Introduction: Working on a Dream
1. Amnon Cavari, “Six Decades of Public Affection: Trends in American Attitudes Toward Israel,” in Israel and the United States: Six Decades of US Israeli Relations, ed. Robert O. Freedman (Boulder: Westview Press, 2012), 100–123.
2. Calev Ben-Dor, “Amazon Prime’s Human Factor: American Negotiators and the Failure of the Oslo Peace Process,” Fathom, September 2021, https://fathomjournal.org/amazon-primes-human-factor-american-negotiators-and-the-failure-of-the-oslo-peace-process.
3. David Nirenberg, Anti-Judaism: The Western Tradition (New York: W. W. Norton, 2013), 1; Vyacheslav Karpov and Manfred Svensson, Secularization, Desecularization, and Toleration: Cross-Disciplinary Challenges to a Modern Myth (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), 199.
4. Uri Abulof, The Mortality and Morality of Nations (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 130; David Remnick, “The Outsider,” New Yorker, May 17, 1998, https://archives.newyorker.com/newyorker/1998-05-25/flipbook/080.
5. Amos Oz, “A Look at Israel Turning 50,” Washington Post, April 26, 1998, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1998/04/26/a-look-atisrael-turning-50/474ce999-c897-4fa1-ac82-303b38f19b7e.
6. Leon Hadar, “American Jewish Fantasies of Israel: Coping with Cognitive Dissonance,” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 10, no. 3 (August/September 1991), 27.
7. Anshel Pfeffer, “‘The Netanyahus’ Is About So Much More than Netanyahu,” Haaretz, November 11, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-an-unexpected-expose-of-what-netanyahu-really-thinks-about-u-s-jews-1.10376990; Benjamin Taylor, “Philip Roth’s Last Laugh,” Paris Review, July 2, 2020, www.theparisreview.org/blog/2020/07/02/philip-roths-last-laugh.
8. Ofira Seliktar, Divided We Stand: American Jews, Israel, and the Peace Process (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 75.
9. Shaul Magid, “Rethinking American Jewish Zionist Identity: A Case for Post-Zionism in the Diaspora (Based on the Writings of R. Menachem Froman),” in Beyond Jewish Identity: Rethinking Concepts and Imagining Alternatives, ed. Jon A. Levisohn and Ari Y. Kelman (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2019), 113–143.
10. Kenneth Stern, The Conflict over the Conflict (Toronto: New Jewish Press, 2020), 3–4, 11–12.
11. Hasia R. Diner, “Zion and America: The Formative Visions of Abba Hillel Silver,” in Abba Hillel Silver and American Zionism, ed. Mark A. Raider, Jonathan D. Sarna, and Ronald W. Zweig (New York: Routledge, 1997), 48; Edward S. Schapiro, We Are Many: Reflections on American Jewish History and Identity (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005), 172.
12. “The Father of Israel Is Dead,” Windsor Star, December 3, 1973, https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vlc_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=41IMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1709,731564&dq.
13. Aluf Benn, “And Then Biden Will Ask: ‘Bennett, Where Did the Palestinians Disappear To?,’” Haaretz, August 25, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-and-then-biden-will-ask-bennett-where-did-the-palestinians-disappear-1.10150062.
14. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983); Alain Dieckoff, “The Jewish Diaspora and Israel: Belonging at Distance?” Nations and Nationalism 23, no. 2 (April 2017): 271–278.
15. Response to a question at a conference of American Jewish and Israeli leaders, Sodom, Israel, December 1985; Nathan J. Robinson, “How the Media Cracks Down on Critics of Israel,” Current Affairs, February 21, 2021, www.currentaffairs.org/2021/02/how-the-media-cracks-down-on-critics-of-israel.
16. Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel (New York: MJF Books, 1972), 61; Alan Wolfe, At Home in Exile: Why Diaspora Is Good for the Jews (Boston: Beacon Press, 2014), 17; A. B. Yehoshua, “The Meaning of Homeland,” in The A. B Yehoshua Controversy: An Israel-Diaspora Dialogue on Jewishness, Israeliness, and Identity, ed. and trans. from Hebrew by Noam Marans and Roselyn Bell (New York: Dorothy and Julius Koppelman Institute on American Jewish–Israeli Relations and American Jewish Committee, 2006), 5–13.
17. David Ellenson, “Reform Zionism Today: A Consideration of First Principles (2014),” in The Zionist Ideas: Visions for the Jewish Homeland, ed. Gil Troy (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2018), 438; Abigail Pogrebin, “The View from Here: What Happens When We’re Told Our Judaism Isn’t Judaism,” in Twenty-Five Essays About the Current State of Israeli-American Jewish Relations (Washington, DC: American Jewish Committee, 2018), www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2018-06/Twenty-Five%20Essays%20about%20the%20Current%20State%20of%20Israeli-American%20Jewish%20Relations.pdf.
18. Alfred Kazin, New York Jew (New York: Knopf, 1978), 278; Richard M. Cook, Alfred Kazin’s Journals (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 421; Saul Bellow, “A Jewish Writer in America—II,” New York Review of Books, November 10, 2011, www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/11/10/jewish-writer-america-ii.
19. Norman Podhoretz, “My Negro Problem—and Ours,” Commentary, February 1963, 93–101; Norman Podhoretz, “The State of World Jewry,” Commentary, December, 1983, 39; Martin Peretz, “Ha’aretz: ‘Restraint Is Not Possible,’” New Republic, February 12, 2008, https://newrepublic.com/article/40004/haaretz-quotrestraint-not-possiblequot.
20. Michael Calderone, “David Gregory Clarifies Netanyahu ‘Leader of the Jewish People’ Comment,” Huffington Post, September 16, 2012, www.huffpost.com/entry/david-gregory-netanyahu_n_1888329; Bennett Cohen and Jerry Greenfield, “We’re Ben and Jerry. Men of Ice Cream, Men of Principle,” New York Times, July 28, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/07/28/opinion/ben-and-jerry-israel.html; Anshel Pfeffer, “American Jews Aren’t Soldiers in Israel’s Political Wars,” Haaretz, July 29, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-american-jews-aren-t-soldiers-in-israel-s-political-wars-1.10053659.
21. Jonathan Greenblatt, It Could Happen Here: Why America Is Tipping from Hate to the Unthinkable—and How We Can Stop It (New York: HarperCollins, 2022), 224; Eric Alterman, “Altercation: Israel Fumes at Ice Cream Company,” American Prospect, July 23, 2021, https://prospect.org/world/altercation-israel-fumes-at-ice-cream-company; Lydia Saad, “Americans Still Favor Israel While Warming to Palestinians,” Gallup, March 19, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/340331/americans-favor-israel-warming-palestinians.aspx; “Jewish Americans in 2020,” Pew Research Center, May 11, 2021, www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020; Judah Ari Gross, “US Jewish Leaders Warn of Growing Antisemitism, Say They Helped Fight Amnesty Report,” Times of Israel, February 16, 2022, www.timesofisrael.com/us-jewish-leaders-warn-of-growing-antisemitism-say-they-helped-fight-amnesty-report.
22. J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (New York: Addison Wesley, 1996), 218–219; “A Portrait of Jewish Americans,” Pew Research Center on Religion and Public Life, October 13, 2013, www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey; “Jewish Americans in 2020”; Dov S. Zakheim, “American Jewry and Israel: Tension and Prospects,” in Twenty-Five Essays; Ben Sales, “Mega-Donors Are Taking over Jewish Philanthropy, New Study Says,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, March 26, 2018, www.jta.org/2018/03/26/united-states/mega-donors-taking-jewish-philanthropy-new-study-says.
23. “Jewish Americans in 2020”; Eric Alterman, “The Last Few Years Have Spelled a Resounding End to the ‘Jewish Vote,’” The Nation, November 30, 2020, www.thenation.com/article/politics/american-jewish-vote. Ben Samuels, “Israel Only Western Country to Prefer Trump Over Biden, Pew Finds,” Haaretz, June 22, 2022, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-06-22/ty-article/.highlight/survey-most-of-the-world-prefers-biden-to-trump-but-not-israel/00000181-8ba3-d2c2-a3a5-cbbf21fe0000.
24. Aaron David Miller, “Lost in the Woods: A Camp David Retrospective,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 13, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/07/13/lost-in-woods-camp-david-retrospective-pub-82287.
Chapter 1. Zionism for Thee, but Not for Me
1. Washington Post, May 15, 1948, A1; Amnon Cavari and Elan Nyer, “From Bipartisanship to Dysergia: Trends in Congressional Actions Toward Israel,” Israel Studies 19, no. 3 (2014): 1–28; Michael T. Benson, Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997), 190; E. Ray Canterbery, Harry S Truman: The Economics Of A Populist President (Singapore: World Scientific, 2014) 17.
2. William Davidson Talmud, Sanhedrin 98a, Sefaria, www.sefaria.org/Sanhedrin.97b.14.
3. Walter Laqueur, A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel (New York: MJF Books, 1972), 75–83, 211–213; Leora Halperin, The Oldest Guard: Forging the Zionist Settler Past (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2021).
4. Melvin L. Urofsky, American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust (Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday, 1975), 23.
5. Samuel Goldman, “The Real Reason Americans Support Israel (Hint: It’s Not AIPAC),” Tablet, February 15, 2019, www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/280492/the-real-reason-americans-support-israel.
6. Melvin Urofsky, Louis D. Brandeis: A Life (New York: Pantheon, 2009), 413.
7. Presidential Address, 8th Annual Convention of the CCAR, July 6, 1897, Yearbook of the Central Conference of American Rabbis 7 (1897–1898): x–xii.
8. Ira M. Sheskin and Arnold Dashefsky, “Jewish Population in the United States, 2012,” in American Jewish Year Book 2012, ed. Arnold Dashefsky and Ira M. Sheskin (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2013), 143–211.
9. Quoted in Urofsky, Brandeis, 400.
10. Urofsky, Brandeis, 16, 399; Susanne Klingenstein, Jews in the American Academy, 1900–1940 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1998), 40.
11. Louis D. Brandeis, “The Jewish Problem: How to Solve It,” speech, April 25, 1915, archived at Louis D. Brandeis School of Law Library, https://louisville.edu/law/library/special-collections/the-louis-d.-brandeis-collection/the-jewish-problem-how-to-solve-it-by-louis-d.-brandeis.
12. The letter, dated April 24, 1916, is quoted in “Anti-Semitic Letter from Ex-president Taft Up for Auction,” History News Network, www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/162644.
13. Urofsky, Brandeis, 419.
14. Shai Afsi, “The Bride Is Beautiful, but She Is Married to Another Man: Historical Fabrication and an Anti-Zionist Myth,” Shofar 30, no. 3 (Spring 2012): 35–61; Israel Zangwill, The Commercial Future of Palestine (London: Greenberg, 1901), 10, 15; Benny Morris, One State, Two States (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009), 35–36.
15. Kai Bird, Crossing Mandelbaum Gate: Coming of Age Between the Arabs and Israelis, 1956–1978 (New York: Scribner, 2010), 369.
16. “Balfour Declaration—Original Text, English (1917),” Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An Interactive Database, Economic Cooperation Foundation, https://ecf.org.il/media_items/297; David Tal, The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US-Israel Relationship (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 29.
17. Samuel Report, 1921, United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine, https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/349B02280A930813052565E90048ED1C; “British White Paper of June 1922 on Palestine—English,” Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An Interactive Database, Economic Cooperation Foundation, https://ecf.org.il/media_items/439.
18. “Peel Commission Full Report (1937),” Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An Interactive Database, Economic Cooperation Foundation, https://ecf.org.il/media_items/290; “British White Paper of 1939,” Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/brwh1939.asp; John B. Judis, Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014), 250.
Chapter 2. The Horror
1. Melvin Urofsky, We Are One: American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978), 104.
2. Marc Lee Raphael, Abba Hillel Silver: A Profile in American Judaism (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1989), xiv.
3. David Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York: New Press, 1984), 20; Melissa Dinsman, Modernism at the Microphone: Radio, Propaganda, and Literary Aesthetics During World War II (New York: Bloomsbury, 2015).
4. Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (New York: Knopf, 1983), 122–123.
5. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, 126, 132.
6. Richard Breitman and Alan J. Lichtman, FDR and the Jews (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013), 319, 209.
7. Ben Hecht, “A Champion in Chains,” Esquire, October 1942, https://classic.esquire.com/article/1942/10/1/a-champion-in-chains.
8. Urofsky, We Are One, 103–104; Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (New York: Mariner Books, 2000), 40–44.
9. Aaron Berman, Nazism, the Jews and American Zionism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990), 119–120.
10. Berman, Nazism, 183; Michael N. Barnett, The Star and the Stripes: A History of the Foreign Policies of American Jews (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), 144–145.
11. Bruce Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers: The Struggle for Israel, 1917–1947 (New York: Knopf, 2015), 413.
12. Bruce J. Evensen, Truman, Palestine, and the Press: Shaping Conventional Wisdom at the Beginning of the Cold War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992), 64; Milton Himmelfarb, “AJC Position on the Jewish State,” December 31, 1947, memo to members of staff, Committee on Palestine, American Jewish Committee, AJC files, Wiener Library, New York.
13. Hoffman, Anonymous Soldiers, 13.
14. J. Samuel Dinin, “Zionist and Pro-Palestinian Activities,” American Jewish Year Book 5705: September 18, 1944 to September 7, 1945, vol. 46, ed. Harry Schneiderman (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1944), 169–186; Jack Ross, Rabbi Outcast: Elmer Berger and American Jewish Anti-Zionism (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2011), 59.
15. Grose, Israel in the Mind of America, 226; Susan E. Tift and Alex S. Jones, The Trust: The Private and Powerful Family Behind The New York Times (New York: Little, Brown, 1996), 215–219.
16. Samuel Halperin, The Political World of American Zionism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1961), 151.
17. Monty Noam Penkower, “American Jewry and the Holocaust: From Biltmore to the American Jewish Conference,” Jewish Social Studies 47, no. 2 (1985): 95–114.
18. Solomon Schechter, Seminary Addresses and Other Papers (New York: Burning Bush Press, 1959), 93, 101.
19. Israel Knox, “American Judaism: ZOA Blueprint: Are We to Be Israel’s Colony Culturally?,” Commentary, August 1948, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/american-judaism-zoa-blueprintare-we-to-be-israels-colony-culturally.
Chapter 3. In the Arena
1. Dennis Ross, Doomed to Succeed: The U.S.-Israel Relationship from Truman to Obama (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2015), loc. 221–226, Kindle.
2. Monty Noam Penkower, “The Venting of Presidential Spleen: Harry S. Truman’s Jewish Problem,” Jewish Quarterly Review 94, no. 4 (2004): 615–624.
3. John B. Judis, Genesis: Truman, American Jews, and the Origins of the Arab/Israeli Conflict (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2014), 79, 121, 249–250; Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Report to the United States Government and His Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom, Lausanne, Switzerland, April 20, 1946, at Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/angch01.asp.
4. Penkower, “Venting”; Sidney Hertzberg, “This Month in History,” Commentary, January 1946, 39; Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, vol. 5, part 2 [Focus on Israel], ed. Herbert A. Fine and Paul Claussen (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1976), 593, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v05p2.
5. Tom Segev, A State at Any Cost (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999), 395; email to the author, May 8, 2021.
6. Evan Wilson, A Calculated Risk: The U.S. Decision to Recognize Israel (Covington, KY: Clerisy Press, 2008), 12, 28; Foreign Relations of the United States, Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Near East and Africa, vol. 8, ed. Herbert A. Fine, Ralph R. Goodwin, John P. Glennon, Rogers P. Churchill, and Laurence Evans (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1969), 751ff, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945v08.
7. Thomas W. Lippman, “The View from 1947: The CIA and the Partition of Palestine,” Middle East Journal 61, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 17–28.
8. Aaron Berman, Nazism, the Jews and American Zionism (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1990), 148, 14; “Christianity and the Holocaust,” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, www.ushmm.org/collections/bibliography/christianity-and-the-holocaust; “Population of Germany from 1800 to 2020,” Statista, www.statista.com/statistics/1066918/population-germany-historical.
9. Carl Hermann Voss and David A. Rausch, “American Christians and Israel, 1948–1988,” American Jewish Archives Journal 40, no. 1 (1988): 41–81.
10. “Testimony of Reinhold Niebuhr,” Jewish Frontier 13, no. 2 (February 1946): 38–39.
11. David Ben-Gurion, Testimony Before the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry, Jewish Frontier 13, no. 4 (April 1946): 51; Shabbatai Tebbeth, Ben-Gurion: The Burning Ground, 1886–1948 (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 188–189; Stephen Wise, The Personal Letters of Stephen Wise, ed. Justine Wise Polier and James Waterman Wise (Boston: Beacon Press, 1956), 269.
12. Reinhold Niebuhr, “Jews After the War,” part 2, The Nation 5, no. 155 (February 28, 1942): 253–255.
13. Giora Goodman, “‘Palestine’s Best’: The Jewish Agency’s Press Relations, 1946–1947,” Israel Studies 16, no. 3 (2011): 16; Lilly Schultz Papers, courtesy of Debra Shultz.
14. Henry Wallace, “The Conquerors of the Negev,” New Republic, November 10, 1946, 4.
15. I. F. Stone, “Palestine Pilgrimage” (December 8, 1945), reprinted in I. F. Stone, The Best of I. F. Stone, ed. Karl Weber (New York: PublicAffairs, 2006), 213–218.
16. Stone, “Palestine Pilgrimage”; I. F. Stone, “Jewry in a Blind Alley,” The Nation, November 24, 1945; I. F. Stone, “Born Under Fire,” New Republic, May 31, 1948; I. F. Stone, Underground to Palestine and Reflections Thirty Years Later (London: Hutchinson, 1979 [1946]), 215–217; Susie Linfield, The Lions’ Den: Zionism and the Left from Hannah Arendt to Noam Chomsky (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), 239, 241.
17. Elliot E. Cohen, “An Act of Affirmation,” Commentary 1, no. 1 (November 1945): 1–2.
18. Author’s interview with Alfred Kazin, New York City, December 1993; Eric Alterman, with Kevin Mattson, The Cause: The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama (New York: Viking Press, 2012), 253.
19. Hannah Arendt, “The Jewish State: Fifty Years After,” Commentary 1, no. 7 (May 1946): 9; Hannah Arendt, “To Save the Jewish Homeland: There Is Still Time,” Commentary 5, no. 5 (May 1948): 400–405.
20. Boston Globe, February 10, 1948, 15.
21. James Reston, “Bipartisan Policy on Holy Land Seen,” New York Times, January 27, 1948, 8, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1948/01/27/85181689.html?pageNumber=8. See also Jeffrey Gurock, ed. American Jewish History, vol. 8, American Zionism: Mission and Politics (London: Routledge, 1998), 11.
22. Kermit Roosevelt, “The Partition of Palestine: A Lesson in Pressure Politics,” Middle East Journal 2, no. 1 (January 1948): 4–16; Daniel Rickenbacker, “The Arab League’s Propaganda Campaign in the US Against the Establishment of a Jewish State (1944–1947),” Israel Studies 25, no. 1 (January 2020): 1–25.
23. David Tal, The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US-Israel Relationship (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 40; Congressional Record, February 24, 1947, www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRECB-1947-pt1/pdf/GPO-CRECB-1947-pt1-36.pdf; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 29.
24. Palestinius, “Palestine’s Mood After UNSCOP: The Yishuv Ponders Partition,” Commentary, October 1947, www.commentary.org/articles/palestinius/palestines-mood-after-unscopthe-yishuv-ponders-partition.
25. Ofer Aderet, “Why the Mysterious Swede Who Drew Up Israel’s Map Favored the Jews,” Haaretz, November 25, 2017, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-why-the-mysterious-swede-who-drew-up-israel-s-map-favored-the-jews-1.5626801.
26. H. Lowenberg, Palestinian Correspondent, “United Nations Progress Report,” June 29, 1947, in AJC Archives, www.ajcarchives.org/ajcarchive/DigitalArchive.aspx.
27. Monty Noam Penkower, “Juda Leib Magnes: The Last Year,” American Jewish Archives Journal 71, no. 11 (2019): 67–113; Wilson, Calculated Risk, 245.
28. Harry S. Truman, Memoirs, vol. 2, Years of Trial and Hope (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1956), 140.
29. Michael Cohen, Truman and Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), 127; Earl G. Harrison, Harrison Report, July 1945, available at Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/sites/default/files/research/online-documents/holocaust/report-harrison.pdf.
30. Ritchie Ovendale, “The Palestine Policy of the British Labour Government, 1945–1946,” International Affairs 55, no. 3 (1979): 409–431.
31. Michael J. Cohen, “Truman and Palestine, 1945–1948: Revisionism, Politics and Diplomacy,” Modern Judaism 2, no. 1 (February 1982): 1–22; Judis, Genesis, 242.
32. Cohen, Truman and Israel, 83.
33. Judis, Genesis, 276; Tal, Making of an Alliance, 45.
34. Simon A. Waldman, Anglo-American Diplomacy and the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1948–51 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015), 36; Jeffrey Herf, “The U.S. State Department’s Opposition to Zionist Aspirations During the Early Cold War: George F. Kennan and George C. Marshall in 1947–1948,” Journal of Cold War Studies 23, no. 4 (Fall 2021): 153–180.
35. Bruce J. Evensen, Truman, Palestine, and the Press: Shaping Conventional Wisdom at the Beginning of the Cold War (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1992), 113, 135; “Red ‘Fifth Column’ for Palestine Feared as Ships Near Holy Land,” New York Times, January 1, 1948, 1.
36. “Memorandum by the President’s Special Counsel (Clifford) to President Truman,” March 8, 1948, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, vol. 5, part 2, Clifford Papers, 605, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v05p2/d79.
37. “Memorandum by the President’s Special Counsel (Clifford) to President Truman.”
38. David Holly, Exodus 1947 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995); Evensen, Truman, Palestine, and the Press, 130.
39. “Draft Memorandum by the Director of the Office of United Nations Affairs (Rusk) to the Under Secretary of State (Lovett),” drafted by David McClintock, May 4, 1948 (not sent), Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, vol. 5, part 2, 501.BB Palestine/5–448, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v05p2/d210; Frank E. Manuel, The Realities of American-Palestine Relations (Washington, DC: Public Affairs Press, 1949), 133; Evensen, Truman, Palestine, and the Press, 52.
40. Melvin Urofsky, We Are One: American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978), 169.
41. “Statement Made by the United States Representative at the United Nations [Warren] (Austin) Before the Security Council on February [24] 1948,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, vol. 5, part 2, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1948v05p2/d57; Zev Ganin, “The Limits of American Jewish Political Power: America’s Retreat from Partition, November 1947–March 1948,” Jewish Social Studies 39, nos. 1/2 (Winter–Spring 1977): 1–36.
