This book is essentially parametric in nature. As a system of relational elements, which are all remarkable for their quality and integrity, it has become much greater than the sum of its parts. With this in mind, I wish to first and foremost express my considerable gratitude to all the individuals, practices, and organizations that generously contributed their material. In particular I would like to thank: Patrick Drewello, who provided significant zeal, material, and feedback; the students of [Re_Map] and Daniel Richards for continuing to advance the field of digital architecture through innovative enquiry; Jim Backhouse and Sue Merrill for their dedication to the cause; my colleagues at the Manchester School of Architecture for engaging discussions and encouragement along the way; John Hyatt and the Manchester Institute for Research & Innovation in Art & Design (MIRIAD) for supporting the research that went into this book; Philip Cooper and Sophie Wise of Laurence King for their advice and patience during the production of this publication; and my family and friends whose support and understanding enabled it to be written. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the openness, energy, and commitment of the digital fabrication community, whose evolution and innovation never ceases to surprise, delight, and inspire—long may this collective design intelligence continue.
Picture credits
T top, L left, R right, M middle, B bottom
1 Future Cities Lab: 3 Skylar Tibbits; 5 Barkow Leibinger; 6L NOX; 6R Supermanoeuvre; 7TL Kokkugia; 7R Zaha Hadid Architects / John Linden; 7B Coop Himmelb(l)au; 8 all Amanda Levete Architects / Gidon Fuehrer; 9T Greg Lynn FORM; 9BL Reiser + Umemoto; 9BR Barkow Leibinger; 10T Office for Metropolitan Architecture; 10M MVRDV; 10B Foreign Office Architects / Satoru Mishima; 11T Tom Wiscombe/EMERGENT; 11B Faulders Studio / Studio M; 12T Coop Himmelb(l)au; 12BL UNStudio / Christian Richters; 12BR Wiel Arets Architects; 13T ONL (Oosterhuis_Lénárd); 13B Neri Oxman; 14 Courtesy of the Computer History Museum; 15T Courtesy of the Computer History Museum; 15B Courtesy of the Archigram Archive; 16T Gordon Pask; 16B Courtesy of the Computer History Museum; 17 John and Julia Frazer; 18 John Frazer / Architectural Association; 19T Diller Scofidio + Renfro; 19M Coop Himmelb(l)au; 19B Skylar Tibbits; 20 Nick Dunn; 21 T Zaha Hadid Architects; 21 M Future Cities Lab (Johnson and Gattegno); 21B Tom Wiscombe / EMERGENT; 22 Foreign Office Architects; 23L Gramazio & Kohler, Architecture and Digital Fabrication, ETH Zurich; 23R Mark Goulthorpe / dECOi; 24 Amanda Levete Architects / Leo Torri for DuPont™ Corian®; 25 L and M ONL (Oosterhuis_Lénárd); 25R Nick Dunn; 26 sixteen*(makers); 27a Patrick Drewello / ArchiBureau; 27b and c Nick Dunn; 27d Timothieus Marjot; 27e and f Nick Dunn; 28T Nick Dunn; 28B Tom Wiscombe / EMERGENT; 29TL Barkow Leibinger; 29TR Barkow Leibinger / David Franck; 29B Studio Gang Architects / Steve Hall / Hedrich Blessing; 30 Mark Goulthorpe/dECOi; 32L Coop Himmelb(l)au; 32R Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; 33T Joanna Szulda; 33M Tom Wiscombe / EMERGENT; 33B Daniel Richards; 34L ONL (Oosterhuis_ Lénárd); 34R Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; 35T Zaha Hadid Architects; 35B Reiser + Umemoto; 36T and M MVRDV; 36B Foreign Office Architects; 37T and M Tom Wiscombe / EMERGENT; 37B Neri Oxman; 38–39 Amanda Levete Architects; 40L ONL (Oosterhuis_Lénárd); 40R UNStudio / Christian Richters; 41 Barkow Leibinger; 42 NOX; 43T Patrick Drewello / ArchiBureau; 43M and B West 8 Urban Design & Landscape Architecture B.V.; 44 Patrick Drewello / ArchiBureau; 45T Patrick Drewello / ArchiBureau; 45B Future Cities Lab (Johnson and Gattegno); 46–48 © PBAI; 49 Franken Architekten; 50T Zaha Hadid Architects; 50 second from T Zaha Hadid Architects / Werner Huthmacher; 50M Reiser + Umemoto; 50BR Reiser + Umemoto / Imre Solt; 51 NOX; 52 Franken Architekten; 53 Gramazio & Kohler, ETH Zurich; 54 Future Cities Lab (Johnson and Gattegno); 