left.
53. Wolin, The Frankfurt School Revisited, 83.
54. See “Reading Between the Lines,” letters between Herbert Marcuse and Theodor W. Adorno, trans. Esther Leslie, http://hutnyk.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/adornomarcuse_germannewleft.pdf.
55. Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America, 326.
56. Jamison and Eyerman, Seeds of the Sixties, 103.
57. Paul Breines, “Germans, Journals, and Jews/Madison, Men, Marxism, and Mosse: A Tale of Jewish-Leftist Identity Confusion in America,” New German Critique 20, no. 2 (1980): 82.
58. Ibid., 84.
59. Paul Buhle, “Radical America and Me,” in History and the New Left: Madison, Wisconsin, 1950–1970, ed. Paul Buhle (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
60. Sydney Hook, “Review of Herbert Marcuse’s Reason and Revolution,” The New Republic 105 (1941): 91.
61. Ibid.
62. John Patrick Diggins, “The Man Who Knew Too Much,” The New Republic 203, no. 23 (1990): 27.
63. Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), 12.
64. Norman Brown, Love’s Body (New York: Vintage, 1966).
65. The book marked an important stage in the development of Marcuse’s career for another reason: it brought utopia and art into the discussion, presenting them as sources of “liberation” from “repression.”
66. Herbert Marcuse, Reason and Revolution: Hegel and the Rise of Social Theory (London: Humanities Press, 1941).
67. Douglas Kellner, Herbert Marcuse and the Crisis of Marxism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 235.
68. Detlev Claussen, “The American Experience of the Critical Theorists,” in Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, 58.
69. Kellner, Herbert Marcuse, 262.
70. Wolin, The Frankfurt School Revisited.
71. See Jones, The Lost Debate, 34.
72. Herbert Marcuse, “Repressive Tolerance,” in A Critique of Pure Tolerance, ed. Robert Paul Wolff and Barrington Moore Jr. (Boston: Beacon, 1965); Marcuse, Essay on Liberation (London: Allen Lane, 1969).
73. Russell Jacoby, The Last Intellectuals: American Culture in the Age of Academe (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
74. Marcuse, “Repressive Tolerance,” 111, quoted in Wolin, The Frankfurt School Revisited, 92.
75. Ibid.
76. Carl Schorske, “Encountering Marcuse,” in Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, 253–59.
77. Angela Davis, An Autobiography (New York: Random House, 1974).
78. Herbert Marcuse, “Liberation from the Affluent Society,” in The Dialectic of Liberation, ed. David Cooper (New York: Penguin, 1968), 176.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Marcuse, Essay on Liberation, 30.
82. Ibid, 36.
83. While Marcuse was putting together his political-philosophical program in America, in Turkey, his compatriot Erich Auerbach was writing his study on mimesis. See Erich Auerbach, Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature, trans. Willard A. Trask (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963, 2003). Auerbach’s analysis of aesthetic realism traced the mimetic function of literature and art through the history of Western culture, examining ways in which artistic representation reflects the social world as well as challenges and transcends it. Auerbach’s book contained no explicit political comments, although its political subtext has been recognized. See Terry Eagleton, “Pork Chops and Pineapples,” The London Review of Books 25, no. 20 (2003): 17–19.
84. The fullest elaboration of the political dimension of aesthetics, both as an emancipator and as a conservative force, appears in Marcuse’s essay, “The Affirmative Character of Culture,” in Herbert Marcuse, Negations: Essays in Critical Theory (Boston, Mass.: Beacon, 1968).
85. Marcuse, Essay on Liberation, 38–39.
86. Karl Mannheim, Sociology as Political Education, ed. David Kettler and Colin Loader (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2001), 23, 25.
87. W. Mark Cobb, “Diatribes and Distortions: Marcuse’s Academic Reception,” in Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, 165.
88. Alasdair MacIntyre, Herbert Marcuse: An Exposition and a Polemic (New York: Viking, 1970), 13, 97, 2, 105.
89. George Kateb, “The Political Thought of Herbert Marcuse,” Commentary 49 (1970): 48–63.
90. Ibid., 48, 49, 54.
91. Ibid., 53, 54.
92. Ibid., 55, 63.
93 Ibid., 63.
94. Pierre Nora, “America and the French Intellectuals,” trans. Michael Taylor, Daedalus 107, no. 1 (1978): 325–37.
95. Jeffrey Herf, “One-Dimensional Man,” The New Republic (February 1, 1999): 4.
96. Ibid.
97. Hans Joas, Creativity of Action, trans. Jeremy Gaines and Paul Keist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), 71, 113.
98. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Boston: Beacon, 1964).
99. Erich Fromm, The Revolution of Hope (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1941), 8–9.
100. Walter Benjamin, “Leftwing Melancholia,” in The Weimar Republic Sourcebook, ed. Kaes Anton and Martin Jay (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
101. Hugh Bredin, “Metonymy,” Poetics Today 5, no. 1 (1984): 57, 48.
102. C. Wright Mills, The Power Elite (London: Oxford University Press, 1956).
103. Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man, 88, 97.
104. Ibid., 87.
105. Ibid., 86.
106. Ibid., 95.
107. Herbert Marcuse, “The Individual in the ‘Great Society,’” http://www.sfu.ca/~andrewf/individual.pdf. The text has also been published in Herbert Marcuse, Towards a Critical Theory of Society, ed. Douglas Kellner (London: Psychology, 2001).
108. Marcuse, “The Individual in the ‘Great Society,’” 14.
109. Ibid., 14, 15, 16.
110. Marcuse, “The Individual and the Great Society.”
111. Ibid.
112. Harold Keen, “Interview with Dr. Herbert Marcuse,” in Kellner, Herbert Marcuse: The New Left, 133.
113. Keen, “Interview,” 131.
114. Ringer, The Decline of the German Mandarins, 123.
115. David Spitz, “Pure Tolerance: A Critique of Criticisms,” Dissent 13, no. 5 (1966): 521.
116. Letter from Mike Davis to Herbert Marcuse, Herbert Marcuse Achiv, file 1458, Universitätstbibliothek, Frankfurt, quoted in Wheatland, The Frankfurt School in America, 312.
117. Herbert Marcuse, “The Failure of the New Left,” in Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, 185.
118. Bill Moyers, “A Conversation with Herbert Marcuse,” in Herbert Marcuse: A Critical Reader, 161–62.
4. COLD WAR PROPHESIES: ALEXANDER SOLZHENITSYN AND MYTHOLOGICAL AMERICA
1. Sara Rimer, “Cavendish Journal; Shielding Solzhenitsyn, Respectfully,” New York Times, March 3, 1994.
2. Alexander Solzhenitsyn,” Alexander Solzhenitsyn Biographical,” in Nobel Lectures, Literature 1968–1980, ed. Tore Fränsmir (Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co., 1993). http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1970/solzhenitsyn-lecture.html
3. Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York: Penguin, 2005), 561.
4. Philip Wander, “The Rhetoric of American Foreign Policy,” in Cold War Rhetoric: Strategy, Metaphor, and Ideology, ed. Martin Medhurst et al. (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1997).
5. Mark Stoda and George Dionisopoulos, “Jeremiad at Harvard: Solzhenitsyn and ‘The World Split Apart,’” Western Journal of Communication 64, no. 1 (2000): 31.
6. Sacvan Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978), 7, 23.
7. David Foglesong, The American Crusade and the “Evil Empire” (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 168.
8. Jeremi Suri, Power and Protest: Global Revolution and the Rise of Detente (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005), 215, 258.
9. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, AFLO-CIO Speech, New York, 9 July 1975, quoted in Michael Scammell, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography (London: Paladin, 1986), 915.
10. Foglesong, The American Crusade, 120.
11. These early attempts at finding a common ground found expression in international forums such as the American Committee for Cultural Freedom. Created in 1949 to promote international intellectual cooperation, its members included both Western and Soviet intellectuals. By 1956, however, the Soviet delegation to the annual congress included darker figures such as Konstantin Fedin, who was responsible for the decision to ban the publication in the USSR of Solzhenitsyn’s Cancer Ward. See Peter Coleman, The Liberal Conspiracy: The Congress for Cultural Freedom and the Struggle for the Mind of Postwar Europe (New York: The Free Press [Macmillan], 1989).
12. William Philips, A Partisan View: Five Decades in the Politics of Literature (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2004), 151.