42. Department of State Bulletin, March 7, 1948, 296; Penkower, “Juda Leib Magnes.”
43. “The Switch on Palestine,” New York Times, March 21, 1948, 111; Bruce J. Evenson, “A Story of ‘Ineptness’: The Truman Administration’s Struggle to Shape Conventional Wisdom on Palestine at the Beginning of the Cold War,” Diplomatic History 15, no. 3 (July 1991): 339–359.
44. George M. Elsey, Michael T. Benson, Abba Eban, and Raymond H. Geselbracht, Harry S. Truman and the Recognition of Israel (Independence, MO: Harry S. Truman Library, 1998), 18.
45. Clark Clifford, with Richard Holbrooke, Counsel to the President: A Memoir (New York: Random House, 1991), 1.
46. Clifford, Counsel, 1.
47. Michael Ottolenghi, “Harry Truman’s Recognition of Israel,” Historical Journal 47, no. 4 (2004): 963–988.
48. Clifford, Counsel, 10–12.
49. Judis, Genesis, 315–318.
Chapter 4. Jew vs. Jew
1. Quoted in Michelle Mart, Eye on Israel: How Americans Came to View Israel as an Ally (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), 56, 23; “Israel at the Poles,” Washington Post, August 1, 1951, 26; “Israel’s Tenth,” New York Times, April 24, 1958; Congressional Record, cited in Bat-Ami Zucker, “The Genesis of the Special Relationship Between the United States and Israel, 1948–1973,” American Jewish Archives Journal 44, no. 2 (1992), https://sites.americanjewisharchives.org/publications/journal/PDF/1992_44_02_00_zucker.pdf.
2. Michelle Mart, “Eleanor Roosevelt, Liberalism, and Israel,” Shofar 24, no. 3 (Spring 2006): 58–89; Peter Grose, Israel in the Mind of America (New York: Knopf, 1983), 314.
3. See “Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Kethuboth,” Folio 110a, in Kethuboth, trans. Samuel Daiches and Israel W. Slotki, ed. I. Epstein, https://halakhah.com/kethuboth/kethuboth_110.html.
4. Theodore Sasson, “Mass Mobilization to Direct Engagement: American Jews’ Changing Relationship to Israel,” Israel Studies 15, no. 2 (2010): 176; Jonathan Sarna, “A Projection of America as It Ought to Be: Zion in the Mind’s Eye of American Jews,” in Envisioning Israel: The Changing Images and Ideals of North American Jews, ed. Allon Gal (Jerusalem: Magnes Press; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996), 41–42.
5. Lawrence Grossman, “Transformation Through Crisis: The American Jewish Committee and the Six-Day War,” American Jewish History 86, no. 1 (1998): 27–54. Glazer is quoted in Charles Silberman, A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today (New York: Summit Books, 1985), 204.
6. Matthew Berkman, “Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, and the American Racial Order: Revisiting the American Council for Judaism in the Twenty-First Century,” American Jewish History 105, no. 1/2 (January/April 2021): 139; Marianne Sanua, Let Us Prove Strong: The American Jewish Committee, 1945–2006 (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2007), 24.
7. Mordecai Kaplan, “Needed: A New Zionism,” The Reconstructionist 20, no. 9 (1954): 11.
8. Zvi Ganin, An Uneasy Relationship: American Jewish Leadership and Israel, 1948–1957 (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005).
9. A. D. Gordon, “Some Observations” (1911), in The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader, ed. Arthur Hertzberg (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1997), 277.
10. Matthew Berkman, “Coercive Consensus: Jewish Federations, Ethnic Representation, and the Roots of American Pro-Israel Politics” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2018), 208–211; Ganin, Uneasy Relationship, 36.
11. For the full text of the agreement, see “David Ben-Gurion: American Jews and the Diaspora—The Ben-Gurion Blaustein Agreement,” August 23, 1950, Zionism: Zionism and Israel Information Center, https://zionism-israel.com/hdoc/Ben-Gurion-Blaustein_Zionism_Diaspora.htm.
12. Milton Himmelfarb, “Observations on the Impact of Israel on American Jewish Ideologies,” Jewish Social Studies 21, no. 1, Papers and Proceedings of the Joint Conference on the Impact of Israel on the American Jewish Community (January 1959): 83–84; Natan Aridan, Advocating for Israel: Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon (New York: Lexington Books, 2019), 205; Zeev Sternhell, The Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the Jewish State, trans. David Maisel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 47.
13. Jack Wertheimer, “American Jews and Israel: A 60-Year Retrospective,” in American Jewish Year Book 2008, vol. 108, ed. David Singer and Lawrence Grossman (New York: American Jewish Committee, 2008), 12.
14. Ganin, Uneasy Relationship, 102. See also Israel Studies 25, no. 3 (Fall 2020): 1–80, with several articles on the topic, and Arthur Hertzberg, “American Zionism at an Impasse,” Commentary 8 (October 1949): 341–345.
15. Ganin, Uneasy Relationship, 157.
Chapter 5. Standing Up and Standing Down
1. Walter L. Hixson, Israel’s Armor: The Israel Lobby and the First Generation of the Palestine Conflict (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 77.
2. Fouad Ajami, The Dream Palace of the Arabs: A Generation’s Odyssey (New York: Pantheon, 1998), xvi.
3. Khaled Elgindy, Blind Spot: America and the Palestinians from Balfour to Trump (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2019), 51, 57.
4. Yfaat Weiss, A Confiscated Memory: Wadi Salib and Haifa’s Lost Heritage (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 37.
5. Adam Shatz, “We Are Conquerors,” London Review of Books 41, no. 20 (October 29, 2019): 37–42; Michael R. Fischbach, Records of Dispossession: Palestinian Refugee Property and the Arab Israeli Conflict (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 58–68; “How Israel Legalized Theft,” Haaretz, March 18, 2022, www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/.premium-how-israel-legalized-theft-1.10682279; Peter Beinart, “Teshuvah: A Jewish Case for Palestinian Refugee Return,” Jewish Currents, May 11, 2021, https://jewishcurrents.org/teshuvah-a-jewish-case-for-palestinian-refugee-return.
6. Avi Shlaim, “The Debate About 1948,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, no. 3 (1995): 287–304.
7. The 750,000 figure corresponds to a 1950 estimate from the United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA). See “Palestine Refugees,” UNRWA, www.unrwa.org/palestine-refugees, accessed May 28, 2022; Benny Morris, “On Ethnic Cleansing,” New Left Review 26 (March/April 2004), https://newleftreview.org/issues/II26/articles/benny-morris-on-ethnic-cleansing; “Migration of Eretz Yisrael Arabs Between December 1, 1947, and June 1948,” June 30, 1948, from Hashomer Hatzair (Yad Yaari) Archive, file 95-35.27(3), trans. Akevot Institute for Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Research, archived at Haaretz, www.haaretz.co.il/st/inter/Heng/1948.pdf; Tom Segev, “‘A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion,’ with Tom Segev,” speech to Center for Israel Studies, American University, October 15, 2019, Center for Israel Studies, American University, posted by AUCollege, November 14, 2019, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_nVaFVRm4M.
8. Shlaim, “The Debate About 1948”; Avi Shlaim, “Husni Zaim and the Plan to Resettle Palestinian Refugees in Syria,” Journal of Palestine Studies 15, no. 4 (Summer 1986): 26–31; Avi Shlaim, “The Two-State Solution—Illusion and Reality,” Palestine-Israel Journal 26, no. 3–4 (2021), www.pij.org/articles/2144/the-twostate-solution—illusion-and-reality; Mordechai Bar-On, Gates of Gaza: Israel’s Road to Suez and Back, 1955–57 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1995), 89.
9. Irene Gendzier, “US Policy in Israel/Palestine, 1948: The Forgotten History,” Middle East Policy 18, no. 11 (Spring 2011): 42–53; Hixson, Israel’s Armor, 68; Natan Aridan, Advocating for Israel: Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon (New York: Lexington Books, 2019), 63.
10. Andrew Lapin, “Explosive New Israeli Documentary ‘Tantura’ Is Prompting Calls to Excavate a Possible Palestinian Mass Grave,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 25, 2022, www.jta.org/2022/01/25/culture/tantura-an-explosive-new-israeli-documentary-is-prompting-calls-to-excavate-a-possible-palestinian-mass-grave.
11. Gershom Gorenberg, “The War to Begin All Wars,” New York Review of Books 56, no. 9 (May 28, 2009), www.nybooks.com/articles/2009/05/28/the-war-to-begin-all-wars; Shlaim, “The Debate About 1948”; Walid Khalidi, “Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited,” Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no. 2 (Winter 2005): 42–54; Benny Morris, 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008); Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–1949 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Benny Morris, “The New Historiography: Israel Confronts Its Past,” in Making Israel, ed. Benny Morris (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007), 11–29; Ofer Aderet, “State Archive Error Shows Israeli Censorship Guided by Concerns over National Image,” Haaretz, January 5, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-state-archive-error-shows-israeli-censorship-guided-by-concerns-over-national-image-1.10517841; Ofer Aderet, “‘Unpleasant’ War Crimes: The Secret Docs Israel Insists on Censoring,” Haaretz, October 18, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-war-crimes-and-unpleasantness-israel-s-censorship-list-1.10301458.
12. “Israel and the Arab Refugees,” Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., June 1951 (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1951), 1498.
13. Hixson, Israel’s Armor, 68, 77.
14. Matthew Berkman, “Coercive Consensus: Jewish Federations, Ethnic Representation, and the Roots of American Pro-Israel Politics” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2018), 242.
15. David Tal, The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US-Israel Relationship (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 75–76; Isaac Alteras, “Eisenhower, American Jewry, and Israel,” American Jewish Archives Journal 4, no. 4 (1986): 72–89; Herbert F. Weisberg, “Reconsidering Jewish Presidential Voting Statistics,” Contemporary Jewry 32, no. 3 (2012): 215–236; J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 155.
16. Aridan, Advocating, 67, 124; David Shoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 95.
17. Uri Bialer, Israeli Foreign Policy: A People Shall Not Dwell Alone (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 2020), 61.
18. Benny Morris, “The Israeli Press and the Qibya Operation, 1953,” Journal of Palestine Studies 25, no. 4 (1996): 40–52.
19. David A. Nichols, Eisenhower 1956: The President’s Year of Crisis—Suez and the Brink of War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2011), 220.
20. Ray Takeyh and Steven Simon, The Pragmatic Superpower: Winning the Cold War in the Middle East (New York: W. W. Norton, 2016), 119.
21. Alteras, “Eisenhower, American Jewry and Israel”; Naomi W. Cohen, Not Free to Desist: The American Jewish Committee, 1906–1966 (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1972), 323–324; Lawrence Grossman, “Transformation Through Crisis: The American Jewish Committee and the Six-Day War,” American Jewish History 86, no. 1 (1998): 27–54.
22. Philip A. Walker Jr., “Lyndon B. Johnson’s Senate Foreign Policy Activism: The Suez Canal Crisis, a Reappraisal,” Presidential Studies Quarterly 26, no. 4 (Fall 1996): 996–1008.
23. Donald Neff, Fallen Pillars: U.S. Policy Towards Palestine and Israel Since 1945 (Washington, DC: Institute for Palestine Studies, 1995), 99; Alteras, “Eisenhower, American Jewry and Israel”; Geoffrey Phillip Levin, “Another Nation: Israel, American Jews, and Palestinian Rights, 1948–1977” (PhD diss., New York University, 2019), 13–14.
24. “President Eisenhower Radio Address on the Situation in the Middle East,” February 20, 1957, Jewish Virtual Library, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/ikewarn1.html; Aridan, Advocating, 139; David Ben-Gurion, Israel: A Personal History (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1971), 509; Dwight D. Eisenhower, The White House Years, vol. 2, Waging Peace, 1956–1961 (New York: Doubleday, 1965), 74.
25. George W. Ball, “The Coming Crisis in Israeli-American Relations,” Foreign Affairs, Winter 1979/80, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/israel/1979-12-01/coming-crisis-israeli-american-relations; “Memorandum of a Telephone Conversation Between the Israeli Ambassador (Eban) and the Secretary of State, Washington, March 3, 1957, 10:25 p.m.,” Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955–1957, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1957, vol. 17, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1955-57v17/d187; Lila Corwin Berman, The American Jewish Philanthropic Complex (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020), 93–96; Alteras, “Eisenhower, American Jewry and Israel.”
1. Bradley Burston, “The ‘Exodus’ Effect: The Monumentally Fictional Israel That Remade American Jewry,” Haaretz, November 9, 2012, www.haaretz.com/the-exodus-effect-of-leon-uris-on-u-s-jewry-1.5197397; M. M. Silver, Our Exodus: Leon Uris and the Americanization of Israel’s Founding Story (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2010), 89.
2. Silver, Our Exodus, 84–86; “Uris, Leon,” Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 16 (Jerusalem: Encyclopedia Judaica, 1971), 10.
3. Frances G. Couvares, Movie Censorship and American Culture (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1996), 152; Nora Sayre, Running Time: Films of the Cold War (New York: Dial, 1982), 18.
4. Tony Shaw and Giora Goodman, Hollywood and Israel: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2022), loc. 645, Kindle.
5. Edward S. Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 20; Gary Fishgall, Gregory Peck: A Biography (New York: Scribner’s, 2002), 124.
6. Michelle Mart, Eye on Israel: How Americans Came to View Israel as an Ally (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), 25–28. The Juggler is occasionally shown on TCM. For a synopsis and other film details, see TCM, www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/27793/the-juggler#overview. I saw it on January 14, 2020, and viewed Sword in the Desert on TCM on January 26, 2021. For information on Sword, see TCM, www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/92168/sword-in-the-desert#overview.
7. Silver, Our Exodus, 92; Shaw and Goodman, Hollywood and Israel, loc. 2498, 2530.
8. Burston, “‘Exodus’ Effect”; Stephen J. Whitfield, “Value Added: Jews in Postwar American Culture,” in American Jewish History, vol. 4, American Jewish Life, 1920–1990, ed. Jeffrey Gurock (New York: Routledge, 1997), 77; Norman Mirsky, “Nathan Glazer’s American Judaism After 30 Years: A Reform Opinion,” American Jewish History 77 (December 1987): 237; Amy Kaplan, Our American Israel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019), loc. 1739, Kindle; Dov Waxman, Trouble in the Tribe: The American Jewish Conflict over Israel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016), 29.
9. Shaul Mitelpunkt, Israel in the American Mind: The Cultural Politics of US-Israeli Relations, 1958–1988 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018), loc. 35–39, Kindle; Shaw and Goodman, Hollywood and Israel, loc. 1752.
10. Silver, Our Exodus, 170–171; Natan Aridan, Advocating for Israel: Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon (New York: Lexington Books, 2019), 184; Kaplan, Our American Israel, loc. 1739; Patricia Erens, The Jew in American Cinema (Bloomington: University of Indiana Press, 1985), 217, 219; Rachel Weissbrod, “Exodus as a Zionist Melodrama,” Israel Studies 4, no. 1 (1999): 129–152; Mitelpunkt, Israel in the American Mind, loc. 76.
11. Jeremy Salt, “Facts and Fiction in the Middle Eastern Novels of Leon Uris,” Journal of Palestinian Studies 14, no. 3 (Spring 1985): 54–63; Ruth Gruber, Exodus 1947: The Ship That Launched a Nation (New York: Union Square Press, 1999); David Holly, Exodus, 1947 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1995).
12. Idith Zertal, From Catastrophe to Power: The Holocaust Survivors and the Emergence of Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 32–43.
13. Henry Gonshak, “Tough Jews, Schlemiels, and ‘Shickses’: Leon Uris’ Exodus,” Response 69 (1999): 100–117; Shaw and Goodman, Hollywood and Israel, loc. 1624.
14. Amy Weiss, “1948’s Forgotten Soldiers? The Shifting Reception of American Volunteers in Israel’s War of Independence,” Israel Studies 25, no. 1 (January 2020): 149–172; Silver, Our Exodus, 66–72.
15. Weissbrod, “Exodus as a Zionist Melodrama.”
16. Dan Wakefield, “Israel’s Need for Fiction,” The Nation, April 11, 1959, 318–319; Claudia Roth Pierpont, Roth Unbound: A Writer and His Works (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2013), 13–14; Silver, Our Exodus, 117–120.
17. Silver, Our Exodus, 202–204; Shaw and Goodman, Hollywood and Israel, loc. 1721; “Israeli Leader to Talk on Novel and Film ‘Exodus,’” Los Angeles Times, January 2, 1961, B30.
18. Kaplan, Our American Israel, loc. 1417, 1524, 1547; Silver, Our Exodus, 44.
19. Shaw and Goodman, Hollywood and Israel, loc. 1880, 1900; Lawrence Davidson, America’s Palestine: Popular and Official Perceptions from Balfour to Israeli Statehood (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2001), 215.
20. Silver, Our Exodus, 170–171.
21. “Exodus,” Monthly Film Bulletin 28, no. 329 (June 1961): 75; Silver, Our Exodus, 209; “We Must Not Be Lulled by Peace Talk—Dayan,” Jerusalem Post, May 2, 1956, 1.
22. Benny Morris, “Beyond the Gates of Gaza,” Jerusalem Post, June 30, 1989, A11.
23. Oscar Handlin, “Ethics and Eichmann,” Commentary, August 1960, www.commentary.org/articles/oscar-handlin/ethics-eichmann; Eric Alterman, “Happy Birthday, ‘National Review’! Too Bad You Haven’t Grown Any Wiser with Age,” The Nation, December 3, 2015, www.thenation.com/article/archive/happy-birthday-national-review-too-bad-you-havent-grown-any-wiser-with-age.
24. Lucy S. Dawidowicz, “United States, Israel and the Middle East,” American Jewish Year Book 1961, vol. 62, ed. Morris Fine and Milton Himmelfarb (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1961), 193.
25. Martin Kramer, “The Truth of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann,” Mosaic, June 1, 2020, https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/history-ideas/2020/06/the-truth-of-the-capture-of-adolf-eichmann.
26. Burston, “‘Exodus’ Effect”; Aviva Halmish, “Exodus, the Movie—Half a Century Later,” Jewish Film and New Media 5, no. 2 (Fall 2017): 123–142; Judy Maltz, “The Last Relic of the Exodus, and Its Incredible Journey to Israel,” Haaretz, January 6, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2022-01-06/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/the-last-relic-of-the-exodus-and-its-incredible-journey-to-israel/0000017f-edb6-ddba-a37f-effe050d0000.
27. Shaul Magid, “Feelings and the Israel/Palestine Conflict,” Tablet, June 3, 2021, www.tabletmag.com/sections/community/articles/feelings-and-israel-palestine-conflict; Kenneth Bob, Facebook, November 23, 2020.
28. Burston, “‘Exodus’ Effect”; John F. Kerry, Every Day Is Extra (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2018), 444.
Chapter 7. Six Days That Shook the World
1. Walter L. Hixson, Israel’s Armor: The Israel Lobby and the First Generation of the Palestine Conflict (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 128; Dan Kurzman, Ben-Gurion: Prophet of Fire (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), https://religiondocbox.com/Judaism/65549105-Ben-gurion-prophet-of-fire.html.
2. Amos Elon, “A Very Special Relationship,” New York Review of Books, January 15, 2004, www.nybooks.com/articles/2004/01/15/a-very-special-relationship.
3. Avner Cohen, The Worst Kept Secret: Israel and the Bomb (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 70; Khaled Elgindy, Blind Spot: America and the Palestinians from Balfour to Trump (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2019), 69.
4. Moshe Shemesh, “The IDF Raid on Samu’: The Turning-Point in Jordan’s Relations with Israel and the Palestinians,” Israel Studies 7, no. 1 (2002): 139–166; Clea Lutz Bunch, “Strike at Samu: Jordan, Israel, the United States, and the Origins of the Six-Day War,” Diplomatic History 32, no. 1 (2008): 55–76; Tom Segev, 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year That Transformed the Middle East (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2005), 149.
5. Y. Harkabi, Arab Attitudes to Israel (Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House, 1972), 277.
6. Rashid Khalidi, The Hundred Years War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017 (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2019), 103.
7. Gilbert Achcar, The Arabs and the Holocaust: The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives (New York: Henry Holt, 2009), 215.
8. Richard B. Parker, ed., The Six-Day War: A Retrospective (Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1996), 204; “Memorandum from the Joint Chiefs of Staff to Secretary of Defense McNamara,” August 25, 1967, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, vol. 19, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967, ed. Harriet Dashiell Schwartz (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2004), https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1964-68v19/d427; Michael R. Fischbach, The Movement and the Middle East (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019), loc. 59–60. See also William Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1993), 510–512.
9. Michael Oren, Six Days of War (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 59–60; Bunch, “Strike at Samu.”
10. Shlomo Ben-Ami, Scars of War: Wounds of Peace: The Israeli-Arab Tragedy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 100; Abba Eban, Personal Witness: Israel Through My Eyes (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1992), 382–383; Roland Popp, “Stumbling Decidedly into the Six-Day War,” Middle East Journal 60, no. 2 (Spring 2006): 281–309; David Remnick, “The Seventh Day: Why the Six-Day War Is Still Being Fought,” New Yorker, May 28, 2007, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2007/05/28/the-seventh-day.
11. Anthony Weiss, “Long Suppressed, ‘Censored Voices’ Speaks Out About Six-Day War,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 1, 2015, www.jta.org/2015/02/01/culture/long-suppressed-censored-voices-speaks-out-about-six-day-war.
12. Shaul Mitelpunkt, Israel in the American Mind: The Cultural Politics of US-Israeli Relations, 1958–1988 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018), loc. 132, Kindle; Bill Mauldin, “Not a Litterbug Among Them, Those Israeli Troops,” New Republic, June 24, 1967, 6; “Israel’s Swift Victory,” Life, Special Edition, June 23, 1967; Lightning out of Israel: The Six-Day War in the Middle East (New York: Associated Press, 1967); Amy Kaplan, Our American Israel (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019), loc. 1941, Kindle.
13. Edward S. Shapiro, A Time for Healing: American Jewry Since World War II (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), 207–208; A. J. Heschel, Israel: An Echo of Eternity (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1969), 195–199; Arthur Hertzberg, “Israel and American Jewry,” Commentary, August 1967, www.commentary.org/articles/arthur-hertzberg/israel-and-american-jewry.
14. Howard M. Sachar, A History of the Jews in America (New York: Knopf, 1992), 736; Menahem Kaufman, “The Case of the United Jewish Appeal,” in Envisioning Israel: The Changing Ideals and Images of North American Jews, ed. Allon Gal (Jerusalem: Magnes Press; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996), 232; Shapiro, Time for Healing, 210–211; Tony Shaw and Giora Goodman, Hollywood and Israel: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2022), loc. 2400, Kindle.
15. Henry Roth, “Kaddish,” Midstream, January 1977, 54–55.
16. Joshua Muravchik, Making David into Goliath (New York: Encounter Books, 2014), 12; Gabriel Piterberg, “Zion’s Rebel Daughter,” New Left Review 48 (November/December 2007), https://newleftreview.org/issues/II48/articles/gabriel-piterberg-zion-s-rebel-daughter; Susie Linfield, The Lion’s Den: Zionism and the Left from Hannah Arendt to Noam Chomsky (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2019), 78.
