Digital tools and machines for fabrication
It is not the purpose of this book to provide comprehensive knowledge of the extensive range of software programs available to designers. Rather than present an onerous amount of information that may rapidly become obsolete, the approach taken here is to outline principles and methods of working with different types of software. These general overviews are intended to complement software-specific manuals and technical guides, as well as the myriad online resources and tutorials. Similarly, the use of CAD/CAM machinery will initially require some investment in learning the various protocols and conversion software—either through self-direction or, more likely, under the supervision of a trained operator or workshop technician. That is not to say a novice designer should be intimidated by digital tools and machines, and to reassure those beginning their journey into this new world it may be comforting to know that these technologies are already being embraced in the public domain. Through ongoing initiatives such as the Fab Lab program, developed as part of MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms, digital fabrication techniques are already firmly in the hands of design communities and the public in cities worldwide, and interest in these methods is quickly becoming widespread and networked.
The use of CAD software to accurately develop design intentions is commonplace in architecture schools and offices alike. However, its role as a tool with which to create bespoke designs and generate information for CAD/CAM processes—as illustrated by this drawing for the 55/02 shelter to be used in Northumbria, England, designed by sixteen*(makers)—is increasingly prevalent.
A multitude of different software programs is available to the designer, and selection often comes from personal preferences in relation to the usability of the software’s interface alongside more pragmatic issues such as the technical capability of the program. Computer-Aided Design is an umbrella term, covering a considerable range of programs that share a number of common features but also have particular characteristics for specialist applications. The most widely known packages for architecture are: AutoCAD, MicroStation, and VectorWorks.
3-D modeling software
A subsidiary of CAD software, these programs have been especially designed for three-dimensional modeling and visualization. While some of the general CAD platforms, such as those listed above, will address most designers’ needs, there are several key programs in general use within practice and architecture schools: 3ds Max, Google SketchUp, MAYA, and Rhino.
Generative or parametric software
Generative design is a further subset of modeling software and indeed may even use additional computer scripts or programs, referred to as “plug-ins,” to augment 3-D modeling software. Again, personal criteria may influence choice here, but the most commonly used programs are: Digital Project, GenerativeComponents, Grasshopper, MAX script, MEL script, and Processing.
A The use of digital fabrication machines is typically facilitated by the machine’s software interface, which may require some additional learning on behalf of the user to obtain the best results from the production processes.
B Laser-cutting machine, useful for detailed model or prototype components cut from thick paper, cardboard, acrylic sheet, thin metal sheets, slim wooden veneers, or composite sheets.
C Rapid Prototyping machine, in this case a Z-Starch version, that builds up layers using a powder which is bonded together.
D Typically adjacent to rapid-prototyping equipment is a machine that allows the designer to clean off any excess powder using specific tools in a controlled environment.
E AND F CNC router, one of the more typical configurations that utilizes a gantry to enable the cutting head to move across the machine bed (left). These machines are often controlled by a handheld keypad, as shown right.
In contrast to the gantry type, this version of a CNC router has an enclosed environment and may be used to cut thin sheet metal and plastics as well as wood.
CNC milling machine removing material from a wooden sheet. The difference between milling and routing relates to the type of drill bit attached to the cutting head, but the overall apparatus is typically identical.
A rapid-prototyped model, produced using the Selective Laser Sintering method.
The technological developments that have afforded digital fabrication in architecture have once again brought the architect much closer to the processes of making. The increasing need to understand the implications of the design data, since this is also often the construction data, is a key factor in contemporary practice. Barkow Leibinger’s design for the Campus Restaurant, shown here as a model and under construction, was developed through a rigorous approach to material properties and production methods.
The work of Studio Gang reflects their interdisciplinary approach to architecture and design, exploring ideas across a range of scales from cities to specific material inquiries and components. Their awardwinning design for the Aqua Tower in Chicago demonstrates a seamless transition from CAD design to physical production.