13. Volker Berghan, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 127.
14. Marc Selverstein, Constructing the Monolith: The United States, Great Britain, and International Communism, 1945–1950 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2009), 2.
15. Robert Latham, The Liberal Movement (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 57.
16. Judt, Postwar, 221.
17. Akira Iriye, Cultural Internationalism and World Order (Baltimore, Md.: John Hopkins University Press, 2000), 157.
18. “Our Country, Our Culture,” in A Partisan Century: Political Writings from Partisan Review, Edith Kurzweil, ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 117.
19. Ibid.
20. Irye, Cultural Internationalism, 157.
21. Kurzweil, A Partisan Century, 118.
22. Ibid., 136.
23. Suri, Power and Protest, 215.
24. Theodore Draper, “Appeasement and Détente,” Commentary 61 (1976), http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/appeasement-detente/.
25. Quoted in David Mayers, George Kennan and the Dilemmas of U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 296.
26. Andrei Sakharov, My Country and the World (New York: Knopf, 1975), 34.
27. Mayers, George Kennan, 297.
28. John Dunlop, “Solzhenitsyn’s Reception in the U.S.,” in Solzhenitsyn in Exile: Critical Essays and Documentary Materials, ed. John Dunlop, Richard Haugh, and Michael Nicholson (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1985), 25.
29. Ibid., 28.
30. Ibid., 29.
31. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich (New York: Knopf, 1963).
32. Scammel, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, 936; Bernard Henri Lévy, Barbarism with a Human Face (New York: HarperCollins, 1980), 153.
33. Robert Horvath, “The Solzhenitsyn Effect: East European Dissidents and the Demise of the Revolutionary Privilege,” Human Rights Quarterly 29, no. 4 (2007): 898.
34. Pierre Nora and Michael Taylor, “America and the French Intellectuals,” Daedalus 107, no. 1 (1978): 333.
35. André Glucksmann, La cuisiniere et le mangeur d’hommes: Reflexions sur l’etat, le marxisme, et les camps de concentration (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1976).
36. Lévy, Barbarism, 154.
37. Nora and Taylor, “America and the French Intellectuals,” 332.
38. Irving Howe, “Lukacs and Solzhenitsyn,” Dissent 18, no. 6 (1971): 643, 644.
39. Ibid.
40. Walter Kaufmann, “Solzhenitsyn and Autonomy,” in Solzhenitsyn: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Kathryn Feuer (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1976).
41. Foglesong, The American Crusade, 168.
42. Sidney Monas, “Fourteen Years of Aleksandr Isaevich,” Slavic Review 35, no. 3 (1976): 521.
43. Scammel, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, 822.
44. Ana Siljak, “Between East and West: Hegel and the Origins of the Russian Dilemma,” Journal of the History of Ideas 62, no. 2 (2001): 352, 357.
45. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “Cavendish Farewell,” in The Solzhenitsyn Reader: New and Essential Writings, 1947–2005 (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books, 2006).
46. Scammel, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, 993.
47. Bernard Pivot, “Centerpiece: Solzhenitsyn at Work Amidst Peace of Vermont Hills, Russian Exile Writes of Revolution,” Boston Globe, February 24, 1984.
48. Horvath, “The Solzhenitsyn Effect,” 880.
49. Susan L. Carruthers, “Between Camps: Eastern Bloc ‘Escapees’ and Cold War Borderlands,” American Quarterly 57, no. 3 (2005): 911.
50. See Scammel, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography.
51. Carruthers, “Between Camps,” 914.
52. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago: 1918–1956 (New York: Harper and Row, 1978).
53. Kelly Oliver, Witnessing: Beyond Recognition (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001), 89.
54. Ibid., 99.
55. Horvath, “The Solzhenitsyn Effect,” 883–84.
56. Roger Baldwin, Liberty Under the Soviets (New York: Vanguard, 1928), 4.
57. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Letters to Soviet Leaders (London: Harvill, 1974).
58. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Publitsistika, vol. 1 (Yaroslavl: Verkhne-Volzhskoe Knizhnoe Izdadel’svo, 1995), 179, quoted in Horvath, “The Solzhenitsyn Effect,” 898.