17. Milton Himmelfarb, “In Light of Israel’s Victory,” Commentary, October 1967, 59; Benjamin Balint, Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine That Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right (New York: PublicAffairs, 2010), 110; Irving Howe, A Margin of Hope: An Intellectual’s Autobiography (San Diego: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1982), 251, 286; Maurice Isserman, “Steady Work: Sixty Years of Dissent,” Dissent, January 23, 2015, www.dissentmagazine.org/online_articles/steady-work-sixty-years-of-dissent.
18. Shaul Magid, “Re-Thinking American Jewish Zionist Identity: A Case for Post-Zionism in the Diaspora (Based on the Writings of R. Menachem Froman),” in Beyond Jewish Identity: Rethinking Concepts and Imagining Alternatives, ed. Jon A. Levisohn and Ari Y. Kelman (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2019), 113–143; Arthur Hertzberg, “Some Reflections on Zionism Today,” Congress Monthly 44, no. 3 (March/April 1977): 3–7.
19. Lawrence Grossman, “Transformation Through Crisis: The American Jewish Committee and the Six-Day War,” American Jewish History 86, no. 1 (1998): 27–54; Matthew Berkman, “Coercive Consensus: Jewish Federations, Ethnic Representation, and the Roots of American Pro-Israel Politics” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2018), 281.
20. Bat-Ami Zucker, “The Genesis of the Special Relationship Between the United States and Israel, 1948–1973,” American Jewish Archives Journal 44, no. 2 (1992).
21. Grossman, “Transformation Through Crisis”; Emet Ve-Emunah, Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism, 2nd ed. (New York: United Synagogue Book Service, 1988), 37, 38; “Reform Judaism: A Centenary Perspective,” Central Conference of American Rabbis, 1976, www.ccarnet.org/rabbinic-voice/platforms/article-reform-judaism-centenary-perspective; Jack Wertheimer, “American Jews and Israel: A 60-Year Retrospective,” American Jewish Year Book 2008, vol. 108, ed. David Singer and Lawrence Grossman (New York: American Jewish Committee, 2008): 3–79; David Ellenson, “Envisioning Israel in the Liturgies of North American Liberal Judaism,” and Chaim I. Waxman, “The Changing Religious Relationship: American Jewish Baby Boomers and Israel,” in Gal, Envisioning Israel.
22. Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1990), 148–149; Marc Ellis, Beyond Innocence and Redemption: Confronting the Holocaust and Israeli Power (San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1990); Emil L. Fackenheim, To Mend the World: Foundations of Post-Holocaust Jewish Thought (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 14.
23. Arnold Jacob Wolf, “Overemphasizing the Holocaust,” in Unfinished Rabbi: Selected Writings of Arnold Jacob Wolf, ed. Jonathan Wolf (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998); Novick, Holocaust in American Life, 10.
24. Ruth R. Wisse, “Israel and the Intellectuals: A Failure of Nerve?,” Commentary, May 1988, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/israel-the-intellectuals-a-failure-of-nerve; Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, “Stayed on Freedom: Jews in the Civil Rights Movement and After,” in Cornerstones of Peace: Jewish Identity, Politics and Democratic Theory (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996), 104–122.
25. Arnold M. Eisen, “Israel at 50: An American Jewish Perspective,” American Jewish Year Book 1998, vol. 98, ed. David Singer and Ruth R. Seldin (New York: American Jewish Committee, 1998), 47–71; A. Diana Forster, Ira M. Sheskin, and Kenneth D. Wald, “The Political Consequences of Trauma: Holocaust Exposure and Emotional Attachment to Israel Among American Jews,” Contemporary Jewry 40 (May 2020): 209–236; Nina Glick Schiller, “Long-Distance Nationalism,” in Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World, vol. 1, Overviews and Topics, ed. Melvin Ember, Carol R. Ember, and Ian Skoggard (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2005), 570; “Jewish Americans in 2020,” Pew Research Center, May 11, 2021, 20, www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020.
26. Lucy Dawidowicz, “American Public Opinion,” in American Jewish Year Book 1968, vol. 69, ed. Morris Fine and Milton Himmelfarb (New York: American Jewish Committee; Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1968), 205; Michael E. Staub, Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 128; Marshall Sklare, “Lakeville and Israel: The Six-Day War and Its Aftermath,” Midstream 18, no. 8 (1968): 10–11; David Tal, The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US-Israel Relationship (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 143, 167.
27. Thomas Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989), 454–455; Saul Friedlander, Where Memory Leads: My Life (New York: Other Press, 2016), 148.
28. Neve Gordon, Israel’s Occupation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), 1; Nathan Thrall, “A Day in the Life of Abed Salama,” New York Review of Books, March 19, 2021, www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/03/19/a-day-in-the-life-of-abed-salama; Jorgen Jensehaugen, “Terra Morata: The West Bank in Menachem Begin’s Worldview,” Contemporary Levant 5, no. 1 (2020): 54–63; “Crime of Apartheid: The Government of Israel’s System of Oppression Against Palestinians,” Amnesty International, February 1, 2022, www.amnestyusa.org/endapartheid, 16
29. Raja Shehadeh, “State of Exception,” The Nation, July 1, 2019, www.thenation.com/article/noura-erakat-justice-for-some-book-review; Gershom Gorenberg, The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977 (New York: Times Books, 2007), 100.
30. Aviezer Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism and Jewish Religious Radicalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996), esp. 110–116, 118–129, 144; Yehuda Gershoni, “The Torah of Israel and the State,” Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 12, no. 34 (Winter/Spring 1972): 25–34.
31. Eliyahu Avihayil, Le-or ha-shahar (Jerusalem, 1982), 107, 118–119, as cited in Ravitsky, Messianism, Zionism, 128; Richard L. Hoch, “Sovereignty, Sanctity, and Salvation: The Theology of Rabbi Tzvi Yehuda ha-Kohen Kook and the Actions of Gush Emunim,” Shofar 13, no. 1 (1994): 90–118.
32. Walter L. Hixson, Israel’s Armor: The Israel Lobby and the First Generation of the Palestine Conflict (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 169; Adam Raz, “Israel Claimed Its 1967 Land Conquests Weren’t Planned. Declassified Documents Reveal Otherwise,” Haaretz, June 3, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-israel-said-67-land-conquests-weren-t-planned-declassified-documents-say-otherwise-1.9873297; Associated Press, “West Bank Settlement Population Surged During the Trump Era, Report Says,” Times of Israel, January 27, 2021, www.timesofisrael.com/west-bank-settler-population-surged-during-trump-era-report-says; Ofer Aderet, “Archives Reveal What Israeli Left-Wing Leaders Truly Thought on Early Settlement Efforts,” Haaretz, January 5, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-archives-reveal-left-wing-leaders-rabin-and-peres-true-policy-on-early-settlements-1.10514049; Michael Sfard, “Yes, It’s Israeli Apartheid. Even Without Annexation,” Haaretz, September 7, 2020, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-yes-it-s-israeli-apartheid-even-without-annexation-1.8984029.
33. Shaiel Ben-Ephraim, “Distraction and Deception: Israeli Settlements, Vietnam, and the Johnson Administration,” Diplomatic History 42, no. 3 (June 2018): 456–483; Hixson, Israel’s Armor, 149; Lyndon B. Johnson, The Vantage Point: Perspectives of the Presidency, 1963–1969 (New York: Holt, Reinhart and Winston, 1972), 297.
34. Tevi Troy, “How the GOP Went Zionist,” Commentary, December 2015, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/gop-went-zionist; “Why the South Must Prevail,” National Review, August 25, 1957, reproduced at Adam Gómez, Wordpress, https://adamgomez.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/whythesouthmustprevail-1957.pdf; “U.S. Presidential Elections: Jewish Voting Record,” Jewish Virtual Library, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/jewvote.html.
35. Barney Ross, “Show of Shows Nets $80,000 for War Fund,” New York Times, March 14, 1944, 15.
36. Pamela Pennock, The Rise of the Arab American Left: Activists, Allies, and Their Fight Against Imperialism and Racism, 1960s–1980s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2017), 254; Geoffrey Levin, “American Jewish Insecurities and the End of Pro-Arab American Politics in Mainstream America, 1952–1973,” Arab Studies Journal 25, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 30–58; Michael Kramer, “Blacks and Jews,” New York Magazine, February 4, 1985, https://nymag.com/news/features/49091.
37. The Militant, February 1969, quoted in Arnold Foster and Benjamin R. Epstein, The New Anti-Semitism (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), 137, 51.
38. Leo Huberman, “Israel Is Not the Main Enemy,” Monthly Review 19, no. 5 (October 1967): 8–9.
39. James Ridgeway, “Freak-Out in Chicago,” New Republic, September 16, 1967, 9–12; “Letter from the Palmer House,” New Yorker, September 23, 1967, 56–88.
40. I. F. Stone, “Holy War,” New York Review of Books, August 3, 1967, www.nybooks.com/articles/1967/08/03/holy-war. See also Robert Alter, “Israel and the Intellectuals,” Commentary, October 1967, 46–52.
41. Martin Peretz, “The American Left and Israel,” Commentary, November 1967, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/the-american-left-israel; Alter, “Israel and the Intellectuals.”
42. “Benny Morris: I Haven’t Found Evidence of Arab Radio Broadcast Asking Palestinians to Flee in 1948,” Oslo, September 27, 2014, posted by Med Israel for fred, October 6, 2014, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=eNwTk2lpBtU; Walid Khalidi, “Why Did the Palestinians Leave, Revisited,” Journal of Palestine Studies 34, no. 2 (Winter 2005): 42–54.
43. I. F. Stone, “Gangsters or Patriots?,” The Nation, January 12, 1946; Michael Walzer and Martin Peretz, “Israel Is Not Vietnam,” Ramparts, July 1967, www.unz.com/print/Ramparts-1967jul-00011.
44. Henry P. Van Dusen, “‘Silence’ of Church Leaders on Mideast,” letter to the editor, New York Times, July 7, 1967, 32, https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1967/07/07/90367283.html?pageNumber=28; Joshua Michael Zeitz, “‘If I Am Not for Myself…’: The American Jewish Establishment in the Aftermath of the Six-Day War,” American Jewish History 88, no. 2 (June 2000): 253–286; Samuel Goldman, God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), 14; Naomi W. Cohen, American Jews and the Zionist Idea (Hoboken, NJ: KTAV Publishing, 1975), 137.
45. Hixson, Israel’s Armor, 188–195, 209; Natan Aridan, Advocating for Israel: Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon (New York: Lexington Books, 2019), 237; Edward Tivnan, The Lobby: Jewish Political Power and American Foreign Policy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 67.
46. Michael Wyschogrod, “The Jewish Interest in Vietnam,” Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought 8, no. 4 (1966): 5–18.
47. Glen Frankel, Beyond the Promised Land: Jews and Arabs on a Hard Road to a New Israel (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994), 222; Tivnan, The Lobby, 119; Edward Giock, The Triangular Connection: America, Israel, and American Jews (Boston: George Allen and Unwin, 1982), 97.
48. Amos Oz, “Four Cups for the Seder Against the Occupation,” letter to the editor, Davar, August 22, 1967, online at Proquest, www.proquest.com/openview/f13e182a4f836f335d6ba87ae61dd994/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=26627; Yeshayahu Leibowitz, Judaism, Human Values, and the Jewish State (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 226.
49. Alain Finkielkraut, The Imaginary Jew (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 132; Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983).
Chapter 8. A Jew (and an Antisemite) for All Seasons
1. Robert Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power (New York: HarperCollins, 2006), 93, 206, 250, 434; Debbie Lord, “Billy Graham–Richard Nixon Tapes: The One Time Graham’s Image Was Tarnished,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 21, 2018, www.ajc.com/news/national/billy-graham-richard-nixon-tapes-the-one-time-graham-image-was-tarnished/DCj06gfORZJLYa30cLawWL; Stephen J. Whitfield, “Nixon and the Jews,” Patterns of Prejudice 44, no. 5 (2010): 432–453.
2. Walter Isaacson, Kissinger, A Biography (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992), 893; Gil Rabak, “A Jew for All Seasons: Henry Kissinger, Jewish Expectations, and the Yom Kippur War,” Israel Studies Forum 25, no. 2 (2010): 1–25.
3. Eric Alterman, Lying in State: Why Presidents Lie and Why Trump Is Worse (New York: Basic Books, 2020), 121; Isaacson, Kissinger, 560; Seymour Hersh, The Price of Power: Kissinger in the Nixon White House (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 84.
4. Alterman, Lying in State, 121.
5. Rabak, “A Jew for All Seasons”; Jeremi Suri, Henry Kissinger and the American Century (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 250–252; Hersh, Price of Power, 322–323.
6. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 23, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1969–1972, ed. Steven Galpern (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2015), 338.
7. Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York: Grosset and Dunlop, 1978), 66.
8. Dallek, Nixon and Kissinger, 410–411; Lewis Coser and Irving Howe, eds., The New Conservatives: A Critique from the Left (New York: Quadrangle, 1974), 78; Eugene Borowitz, “The Heavy, Unrelenting Pressure the Israelis Have Put on U.S. Jewry to Vote for Nixon Is Thoroughly Demeaning,” New York Times, October 9, 1972, 31; Melvin Urofsky, We Are One: American Jewry and Israel (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978), 389; Kenneth Kolander, “Phantom Peace: Henry ‘Scoop’ Jackson, J. William Fulbright, and Military Sales to Israel,” Diplomatic History 41, no. 3 (June 2017): 567–593.
9. “McGovern Backs Goals of Israel,” New York Times, June 23, 1967.
10. Nathan Glazer, “Revolutionism and the Jews: 3—The Role of the Intellectual,” Commentary, February 1971, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/revolutionism-the-jews3-the-role-of-the-intellectual.
11. Joseph Kraft, “Those Arabists in the State Department,” New York Times Magazine, November 7, 1971, 38; Hersh, Price of Power, 135, 290; Salim Yaqub, Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004).
12. Boaz Vanetik and Zaki Shalom, “The White House Middle East Policy in 1973 as a Catalyst for the Outbreak of the Yom Kippur War,” Israel Studies 16, no. 1 (Spring 2011): 53–78.
13. Kolander, “Phantom Peace.”
14. Kolander, “Phantom Peace.”
15. Ziv Rubinovitz, “Blue and White ‘Black September’: Israel’s Role in the Jordan Crisis of 1970,” International History Review 32, no. 4 (2010): 687–706.
16. Bruce Riedel, “Fifty Years After Black September in Jordan,” Studies in Intelligence 64, no. 2 (June 2020), Central Intelligence Agency, www.cia.gov/static/a0e9e907ebef070b8d13a714867f1e5b/Black-September-Jordan.pdf.
17. Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East Since 1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 180.
18. Bruce Riedel, “Enigma: The Anatomy of Israel’s Intelligence Failure Almost 45 Years Ago,” Brookings Institution, September 15, 2017, www.brookings.edu/research/enigma-the-anatomy-of-israels-intelligence-failure-almost-45-years-ago.
19. Rami Rom, Amir Gilat, and Rose Mary Sheldon, “The Yom Kippur War, Dr. Kissinger, and the Smoking Gun,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence 31, no. 2 (2018): 357–373; Salim Yaqub, “The Nixon Administration’s Policy Towards the Arab Israeli Conflict from 1969 to 1973,” in The Cold War in the Middle East, 1967–73, ed. Nigel J. Ashton (New York: Routledge, 2008), 35–58.
20. Avner Cohen, “When Israel Stepped Back from the Brink,” New York Times, October 13, 2013, www.nytimes.com/2013/10/04/opinion/when-israel-stepped-back-from-the-brink.html; Ribak, “A Jew for All Seasons.”
21. Arnon Gutfeld and Boaz Vanetik, “‘A Situation That Had to Be Manipulated’: The American Airlift to Israel During the Yom Kippur War,” Middle Eastern Studies 52, no. 3 (2016): 419–447; William Quandt, Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab–Israeli Conflict Since 1967, 3rd ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 123–124; Galen Jackson and Mark Trachtenberg. “A Self-Inflicted Wound? Henry Kissinger and the Ending of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War,” Diplomacy and Statecraft 32, no. 3 (2021): 554–578; “189. Memorandum of Conversation,” Subject: Meeting with Jewish Leaders (Philip Klutznik Group), New York, June 15, 1975, 12:15–2:35 p.m., Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 26, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1974–1976, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v26/d189.
22. Hersh, Price of Power, 135; Ribak, “A Jew for All Seasons.”
23. Salim Yaqub, Imperfect Strangers: Americans, Arabs, and U.S.–Middle East Relations in the 1970s (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2016), 113; Gil Troy, Moynihan’s Moment: America’s Fight Against Zionism as Racism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 36.
24. Matthew Berkman, “Coercive Consensus: Jewish Federations, Ethnic Representation, and the Roots of American Pro-Israel Politics” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2018), 287.
25. Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, 36; Ribak, “A Jew for All Seasons.”
26. Zaki Shalom, “Kissinger and the American Jewish Leadership After the 1973 War,” Israel Studies 7, no. 1 (2002): 195–217.
27. “189. Memorandum of Conversation.”
28. Rabak, “A Jew for All Seasons,” 18.
29. Arlene Lazarowitz, “American Jewish Leaders and President Gerald R. Ford: Disagreements over the Middle East Reassessment Plan,” American Jewish History 98, no. 3 (2014): 175–200; George W. Ball, “The Coming Crisis in Israeli-American Relations,” Foreign Affairs (Winter 1979/1980), www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/israel/1979-12-01/coming-crisis-israeli-american-relations; David Tal, The Making of an Alliance: The Origins and Development of the US-Israel Relationship (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2022), 199–200.
30. Natan Aridan, Advocating for Israel: Diplomats and Lobbyists from Truman to Nixon (New York: Lexington Books, 2019), 284.
31. Ball, “Coming Crisis”; Martin Indyk, Master of the Game: Henry Kissinger and the Art of Middle East Diplomacy (New York: Knopf, 2021); Isaac Chotiner, “The Lessons of Henry Kissinger’s Diplomacy,” New Yorker, November 29, 2021, www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/the-lessons-of-henry-kissingers-diplomacy; Jackson and Trachtenberg, “A Self-Inflicted Wound?”
32. “Memorandum of Agreement Between the Governments of Israel and the United States,” September 1, 1975, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, vol. 26, Arab-Israeli Dispute, 1974–1976, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v26/d227 diplomacy.
Chapter 9. “Zionism Is (Not) Racism”
1. Associated Press, “Haldeman Diary Shows Nixon Was Wary of Blacks and Jews,” New York Times, May 18, 1994, A19; Tim Naftali, “Ronald Reagan’s Long-Hidden Racist Conversation with Richard Nixon,” Atlantic, July 30, 2019, www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/07/ronald-reagans-racist-conversation-richard-nixon/595102.
2. Michael Brenner, In Search of Israel: The History of an Idea (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018), 154.
3. Sasha Polakow-Suransky, The Unspoken Alliance: Israel’s Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa (New York: Pantheon, 2010).
4. Asaf Siniver, Abba Eban: A Biography (New York: Overlook, 2016), 252–253.
5. “Policy Paper Prepared in the Department of State,” March 15, 1949, 501.MA Palestine/3-1749, Annex 2 in “Memorandum by the Coordinator on Palestine Refugee Matters (McGhee) to the Under Secretary of State (Webb),” March 15, 1949, 501.BB Palestine/3-1549, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1949, The Near East, South Asia, and Africa, vol. 6, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1949v06/d533.
6. Mouin Rabbani, “Reflections on a Lifetime of Engagement with Zionism, the Palestine Question, and American Empire: An Interview with Noam Chomsky,” Journal of Palestine Studies 41, no. 3 (Spring 2012): 92–120.
7. These and all subsequent quotes from the speech are drawn from “Yasser Arafat’s 1974 UN General Assembly speech,” Wikisource, https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat’s_1974_UN_General_Assembly_speech.
8. The dispute over the figures in question is covered in Hussein Ibish, “A ‘Catastrophe’ That Defines Palestinian Identity,” Atlantic, May 14, 2018, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/05/the-meaning-of-nakba-israel-palestine-1948-gaza/560294.
9. Edward Said, “Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims,” Social Text 1 (Winter 1979): 7–58; “The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council, July 1–17, 1968,” Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/plocov.asp.
10. See, for instance, Sammy Smooha, Arabs and Jews in Israel, 2 vols. (New York: Routledge, 1992).
11. Paul Hofmann, “Dramatic Session,” New York Times, November 14, 1974, A1; Paul Hofmann, “Arafat’s Message,” New York Times, November 15, 1974; “The Olive Branch and the Gun,” The Nation, November 20, 1974.
12. Gil Troy, “When Feminists Were Zionists,” Tablet, March 8, 2013, www.tabletmag.com/jewish-arts-and-culture/books/126348/when-feminists-were-zionists.
13. Noam Chomsky, The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians (Boston: South End Press, 1983), 184; Said, “Zionism from the Standpoint of Its Victims.”
14. Eric Alterman, “Moynihan Rules,” New York Magazine, May 2, 1994, 43–50.
15. Tom Buckley, “Brawler at the UN,” New York Times Magazine, December 7, 1975, www.nytimes.com/1975/12/07/archives/brawler-at-the-un-pat-moynihan-the-kid-from-hells-kitchen-has-a.html.
16. Gil Troy, Moynihan’s Moment: America’s Fight Against Zionism as Racism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 133, 154.
17. Troy, Moynihan’s Moment, 125, 154–155; Buckley, “Brawler at the UN.”
18. People, December 29, 1975–January 5, 1974, 27; Eric Sevareid, “Commentary,” CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, January 13, 1976.
19. Russell Baker, “Dangerous Case of English,” New York Times, January 31, 1976, 20; Patrick Andelic, “Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the 1976 New York Senate Race and the Struggle to Define American Liberalism,” Historical Journal 57, no. 4 (2014): 1111–1133.
20. Jonthan Soffer, Ed Koch and the Rebuilding of New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 99.
21. Leandra Ruth Zarnow, Battling Bella: The Protest Politics of Bella Abzug (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018), 244–245.
22. Paul Good, “The Mask of Liberalism,” Nation 221, no. 21 (December 20, 1975): 654; Frances Fitzgerald, “The Warrior Intellectuals,” Harper’s, May 1976, 58.
23. Godfrey Hodgson, The Gentleman from New York: Daniel Patrick Moynihan: A Biography (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 271; Andelic, “Daniel Patrick Moynihan.”
Chapter 10. A Separate Peace
1. Jimmy Carter, The Blood of Abraham: Insights into the Middle East (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2007), 29.
2. Arlene Lazarowitz, “Ethnic Influence and American Foreign Policy: American Jewish Leaders and President Jimmy Carter,” Shofar 29, no. 1 (Fall 2010): 112–136; John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 123.
3. “Memorandum from the President’s Assistant (Jordan) to President Carter,” June 1977, Foreign Relations of the United States, Arab-Israeli Dispute, vol. 8, January–July 1977, ed. Adam M. Howard (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2013), 283.