55 Tom Wiscombe / EMERGENT; 56–57 Zaha Hadid Architects; 58–59 Tom Wiscombe / EMERGENT; 60T and BL Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; 60BR Hayes Davidson; 61 Amanda Levete Architects; 62 Kokkugia; 63 John Dent; 64–65 Joanna Szulda; 66 Daniel Richards; 67 T AMO/OMA ; 67M and B Phil Meech; 68–69 Romulus Sim; 70–71 Neri Oxman; 72–73 Faulders Studio / Studio M; 74 Amanda Levete Architects / Leo Torri for DuPont™ Corian®; 76L Gramazio & Kohler, ETH Zurich; 76R Michael Hansmeyer; 77T Greg Lynn FORM; 77B Amanda Levete Architects / Leo Torri for DuPont™ Corian®; 78–79 Tom Wiscombe/EMERGENT; 80–81 Future Cities Lab (Johnson and Gattegno) and Thomas Kelley; 82–83 Misha Smith; 84 Timothieus Marjot; 85 Michael Hansmeyer; 86–87 Mark Goulthorpe / dECOi; 88 Kumiko Shimizu; 90 Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG); 91T and M Zones Urbaines Sensibles (ZUS); 91B Coop Himmelb(l)au; 92T and M Barkow Leibinger; 92B Rupert Griffiths; 93 sixteen*(makers); 94 Barkow Leibinger; 95T Corinne Rose; 95M Barkow Leibinger; 95B David Franck; 97TL Gramazio & Kohler, Architecture and Digital Fabrication, ETH Zurich; 97TR Coop Himmelb(l)au; 97ML Nick Dunn; 97MR Future Cities Lab; 97B Coop Himmelb(l)au; 98 John Bridge; 99 Rupert Griffiths; 100T, M and BL Ming Chung and Nick Tyson; 100BR Avital Wittenberg; 101 Ming Chung and Nick Tyson; 101T S. Savoury; 0101BR Richard Brook; 102 Zones Urbaines Sensibles (ZUS); 103T sixteen*(makers); 103B Paul Broadbent; 104T Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; 104 M and B Mike Fairbrass / Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; 105 Joanna Szulda; 106 T Patrick Drewello / ArchiBureau; 106M and B Adrian Bowyer; 107 Shiro Studio; 108 Coop Himmelb(l)au; 109T Z+F UK Ltd; 109M Coop Himmelb(l)au; 110 3XN; 111 Gramazio & Kohler, Architecture and Digital Fabrication, ETH Zurich; 112–113 Supermanoeuvre and Matter Design; 114–115 Gramazio & Kohler, ETH Zurich; 116 3XN; 118 Gramazio & Kohler, ETH Zurich; 119T Gramazio & Kohler, ETH Zurich; 119M Future Cities Lab; 119B UNStudio / Christian Richters; 120 Studio Gang Architects / Beth Zacherle; 121 West 8 Urban Design & Landscape Architecture B.V.; 122 Faulders Studio; 123 Gramazio & Kohler, Architecture and Digital Fabrication, ETH Zurich; 124 Timothieus Marjot; 125 sixteen*(makers); 126–127 NOX; 128–129 Joanna Szulda; 130 Mark Goulthorpe / dECOi; 131 Faulders Studio; 131B Faulders Studio / Marion Brenner; 132–133 Gramazio & Kohler, Zurich; 134–135 Amanda Levete Architects; 135 M R and B Amanda Levete Architects / Gidon Fuehrer; 136–138 Mark Goulthorpe / dECOi; 139 ONL (Oosterhuis_Lénárd); 140 BL Office for Metropolitan Architecture / Iwan Baan; 140BR Office for Metropolitan Architecture; 141 UNStudio / Christian Richters; 142 Reiser + Umemoto; 143 Studio Gang Architects / Greg Murphy; 144–145 sixteen*(makers); 146–147 Tom Wiscombe / EMERGENT; 148L Greg Lynn FORM; 148 R 3deluxe; 149 UNStudio / Iwan Baan; 150 Mark Goulthorpe / dECOi; 151 Barkow Leibinger; 152–153 Franken Architekten; 154–155 3deluxe; 156–157 Amo Kalsi / Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; 157B Bellapart; 158 Zaha Hadid Architects; 159 T Zaha Hadid Architects / Michelle Litvin; 159B Zaha Hadid Architects / Thomas Gray; 160–161 Barkow Leibinger; 161B Barkow Leibinger / Christian Richters; 162–163 Franken Architekten; 164–165 Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners; 164T Hayes Davidson; 164B Expedition Engineering; 165M and B Expedition Engineering; 166 UNStudio / Christian Richters; 167T and M Reiser + Umemoto; 167B Future Cities Lab (Johnson and Gattegno); 168 3XN ; 169 Barkow Leibinger; 170 Studio Gang Architects; 171 Studio Gang Architects / Harry Zernike; 172 Faulders Studio; 173 Barkow Leibinger; 174–175 Future Cities Lab; 176 Bre Pettis / MakerBot Industries; 177 Marilena Skavara / microhappy µ:); 178–179 Gramazio & Kohler, Architecture and Digital Fabrication, ETH Zurich; 180–181 Skylar Tibbits; 182–183 Phil Ayres; 183T Anders Ingvartsen; 184 Skylar Tibbits; 185 Neri Oxman