59. Michel Foucault, Dits et écrits, vol. 2, ed. Daniel Defert et François Ewald (Paris: Gallimard, 1994), 289–99, quoted in Jan Palmer, “Foucault’s Gulag,” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 3, no. 2 (2002): 255–80.
60. Foglesong, The American Crusade, 164.
61. Scammel, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, 968.
62. Here is a telling example, which criticizes the Western concept of freedom as a fundamental component of a democratic society: “Freedom! To fill people’s mailboxes, eyes, cars, and brains with commercial rubbish against their will. . . . Freedom! To force information on people. . . . Freedom! To spit in the eyes and souls of passersby with advertisements” (Solzhenitsyn Speaks at the Hoover Institution [Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution, 1976], quoted in Scammel, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, 954).
63. Kenneth Burke, A Grammar of Motives (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1945), 508.
64. Karlyn Kohrs Campbell, “An Exercise in the Rhetoric of Mythical America,” in Readings in Rhetorical Criticism, ed. Carl R. Burgchardt (State College, Pa.: Strata Publishing), 202.
65. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “A World Split Apart,” in Solzhenitsyn at Harvard: The Address, Twelve Early Responses, and Six Later Reflections, ed. Ronald Berman (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1980), 17–18.
66. Ibid., 18.
67. Ibid., 14, 13, 8.
68. Ibid., 11.
69. Ibid., 20.
70. Ibid., 21.
71. Bercovitch, The American Jeremiad, 28.
72. Maurice Isserman and Michael Kazin, America Divided: The Civil War of the 1960s, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 4.
73. James Darsey, The Prophetic Tradition and Radical Rhetoric in America (New York: New York University Press, 1997), 436.
74. George Meany, “No Voice More Eloquent,” Time, June 26, 1978.
75. Archibald MacLeish, “Our Will Endures,” in Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, ed. Ronald Berman (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1980), 59; Meany, “No Voice More Eloquent,” 22.
76. Michael Novak, “On God and Man,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 131.
77. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, “Misconceptions about Russia area Threat to America,” Foreign Affairs, Spring 1980, 830.
78. Washington Post, “Solzhenitsyn as Witness,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 26, emphasis mine.
79. The National Review, “Thoughts on Solzhenitsyn,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 32.
80. James Reston, “A Russian at Harvard,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 36.
81. George Will, “Solzhenitsyn’s Critics,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 35.
82. Washington Star, “Solzhenitsyn at Harvard,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 28.
83. Olga Andreyev Carlisle, “Solzhenitsyn’s Invisible Audience,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 40.
84. Mary McGrory, “Solzhenitsyn Doesn’t Love Us,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 62.
85. MacLeish, “Our Will Endures,” 59.
86. John Dunlop points out that Solzhenitsyn participated in town meetings in Cavendish, Vermont and insists that he thus had met and talked to “real” Americans. Yet in his biography, Scammel recounts this differently, claiming that Solzhenitsyn only attended the meeting for the purpose of justifying building a tall fence around his property and that he left immediately after he spoke. See Scammel, Solzhenitsyn: A Biography, 956–57.
87. Sydney Hook, “On Western Freedom,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 85.
88. New York Times, “The Obsession of Solzhenitsyn,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 24.
89. Washington Star, “Solzhenitsyn at Harvard,” 29.
90. Reston, “A Russian at Harvard,” 38.
91. MacLeish, “Our Will Endures,” 59–60.
92. Arthur Schlesinger Jr., “The Solzhenitsyn We Refuse to See,” in Berman, Solzhenitsyn at Harvard, 72.
93. Hook, “On Western Freedom,” 90–91.
94. Michael Mandelbaum, The Case for Goliath: How America Acts as the World’s Government in the Twentieth Century (New York: PublicAffairs, 2005).
95. Max Boot, “American Imperialism? No Need to Run Away from Label,” USA Today, May 5, 2003, http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2003-05-05-boot_x.htm.
5. EDWARD SAID AND THE CLASH OF IDENTITIES
1. Mary McCarthy, The Company She Keeps (San Diego: Harcourt Brace, 1942).
2. John Carlos Rowe, “Edward Said and American Studies,” American Quarterly 56, no. 1 (2004): 42 (emphasis mine).
3. Edward Said, “The Clash of Ignorance,” The Nation 273, no. 12 (2001): 11.
4. Tony Judt, Reappraisals: Reflections on the Forgotten Twentieth Century (New York: Penguin, 2008), 163.
5. Jeffrey Williams, “Romance of the Amateur Intellectual,” Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies 17, no. 4 (1995): 405.