4. Carter, Blood of Abraham, 21; “Toward Peace in the Middle East,” in Journal of Palestine Studies 6, no. 2 (Winter 1977): 195–205; Seth Anziska, Preventing Palestine: A Political History from Camp David to Oslo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018), 22–23.
5. Lazarowitz, “Ethnic Influence.”
6. Zbigniew Brzezinski, Power and Principle: Memoirs of the National Security Adviser, 1977–1981 (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1983), 97; “Clinton, Massachusetts, Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session at the Clinton Town Meeting,” March 16, 1977, American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/clinton-massachusetts-remarks-and-question-and-answer-session-the-clinton-town-meeting.
7. Saunders to House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East, November 12, 1975, Mideast Web, www.mideastweb.org/saunders.htm; Jerold S. Auerbach, “Are We One? Menachem Begin and the Long Shadow of 1977,” in Envisioning Israel: The Changing Images and Ideals of North American Jews, ed. Allon Gal (Jerusalem: Magnes Press; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996), 335–351.
8. Auerbach, “Are We One?”; Shlomo Avineri, “Ideology and Israel’s Foreign Policy,” Jerusalem Quarterly 37 (1986): 3–13.
9. Avi Shlaim, “The Iron Wall Revisited,” Journal of Palestine Studies 41, no. 2 (2012): 276; Mark Tessler, “The Political Right in Israel: Its Origins, Growth, and Prospects,” Journal of Palestine Studies 15, no. 2 (1986): 12–55; Anziska, Preventing Palestine, 213; Isaiah 62:1.
10. Daniel Strieff, “The President and the Peacemaker: Jimmy Carter and the Domestic Politics of Arab-Israeli Diplomacy, 1977–1980” (PhD diss., London School of Economics, 2013), 62.
11. Jeremy Pressman, “Explaining the Carter Administration’s Israeli-Palestinian Solution,” Diplomatic History 37, no. 5 (2013): 1117–1147; Joshua Muravchik, Making David into Goliath (New York: Encounter Books, 2014), 128.
12. Brzezinski, Power and Principle, 95–96; Strieff, “The President and the Peacemaker,” 80–81; Arthur Samuelson, “The Dilemma of American Jewry,” The Nation, April 1, 1978, 368.
13. Phillip Ben, “We’ll Fight Against Carter,” Maariv, June 13, 1977, 1; “Joint US-Soviet Statement of the Middle East,” October 1, 1977, Center for Israel Education, https://israeled.org/resources/documents/joint-u-s-soviet-statement-middle-east.
14. “Carter’s Blunder,” Near East Report, October 5, 977; AIPAC, quoted in Darren J. McDonald, “Blessed Are the Policy Makers: Jimmy Carter’s Faith-Based Approach to the Arab–Israeli Conflict,” Diplomatic History 39, no. 1 (2015): 470; Edward W. Said, “Palestinians,” 1977, in The Politics of Dispossession: The Struggle for Palestinian Self-Determination, 1969–1994 (London: Vintage, 1994), 30–32.
15. “Interview with Jody Powell,” December 17–18, 1981, transcript, Miller Center, University of Virginia, http://web1.millercenter.org/poh/transcripts/ohp_1981_1217_powell.pdf; Arlene Lazarowitz, “Ethnic Influence”; Anziska, Preventing Palestine, 90; Ehrman, Neoconservatism, 125.
16. Strieff, “The President and the Peacemaker,” 159–164.
17. Lawrence Wright, Thirteen Days in September: Carter, Begin, and Sadat at Camp David (New York: Knopf, 2014), 42.
18. Wright, Thirteen Days, 264–265; Kai Bird, The Outlier: The Unfinished Presidency of Jimmy Carter (New York: Crown, 2021), 283–284; “Carter the Tenacious,” Washington Star, November 1, 1978; Robert G. Kaiser, “After the Summit, a Wave of Bipartisan Euphoria for Carter,” Washington Post, September 19, 1978, A1; “Anwar Sadat, Man of the Year,” Time, January 2, 1978; George Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1978 (Lanham, MD: Rowan and Littlefield, 1979), 1.
19. William B. Quandt, “Personal Notes on the Camp David Summit, 5–17 September 1978,” Peace Research Institute, Oslo. See, especially, September 15, 1978, available at Prio, www.prio.org/utility/DownloadFile.ashx?id=1816&type=publicationfile.
20. Anziska, Preventing Palestine, 182–183.
21. Khaled Elgin, Blind Spot: America and the Palestinians from Balfour to Trump (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2019), 102. Said also described his trip privately to the author during a 1992 luncheon on the Stanford University campus.
22. Jonathan Alter, His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2020), 388; William Safire, “Carter Blames the Jews,” New York Times, December 18, 1978; Strieff, “The President and the Peacemaker,” 211; Lazarowitz, “Ethnic Influence.”
23. Michael E. Staub, Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 281.
24. Arnold Jacob Wolf, “Will Israel Become Zion?,” in The Zionist Ideas: Visions for the Jewish Homeland, ed. Gil Troy (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 2018), 316–317.
25. Jack Wertheimer, “Breaking the Taboo: Critics of Israel and the American Jewish Establishment,” in Gal, Envisioning Israel, 399–408.
26. Marjorie Hyer, “US Jews Beginning to Go Public in Criticism of Israel,” Washington Post, May 3, 1976, A2; “Israel’s Dilemma,” New York Times, May 11, 1976, 32.
27. J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 207.
28. Bernard Gwertzman, “American Jewish Leaders Are Split over Issue of Meeting with P.L.O.,” New York Times, December 30, 1976, 45; Rael Jean Isaac, Breira: Counsel for Judaism (New York: Americans for a Safe Israel, 1977).
29. Carl Gershman, “Between War and Peace: The Issues in the Middle East Conflict,” Crossroads 2, no. 6 (June 1971); Michael R. Fischbach, The Movement and the Middle East (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2019), 70–75; Joseph Shattan, “Why Breira?,” Commentary, April 1977, 60–65; Max Ticktin Oral History, American Jewish Peace Archive, http://ajpeacearchive.org/peace-pioneers1/max-ticktin.
30. Bird, Outlier, 464.
31. Bird, Outlier, 463–465; Michael R. Fischbach, Black Power and Palestine: Transnational Countries of Color (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009), 188.
32. Bird, Outlier, 469.
33. Bird, Outlier, 472, 490.
34. Michael Stevens, “A Lesson from Martin Luther King,” Jerusalem Post, May 1, 2013, www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/a-lesson-from-martin-luther-king-311732; Jonathan Rieder, The Word of the Lord Is upon Me: The Righteous Performance of Martin Luther King, Jr. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010).
35. Matthew Berkman, “Coercive Consensus: Jewish Federations, Ethnic Representation, and the Roots of American Pro-Israel Politics” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2018); Arnold Forster and Benjamin R. Epstein, The New Anti-Semitism (New York: McGraw Hill, 2018 [1974]).
36. Fischbach, Black Power, 189–192.
37. John Herbers, “Aftermath of the Andrew Young Affair: Blacks, Jews and Carter All Could Suffer Greatly,” New York Times, September 6, 1979, A18; Edward Cowan, “President Asserts Jewish Leaders Did Not Pressure Him to Dismiss Young,” New York Times, September 24, 1979, A15.
38. Carl Gershman, “The Andrew Young Affair,” Commentary, November 1979, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/carl-gershman-2/the-andrew-young-affair; Fischbach, Black Power, 184.
39. Fischbach, Black Power, 193–210.
40. Rick Atkinson, “Jackson Denounces ‘Hounding’ from Jewish Community,” Washington Post, February 22, 1984.
41. “Remarks of President Jimmy Carter to Community and Civic Leaders,” New York, March 11, 1980, Jimmy Carter Presidential Library and Museum, www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/digital_library/sso/148878/153/SSO_148878_153_09.pdf; Edgar M. Bronfman, “On Israel, Cut Out the Abuse,” New York Times, March 22, 1980, 21; Hamilton Jordan, Crisis: The Last Year of the Carter Presidency (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1982), 234.
42. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, “Joining the Jackals,” Commentary, February 1981, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/joining-the-jackalsrdquo.
Chapter 11. Alliance for Armageddon
1. Sidney Blumenthal, The Rise of the Counter Establishment: The Conservative Ascent to Political Power (New York: Union Square Press, 2008), 124; Susanne Klingenstein, “‘It’s Splendid When the Town Whore Gets Religion and Joins the Church’: The Rise of the Jewish Neoconservatives as Observed by the Paleoconservatives in the 1980s,” Shofar 21, no. 3 (2003): 83–98; Jacob Heilbrunn, They Knew They Were Right: The Rise of the Neocons (New York: Doubleday, 2008), 115.
2. Peter Steinfels, The Neoconservatives: The Men Who Are Changing America’s Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1979), 47–48; Justin Vaisse, Neoconservatism: The Biography of a Movement (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2010), 73–84; Benjamin Balint, Running Commentary: The Contentious Magazine That Transformed the Jewish Left into the Neoconservative Right (New York: PublicAffairs, 2010); Yuri Slezkine, The Jewish Century (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 349; Michael R. Fischbach, “The New Left and the Arab-Israeli Conflict in the United States,” Journal of Palestine Studies 49, no. 3 (Spring 2020), www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1650341; Mordecai S. Chertoff, ed., The New Left and the Jews (New York: Pitman, 1971).
3. Eric Alterman, with Kevin Mattson, The Cause: The Fight for American Liberalism from Franklin Roosevelt to Barack Obama (New York: Viking Press, 2012), 258.
4. John Ehrman, The Rise of Neoconservatism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1995), 125.
5. Dan Raviv and Yossi Melman, Friends in Deed: Inside the US-Israel Alliance (New York: Hyperion, 1994), 228.
6. Raviv and Melman, Friends in Deed, 228; Antonio Gramsci, “The Intellectuals,” in Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci, ed. and trans. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971); Alfred Kazin, “Saving My Soul at the Plaza,” New York Review of Books, March 31, 1983, www.nybooks.com/articles/1983/03/31/saving-my-soul-at-the-plaza.
7. Russell Kirk, “The Neoconservatives: An Endangered Species,” Heritage Foundation, December 15, 1988, www.heritage.org/political-process/report/the-neoconservatives-endangered-species.
8. Corwin Smidt, “Evangelicals and the 1984 Election: Continuity or Change?,” American Politics Quarterly 15, no. 4 (October 1987): 419–444.
9. Samuel Goldman, God’s Country: Christian Zionism in America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018), 7.
10. Ray Walters, “Paperback Talk,” New York Times, April 6, 1980, T7; Hal Lindsey, with Carole C. Carlson, The Late Great Planet Earth (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1970), 43–44, 17; Colin Shindler, “Likud and the Christian Dispensationalists: A Symbiotic Relationship,” Israel Studies 5, no. 1 (Spring 2000): 153–182.
11. Tim LaHaye, The Coming Peace in the Middle East (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1984), 167.
12. Daniel K. Williams, God’s Own Party: The Making of the Christian Right (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 194, 171; Jerry Falwell, Armageddon and the Coming War with Russia (n.p.: Jerry Falwell, 1980); Stephen Spector, Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 27; John Herbers, “Armageddon View Prompts a Debate,” New York Times, October 24, 1984 (quoting Falwell interview with Robert Scheer, Los Angeles Times, March 4, 1981), www.nytimes.com/1984/10/24/us/armageddon-view-prompts-a-debate.html.
13. Daniel K. Williams, “Jerry Falwell’s Sunbelt Politics: The Regional Origins of the Moral Majority,” Journal of Policy History 22 (April 2010): 133.
14. Ronald R. Stockton, “Christian Zionism: Prophecy and Public Opinion,” Middle East Journal 41, no. 2 (Spring 1987): 234–253; David K. Shipler, “1,000 Christian ‘Zionists’ in Jerusalem,” New York Times, September 25, 1980, in Goldman, God’s Country, 167; Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East Since 1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 103–105.
15. William Claiborne, “Israelis Look on U.S. Evangelical Christians as Potent Allies in Battle with Arab States,” Washington Post, March 23, 1981, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1981/03/23/israelis-look-on-us-evangelical-christians-as-potent-allies-in-battle-with-arab-states/5259c395-4bb7-43dc-a289-e6a0a0b1511c.
16. Roanoke Times and World News, September 14, 1979, B-1; “Falwell Antichrist Remark Sparks Anti-Semitism Charges,” J., January 22, 1999, www.jweekly.com/1999/01/22/falwell-antichrist-remark-sparks-anti-semitism-charges.
17. Irving Kristol, “The Political Dilemmas of American Jews,” Commentary, July 1984, www.commentary.org/articles/irving-kristol/the-political-dilemma-of-american-jews, and “Why Religion Is Good for the Jews,” Commentary, August 1994, www.commentary.org/articles/irving-kristol/why-religion-is-good-for-the-jews, both reprinted in Irving Kristol, The Neoconservative Persuasion: Selected Essays, 1942–2009 (New York: Basic Books, 2011), 259–271, 286–291.
18. Author’s interview with Arthur Hertzberg at his home in Connecticut, Summer 1992.
19. Norman Podhoretz, “In the Matter of Pat Robertson,” Commentary, August 1995, www.commentary.org/articles/norman-podhoretz/in-the-matter-of-pat-robertson; Claiborne, “Israelis Look”; Midge Decter, “The ADL vs. the ‘Religious Right,’” Commentary, September 1994, www.commentary.org/articles/midge-decter-3/the-adl-vs-the-religious-right.
20. Robert O. Smith, More Desired Than Our Owne Salvation: The Roots of Christian Zionism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 169; Stephen J. Whitfield, “Necrology,” Jewish Quarterly Review 94, no. 4 (Autumn 2004): 666–671.
21. Walter L. Hixson, Israel’s Armor: The Israel Lobby and the First Generation of the Palestine Conflict (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 90–94.
22. Hixson, Israel’s Armor, 94–95.
23. Hixson, Israel’s Armor, 94–95; Lila Corwin Berman, The American Jewish Philanthropic Complex (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020), 97.
24. Lloyd Grove, “The Men with Muscle,” Washington Post, June 14, 1991, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1991/06/14/the-men-with-muscle/2b49e828-af4f-44e6-b2bd-4ec1af61332b; Abba Eban, Personal Witness: Israel Through My Eyes (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1992), 219–221; Natan Aridan, “Israel Lobby,” Israel Studies 24, no. 2 (2019): 128–143; Shaul Mitelpunkt, Israel in the American Mind: The Cultural Politics of US-Israeli Relations, 1958–1988 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), loc. 107–108, Kindle.
25. Mitchell Baird, “Israel Lobby Power,” Midstream, January 1987, 8; Edward Tivnan, The Lobby: Jewish Political Power and American Foreign Policy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 83; Randall Bennett Woods, Fulbright: A Biography (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 111, 258, 309–310; James William Fulbright, The Crippled Giant: American Foreign Policy and Its Domestic Consequences (New York: Random House, 1972), 109, 135. Years later, AIPAC targeted Fulbright for defeat in his reelection campaign. Hixson, Israel’s Armor, 138–141.
26. Boaz Vanetik and Zaki Shalom, “The White House Middle East Policy in 1973 as a Catalyst for the Outbreak of the Yom Kippur War,” Israel Studies 16, no. 1 (Spring 2011): 53–78; Dov Waxman, “The Pro-Israel Lobby in the United States,” in Israel and the United States: Six Decades of US Israeli Relations, ed. Robert Freedman (Boulder: Westview Press, 2012), 88; Daniel Streiff, “The President and the Peacemaker: Jimmy Carter and the Domestic Politics of Arab-Israeli Diplomacy, 1977–1980” (PhD diss., London School of Economics, 2013), 89.
27. Matthew Berkman, “Coercive Consensus: Jewish Federations, Ethnic Representation, and the Roots of American Pro-Israel Politics” (PhD diss., University of Pennsylvania, 2018), 152; Michael Massing, “The Israel Lobby,” The Nation, May 23, 2002, www.thenation.com/article/archive/israel-lobby.
28. Robert I. Friedman, “Selling Israel to America,” Mother Jones, February–March 1987, 20–27; Max Frankel, The Times of My Life with The Times (New York: Delta, 1999), 404.
29. Charles Mohr, “Saudi AWACs Deal Rises to $8 Billion,” New York Times, August 22, 1981, A1; Arnon Gutfeld, “The 1981 AWACS Deal: AIPAC and Israel Challenge Reagan,” Mideast and Policy Studies 157, Began-Sadat Center for Security Studies, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel, November 2018, https://besacenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/157-MONOGRAPH-The-1981-AWACS-Deal-Gutfeld-WEB.pdf; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 279; “Ronald Reagan: The President’s News Conference,” October 1, 1981, American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=44327; Steven R. Weisman, “Reagan Says U.S. Would Bar a Takeover in Saudi Arabia That Imperiled Flow of Oil,” New York Times, October 2, 1981, www.nytimes.com/1981/10/02/world/reagan-says-us-would-bar-a-takeover-in-saudi-arabia-that-imperiled-flow-of-oil.html; Tivnan, The Lobby, 145, 157.
30. Tivnan, The Lobby, 137.
31. J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 218–219, 224, 201–203.
32. Ben Samuels, “Retiring Democratic Lawmaker: When AIPAC Told Us to Jump, the Party Used to Ask ‘How High?’” Haaretz, October 27, 2021, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-retiring-democratic-lawmaker-when-aipac-told-us-to-jump-we-used-to-say-how-high-1.10330326; Robert G. Kaiser, “Relationship,” Washington Post, May 27, 1984, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1984/05/27/relationship/0bfb78e1-c97f-40a8-a0b1-024018ac9146; Peter Beinart, “How a Defender of Palestinian Rights Lost His Way,” Jewish Currents, May 2, 2022, https://jewishcurrents.org/how-a-defender-of-palestinian-rights-lost-his-way.
33. “Opening Night, Pundits, Pollsters and Politicos,” J Street 2016 National Gala, April 17, 2016, posted by J Street, n.d., YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=DnJrYrBhR9s; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Dear Lindsey Graham: Some Jokes Only Jews Can Make,” Jerusalem Post, April 22, 2015, www.jpost.com/diaspora/dear-lindsey-graham-some-jokes-only-jews-can-make-398971; James Homan, “The Nunn Memos: 10 Key Passages,” Politico, June 29, 2014, www.politico.com/story/2014/07/michelle-nunn-memos-10-key-passages-109463.
34. Goldberg, Jewish Power, 269–270, 273; Don Oberdorfer, “Sen. Percy Says He Has No Regrets About Votes on Middle East Issues,” Washington Post, December 7, 1984, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1984/12/07/sen-percy-says-he-has-no-regrets-about-votes-on-middle-east-issues/e978e475-85d9-49d7-8476-543695fdedd7; Jeffrey Goldberg, “Real Insiders: A Pro-Israel Lobby and an FBI Sting,” New Yorker, July 4, 2005; Nicholas Laham, Selling AWACS to Saudi Arabia: The Reagan Administration and the Balancing of America’s Competing Interests in the Middle East (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2002), 67.
35. Tivnan, The Lobby, 165–166.
36. Raviv and Melman, Friends in Deed, 306. Ronald Reagan, An American Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), 410.
37. Reagan, An American Life, 410; Seth Anziska, Preventing Palestine: A Political History from Camp David to Oslo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018), 162; Joe Conason, “‘Most Antagonistic’ Toward Israel? That Would Be Ronald Reagan’s Defense Secretary,” Real Clear Politics, January 10, 2013, www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2013/01/10/most_antagonistic_toward_israel_that_would_be_ronald_reagans_defense_secretary_116635.html.
38. Arye Naor, “Lessons of the Holocaust Versus Territories for Peace, 1967–2001,” Israel Studies 8, no. 1 (2003): 130–152; Donald G. Boudreau, “The Bombing of the Osirik Reactor,” International Journal on World Peace 10, no. 2 (1993): 21–37; Dan Reiter, “Preventive Attacks Against Nuclear Programs and the ‘Success’ at Osiraq,” Nonproliferation Review 12, no. 2 (July 2005): 355–371; Målfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “Revisiting Osirak: Preventive Attacks and Nuclear Proliferation Risks,” International Security 36, no. 1 (Summer 2011): 101–132; Hal Brands and David Palkki, “Saddam, Israel and the Bomb: Nuclear Alarmism Justified?,” International Security 36, no. 1 (Summer 2011): 133–166. “How Long Would It Take for Iraq to Obtain a Nuclear Explosive After Its Research Reactor Began Operation?,” CRS Report for Congress, House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Hearings: Israeli Attack on Iraq, 97th Cong., 1st sess., June 25, 1981; Judy Kovel-Itzkovich, “Begin Center Furious over Revelations of Former PM’s Mental State,” Jerusalem Post, May 23, 2018, www.jpost.com/health-science/begin-center-furious-over-revelations-of-former-pms-mental-state-558182.
39. Raviv and Melman, Friends in Deed, 197; “Israel’s Illusion,” New York Times, June 9, 1981, A14; Jonathan Steele, “Carte Blanche for a War on the World,” Dawn, June 8, 2002, www.dawn.com/news/41201.
40. “Transcript of Prime Minister Begin’s Statement to the US Envoy to Israel,” New York Times, December 21, 1981, www.nytimes.com/1981/12/21/world/transcript-of-prime-minister-begin-s-statement-to-the-us-envoy-to-israel.html; Daniel G. Hummel, Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews and US-Israeli Relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), 170.
41. William Safire, “Reagan ‘Suspends’ Israel,” New York Times, December 24, 1981, A23.
42. James Reston, “Washington: The Old and New Jerusalem,” New York Times, December 23, 1981, A19, www.nytimes.com/1981/12/23/opinion/washington-the-old-and-new-jerusalem.html; Raviv and Melman, Friends in Deed, 199–200.
43. David Hartman, “Auschwitz or Sinai?,” in The New Jewish Canon, ed. Yehuda Kurtzer and Claire E. Sufrin (Boston: Academic Studies Press, 2020), originally published in Jerusalem Post, December 12, 1982, and reprinted at Shalom Hartman Institute, www.hartman.org.il/auschwitz-or-sinai.
44. William Claiborne, “Israel, in Sudden Move, Annexes Golan Heights,” Washington Post, December 15, 1981, A1.
Chapter 12. War: What Is It Good For?
1. Kai Bird, The Good Spy: The Life and Death of Robert Ames (New York: Random House, 2014), 288; Gerald Cromer, A War of Words: Political Violence and Public Debate in Israel (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 116; David Schoenbaum, The United States and the State of Israel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 282; UPI, “Begin Compares Arafat to Hitler,” August 5, 1982, www.upi.com/Archives/1982/08/05/Begin-compares-Arafat-to-Hitler/2671397368000.
2. George W. Ball, “Error and Betrayal in Lebanon” (Washington, DC: Foundation for Middle East Peace, 1984), 35; Yossi Melman and Dan Raviv, Friends in Deed: Inside the U.S.-Israel Alliance (New York: Hyperion, 1994); Patrick Tyler, A World of Trouble: The White House and the Middle East from the Cold War to the War on Terror (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2009), 279; Seth Anziska, Preventing Palestine: A Political History from Camp David to Oslo (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018), 208; Amos Harel, “‘We Arrested Countless Palestinians for No Reason,’ Says Ex–Top Shin Bet Officer,” Haaretz, February 17, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-we-arrested-countless-palestinians-for-no-reason-says-ex-top-shin-bet-officer-1.10618087.
3. Colin Schindler, “Likud and the Christian Dispensationalists: A Symbiotic Relationship,” Israel Studies 5, no. 1 (2000): 153–182; Daniel G. Hummel, Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews and US-Israeli Relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), 172–173.
4. Thomas Friedman, “Four Days,” New York Times, September 26, 1982, A19; Shaul Mitelpunkt, Israel in the American Mind: The Cultural Politics of US-Israeli Relations, 1958–1988 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2018), loc. 298, Kindle; Ofer Aderet, “Mossad Says Can’t Find Files on 1982 Lebanon Massacre,” Haaretz, April 5, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-s-mossad-can-t-find-docs-on-1982-lebanon-massacre-lawyer-tells-court-1.10721596.
5. Rashid I. Khalidi, “The Sabra and Shatila Massacre: New Evidence,” Institute for Palestine Studies, https://oldwebsite.palestine-studies.org/content/sabra-and-shatila-massacre-new-evidence, accessed April 28, 2022; Michael Kramer, “The Jerusalem Scenario,” New York Magazine, October 11, 1982, 25.
6. George P. Shultz, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State (New York: Scribner, 1993), 112.
7. Robert I. Friedman, “Selling Israel to America,” Mother Jones, February–March 1987, 20–27; Paul Jabert, “‘News Speak’ About the Lebanon War,” Journal of Palestine Studies 14, no. 1 (1984): 16–35.
8. Mark Chmiel, “The Witness of Elie Wiesel,” Tikkun, December 1, 2002, https://read.dukeupress.edu/tikkun/article-abstract/17/6/61/83012/Elie-Wiesel-and-the-Question-of-Palestine; Paul L. Montgomery, “Discord Among U.S. Jews over Israel Seems to Grow,” New York Times, July 15, 1982, A16; Steven T. Rosenthal, Irreconcilable Differences? The Waning of the American Jewish Love Affair with Israel (Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2001), 167.
9. Anziska, Preventing Palestine, 221.
10. Arthur Hertzberg, “Begin and the Jews,” New York Review of Books, February 18, 1982, www.nybooks.com/articles/1982/02/18/begin-and-the-jews; Montgomery, “Discord Among U.S. Jews”; Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Survey Shows U.S. Jews Overwhelmingly Committed to Israel’s Security but Deeply Divided over the Policies of the Current Israeli Government,” Daily News Bulletin 61, no. 175 (September 15, 1983): 2, http://pdfs.jta.org/1983/1983-09-15_175.pdf.
11. David R. Verbeeten, The Politics of Nonassimilation: The American Jewish Left in the Twentieth Century (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2017), 132.
12. Neil A. Lewis, “Israel in The New York Times over the Decades: A Changed Narrative and Its Impact on Jewish Readers,” Joan Shorenstein Center on the Press, Politics and Public Policy, Harvard University, Spring 2012, https://shorensteincenter.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/03/d69_lewis.pdf; Alfred Friendly, “Israel: Recollections and Regrets,” Washington Post, June 29, 1982.
13. Haaretz, December 9, 1982; Eric Alterman, Sound and Fury: The Washington Punditocracy and the Collapse of American Politics (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 195–196.
14. Norman Podhoretz, “J’Accuse,” Commentary, July 1982, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/podhoretz/jaccuse.
15. George W. Ball, “The Middle East: How to Save Israel in Spite of Herself,” Foreign Affairs, April 1977. See also, for instance, George W. Ball, “The Coming Crisis in Israeli-American Relations,” Foreign Affairs, Winter 1979/1980, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/israel/1979-12-01/coming-crisis-israeli-american-relations.
16. Robert H. Estabrook, “Affluence, Gaiety, Seen in Israel,” Washington Post, February 23, 1965.
17. Michelle Mart, Eye on Israel: How America Came to View Israel as an Ally (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2006), x, 66–67, 93; Dana H. Allin and Steven N. Simon, Our Separate Ways: The Struggle for the Future of the US-Israel Alliance (New York: PublicAffairs, 2016), 210; Tony Shaw and Giora Goodman, Hollywood and Israel: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2022), loc. 2863, 3743, Kindle.
18. Edward Said, “Arab and Jew: ‘Each Is the Other,’” New York Times, October 14, 1973; Edward Said, “Permission to Narrate,” London Review of Books 6, no. 3 (February 16, 1984), www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v06/n03/edward-said/permission-to-narrate.
19. Maya Jaggi, “Between the Lines,” Guardian Weekly, December 13, 2001, www.theguardian.com/GWeekly/Story/0,3939,617489,00.html; Janny Scott, “Palestinian Confronts Time: For Columbia Literary Critic, Cancer Is a Spur to Memory,” New York Times, September 19, 1998, B7; Richard Bernstein, “Edward Said, Leading Advocate of Palestinians, Dies at 67,” New York Times, September 25, 2003, www.nytimes.com/2003/09/25/obituaries/edward-said-leading-advocate-of-palestinians-dies-at-67.html; Maha Nassar, “US Media Talks a Lot About Palestinians—Just Without Palestinians,” 972, October 2, 2020, www.972mag.com/us-media-palestinians.
20. Friedman, “Selling Israel to America”; “New Politico Owner Says Will Enforce pro-Israel Policy,” Haaretz, October 17, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/new-politico-owner-says-will-enforce-pro-israel-policy-1.10301503.
21. Friedman, “Selling Israel to America”; Tony Schwartz, “ADL Criticizes TV over Coverage of Lebanon,” New York Times, October 21, 1982, C30; Thomas Friedman, “Time Magazine and Sharon Settle the Libel Suit He Filed in Israel,” New York Times, January 23, 1986, B8.
22. Friedman, “Selling Israel to America.”
23. Raymond Stock, “Prestige Press at War: The New York Times and Le Monde in Lebanon, August 1–September 26, 1982,” Middle East Journal 39, no. 1 (Summer 1985): 317–340.
24. Lewis, “Israel in The New York Times”; “Now Playing: Coastal Elites,” New Yorker, September 28, 2020, www.newyorker.com/goings-on-about-town/theatre/coastal-elites-09-28-20; Jodi Rudoren, Zoom YIVO Institute for Jewish Research symposium on the Jewish press, September 13, 2021.
25. Gay Talese, The Kingdom and the Power (New York: Random House, 1969), 216.
26. Thomas Friedman, From Beirut to Jerusalem (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989), 164, 166; Friedman, quoted in Jerold S. Auerbach, “Are We One? Menachem Begin and the Long Shadow of 1977,” in Envisioning Israel: The Changing Images and Ideals of North American Jews, ed. Allon Gal (Jerusalem: Magnes Press; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996), and in Rashid Khalidi, The Hundred Years’ War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017 (New York: Metropolitan Books, 2020), 149.
27. Lewis, “Israel in The New York Times.”
28. Lewis, “Israel in The New York Times.”
29. Samuel Friedman, “In the Diaspora: Abe Rosenthal, American Jew,” Jerusalem Post, May 15, 2016, www.jpost.com/opinion/columnists/in-the-diaspora-abe-rosenthal-american-jew; Laurel Leff, “A Tragic ‘Fight in the Family’: The New York Times, Reform Judaism and the Holocaust,” American Jewish History 88, no. 1 (March 2000): 3–51; Ari L. Goldman, “Abe Rosenthal: New York Times Editor and Advocate for Israel,” The Forward, May 19, 2006, https://forward.com/news/985/abe-rosenthal-new-york-times-editor-and-advocate; Max Frankel, The Times of My Life and My Life with The Times (New York: Random House, 1999), 401; Bret Stephens, “Eye on the Media by Bret Stephens: Bartley’s Journal,” Jerusalem Post, November 21, 2002.
30. Seth Ackerman, “Israel and the Media: An Acquired Taste,” in Wrestling with Zion: Progressive Jewish-American Responses to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, ed. Tony Kushner and Alisa Solomon (New York: Grove Press, 2003), 63.
31. The details about Pollard’s activities are drawn from David K. Shipler, “Close US-Israel Relationship Makes Keeping Secrets Hard,” New York Times, December 25, 1985, A1; Shimon Shiffer, “From Disposable Asset to National Hero: The Full Pollard Spy Saga,” Ynet News, September 14, 2015, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4700225,00.html; Seymour Hersh, “The Traitor,” New Yorker, January 18, 1999, 26–33; Robert I. Friedman, “The Secret Agent,” New York Review of Books 36, no. 16 (October 26, 1989), www.nybooks.com/articles/1989/10/26/the-secret-agent; Fred Kaplan, “Just Punishment,” Slate, July 29, 2015, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2015/07/jonathan_pollard_was_one_of_the_worst_traitors_of_the_20th_century_he_deserved.html; Jonathan S. Tobin, “The Pollard Spy Case, 25 Years Later,” Commentary, March 1, 2011.
32. Gil Troy, “National Insecurity: The Case for Jonathan Pollard,” Tablet, November 16, 2010, www.tabletmag.com/jewish-news-and-politics/50505/national-insecurity; Tobin, “The Pollard Spy Case”; James D. Besser, “The Jonathan Pollard Case: A Reflection of Our Fears,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, June 28, 2002, www.jta.org/2002/06/28/ny/the-jonathan-pollard-case-a-reflection-of-our-fears.
33. Julian E. Barnes, “Jonathan Pollard, Convicted Spy, Completes Parole and May Move to Israel,” New York Times, November 20, 2020, www.nytimes.com/2020/11/20/us/politics/jonathan-pollard-parole-ends.html; Boaz Bismuth, “Home at Last: Jonathan Pollard Arrives in Israel,” Israel Today, December 30, 2020, www.israelhayom.com/2020/12/30/home-at-last-jonathan-pollard-arrives-in-israel.
34. Rosenthal, Irreconcilable Differences, 98.
35. Tyler, A World of Trouble, 344; Barbara Vobeja, “Kissinger Said to Urge ‘Brutal Force,’” Washington Post, March 6, 1988, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1988/03/06/kissinger-said-to-urge-brutal-force/710e5742-8f09-4ee8-a491-82acf58b03ef.
36. Nightline, “This Week in the Holy Land,” ABC News, April 25–29, 1988, shows 1806–1810.
37. Albert Vorspan, “Soul Searching,” New York Times Magazine, May 8, 1988, 6, 40.
38. Arthur Hertzberg, “The Illusion of Jewish Unity,” New York Review of Books, June 16, 1988, www.nybooks.com/articles/1988/06/16/the-illusion-of-jewish-unity; Jonathan Marcus, “The US Jewish Community and Israel During the 1980s,” International Affairs 66, no. 3 (July 1990): 545–558; Murray Polner, “Present Tense, 1973–1990: Seeing the World Through Jewish (Prophetic) Eyes,” Serials Review 18, no. 4 (1992): 11–20.
39. Norman Podhoretz, “Israel: A Lamentation from the Future,” Commentary, March 1989, www.commentary.org/articles/norman-podhoretz/israel-a-lamentation-from-the-future.
40. Charles Krauthammer, “No Exit,” and Martin Peretz, “Occupational Hazards,” New Republic, March 14, 1988, 29–31, 14–20.
41. Leon Wieseltier, “Summoned by Stones,” New Republic, March 14, 1988, 20–28.
Chapter 13. “Fuck the Jews”
1. Glenn Frankel, “A Beautiful Friendship?,” Washington Post, July 16, 2006, www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/12/AR2006071201627_3.html.
2. Robert M. Gates, interview by Timothy J. Naftali et al., July 23–24, 2000, 88, George H. W. Bush Oral History Project, Miller Center, University of Virginia, https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-oral-histories/robert-m-gates-deputy-director-central.
3. Maureen Dowd and Thomas L. Friedman, “The Fabulous Bush and Baker Boys,” New York Times Magazine, May 6, 1990, 34–67.
4. Glenn Frankel, “As Peres Prepares to Govern, US-Israel Relations Hit Low,” Washington Post, April 29, 1990, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1990/04/29/as-peres-loses-bid-to-govern-us-israeli-relations-hit-a-low/e247dbe7-4140-44e2-8d5c-82a405d6af9a.
5. Kathleen Christison, “Splitting the Difference: The Palestinian-Israeli Policy of James Baker,” Journal of Palestine Studies 24, no. 1 (1994): 39–50.
6. John M. Goshko, “U.S. Faults Israel on Territories,” Washington Post, May 23, 1989, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/05/23/us-faults-israel-on-territories/4f7931d9-c89d-4c9a-9279-50d0e2e5031b; Dana H. Allin and Steven N. Simon, Our Separate Ways: The Struggle for the Future of the US-Israel Alliance (New York: PublicAffairs, 2016), 52; “Robert Gates: The Man Who Would Ban Netanyahu from the White House,” Haaretz, January 14, 2014, www.haaretz.com/.premium-he-d-ban-bibi-from-white-house-1.5310858.
7. Thomas L. Friedman, “Baker, in a Middle East Blueprint, Asks Israel to Reach Out to Arabs,” New York Times, May 23, 1989, www.nytimes.com/1989/05/23/world/baker-in-a-middle-east-blueprint-asks-israel-to-reach-out-to-arabs.html.
8. George H. W. Bush, “The President’s News Conference,” September 12, 1991, American Presidency Project, University of California, Santa Barbara, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=19969.
9. Christison, “Splitting the Difference”; Norman Podhoretz, “Israel and the United States: A Complex History,” Commentary, May 1998, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/israel-and-the-united-states-a-complex-history.
10. James Baker and Susan Glasser, The Man Who Ran Washington: The Life and Times of James A. Baker III (New York: Doubleday, 2020), loc. 9858–9895, Kindle; Mark S. Mellman, Aaron Strauss, and Kenneth D. Wald, “Jewish American Voting Behavior, 1972–2008: Just the Facts,” July 2012, Solomon Project, Berman Jewish DataBank, www.jewishdatabank.org/content/upload/bjdb/599/N-Jewish_American_Voting_Solomon_Project_2012_Main_Report.pdf.
11. Mellman et al., “Jewish American Voting Behavior, 1972–2008.”
12. J. J. Goldberg, Jewish Power: Inside the American Jewish Establishment (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1996), 31; Steven Bayme, Israel and American Jewry: Oslo and Beyond, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, January 15, 2008, archived at Policy Commons, https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1171965/israel-and-american-jewry/1725094; Michael E. Staub, Torn at the Roots: The Crisis of Jewish Liberalism in Postwar America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), 347.
13. Arnold Eisen, “A New Role for Israel in American Jewish Identity,” Institute on American Jewish-Israeli Relations, American Jewish Committee, 1992.
14. Steven M. Cohen, “Did American Jews Really Grow More Distant from Israel, 1983–1993?—A Reconsideration,” in Envisioning Israel: The Changing Images and Ideals of North American Jews, ed. Allon Gal (Jerusalem: Magnes Press; Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996), 352–373.
15. Eisen, “A New Role for Israel.”
Chapter 14. Discourse Matters
1. I was among those invited to the ceremony that day and refer here to the feelings I experienced, as well as those of a number of people to whom I spoke. “Remarks by PM Yitzhak Rabin at Signing of DOP-13-Sep-93,” September 13, 1993, Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/remarks%20by%20pm%20yitzhak%20rabin%20at%20signing%20of%20dop%20-%2013.aspx.
2. Menachem Brinker, “The End of Zionism? Thoughts on the Wages of Success,” in Zionism: The Sequel, ed. Carol Diament (New York: Hadassah, 1998), 293–299; Deborah Dash Moore, American Jewish Identity Politics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2009), 17.
3. Alan Dershowitz, The Vanishing American Jews (New York: Little, Brown, 1997), 1; Lila Corwin Berman, “With Huge Gifts to Birthright Israel, Wealthy Donors Influence American Jewish Identity,” Inside Philanthropy, September 30, 2020, www.insidephilanthropy.com/home/tag/Birthright+Israel.
4. Mordecai Kaplan, “The Future of the American Jew (1948),” in The Zionist Idea: A Historical Analysis and Reader, ed. Arthur Hertzberg (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1997), 539–541; Alexander Bloom, Prodigal Sons: The New York Intellectuals and Their World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 143.
5. Dan Flesher, Transforming America’s Israel Lobby: The Limits of Its Power and the Potential for Change (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2009), 46–47.
6. George Stephanopoulos, who was present, related these events to me a few hours after they took place on September 23, 1993, in my apartment in Washington, DC.
7. Itamar Rabinovich, “The Jerusalem Hijack,” Haaretz, August 7, 2003, www.haaretz.com/life/books/1.5357637.
8. Anshel Pfeffer, Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu (New York: Basic Books, 2018), 240.
9. Anthony Lewis, “By the Sword,” New York Times, August 25, 1997.
10. William Safire, “Move the Embassy,” New York Times, July 1, 1996, A13; William Safire, “Gun to the Head,” New York Times, September 10, 1997, A23.
11. Charles Kaiser, “My Father the Communist: The New York Times’ Andrew Rosenthal on Iraq, Times Select, and His Father’s Secret Past,” Radar, November 2, 2007, via Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20081022094112/http://www.radaronline.com/features/2007/11/andrew_rosenthal_abe_rosenthal_new_york_times_1.php; Eric Alterman, Sound and Fury: The Making of the Punditocracy (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 135–145.
12. A. M. Rosenthal, “The Amman Story,” New York Times, October 14, 1997, A27; A. M. Rosenthal, “Spitting on the Graves,” New York Times, August 1, 1997, A31.
13. Thomas Friedman, “The Terrorist Question,” New York Times, August 4, 1997, A17.
14. Jerome Slater, “Muting the Alarm: The New York Times vs. Haaretz, 2000–2006,” International Security 32, no. 2 (Fall 2007): 84–120.
15. William J. Clinton, My Life (New York: Knopf, 2004), 464.
16. Aaron David Miller, “Lost in the Woods: A Camp David Retrospective,” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, July 13, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/07/13/lost-in-woods-camp-david-retrospective-pub-82287; Rob Malley and Hussein Agha, “Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors,” New York Review of Books, August 9, 2001, www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/08/09/camp-david-the-tragedy-of-errors.
17. Aaron David Miller, The Much Too Promised Land: America’s Elusive Search for Arab-Israeli Peace (New York: Bantam Books, 2008), 305–307; Lee Hockstader, “‘Unique Opportunity’ Lost at Camp David,” Washington Post, July 30, 2000, A1; William B. Quandt, “Clinton and the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” Journal of Palestine Studies 30, no. 2 (Winter 2001): 26–40.
18. “President William J. Clinton Statement on the Middle East Peace Talks at Camp David,” July 25, 2000, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, https://avalon.law.yale.edu/21st_century/mid027.asp; Dennis Ross, “Camp David: An Exchange,” New York Review of Books, September 20, 2001, www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/09/20/camp-david-an-exchange; Benny Morris, “Camp David and After: An Exchange (An Interview with Ehud Barak),” New York Review of Books, June 13, 2002, www.nybooks.com/articles/2002/06/13/camp-david-and-after-an-exchange-1-an-interview-wi.
19. William Safire, “Why Is Arafat Smiling?,” New York Times, July 27, 2000, A25; Thomas Friedman, “Arafat’s War,” New York Times, October 13, 2000, 33.
20. Shlomo Ben-Ami, Prophets Without Honor: The 2000 Camp David Summit and the End of the Two-State Solution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022), 108.
21. Lee Hockstader, “A Different Take on Camp David Collapse,” Washington Post, July 24, 2001, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/07/24/a-different-take-on-camp-david-collapse/bb315457-af34-4428-aa89-d3c72f8a5731; Deborah Sontag, “And Yet So Far: A Special Report. Quest for Mideast Peace: How and Why It Failed,” New York Times, July 26, 2001, A1; Ehud Barak, “I Did Not Give Away a Thing,” Yediot Aharonot, August 29, 2003; “Fmr. Israeli Foreign Minister: ‘If I Were a Palestinian, I Would Have Rejected Camp David,’” Democracy Now, February 14, 2006, www.democracynow.org/2006/2/14/fmr_israeli_foreign_minister_if_i; Raphael Cohen-Almagor, “History of Track Two Peace Negotiations: Interview with Hussein Agha,” Israel Studies 26, no. 1 (2021): 47–72; Tanya Reinhart, “How Barak Failed the Peace With Syria,” trans. Irit Katriel, Yediot Aharonot, July 2000, https://staticweb.hum.uu.nl/uilots/Tanya.Reinhart/personal/Political%20Work/HowBarakFailedWithSyria.html.
22. Sontag, “And Yet So Far”; Malley and Agha, “Camp David: The Tragedy of Errors.”
23. William Safire, “Not Arafat’s Fault?,” New York Times, July 20, 2001, A17; Yossi Klein Halevi, “State of Despair: A Tour of Israel Under Siege,” New Republic, August 6, 2001; Morris, “Camp David and After.”
24. Marc Perelman, “Clinton Aide Attacked for Offering ‘Revisionist’ Take on Camp David,” Haaretz, April 8, 2001, www.haaretz.com/1.5371768; Eric Alterman, “West Bank Dreamin’,” The Nation, August 23, 2001, www.thenation.com/article/archive/west-bank-dreamin.
25. “Israel and Palestine: After the War Is Over,” Economist, April 11, 2002, www.economist.com/special-report/2002/04/11/after-the-war-is-over; Sontag, “And Yet So Far”; Halevi, “State of Despair.”
26. Yotam Berger, “7 Years After Lynching of Soldiers, Israel to Give Convicted Palestinian Policeman New Trial,” Haaretz, February 12, 2017, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-to-give-ramallah-lynching-perpetrator-new-trial-1.5433259; Shlomo Ben-Ami, Prophets Without Honor (New York: Oxford University Press, 2022), 139.
27. Gideon Levy, “The Second Intifada, 20 Years On: Thousands Died in a Struggle That Failed,” Haaretz, September 26, 2020, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-the-second-intifada-20-years-on-thousands-died-in-a-struggle-that-failed-1.9185099.
Chapter 15. The Consequences of Chaos
1. Joel Greenberg, “Jewish Settlers’ Zeal Forces Palestinians to Flee Their Town,” New York Times, October 21, 2002, A1.
2. Jack Kelley, “Israel Hunts Terrorists amid Controversy,” USA Today, August 21, 2001, A1. (Note: Kelley was forced to resign from USA Today in 2004 when it was found that he had invented some stories and plagiarized others. I have not relied on him for any details that did not also appear elsewhere.)
3. Jiyar Gol, “Israel’s Mossad Suspected of High-Level Iran Penetration,” BBC News, February 6, 2022, www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-60250816.