6. Bruce Bawer, “Edward W. Said, Intellectual,” The Hudson Review 54, no. 4 (2002): 625.
7. Edward Said, Representations of the Intellectual (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 50, 53.
8. Edward Said, The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Palestinian Self-Determination, 1969–1994 (New York: Pantheon, 1994), 54.
9. See Amritjit Singh and Bruce G. Johnson, eds., Interviews with Edward W. Said (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2004); Tariq Ali, Conversations with Edward Said (Calcutta: Seagull, 2005).
10. Luc Boltanski, Distant Suffering: Morality, Media and Politics, trans. Graham Burchell (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 58.
11. Edward Said, Out of Place: A Memoir (New York: Vintage, 1999).
12. Gyan Prakash, “Edward Said in Bombay,” in Edward Said: Continuing the Conversation, ed. Homi Bhaba and W. J. T. Mitchell (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005), 135–42.
13. Boltanski, Distant Suffering, 58, 60.
14. Boltanski, Distant Suffering, 64–65.
15. Homi Bhabha, “Untimely Ends,” Artforum (February 2004): 19, quoted in Joseph Massad, “The Intellectual Life of Edward Said,” Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 3 (2004): 15.
16. Leon Wieseltier, “Review of Orientalism,” The New Republic 180, no. 14 (1979): 27–33.
17. Boltanski, Distant Suffering, 64, 65.
18. Said, Representations, 7, 6, 8.
19. Williams, “Romance of the Amateur Intellectual,” 404.
20. Said, Representations, 4.
21. Ibid., 30.
22. Rowe, “Edward Said and American Studies,” 39.
23. Judt, Reappraisals, 166.
24. Ibid., 165.
25. Edward Said, After the Last Sky: Photographs by Jean Mohr (New York: Pantheon, 1986), 107.
26. Edward Said, On Late Style: Music and Literature Against the Grain (New York: Vintage, 2004), 55, 57.
27. Ari Shavit, “My Right of Return: Interview with Edward Said,” Haaretz, August 18, 2000, http://www.middleeast.org/archives/8-00-31.htm.
28. Edward Said, “On Jean Genet’s Late Works,” Grand Street Magazine 36, no. 9 (1990): 3, 6, 5, http://www.grandstreet.com/gsissues/gs36/gs36c.html.
29. Harry Harootunian, “Conjunctural Traces: Said’s ‘Inventory,’” in Edward Said: Continuing the Conversation, 71.
30. Edward Said, The Question of Palestine (New York: Times Books, 1979), xliii.
31. Said, “A Visit to Sartre,” The London Review of Books 22, no. 11 (2000): 5.
32. Ibid.
33. Jacqueline Rose, The Question of Zion (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2005), 118.
34. Timothy Brennan, “The Critic and the Public: Edward Said and World Literature,” in Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation, ed. Adel Iskandar and Hakem Rustom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 102, 103.
35. Edward Said, Humanism and Democratic Criticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004), 38.
36. Karlis Racevskis, “Edward Said and Michel Foucault: Affinities and Dissonances,” Research in African Literature 36, no. 3 (2005): 86.
37. Said, Humanism, 9–10.
38. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Random House, 1978) 2–3.
39. Ibid., 239 (emphasis mine).
40. Nicholas B. Dirks, “Edward Said and Anthropology,” Journal of Palestine Studies 33, no. 3 (2004): 39.
41. Harootunian, “Conjuctural Traces,” 73.
42. William Spanos, The Legacy of Edward Said (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2009), 77.
43. Massad, “The Intellectual Life of Edward Said,” 10.
44. Dirks, “Edward Said and Anthropology,” 46–47.
45. Michael Richardson, “Enough Said: Reflections on Orientalism,” Anthropology Today 6, no. 4 (1990): 16–19.
46. Clifford Geertz, “Conjuring with Islam,” The New York Review of Books, May 27, 1982, 28.
47. Robert Griffin, “Ideology and Misrepresentations: A Response to Edward Said,” Critical Inquiry 15, no. 3 (1989): 624.