4. Steven R. David, “Israel’s Policy of Targeted Killing,” Ethics and International Affairs 17, no. 1 (2003): 111; Ronen Bergman, Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel’s Targeted Assassinations (New York: Random House, 2018), esp. 493–515; “Israel, a Country Fleeing Its Past,” Haaretz (editorial), April 12, 2021, www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/israel-a-country-fleeing-its-past-1.9702565.
5. Joel Greenberg, “Amnesty Accuses Israeli Forces of War Crimes,” New York Times, November 4, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/11/04/international/middleeast/04RIGH.html.
6. “Israeli Arabs: The Official Summation of the Or Commission Report,” September 2, 2003, Jewish Virtual Library, www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-official-summation-of-the-or-commission-report-september-2003.
7. Dana H. Allin and Steven N. Simon, Our Separate Ways: The Struggle for the Future of the US-Israel Alliance (New York: PublicAffairs, 2016), 55.
8. Michael Kelly, “Mideast Myths Exploded,” Washington Post, August 15, 2001, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/08/15/mideast-myths-exploded/f82c5c23-3c67-47dc-94e1-5fee03eb4396.
9. Charles Krauthammer, “Mideast Violence: The Only Way Out,” Washington Post, August 16, 2001, A25, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/08/16/mideast-violence-the-only-way-out/8b952c56-216d-420d-897b-3b1ffde504bb.
10. George F. Will, “A War and Then a Wall,” Washington Post, August 17, 2001, A23, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/08/17/a-war-and-then-a-wall/7a49a076-b01d-408d-914f-0ff90922f182.
11. Leon Wieseltier, “Hitler Is Dead: Against Ethnic Panic,” New Republic, May 27, 2002; Abraham Foxman, Never Again? The Threat of the New Antisemitism (New York: Harper One, 2003), 4; Amy Wilentz, “How the War Came Home,” New York, May 6, 2002, https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/politics/international/features/5972; Gulie Ne’eman Arad, “The Shoah and Israel’s Political Trope,” in Divergent Jewish Cultures: Israel and America, ed. Deborah Dash Moore and S. Ilan Troen (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2001), 208.
12. Sid Groeneman and Gary A. Tobin, “American Public Opinion Toward Israel and U.S. Policy in the Middle East: Post September 11, 2001,” n.d., Institute for Jewish and Community Research, online at Policy Commons, https://policycommons.net/artifacts/1171671/american-public-opinion-toward-israel-us-policy-in-the-middle-east/1724800; Patrick E. Tyler, “Shock of Sept. 11 Is Making Americans More Supportive of Israel, Polls Suggest,” New York Times, May 13, 2002, A8; Bob Kemper, “Bush Support Fades as Nation Moves On,” Chicago Tribune, September 10, 2002, www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-09-10-0209100261-story.html.
13. Hussein Ibish, in “Middle East Rage,” Washington Post, August 17, 2001, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/2001/08/17/middle-east-rage/c695fccc-83a9-4c30-8699-20eadd539e24.
14. William Safire, “Democrats vs. Israel,” New York Times, April 22, 2002, www.nytimes.com/2002/04/22/opinion/democrats-vs-israel.html; Todd Purdum, “State Dept. Report Investigating Arafat’s Links to Terror Is at Odds with Israeli Claims,” New York Times, May 3, 2002, A10; Irving Kristol, “On the Political Stupidity of the Jews,” Azure (Autumn 1999), reprinted at Tikvah, https://tikvahfund.org/uncategorized/on-the-political-stupidity-of-the-jews; Eric Alterman, “Jews Are Still Liberal,” Center for American Progress, April 19, 2020, www.americanprogress.org/issues/general/news/2012/04/19/11420/think-again-jews-are-still-liberal.
15. Laurie Goodstein, “Democrats: The Observances. Lieberman Balances Private Faith with Life in the Public Eye,” New York Times, August 18, 2000, www.nytimes.com/2000/08/18/us/democrats-observances-lieberman-balances-private-faith-with-life-public-eye.html; Gerald M. Popper, “The 2000 Presidential Election: Why Gore Lost,” Political Science Quarterly 116 (2001): 201–223; Peter Waldman and Hugh Pope, “‘Crusade’ Reference Reinforces Fears War on Terrorism Is Against Muslims,” Wall Street Journal, September 21, 2001, www.wsj.com/articles/SB1001020294332922160.
16. Michael Lind, “Distorting U.S. Foreign Policy: The Israel Lobby and American Power,” Washington Report on Middle East Affairs, May 2002, www.wrmea.org/002-may/distorting-us-foreign-policy-the-israel-lobby-and-american-power.html.
17. Frank Rich, “The Booing of Wolfowitz,” New York Times, March 11, 2002, A17.
18. Sam Tanenhaus, “Bush’s Brain Trust,” Vanity Fair, July 2003.
19. Eric Alterman, Lying in State: Why Presidents Lie and Why Trump Is Worse (New York: Basic Books, 2020), 210–216; Institute for Advanced Strategic and Political Studies, Study Group on a New Israeli Strategy Toward 2000, “A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm,” PalestineRemembered.com, December 27, 2004, www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Articles/Story1351.html.
20. Douglas Feith, “A Strategy for Israel,” Commentary, September 1997, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/douglas-feith/a-strategy-for-israel. For David Wurmser’s work at AEI in 2001, see www.aei.org/profile/david-wurmser.
21. Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996); Herb Keinon, “Netanyahu in Berlin Calls French Plan ‘Surprising’ as Merkel Puts Brakes on Diplomatic Efforts,” Jerusalem Post, February 17, 2016, www.jpost.com/israel-news/politics-and-diplomacy/netanyahu-in-berlin-calls-french-plan-surprising-as-merkel-puts-brakes-on-diplomatic-effort-445076; Gary Rosenblatt, “After 9/11, I Wrote a Jewish Week Headline Comparing the US to Israel. Here’s Why I Regret It,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, September 10, 2021, www.jta.org/2021/09/10/opinion/after-9-11-i-wrote-a-jewish-week-headline-comparing-the-us-to-israel-heres-why-i-regret-it.
22. Eric Alterman, “Neocon Dreams, American Nightmares,” The Nation, August 10, 2006, www.thenation.com/article/archive/neocon-dreams-american-nightmares; John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, “The Israel Lobby,” London Review of Books 28, no. 6 (March 23, 2006), www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v28/n06/john-mearsheimer/the-israel-lobby.
23. Timothy Noah, “Al Gore, Andrew Sullivan, and ‘Fifth Column,’” Slate, December 2, 2002, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/12/gore-sullivan-and-fifth-column.html.
24. Michael Kinsley, “What Bush Isn’t Saying About Iraq,” Slate, October 24, 2002, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2002/10/what-bush-isn-t-saying-about-iraq.html; Laurie Goodstein, “Divide Among Jews Leads to Silence on Iraq War,” New York Times, March 15, 2003, A7.
25. Eric Alterman, “Semites and Anti-Semites: The Pat and Abe Show,” The Nation, November 5, 1991, 520.
26. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, “Respected British Magazine Publishes Defense of Nazi German Troops,” Times of Israel, May 18, 2018, www.timesofisrael.com/respected-british-magazine-publishes-defense-of-nazi-german-troops; David Bernstein, “Mondoweiss Is a Hate Site,” Washington Post, May 4, 2015, www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/05/04/mondoweiss-is-a-hate-site.
27. These and subsequent quotes are drawn from Patrick J. Buchanan, “Whose War? A Neoconservative Clique Seeks to Ensnare Our Country in a Series of Wars That Are Not in America’s Interest,” American Conservative, March 24, 2003, 2–7, www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/whose-war; Peter Baker, Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House (New York: Doubleday, 2014), 204.
28. Martin Peretz, “The New War: Just Cause,” New Republic, July 27, 2006, www.tnr.com/doc.mhtml?i=20060807&s=peretz080706; Norman Podhoretz, “J’Accuse,” Commentary, July 1982, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/podhoretz/jaccuse.
Chapter 16. Wars of Words
1. Chemi Shalev, “Farewell to Haaretz and All Its Readers—but Especially American Jews,” Haaretz, December 31, 2020, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-12-31/ty-article/farewell-to-haaretz-and-all-its-readers-but-especially-american-jews/0000017f-f1dc-da6f-a77f-f9de828b0000; Ben Samuels, “With New Congress, Israel Loses Two of Its Best Friends in Washington,” Haaretz, January 3, 2021, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-with-new-congress-israel-loses-two-of-its-best-friends-in-washington-1.9419833.
2. Zachary Lockman, Contending Visions of the Middle East: The History and Politics of Orientalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 155; Rachel Fish, “Can the Academy Be Saved from Anti-Zionism?,” SAPIR 5 (Spring 2022), https://sapirjournal.org/zionism/2022/05/can-the-academy-be-saved-from-anti-zionism.
3. Alan Wolf, “Free Speech, Israel, and Jewish Illiberalism,” Chronicle of Higher Education, November 17, 2006, B6; Gal Beckerman, “JVP: Harsh Critic of Israel, Seeks a Seat at the Communal Table,” The Forward, April 13, 2011, https://forward.com/news/137016/jvp-harsh-critic-of-israel-seeks-a-seat-at-the-com.
4. Edward W. Said, Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979), 328.
5. Joshua Muravchik, “Enough Said: The False Scholarship of Edward Said,” World Affairs 175, no. 6 (2013): 9–21; Thomas L. Lippman, “Islam and Its Discontents,” Washington Post, December 11, 1983, www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/1983/12/11/islam-and-its-discontents/296f339c-479a-46dc-9cf8-0a020f5f1cc1; Dov S. Zakheim, “Mr. Oren’s Planet: A Bogus Account from Israel’s Man in Washington,” National Interest, August 21, 2015, https://nationalinterest.org/feature/mr-oren%E2%80%99s-planet-bogus-account-israel%E2%80%99s-man-washington-13648; Martin Kramer, “Middle East Studies Fails in America,” Middle East Forum, March 14, 2002, www.meforum.org/167/middle-east-studies-fails-in-america; Martin Kramer, Ivory Towers on Sand: The Failure of Middle East Studies in America (Washington, DC: Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2001), www.academia.edu/171206/Ivory_Towers_on_Sand_The_Failure_of_Middle_East_Studies_in_America.
6. Nacha Cattan, “NYU Center: New Addition to Growing Academic Field,” The Forward, May 2, 2003, www.meforum.org/campus-watch/8410/nyu-center-new-addition-to-growing-academic-field; Arnold Dashefsky, Ira M. Sheskin, and Pamela J. Weathers, “Academic Resources,” in American Jewish Year Book 2018, ed. Arnold Dashefsky and Ira M. Sheskin (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019), 775–851.
7. Francie Diep, “‘It’s Outrageous’: 2 Donor Conflicts Reveal Tensions for Jewish-Studies Scholars,” Chronicle of Higher Education, February 28, 2022, www.chronicle.com/article/its-outrageous-2-donor-conflicts-reveal-fraught-tensions-for-jewish-studies-scholars.
8. Jennifer Senior, “Columbia’s Own Middle East War,” New York Magazine, January 19, 2005, https://nymag.com/nymetro/urban/education/features/10868.
9. Scott Sherman, “The Mideast Comes to Columbia,” The Nation, March 16, 2005, www.thenation.com/article/archive/mideast-comes-columbia. To see one of the six iterations of Columbia Unbecoming, see “Columbia Unbecoming 2004,” Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/89896944.
10. See “Colleges with the Best Jewish Life,” College Transitions, July 15, 2020, www.collegetransitions.com/blog/colleges-with-the-best-jewish-life. Data from the College Transitions website.
11. Senior, “Columbia’s Own Middle East War”; Sherman, “Mideast Comes to Columbia”; Douglas Feiden, “Hatred 101: Columbia’s Learning Curve on Israel,” New York Daily News, November 21, 2004, www.monabaker.org/2015/10/02/hatred-101-columbias-learning-curve-on-israel.
12. “Intimidation Charges at Columbia (4 Letters),” New York Times, January 23, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/01/23/opinion/intimidation-charges-at-columbia-4-letters.html; Karen W. Arenson, “Columbia Panel Clears Professors of Anti-Semitism,” New York Times, March 31, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/03/31/nyregion/columbia-panel-clears-professors-of-antisemitism.html (the language of the report’s summary belongs to the Times, not the report itself); Jane Kramer, “The Petition: Israel, Palestine, and a Tenure Battle at Barnard,” New Yorker, April 7, 2008, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/04/14/the-petition; New York Civil Liberties Union to Lee C. Bollinger, Re: Report of the Ad Hoc Committee, letter, April 6, 2005, NYCLU, www.nyclu.org/en/letter-nyclu-calls-columbia-committee-report-inadequate.
13. Nathaniel Popper, “N.Y. School Board Bans a Controversial Arab Professor,” The Forward, February 25, 2005, www.forward.com/articles/2741; Joyce Purnick, “Some Limits on Speech in Classrooms,” New York Times, February 28, 2005, www.nytimes.com/2005/02/28/nyregion/some-limits-on-speech-in-classrooms.html.
14. Kramer, “The Petition”; Eric Alterman, “Motzira-Making on the Right,” The Nation, April 17, 2008, www.thenation.com/article/archive/motzira-making-right.
15. Bari Weiss, “How to Fight Anti-Semitism on Campus,” Mosaic, May 20, 2015, https://mosaicmagazine.com/response/israel-zionism/2015/05/how-to-fight-anti-semitism-on-campus; Paul Kanelos, “We Can’t Wait for Universities to Fix Themselves. So We’re Starting a New One,” November 8, 2021, Bari Weiss Substack, https://bariweiss.substack.com/p/we-cant-wait-for-universities-to.
16. This formulation can be found in Michael Massing, “The Storm over the Israel Lobby,” New York Review of Books, May 11, 2006, www.nybooks.com/articles/2006/06/08/the-storm-over-the-israel-lobby.
17. Leonard Fein, “Letter to Stephen Walt Concerning ‘The Israel Lobby,’” September 2007, Berman Jewish Policy Archive, www.bjpa.org/search-results/publication/15930.
18. John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2007), 242; Melvin P. Leffler, “The Decider: Why Bush Chose War in Iraq,” Foreign Affairs, November/December 2020, www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/review-essay/2020-10-13/decider; Michael J. Mazarr, Leap of Faith: Hubris, Negligence, and America’s Greatest Foreign Policy Tragedy (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019); Eric Alterman, Lying in State: Why Presidents Lie and Why Trump Is Worse (New York: Basic Books, 2020).
19. Noam Chomsky, “The Israel Lobby?,” ZNet, March 28, 2016, https://chomsky.info/20060328. The Economist is quoted in Itamar Rabinovich, “Testing the Israel Lobby Thesis,” Brookings Institution, March 1, 2008, www.brookings.edu/articles/testing-the-israel-lobby-thesis.
20. Dan Flesher, Transforming America’s Israel Lobby: The Limits of Its Power and the Potential for Change (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2009), 95–96; “Occupied Thoughts: Former Deputy National Security Advisor Ben Rhodes with Peter Beinart,” February 11, 2021, posted by Foundation for Middle East Peace, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=g3_P1UWVAi0&ab_channel=FoundationforMiddleEastPeace.
21. Mearsheimer and Walt, The Israel Lobby, 147.
22. John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt, “The Israel Lobby,” London Review of Books 28, no. 6 (March 23, 2006), www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v28/n06/john-mearsheimer/the-israel-lobby; William Pfaff, “The Mearsheimer-Walt Paper on America’s Israel Lobby,” International Herald Tribune, April 4, 2006; Christopher L. Ball, Andrew Preston, David Schoenbaum, and Tony Smith, “The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy: Roundtable Review,” H-Diplo Roundtables 8, no. 18 (2007), www.h-net.org/~diplo/roundtables/PDF/IsraelLobby-Roundtable.pdf.
23. The quotes can be found in Massing, “The Storm”; Juan Cole, “Breaking the Silence,” Salon, April 19, 2006; Eric Alterman, “AIPAC’s Complaint,” The Nation, April 13, 2006, www.thenation.com/article/archive/aipacs-complaint; Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Usual Suspect,” New Republic, October 8, 2007; Benny Morris, “And Now for Some Facts,” New Republic, April 28, 2006; John J. Mearsheimer, Stephen M. Walt, Aaron Friedberg, Dennis Ross, Shlomo Ben-Ami, and Zbigniew Brzezinski, “The War over Israel’s Influence,” Foreign Policy, July–August 2006, 56–66: Dov Waxman, “Review: Beyond Realpolitik: The Israel Lobby and US Support for Israel,” Israel Studies Forum 22, no. 1 (Winter 2007): 97–114.
24. Gal Beckerman, “Scholars Debate ‘Israel Lobby’ Article,” The Forward, October 6, 2006, https://forward.com/news/4845/scholars-debate-e2-80-98israel-lobby-e2-80-99-article; Alan Dershowitz, “Debunking the Newest—and Oldest—Jewish Conspiracy: A Reply to the Mearsheimer-Walt ‘Working Paper,’” Harvard Law School Working Paper, 2006, www.comw.org/warreport/fulltext/0604dershowitz.pdf.
25. “Definition of Anti-Semitism,” European Commission, https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/combatting-discrimination/racism-and-xenophobia/combating-antisemitism/definition-antisemitism_en.
26. I was present at the discussion described above, which was cosponsored by New Voices and Azure magazines and took place at the Center for Jewish History in Manhattan in 2007.
27. Roselyn Bell, “At Century’s End, at a Century’s Beginning,” American Jewish Committee Symposium, May 2006.
28. Anonymous, “I’ve Taught at Six Different Jewish Day Schools. They Are Preaching Dual Loyalty to Israel,” The Forward, February 21, 2020, https://forward.com/opinion/439563/ive-taught-at-six-jewish-day-schools-theyre-preaching-dual-loyalty-to; Joshua Shanes, Facebook, Drachim—A New Path Forward for Israel/Palestine, February 8, 2021, and May 6, 2022, www.facebook.com/groups/221480179475787 (quoted with permission).
29. Richard Cohen, “Hunker Down with History,” Washington Post, July 18, 2006; Alvin H. Rosenfeld, “Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Antisemitism,” American Jewish Committee, December 2006, at Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/20100312025251/http://www.ajc.org/atf/cf/%7B42D75369-D582-4380-8395-D25925B85EAF%7D/PROGRESSIVE_JEWISH_THOUGHT.PDF; Eric Rozenman, “Israel Is a Mistake—Is Mistaken,” Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting and Analysis, July 19, 2006, www.camera.org/article/israel-is-a-mistake-is-mistaken; Richard Cohen, Israel: Is It Good for the Jews? (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2014), 2, 4–5.
30. Tony Judt, “Israel: The Alternative,” New York Review of Books, October 23, 2003, www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/10/23/israel-the-alternative.
31. Michael Powell, “Polish Consulate Says Jewish Groups Called to Oppose Historian,” Washington Post, October 9, 2006, A10. (I was in attendance at the Paris conference in question.)
32. Michael Kinsley, “It’s Not Apartheid,” Slate, December 11, 2006, https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2006/12/jimmy-carter-s-moronic-new-book-about-israel.html; Joseph Lelyveld, “Jimmy Carter and Apartheid,” New York Review of Books, March 29, 2007, www.nybooks.com/articles/2007/03/29/jimmy-carter-and-apartheid; Associated Press, “Carter Apologizes to Jews,” New York Times, December 23, 2009, A13.
33. Leon Wieseltier, “Hits,” New Republic, December 19, 2005, www.tnr.com/article/washington-diarist-2; David Brooks, “What ‘Munich’ Left Out,” New York Times, December 11, 2005, D14; Gabriel Schoenfeld, “Spielberg’s ‘Munich,’” Commentary, February 2006, www.commentary.org/articles/gabriel-schoenfeld/spielbergs-munich; Tony Kushner, “Defending ‘Munich’ to My Mishpocheh,” Los Angeles Times, January 22, 2006, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jan-22-op-kushner22-story.html. See also Rachel Abramowitz, “‘Munich’?,” Los Angeles Times, January 23, 2006, www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-jan-23-et-munich23-story.html; Shai Ginsberg, “An American Reflection: Steven Spielberg, the Jewish Holocaust and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,” Miguk’ang 34, no. 1 (2011): 45–76.
34. Michelle Goldberg, “The War on ‘Munich,’” Salon, December 20, 2005, www.salon.com/2005/12/20/munich_3; Kushner, “Defending ‘Munich’”; Abramowitz, “‘Munich’?”; Winne Hu, “In Reversal, City University Trustees Approve Honorary Degree for Tony Kushner,” New York Times, May 9, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/05/10/nyregion/in-reversal-cuny-votes-to-honor-tony-kushner.html; Tony Shaw and Giora Goodman, Hollywood and Israel: A History (New York: Columbia University Press, 2022), loc. 4218, Kindle.
Chapter 17. “Basically, a Liberal Jew”
1. “Obama Used to Joke with Staff That He’s ‘Basically a Liberal Jew,’” Jerusalem Post, January 26, 2018, www.jpost.com/american-politics/obama-used-to-joke-with-staff-that-hes-basically-a-liberal-jew-539929; Barack Obama, A Promised Land (New York: Crown, 2020), 652.
2. Peter Beinart, “On Gaza, Israel Is Losing the Obama Coalition,” Haaretz, July 31, 2014, www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israel-is-losing-the-obama-coalition-1.5257687; Obama, Promised Land, 657.
3. Emily Hauser, “CENTCOM Commander: Unresolved Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Meant ‘I Paid a Military Security Price Every Day,’” Daily Beast, July 26, 2013, www.thedailybeast.com/centcom-commander-unresolved-israeli-palestinian-conflict-meant-i-paid-a-military-security-price-every-day; William B. Quandt, “Israeli Palestinian Peace Prospects in Context,” in Pathways to Peace: America and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, ed. Daniel Kurtzer (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012), 4.
4. Jeffrey Goldberg, “Obama on Zionism and Hamas,” Atlantic, May 12, 2008, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2008/05/obama-on-zionism-and-hamas/8318; Eric Alterman, “(Some) Jews Against Obama,” The Nation, March 6, 2008, www.thenation.com/article/archive/some-jews-against-obama.
5. Obama, Promised Land, 629; Alterman, “(Some) Jews”; Anshel Pfeffer, “U.S. Jewish Leader Worried by Thrust of White House Campaigns,” Haaretz, February 12, 2008, www.haaretz.com/1.4990144; Larry Cohler-Esses, “Hoenlein Backing Off Apparent Swipe at Obama,” New York Jewish Week, February 13, 2008, www.jta.org/2008/02/13/ny/hoenlein-backing-off-apparent-swipe-at-obama; Josh Gerstein, “Dad’s Muslim-to-Atheist Conversion Omitted by Obama in Cairo,” Politico, June 4, 2009, www.politico.com/blogs/under-the-radar/2009/06/dads-muslim-to-atheist-conversion-omitted-by-obama-in-cairo-018888.
6. Obama, Promised Land, 629; Alterman, “(Some) Jews.”
7. Daniel G. Hummel, Covenant Brothers: Evangelicals, Jews, and U.S.-Israeli Relations (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), 186–187.