48. Valerie Kennedy, Edward Said: A Critical Introduction (Cambridge: Polity, 2000), 29.
49. Bawer, “Edward W. Said, Intellectual,” 662.
50. Foucault’s seemingly implacable conception of power as a force inescapable precisely because so diffuse (rather than concentrated in a monarch or state institution) has brought him frequent charges of political conservatism. See Nancy Fraser, “Michel Foucault: A Young Conservative?” Ethics 96, no. 1 (1985): 165–84.
51. Bernard Lewis, “Review of Orientalism,” New York Review of Books, June 24, 1982, 3, 4, 5.
52. Ibid., 10.
53. Ibid., 1.
54. Ibid., 1–2.
55. Lila Abu-Lughod, “About Politics, Palestine, and Friendship: A Letter to Edward from Egypt,” in Edward Said: Continuing the Conversation, 21.
56. Said, Politics of Dispossession, 34.
57. Said, Question of Palestine, 8.
58. Avi Shlaim, “Edward Said and the Palestine Question,” in Iskandar and Rustom, Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation, 283.
59. Melvin I. Urofsky, “A Cause in Search of Itself: American Zionism After the State,” in Solidarity and Kinship, ed. Nathan M. Kaganoff (Boston: American Jewish Historical Society, 1980), 102.
60. Evyatar Friesel, “Brandeis’ Role in American Zionism Historically Reconsidered,” in Kaganoff, Solidarity and Kinship, 61.
61. Said, Politics of Dispossession, 32.
62. Said, Question of Palestine, 60.
63. Ibid., 25.
64. Ibid., 30.
65. Ibid., 35.
66. Edmund Wilson, quoted in Said, Question of Palestine, 35 (emphasis mine).
67. Said, Question of Palestine, 36.
68. Ibid., 89, 37, 97.
69. William Spanos, “Edward W. Said and Zionism: Rethinking the Exodus Story,” boundary 2 37, no. 1 (2010): 127.
70. Said, Question of Palestine, 21, 25.
71. Cameron S. Brown, “Answering Edward Said’s The Question of Palestine,” Israel Affairs 13, no. 1 (2007): 55–79.
72. Said, Question of Palestine, 87, 9, 87.
73. Ibid., 71–72 (emphasis mine).
74. Brown, “Answering,” 71; Said, Question of Palestine, 107.
75. Said, Question of Palestine, 37, 66.
76. See Griffin, “Ideology and Representation.”
77. Michael Walzer, Exodus and Revolution (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
78. Edward Said, “Michael Walzer’s Exodus and Revolution: A Canaanite Reading,” in Blaming the Victim: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question, ed. Edward W. Said and Christopher Hitchins (London: Verso, 1988), 161. Originally published in Grand Street 5, no. 2 (1986): 86–106.
79. Edward Said, Freud and the Non-European (London: Freud Museum, 2003), 43–44.
80. See R. H. Armstrong, “Contrapuntal Affiliations: Edward Said and Freud’s Moses,” American Imago 62, no. 2 (2005): 235–57.
81. Leon Wieseltier, “The Ego and the Yid,” The New Republic 228, no. 13 (2003), 38.
82. Ibid.
83. See my discussion in the introduction.
84. Eugene Alexander, “Professor of Terror,” Commentary 88, no. 2 (1989): 49.
85. Said, Question of Palestine, 103.
86. Ibid., 51.
87. I rely on the understanding of presence as an argumentation technique advanced in Chaim Perelman and Lucie Olbrecths-Tyteca, The New Rhetoric: A Treatise on Argumentation (Notre Dame, Ind.: Notre Dame University Press, 1969).
88. Edward Said, Reflections on Exile and Other Essays (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000), 194.
89. Edward Said, “Permission to Narrate,” The London Review of Books 6, no. 3 (1984).
90. Said, After the Last Sky, 30.
91. Said, “Permission to Narrate.”
92. Said, After the Last Sky, 69–70.
93. Richard Locke, Critical Children: The Use of Childhood in Ten Great Novels (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011).
94. Justus Reid Weiner, “‘My Beautiful Old House’ and Other Fabrications by Edward Said,” Commentary 108, no. 2 (1999): 29.
95. Alexander Cockburn, “Said as a Jew,” CounterPunch 6 (1999), 1.
96. Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958).
97. Said, Out of Place, 21.
98. Said, After the Last Sky, 88.
99. Martin Buber, On Zion: The History of an Idea (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1973).
100. Amahl Bishara, “House and Homeland: Examining Sentiments about and Claims to Jerusalem and Its Houses,” Social Text 75, no. 2 (2003): 143.
101. Robert Werman, letter to the editor, Commentary, January 1999, 6.
102. Said, Out of Place, 87, 68, 65.
103. Ibid., 127, 80, 82, 83, 100.
104. Edward Said, “Setting the Record Straight: Edward Said Confronts His Future, His Past, and His Critics’ Accusations,” The Atlantic Online, September 22, 1999, http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/interviews/ba990922.htm.
105. Ian Buruma, “Misplaced Person,” New York Times, October 3, 1999.
106. Ibid.
107. Alon Confino, “Remembering Talbiyah: On Edward Said’s Out of Place,” Israel Studies 5, no. 2 (2000): 187, 188.
108. Edward Grossman, “Speaking For Himself,” The American Spectator 23, no. 12 (1999): 43.
109. Meron Benvenisti, “Blank Spaces: Talbiyah and Rehavia,” The SAIS Review of International Affairs 20, no. 1 (2000): 220, 219.
110. Confino, “Remembering Talbiyah,” 196.
111. Bishara, “House and Homeland,” 152.
112. Hillel Halkin, “Self-Made Man: Looking for the Real Edward Said,” Forward, October 22, 1999.
113. Although both found the story appealing, Halkin’s response differed from Confino’s. While Confino emphasized the human experience conveyed in the memoir that resonated with him, Halkin read it specifically as the story of a Palestinian and was moved.
114. Harootunian, “Conjuctural Traces,” 78.
115. Edward Said, “Beginnings, “Power, Politics, and Culture: Interviews with Edward W. Said, ed. Gauri Viswanathan (New York: Vintage Books, 2001), 14.
116. Said, Humanism and Democratic Criticism, 11.
117. Said, Power, Politics, and Culture, 227.
CONCLUSION
1. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer, trans. George Lawrence. (New York: HarperCollins/Perennial Classics, 2000), 612.
2. Ibid.
3. Theodor W. Adorno, Negative Dialectics, trans. E. B. Ashton (London: Routledge, 1990).
4. Danielle S. Allen, Talking to Strangers: Anxieties of Citizenship Since Brown v. Board of Education (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 186 (emphasis mine).
5. Seyla Benhabib, The Rights of Others: Aliens, Residents, and Citizens. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
6. Ibid., 142–43.
7. Fred Evans, The Multivoiced Body (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 267.
8. Jürgen Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, ed. Ciaran Cronin and Pablo De Greiff (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998), 131.
9. David Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Claredon, 1995), 49.
10. Ibid., 73.
11. Nevgat Sozuk, States and Strangers: Refugees and Displacements of Statecraft (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999), 74.
12. Rogers Brubaker, Citizenship and Nationhood in France and Germany (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1992), 47.
13. Habermas, The Inclusion of the Other, 57 (emphasis mine).
14. Barbara Misztal, Intellectuals and the Public Good: Creativity and Civil Courage (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 55.
15. Maeve Cooke, Re-presenting the Good Society (Boston, Mass.: MIT Press, 2006), 155.
16. Charles Taylor, “Politics of Recognition,” in Philosophical Arguments (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), 226, 231.
17. Nancy Fraser, “Rethinking Recognition,” New Left Review 3 (2000): 103.
18. I have explored this possibility in Andreea Deciu Ritivoi, “Ricoeur and Rhetorical Theory: Paul Ricoeur on Recognition in the Public Sphere,” in Ricoeur Across the Disciplines, ed. Scott Davidson (London: Continuum, 2010), 122–41.
19. Misztal, Intellectuals and Public Good, 26.
20. Cooke, Re-presenting the Good Society, 155.
21. Charles Taylor, “Understanding and Ethnocentricity,” in Relativism: A Contemporary Anthology, ed. Michael Krausz (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 479.
22. Roman Jakobson, Language in Literature, ed. Krystyna Pomorska and Stephen Rushi (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1987), 70.