8. Sarah Posner, “Pastor Strangelove,” American Prospect, May 21, 2006, https://prospect.org/features/pastor-strangelove; John Hagee, Jerusalem Countdown, revised and updated (Chicago: Frontline, 2007).
9. Rachel Tabachnick, “Saving Jews from John Hagee,” ZEEK/The Forward, February 15, 2010, https://zeek.forward.com/articles/116367.
10. Nathan Guttman, “Are Christian Zionists the 800 Pound Gorilla in the Pro-Israel Room?,” The Forward, July 16, 2015, http://forward.com/news/312078/are-christian-zionists-the-800-pound-gorilla-in-the-pro-israel-room.
11. Jennifer Rubin, “Onward, Christian Zionists: The Fastest Growing Israel Support Group in America,” Weekly Standard, August 2, 2010, reprinted at Washington Examiner, www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/onward-christian-zionists.
12. Stephen Spector, Evangelicals and Israel: The Story of American Christian Zionism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 172.
13. Leonard Fine, “The American Zionist Left,” undated, Berman Jewish Policy Archive, www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/leon/Leonard%20Fein%20American%20Zionist%20Left.pdf.
14. Obama, Promised Land, 632.
15. Jonathan Broder, “Israel: The Ties That Bind,” CQ Weekly, October 15, 2011, http://public.cq.com/docs/weeklyreport/weeklyreport-000003963858.html; Alan Dershowitz, “Has Obama Turned on Israel?,” Wall Street Journal, July 12, 2009, www.wsj.com/articles/SB124649366875483207; Norman Podhoretz, “Why Are Jews Liberals?,” Wall Street Journal, September 10, 2009, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203440104574402591116901498.
16. Obama, Promised Land, 633.
17. Agence France-Presse, “US Senators Press Clinton on Mideast Peace,” YNet, April 14, 2010, www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3875693,00.html.
18. “Occupied Thoughts: Former Deputy National Security Advisor Ben Rhodes with Peter Beinart,” February 8, 2021, in Occupied Territory, podcast, Foundation for Middle East Peace, https://fmep.org/resource/occupied-thoughts-former-deputy-national-security-advisor-ben-rhodes-with-peter-beinart.
19. Obama, Promised Land, 629; David Klion, “‘There’s a Lot of New Ground for Democrats to Fight Over’: A Q&A with Ben Rhodes,” The Nation, November 9, 2018, www.thenation.com/article/archive/ben-rhodes-interview-obama-democrats-foreign-policy; Jonathan Broder, “Israel: The Ties That Bind,” CQ Weekly, October 11, 2011, http://public.cq.com/docs/weeklyreport/weeklyreport-000003963858.html.
20. Jacob Magid, “Backed by Deep Pockets, Adelson Made His Mark with an Unwavering Focus on Israel,” Times of Israel, January 13, 2021, www.timesofisrael.com/backed-by-deep-pockets-adelson-made-mark-with-unwavering-focus-on-israel; Connie Bruck, “The Brass Ring,” New Yorker, June 30, 2008, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/06/30/the-brass-ring; Robert Slater, with Wesley G. Pippert, “The Adelson Effect,” Moment, May/June 2014, https://momentmag.com/author/robert-slater-with-wesley-g-pippert.
21. Matt Isaacs, “Sheldon Adelson Bets It All,” Mother Jones, March/April 2016, www.motherjones.com/politics/2016/02/sheldon-adelson-macau-casinos-lawsuit; Chris McGreal, “Sheldon Adelson: The Casino Mogul Driving Trump’s Middle East Policy,” The Guardian, June 8, 2018, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jun/08/sheldon-adelson-trump-middle-east-policy; Robert D. McFadden, “Sheldon Adelson, Billionaire Donor to G.O.P. and Israel, Is Dead at 87,” New York Times, January 12, 2021, A1.
22. Amir Tibon and Talk Shalev, “Scenes from a Marriage,” Huffington Post Highline, n.d., https://highline.huffingtonpost.com/articles/en/bibi-obama.
23. Tibon and Shalev, “Scenes”; “The Bibi-ton Bomb,” The Economist, February 14, 2015, www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/02/12/the-bibi-ton-bomb; Adam Taylor, “Pink Champagne, Cuban Cigars and Sheldon Adelson: How Benjamin Netanyahu Got Accused of Corruption,” Washington Post, February 28, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/02/28/pink-champagne-cuban-cigars-sheldon-adelson-how-benjamin-netanyahu-got-accused-corruption.
24. Ravi Somaiya, Ian Lovett, and Barry Meier, “Sheldon Adelson’s Purchase of Las Vegas Paper Seen as a Power Play,” New York Times, January 2, 2016, A1; Josh Nathan-Kazis, “Sheldon Adelson’s Jewish Media Secrets Revealed,” The Forward, December 22, 2015, https://forward.com/news/327694/move-over-rupert-sheldon-adelsons-secret-media-reach-revealed.
25. Eli Clifton, “Sheldon Adelson’s Legacy of Underwriting American Militarism,” Responsible Statecraft, January 12, 2021, https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2021/01/12/sheldon-adelsons-legacy-of-underwriting-american-militarism; Eric Alterman, “Sheldon Adelson and the End of American Anti-Semitism,” The Nation, February 8, 2012, www.thenation.com/article/archive/sheldon-adelson-and-end-american-anti-semitism; Jason Zengerle, “Sheldon Adelson Is Ready to Buy the Presidency,” New York, September 9, 2015, https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2015/09/sheldon-adelson-is-ready-to-buy-the-presidency.html; McFadden, “Sheldon Adelson, Billionaire Donor.”
26. Thomas L. Friedman, “Sheldon Adelson: Iran’s Best Friend,” New York Times, April 5, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/opinion/sunday/friedman-sheldon-irans-best-friend.html.
27. Alex Kane, “Sheldon Adelson’s Far Right Alliance Will Serve Israel Long After His Death,” 972, January 13, 2021, www.972mag.com/sheldon-adelson-evangelicals-israel; Clifton, “Sheldon Adelson’s Legacy.”
28. Mortimer Zuckerman, “Obama’s Jerusalem Stonewall,” Wall Street Journal, April 28, 2010, www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703465204575208711846560650; Laura Meckler, “Jewish Donors Warn Obama on Israel,” Wall Street Journal, May 19, 2011, www.wsj.com/articles/SB100014240527487035091045763316619185271545; Daniel Pipes, “Pipes: ‘Rushdie Rules’ Reach Florida,” Washington Times, September 20, 2010, www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/sep/20/rushdie-rulesreach-florida.
29. Merrill Joan Gerber, “True Believer: My Friendship with Cynthia Ozick,” Salmagundi, Summer 2018, https://salmagundi.skidmore.edu/articles/111-true-believer-my-friendship-with-cynthia-ozick; Uriel Heilman, “Obama Assassination Column Raises Question: Why Do Some Jews See Obama as So Sinister?,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, updated January 3, 2013, www.jta.org/2012/01/24/politics/obama-assassination-column-raises-question-why-do-some-jews-see-obama-as-so-sinister.
30. “Occupied Thoughts: Former Deputy National Security Advisor Ben Rhodes with Peter Beinart.”
31. “Remarks of President Barack Obama to the People of Israel,” March 21, 2013, Obama White House, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/03/21/remarks-president-barack-obama-people-israel; David Remnick, “Obama in Israel: A President at Large,” New Yorker, March 21, 2013, www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/obama-in-israel-a-president-at-large.
32. Yossi Klein Halevi, “Obama’s Big Israel Breakthrough,” New Republic, March 21, 2013, https://newrepublic.com/article/112730/obama-israel-speech-big-breakthrough; Hussein Ibish, “Outsourcing Peace,” Foreign Policy, March 21, 2013, https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/21/crowdsourcing-peace.
33. Jeffrey Goldberg, “Obama to Israel—Time Is Running Out,” Bloomberg, March 2, 2014, www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2014-03-02/obama-to-israel-time-is-running-out.
34. James Traub, “Does Abe Foxman Have an Anti-Anti-Semite Problem?,” New York Times Magazine, January 14, 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/01/14/magazine/14foxman.t.html; Peter Beinart, The Crisis of Zionism (New York: Times Books, 2012), 44; Dan Flesher, Transforming America’s Israel Lobby: The Limits of Its Power and the Potential for Change (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2009), 126.
35. Robert I. Friedman, “The Enemy Within: How the Anti-Defamation League Turned the Notion of Human Rights on Its Head, Spying on Progressives and Funneling Information to Law Enforcement,” Village Voice, May 11, 1993, 27–32; Eric Alterman, “The Defamation League,” The Nation, January 28, 2009, www.thenation.com/article/archive/defamation-league; Aryeh Neier, “The Attack on Human Rights Watch,” New York Review of Books, November 2006, www.nybooks.com/articles/2006/11/02/the-attack-on-human-rights-watch.
36. Peter Beinart, “The Failure of the American Jewish Establishment,” New York Review of Books, June 10, 2010, www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2010/jun/10/failure-american-jewish-establishment.
37. Ron Kampeas, “Pro-Israel, with Questions: Beinart Pins His Thesis to the Synagogue Door,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 25, 2010, www.jta.org/2010/05/25/politics/pro-israel-with-questions-beinart-pins-his-thesis-to-the-synagogue-door; Ami Eden, “Responding to Beinart,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, May 24, 2010, www.jta.org/2010/05/24/culture/responding-to-beinart; Eric Alterman, “Israel Agonistes,” The Nation, June 2, 2010, www.thenation.com/article/archive/israel-agonistes.
38. “A Portrait of Jewish Americans,” Pew Research Center on Religion and Public Life, October 13, 2013, www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey. Note: These numbers were similar to those published in the 2020 follow-up to the 2013 survey.
39. Connie Bruck, “Friends of Israel,” New Yorker, August 25, 2014, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/01/friends-israel; Beinart, Crisis of Zionism, 44; Josh Nathan-Kazis, “Jews Express Wide Criticism of Israel in Pew Survey but Leaders Dismiss Findings,” The Forward, October 2, 2013, https://forward.com/news/israel/184900/jews-express-wide-criticism-of-israel-in-pew-surve; David Samuels, “Q&A with Abe Foxman, Head of the Anti-Defamation League,” Tablet, December 20, 2013, https://orangecounty.adl.org/news/abe-foxman-on-why-2013-was-bad-for-the-jews.
40. Sarah Posner, “Too Hot for Shul: Rabbis Seek Healthy Israel Dialogue After Gaza,” Religion Dispatches, September 22, 2014, https://religiondispatches.org/too-hot-for-shul-rabbis-seek-healthy-israel-dialogue-after-gaza; Laurie Goodstein, “Talk in Synagogue of Israel and Gaza Goes from Debate to Wrath to Rage,” New York Times, September 22, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/09/23/us/rabbis-find-talk-of-israel-and-gaza-a-sure-way-to-draw-congregants-wrath.html.
41. Shmuel Rosner and Michael Herzog, “Jewish Values and Israel’s Use of Force in Armed Conflict: Perspectives from World Jewry,” Jewish People Policy Institute, 2015, www.jppi.org.il/uploads/Jewish_Values_and_Israels_Use_of_Force_in_Armed_Conflict-JPPI.pdf.
42. Dahlia Scheindlin, “The Israeli Zionist Left: Sources of Failure and Renewal,” Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, October 2020, www.fes.org/il/shop/the-israeli-zionist-left-sources-of-failure-and-renewal; Elisheva Goldberg, “The Making of an Echo Chamber,” Jewish Currents, March 11, 2020, https://jewishcurrents.org/the-making-of-an-echo-chamber.
43. Michael Oren, “How Obama Opened His Heart to the ‘Muslim World,’” Foreign Policy, June 19, 2015, https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/19/barack-obama-muslim-world-outreach-consequences-israel-ambassador-michael-oren.
44. Michael B. Oren, Ally: My Journey Across the American-Israeli Divide (New York: Random House, 2015), 268, 247, 266–267; Jonathan Broder, “Sound and Fury: Michael Oren’s Anti-Obama Memoir,” Newsweek, June 27, 2015, www.newsweek.com/2015/07/10/michael-oren-anti-obama-memoir-347759.html.
45. Oren, Ally, 216–217, 267; “How Obama Abandoned Israel,” Wall Street Journal, June 16, 2015, www.wsj.com/articles/how-obama-abandoned-israel-1434409772; Elliott Abrams, “The Ally That Wasn’t,” Commentary, September 2015, www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/elliott-abrams/ally-wasnt; Chemi Shalev, “Michael Oren: American Jewish Journalists Lead Media’s Anti-Israeli Assault,” Haaretz, June 15, 2015, www.haaretz.com/oren-u-s-jewish-journalists-lead-medias-anti-israeli-assault-1.5372323.
46. Gary Rosenblatt, “Why Benjamin Netanyahu Treated the Jewish Media with Contempt,” New York Jewish Week, June 10, 2021, https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/why-benjamin-netanyahu-treated-jewish-media-with-contempt.
47. Aaron David Miller, “The Curious Case of Benjamin Netanyahu,” Foreign Policy, May 30, 2012, https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/05/30/the-curious-case-of-benjamin-netanyahu; Seth Freedman, “Why the Benjamin Netanyahu Tape Is No Real Shocker,” The Guardian, July 26, 2010, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jul/26/binyamin-netanyahu-tape-israeli-palestinian-politics; Jeffrey Goldberg, “The Obama Doctrine,” Atlantic, April 2016, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2016/04/the-obama-doctrine/471525.
48. Peter Beinart, “AIPAC Refuses to Learn from Its Mistakes on Iran,” Jewish Currents, January 30, 2022, https://jewishcurrents.org/aipac-refuses-to-learn-from-its-mistakes-on-iran; Jane Eisner, “The Full Transcript of Forward Editor-in-Chief’s Interview with Obama,” The Forward, August 31, 2015, http://forward.com/news/320091/read-the-transcript-of-forward-editor-in-chiefs-interview-with-barack-obama/#ixzz3kW7MYyoz.
49. Glenn Greenwald, “Leaked Emails from Pro-Clinton Group Reveal Censorship of Staff on Israel, AIPAC Pandering, Warped Militarism,” The Intercept, November 5, 2015, https://theintercept.com/2015/11/05/leaked-emails-from-pro-clinton-group-reveal-censorship-of-staff-on-israel-aipac-pandering-warped-militarism.
50. This account relies on the author’s own experience as well as the following: Ben Smith, “Israel Rift Roils Democratic Ranks,” Politico, December 7, 2011, www.politico.com/story/2011/12/israel-rift-roils-democratic-ranks-069929; Ben Smith, “What’s ‘Anti-Semitic’?,” Politico, December 9, 2011, www.politico.com/blogs/bensmith/1211/Whats_antiSemitic.html; Peter Wallsten, “Center for American Progress, Group Tied to Obama, Under Fire from Israel Advocates,” Washington Post, January 19, 2012, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/center-for-america-progress-group-tied-to-obama-accused-of-anti-semitic-language/2012/01/17/gIQAcrHXAQ_story.html; Nathan Guttman, “AIPAC Tries to Brand Israel as Liberal Cause,” The Forward, March 10, 2013, http://forward.com/articles/172475/aipac-tries-to-brand-israel-as-liberal-cause; Greenwald, “Leaked Emails”; Jessica Schulberg and Ryan Grim, “Netanyahu Successfully Lobbies to Address Progressive Think Tank During DC Visit,” Huffington Post, October 30, 2015, www.huffpost.com/entry/netanyahu-center-for-american-progress_n_56301482e4b0631799100532; Nahal Toosi, “Bibi Turns on the Charm for Liberals,” Politico, November 10, 2015, www.politico.com/story/2015/11/benjamin-netanyahu-center-for-american-progress-21569.
51. “New poll: U.S. Jews support Iran deal, despite misgivings,” Jewish Journal, July 23, 2015, jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/176121/.
52. Barak Ravid, “Analysis: Kerry’s Speech Was Superbly Zionist, Pro-Israel, and Three Years Too Late,” Haaretz, December 29, 2016, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-kerry-s-speech-superbly-azionist-pro-israel-3-years-too-late-1.5479462.
53. Lara Friedman, “Israel’s Unsung Protector: Obama,” New York Times, April 10, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/04/12/opinion/international/israels-unsung-protector-obama.html; Avi Shlaim, “Believe It or Not, Barack Obama Had Israel’s Best Interest at Heart,” The Guardian, January 17, 2017, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jan/17/barack-obama-netanyahu-trump-israe; Carol Morello and Ruth Eglash, “Netanyahu Blasts U.N., Obama over West Bank Settlements Resolution,” Washington Post, December 23, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/world/netanyahu-calls-un-resolution-on-settlements-shameful/2016/12/23/2d45fbac-c94c-11e6-bf4b-2c064d32a4bf_story.html.
54. Peter Baker, “A Defiant Israel Vows to Expand Its Settlements,” New York Times, December 26, 2016, A1; “Public Uncertain, Divided over America’s Place in the World,” Pew Research Center, May 5, 2016, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/05/05/public-uncertain-divided-over-americas-place-in-the-world.
Chapter 18. Coming Unglued
1. Peter Beinart, “Given the U.S. Presidential Candidates’ Views on Palestinians, I Miss Obama Already,” Haaretz, November 9, 2015, www.haaretz.com/world-news/given-u-s-candidates-views-on-palestinians-i-miss-obama-already-1.5418759.
2. Beinart, “Given the U.S.”; Peter Beinart, “Israel’s New Lawyer: Hillary Clinton,” Haaretz, August 11, 2014, www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israels-new-lawyer-hillary-clinton-1.5258957. Note: I received one of the robocalls so described.
3. Giovanni Russonello, “Criticize Israel? For Democratic Voters, It’s Now Fair Game,” New York Times, November 1, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/11/01/us/politics/democrats-israel-polls.html; Jason Horowitz, “Criticizing Israel, Bernie Sanders Highlights Split Among Jewish Democrats,” New York Times, April 15, 2016, A1; “Jamaal Bowman Wants to Be the Bridge Between His Jewish and Black Constituents,” interview with Yehuda Kurtzer, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 22, 2020, www.jta.org/2020/12/22/opinion/jamaal-bowman-wants-to-be-the-bridge-between-his-jewish-and-black-constituents; “Republicans and Democrats Grow Even Further Apart in Views of Israel, Palestinians,” Pew Research Center, January 23, 2018, www.pewresearch.org/politics/2018/01/23/republicans-and-democrats-grow-even-further-apart-in-views-of-israel-palestinians; Becky A. Alper, “Modest Warming in U.S. Views on Israel and Palestinians,” Pew Research Center, May 26, 2022, https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2022/05/26/modest-warming-in-u-s-views-on-israel-and-palestinians.
4. Jonathan Mahler, “Donald Trump Courts Wary Jewish Voters,” New York Times, March 20, 2016, www.nytimes.com/2016/03/21/us/politics/donald-trump-jews.html; Eric Alterman, “Trump’s Executive Order on Anti-Semitism Isn’t About Protecting Jews,” The Nation, December 19, 2019, www.thenation.com/article/archive/executive-order-anti-semitism.
5. Kevin McCarthy (@kevinomccarthy), Twitter, October 24, 2018 (later deleted), screenshot at Devan Cole, “House Majority Leader Deletes Tweet Saying Soros, Bloomberg, Steyer Are Trying to ‘Buy’ Election,” CNN, October 28, 2018, www.cnn.com/2018/10/28/politics/tom-steyer-mccarthy-tweet/index.html; Aaron Blake, “How the Trumps and Conservative Media Helped Mainstream a Conspiracy Theory Now Tied to Tragedy,” Washington Post, October 29, 2018, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/10/29/how-trumps-conservative-media-helped-mainstream-conspiracy-theory-now-tied-tragedy; Eric Alterman, “Chronicle of Deaths Foretold,” The Nation, November 8, 2018, www.thenation.com/article/archive/trump-rhetoric-violence; Ben Samuels, “Holocaust Comparisons, Soros Conspiracies Dominate U.S. Republican Messaging,” Haaretz, August 14, 2022, www.haaretz.com/us-news/2022-08-14/ty-article/.highlight/holocaust-comparisons-soros-conspiracies-dominate-u-s-republican-messaging/00000182-9bca-d9bc-affb-fbde193f0000.
6. Tessa Stuart, “Why Trump Calls for Racial Profiling After Attacks,” Rolling Stone, September 19, 2016, www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-features/why-trump-calls-for-racial-profiling-after-attacks-103371; “Richard Spencer Tells Israelis They ‘Should Respect’ Him: ‘I’m a White Zionist,” Haaretz, August 16, 2017, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/richard-spencer-to-israelis-i-m-a-white-zionist-respect-me-1.5443480.
7. Natan Sharansky and Gil Troy, “Can American Jews and Israeli Jews Stay Together as One People?,” Mosaic, July 19, 2018, https://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/israel-zionism/2018/07/can-american-and-israeli-jews-stay-together-as-one-people. See also Eric Alterman, “Benjamin Netanyahu, Friend of the Far Right,” Le Monde Diplomatique, September 2019, https://mondediplo.com/2019/09/13netanyahu.
8. Libby Lenkinski, “How Trump and Netanyahu Made American Antisemitism Come Alive,” Evolve, December 31, 2020, https://evolve.reconstructingjudaism.org/howtrumpandnetanyahumadeamericanantisemitismcomealive.
9. “U.S. Image Suffers as Publics Around World Question Trump’s Leadership,” Pew Research Center, June 26, 2017, www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership; Jay Reeves, “Days After Synagogue Massacre, Online Hate Is Thriving,” Associated Press, November 1, 2018, https://apnews.com/article/a0099d8f60054deab9ed433b453bc8bd; Mark Landler, “Support for the President in Pittsburgh, but It’s Coming from Israel,” New York Times, November 1, 2018, A20; Alterman, “Chronicle of Deaths”; Gershom Gorenberg, “Netanyahu Doesn’t Think Trump Has a Jewish Problem. And That’s a Problem,” Washington Post, February 17, 2017, www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2017/02/17/netanyahu-doesnt-think-trump-has-a-jewish-problem-and-thats-a-problem; Philip Rucker, “Trump, Frustrated by Unpopularity with Jews, Thrusts Israel into His Culture War,” Washington Post, August 22, 2019, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-frustrated-by-unpopularity-with-jews-thrusts-israel-into-his-culture-war/2019/08/21/81557d10-c428-11e9-b72f-b31dfaa77212_story.html.
10. Ilhan Omar (@IlhanMN), Twitter, January 21, 2019, https://twitter.com/IlhanMN/status/1087580654194384896; “What Did Ilhan Omar Say?,” transcript, Institute for Policy Studies, March 6, 2019, https://ips-dc.org/what-did-ilhan-omar-say-heres-the-full-transcript-of-her-response-to-a-question-about-anti-semitism; AIPAC (@AIPAC), Twitter, March 1, 2019, https://twitter.com/aipac/status/1101596692548333575; Jonathan Greenblatt, “Omar’s Comments Are Wrong. Plain and Simple,” USA Today, March 6, 2019, www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2019/03/06/ilhan-omars-comments-were-anti-semitic-rhetoric-says-adl-talker/3078821002; Cody Nelson, “Minnesota Congresswoman Ignites Debate on Israel and Anti-Semitism,” NPR, March 7, 2019, www.npr.org/2019/03/07/700901834/minnesota-congresswoman-ignites-debate-on-israel-and-anti-semitism; “Liberalism and the Jews,” Commentary, October 1980, www.commentary.org/articles/robert-alter-2/liberalism-the-jews-a-symposium; Ben Samuels, “Trump: ‘Israel Literally Owned Congress’ Until a Decade Ago,” Haaretz, November 1, 2021, www.haaretz.com/us-news/trump-israel-literally-owned-congress-until-a-decade-ago-1.10344379.
11. Zack Beauchamp, “The Ilhan Omar Anti-Semitism Controversy, Explained,” Vox, March 6, 2019, www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2019/3/6/18251639/ilhan-omar-israel-anti-semitism-jews; Nelson, “Minnesota Congresswoman Ignites Debate”; Karen Zraick, “Ilhan Omar’s Latest Remarks on Israel Draw Criticism,” New York Times, March 1, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/03/01/us/politics/ilhan-omar-israel.html.
12. Ron Kampeas, “AIPAC Apologizes for Ads That Called Some Democrats ‘Radicals’ Pushing ‘Anti-Semitic’ Policies,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 8, 2020, www.jta.org/2020/02/08/united-states/aipac-apologizes-for-ad-that-said-radical-democrats-were-maybe-a-greater-threat-than-isis; Jeremy Slevin (@jeremyslevin), Twitter, August 11, 2021, https://twitter.com/jeremyslevin/status/1425479000487571466; Ben Samuels, “‘Putting Her Life at Risk’: Ilhan Omar Staff Slams AIPAC over Aggressive Campaign Ads,” Haaretz, August 12, 2021, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-putting-her-life-at-risk-ilhan-omar-slams-aipac-over-aggressive-campaign-ads-1.1011151. I received one such email on February 13, 2019. See image at Mairav Zonszein, Facebook, February 12, 2019, www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=10157153874468793&set=a.10151093148953793.
13. Amir Tibon, “Senior Trump Admin. Official Says Politicians Get ‘Very Rich’ by Supporting Israel,” Haaretz, February 16, 2020, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-senior-trump-admin-official-says-politicians-get-very-rich-by-supporting-israel-1.9308451; David Samuels, “American Racist,” Tablet, June 11, 2020, www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/kevin-macdonald-american-anti-semitism.
14. Lior Zalzman, “A ‘Jewish Space Laser’ Sounds Funny. But Marjorie Taylor Greene’s Anti-Semitism Is No Laughing Matter,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 3, 2021, www.jta.org/2021/02/03/opinion/a-jewish-space-laser-sounds-funny-but-marjorie-taylor-greenes-anti-semitism-is-no-laughing-matter; David Harris (@DavidHarrisAJC), Twitter, January 31, 2021, https://twitter.com/DavidHarrisAJC/status/1355868748104806404; Ben Sales, “Conservatives Are More Likely Than Liberals to Hold Anti-Semitic Views, Survey Finds,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 22, 2021, www.jta.org/2021/04/22/united-states/conservatives-are-more-likely-than-liberals-to-hold-anti-semitic-views-survey-finds.
15. Adam Kirsch, “The Great Jewish American Liberal Academic Anti-Anti-Zionist Freak-Out,” Tablet, December 2, 2014, www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/academic-boycotts; Samuel Edelman and Carol Edelman, “When Failure Succeeds: Disinvestment as Delegitimation,” in The Case Against Academic Boycotts of Israel, ed. Cary Nelson and Gabriel Noah Brahm (Chicago: Members for Scholars Rights, 2015), 235–243; Alper, “Modest Warming.”
16. Ali Mustafa, “‘Boycotts Work’: An Interview with Omar Barghouti,” Electronic Intifadah, May 31, 2009, http://electronicintifada.net/content/boycotts-work-interview-omar-barghouti/8263; “Omar Barghouti—Strategies for Change,” video, Dag Hammarskjöld Society, Vimeo, https://vimeo.com/75201955.
17. The BDS movement’s website is at https://bdsmovement.net.
18. Robert Malley, “An Anti-Imperialist Father and His American Diplomat Son,” Jewish Currents, February 4, 2021, https://jewishcurrents.org/an-anti-imperialist-father-and-his-american-diplomat-son.
19. “In Support of Boycott, Divest, Sanction and a Free Palestine,” Harvard Crimson, April 29, 2022, www.thecrimson.com/article/2022/4/29/editorial-bds.
20. Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43, no. 6 (July 1991): 1241–1299.
21. Emma Green, “Why Do Black Activists Care About Palestine?,” Atlantic, August 18, 2016, www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/08/why-did-black-american-activists-start-caring-about-palestine/496088. See also ADL memo, June 9, 2020, https://s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/jewish-currents/JC-ADL_DX_memo_2020-06-pages.pdf.
22. Kenneth Stern, The Conflict over the Conflict: The Israel/Palestine Campus Debate (Toronto: New Jewish Press, 2020), 11–12; Aiden Pink, “US Groups Failed to Disclose Grants from Israeli Government,” The Forward, August 31, 2020, https://forward.com/news/israel/453286/us-pro-israel-groups-failed-to-disclose-grants-from-israeli-government; “Brief of T’ruah and J Street as Amici Curiae in Support of Plaintiff-Appellant and Reversal,” Arkansas Times LP v. Mark Waldrop et al., Appellate Case 19-1378, April 15, 2019, online at Georgetown Law, www.law.georgetown.edu/icap/wp-content/uploads/sites/32/2019/04/19-1378-filed-brief.pdf. For the Maccabee Task Force, see www.maccabeetaskforce.org/about.
23. Noa Kattler Kupertz, “I Was Publicly Blacklisted by a Shadowy Website for My Views on Israel,” The Forward, January 30, 2018, https://forward.com/scribe/393278/i-was-publicly-blacklisted-by-a-shadowy-website-for-my-views-on-israel; Josh Nathan-Kazis, “REVEALED: Canary Mission Blacklist Is Secretly Bankrolled by Major Jewish Federation,” The Forward, October 3, 2018, https://forward.com/news/411355/revealed-canary-mission-blacklist-is-secretly-bankrolled-by-major-jewish; Ishmael N. Daro, “How an App Funded by Sheldon Adelson Is Covertly Influencing the Online Conversation About Israel,” Buzzfeed, September 20, 2018, www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ishmaeldaro/act-il-social-media-astroturfing-israel-palestine; Massarah Mikati, “She was fired for being publicly pro-Palestine. One year later, no one is hiring her,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 23, 2022, www.inquirer.com/news/agnes-irwin-fires-pro-palestine-employee-20220823.html.
24. Eric Alterman, “The BDS Campaign’s Unpopular Front,” Democracy 47 (Winter 2018), https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/47/the-bds-campaigns-unpopular-front; “About Amcha Initiative,” https://amchainitiative.org/about.
25. Andrew Demillo, “Appeals court upholds Arkansas’ Israel boycott pledge law, The Washington Post, June 22, 2022, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/appeals-court-upholds-arkansas-israel-boycott-pledge-law/2022/06/22/54efa492-f24e-11ec-ac16-8fbf7194cd78_story.html.
26. “Israel/Palestine: Facebook Censors Discussion of Rights Issues,” Human Rights Watch, October 8, 2021, www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/08/israel/palestine-facebook-censors-discussion-rights-issues; Associated Press, “Mark Lamont Fired from CNN After His Speech on Israel Draws Outrage,” November 30, 2018, NBC News, www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/marc-lamont-hill-fired-cnn-after-his-speech-israel-draws-n942151; “I Will Not Yield My Values: Fired AP Journalist Emily Wilder Speaks Out After Right-Wing Smears,” Democracy Now, May 25, 2021, www.democracynow.org/2021/5/25/journalist_emily_wilder_ap_firing; Murtaza Hussein, “Israeli Diplomat Pressured UNC to Remove Teacher Who Criticized Israel,” The Intercept, September 28, 2021, https://theintercept.com/2021/09/28/israel-palestine-unc-academic-freedom.
27. Eric Alterman, “Does Anyone Take B.D.S. Seriously?,” New York Times, July 30, 2019, A27.
28. Stewart Ain, “This Student Is Taking on Columbia in First Test of Trump’s Title VI Order,” New York Jewish Week, January 14, 2020, https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/columbia-complaint-tests-limits-of-anti-zionist-speech; Danielle Siri, “N.Y.’s Columbia University Rattled by Jewish Students’ Complaints, Filed in Wake of Trump’s Anti-Semitism Order,” Haaretz, December 24, 2019, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-trump-s-anti-semitism-executive-order-prompts-jewish-students-to-speak-up-in-u-s-ca-1.8317033; Hanna Dreyfus, “Columbia University Students Pass College’s First Ever BDS Referendum,” New York Jewish Week, September 29, 2020, https://jewishweek.timesofisrael.com/columbia-university-students-pass-its-first-ever-bds-referendum.
29. Elizabeth Redden, “Pro-Israel Groups Question Federal Funds for Middle East Centers,” Inside Higher Ed, September 18, 2014, www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2014/09/18/pro-israel-groups-question-federal-funds-middle-east-centers; Stephen Zunes, “Trump’s Dangerous Appointment to Key Civil Rights Position: Kenneth Marcus,” The Progressive, November 3, 2017, https://progressive.org/dispatches/trumps-dangerous-appointment-to-civil-rights-Kenneth-Marcus; Peter Baker and Maggie Haberman, “Trump Targets Anti-Semitism and Israeli Boycotts on College Campuses,” New York Times, December 10, 2019, A20; Alterman, “Trump’s Executive Order on Anti-Semitism”; Graham Wright, Michelle Shain, Shahar Hecht, and Leonard Saxe, “The Limits of Hostility: Students Report on Antisemitism and Anti-Israel Sentiment at Four US Universities,” Cohen Center for Modern Jewish Studies, Brandeis University, 2017, www.brandeis.edu/cmjs/noteworthy/ssri/limits-hostility-campuses.html; Ari Y. Kelman, Abiya Ahmed, Ilana Horwitz, Jeremiah Lockwood, Marva Shalev Marom, and Maja Zuckerman, “Safe and on the Sidelines: Jewish Students and the Israel-Palestine Conflict on Campus,” Research Group of the Concentration in Education and Jewish Studies, Stanford University, 2017, at Berman Jewish Policy Archive, www.bjpa.org/bjpa/search-results?search=safe+on+the+sidelines.
30. Alterman, “Benjamin Netanyahu, Friend of the Far Right.”
31. Mary Trump, Too Much and Never Enough: How My Family Created the World’s Most Dangerous Man (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2020); Anshel Pfeffer, Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu (New York: Basic Books, 2018), 15–28.
32. Barak Ravid, “Trump Blasts Netanyahu for Disloyalty: ‘F**k Him,’” Axios, December 21, 2021, www.axios.com/trump-netanyahu-disloyalty-fuck-him-276ac6cc-3f70-4fba-b315-c82a59603e67.html.
33. Brendan Cole, “Sheldon Adelson Gave Trump and Republicans over $424 Million Since 2016,” Newsweek, January 12, 2021, www.newsweek.com/sheldon-adelson-donald-trump-republicans-donations-1560883; Lazar Berman, “No Longer US Ambassador, David Friedman Is Sticking to His Sledgehammers,” Times of Israel, February 8, 2021, www.timesofisrael.com/no-longer-us-ambassador-david-friedman-is-sticking-to-his-sledgehammers; Kate Kelly, David Kirkpatrick, and Alan Rappeport, “Seeking Backers for New Fund, Jared Kushner Turns to Middle East,” New York Times, November 26, 2021, A1; Edward Wong, “The Rapture and the Real World: Mike Pompeo Blends Beliefs and Policy,” New York Times, March 30, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/03/30/us/politics/pompeo-christian-policy.html; Josh Alvarez, “Trump’s Ambassador to Israel Is Truly Terrifying,” Washington Monthly, March 23, 2017, https://washingtonmonthly.com/2017/03/23/trumps-ambassador-to-israel-is-truly-terrifying; Associated Press, “Probe Finds Trump Officials Repeatedly Violated Hatch Act,” U.S. News and World Report, November 10, 2021, www.usnews.com/news/politics/articles/2021-11-10/probe-finds-trump-officials-repeatedly-violated-hatch-act.
34. David D. Kirkpatrick and Kate Kelly, “Trump Threw Saudi Arabia a Lifeline After Khashoggi’s Death. Two Years Later, He Has Gotten Little in Return,” Washington Post, October 2, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/trump-threw-saudi-arabia-a-lifeline-after-khashoggis-death-two-years-later-he-has-gotten-little-in-return/2020/10/02/699af7f6-04d5-11eb-8879-7663b816bfa5_story.html; Dion Nissenbaum and Rory Jones, “Jared Kushner’s New Plans to Invest Saudi Money in Israel,” Wall Street Journal, May 7, 2022, www.wsj.com/articles/jared-kushners-new-fund-plans-to-invest-saudi-money-in-israel-11651927236?mod=djemalertNEWS; David D. Kirkpatrick and Kate Kelly, “Before Giving Billions to Jared Kushner, Saudi Investment Fund Had Big Doubts,” New York Times, April 10, 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/04/10/us/jared-kushner-saudi-investment-fund.html; Bob Woodward, Rage (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2021), 227; Ronen Bergman and Mark Mazetti, “Israeli Companies Aided Saudi Spying Despite Khashoggi Killing,” New York Times, July 17, 2021, A1, www.nytimes.com/2021/07/17/world/middleeast/israel-saudi-khashoggi-hacking-nso.html.
35. Amnon Cavari, “Trump and Israel: Exploiting a Partisan Divide for Political Gains,” Israeli Studies 27, no. 1 (Spring 2022): 156–181.
36. Amir Tibon, “Three Years Late, Israelis Finally Hear the Truth About Trump,” Haaretz, November 27, 2021, www.haaretz.com/us-news/2021-11-27/ty-article/.highlight/netanyahu-mossad-years-late-israel-hear-truth-trump-iran/0000017f-da72-d42c-afff-dff265140000; Emanuel Fabian, “Military Intelligence, Backs Iran Deal, Breaking with IDF, Mossad,” Times of Israel, June 22, 2022, https://www.timesofisrael.com/military-intelligence-backs-revived-iran-deal-breaking-with-idf-chief-mossad/; Peter Beinart, “AIPAC Refuses to Learn from Its Mistakes,” Jewish Currents, January 32, 2022, https://jewishcurrents.org/aipac-refuses-to-learn-from-its-mistakes-on-iran; Ben Samuels, “Netanyahu Urged Trump to Strike Iran, Ex-defense Chief Suggests in Censored Book,” Haaretz, May 10, 2022, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-netanyahu-urged-trump-to-strike-iran-ex-defense-chief-suggests-in-censored-book-1.10789522.
37. Lazar Berman, “From Iron Dome to Supply Chains, US Christian Group Quietly Shaping US-Israel Ties,” Times of Israel, January 7, 2002, www.timesofisrael.com/from-iron-dome-to-supply-chains-us-christian-group-quietly-shaping-us-israel-ties; Jewish Electorate Institute National Survey, March 28-April 3, 2022, www.jewishelectorateinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Jewish-Electorate-Institute-National-Jewish-Survey-Topline-Results-040322.pdf.
38. Ron Kampeas, “Donald Trump: I Could Run for Prime Minister of Israel,” The Forward, November 1, 2021, https://forward.com/fast-forward/477523/donald-trump-i-could-run-for-prime-minister-of-israel; Matthew Haag, “Robert Jeffress, Pastor Who Said Jews Are Going to Hell, Led Prayer at Jerusalem Embassy,” New York Times, May 14, 2018, www.nytimes.com/2018/05/14/world/middleeast/robert-jeffress-embassy-jerusalem-us.html.
39. Sam Brodey and Hanna Trudo, “Biden and Sanders Teams Stand Off over Israeli ‘Occupation,’” Daily Beast, July 21, 2020, www.thedailybeast.com/biden-and-sanders-teams-stand-off-over-israeli-occupation; Eric Alterman, “In New York, Zionism and Liberalism Faced Off—and Liberalism Won,” The Nation, July 1, 2020, www.thenation.com/article/politics/eliot-engel-israel.
40. Jackson Diehl, “Netanyahu’s Reaction to Biden’s Victory Is Appalling,” Washington Post, December 6, 2020, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/netanyahus-reaction-to-bidens-victory-is-appalling/2020/12/06/c920146e-357b-11eb-b59c-adb7153d10c2_story.html; Amira Hass, “Why Is the Israeli Military Exercising in These Palestinian Villages for the First Time in 7 Years?,” Haaretz, February 3, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-why-is-the-idf-exercising-in-these-palestinian-villages-for-first-time-since-2013-1.9509405.
41. Mark Rod, “Biden’s U.N. Ambassador Nominee Pledges to Support Israel at the U.N,” Jewish Insider, January 27, 2021, https://jewishinsider.com/2021/01/linda-thomas-greenfield-confirmation.
Conclusion: Not “Over”
1. Danielle Ziri, “Over Three-Quarters of U.S. Jews Voted for Biden in Election, Poll Finds,” Haaretz, November 4, 2021, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-over-three-quarters-of-u-s-jews-voted-for-biden-in-election-poll-finds-1.9288692; Lydia Saad, “Americans Still Favor Israel While Warming to Palestinians,” Gallup, March 19, 2021, https://news.gallup.com/poll/340331/americans-favor-israel-warming-palestinians.aspx; Michael Oren, “The Death of the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” Tablet, January 12, 2021, www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/death-of-arab-israeli-conflict; Hussein Agha and Ahmad Samih Khalidi, “A Palestinian Reckoning: Time for a New Beginning,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2021, www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/middle-east/2021-02-16/palestinian-reckoning.
2. Jonathan Lis, “‘No Diplomatic Process with the Palestinians,’ Source Close to Bennett Says After Gantz Meets Abbas,” Haaretz, August 30, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-gantz-meets-with-abbas-in-ramallah-to-discuss-security-economy-1.10163773.
3. Patrick Kinglsey, “After Years of Quiet, Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Exploded. Why Now?,” New York Times, May 16, 2021, A1.
4. “Palestinian Rockets in May Killed Civilians in Israel, Gaza,” Human Rights Watch, August 12, 2021, www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/12/palestinian-rockets-may-killed-civilians-israel-gaza.
5. Steve Hendrix, Shira Rubin, and Sufian Taha, “Highway of Hope and Heartbreak,” Washington Post, November 22, 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2021/israel-palestinians-two-state-solution; Mona El-Naggar, Adam Rasgon, and Mona Boshnaq, “They Were Only Children,” New York Times, May 26, 2021, A1, www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/05/26/world/middleeast/gaza-israel-children.html; David M. Halbfinger and Adam Rasgon, “Life Under Occupation: The Misery at the Heart of the Conflict,” New York Times, May 22, 2021, A1, www.nytimes.com/2021/05/22/world/middleeast/israel-gaza-conflict.html.
6. Abraham Foxman (@FoxmanAbraham), Twitter, May 28, 2021, https://twitter.com/FoxmanAbraham/status/1398316595722735628; Aaron Bandler, “Former ADL Head Says He’s Canceling NYT Subscription over Front Page ‘Blood Libel,’” Jewish Journal, May 28, 2021, https://jewishjournal.com/news/337152/former-adl-head-says-hes-canceling-nyt-subscription-over-front-page-blood-libel.
7. Hagar Shazif, “Charges Are Pressed Only in 4% of Settler Violence Cases,” Haaretz, February 7, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-charges-are-pressed-in-just-4-of-settler-violence-cases-1.10595783; Patrick Kingsley, “As Violence Rises in the West Bank, Settler Attacks Raise Alarm,” New York Times, February 12, 2022, A4; Oren Ziv, “‘Same agenda, just more subtle’: Bennett-Lapid government’s first year in numbers,” 972.org, June 19, 2022, https://www.972mag.com/bennett-lapid-first-year-numbers/.
8. Laura Kelly, “State: US ‘Strongly Opposes’ Israeli Settlement Expansion,” The Hill, October 26, 2021, https://thehill.com/policy/international/578564-state-us-strongly-opposes-israeli-settlement-expansion; Ronan Farrow, “How Democracies Spy on Their Citizens,” New Yorker, April 18, 2022, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/04/25/how-democracies-spy-on-their-citizens; Barak Ravid, “Israel to Approve 4,000 Housing Units for Jewish Settlers in Occupied West Bank,” Axios, May 6, 2022, www.axios.com/2022/05/06/israel-settlements-approval-west-bank-biden-visit.
9. Isaac Scher, “CIA unable to corroborate Israel’s `terror’ label for Palestinian rights groups,” The Guardian, August 22, 2022, www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/22/cia-report-israel-palestinian-rights-groups; “Joint Statement: Over 150 Organizations Demand International Community Stand Against Raids and Closures of 7 Palestinian Organizations,” Human Rights Watch, August 22, 2022, www.hrw.org/news/2022/08/22/joint-statement-over-150-organizations-demand-international-community-stand-against; “Pro-Israel Organizations Urge Secretary Blinken to Address Israel’s Persecution of Palestinian Civil Society Organizations,” Progressive Israel Network, August 24, 2022, www.progressiveisraelnetwork.org/us-jewish-organizations-letter-urging-secretary-blinken-to-address-israels-persecution-of-palestinian-civil-society/Daniel Sokatch, Israel is criminalizing Palestinian human rights defenders. American Jews must push the US to intervene,” The Forward, August 25, 2022, forward.com/opinion/515623/israel-criminalizing-palestinian-human-rights-defenders-american-jews-us-intervene/; Ron Kampeas, “Biden administration: Israel has yet to justify shuttering of Palestinian human rights groups,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 18, 2022, www.jta.org/2022/08/18/united-states/biden-administration-israel-has-yet-to-justify-shuttering-of-palestinian-human-rights-groups.
10. Judah Ari Gross, “US Jewish Leaders Warn of Growing Antisemitism, Say They Helped Fight Amnesty Report,” Times of Israel, February 16, 2022, www.timesofisrael.com/us-jewish-leaders-warn-of-growing-antisemitism-say-they-helped-fight-amnesty-report; Nadav Tamir, “Israel’s Relations with Diaspora Jewry: Can the Rift Be Healed? A Practical Start,” Jerusalem Strategic Tribune, November 2021, https://jstribune.com/nadav-tamir-israel-relations-with-diaspora-jewry.
11. Yonat Shimron, “US Jews Furiously Raise Money, Send Delegations to Help Ukraine,” Religion News Service, March 12, 2022, https://religionnews.com/2022/03/12/us-jews-furiously-raise-money-send-delegations-to-help-ukraine; Bernard Avishai, “Israel and the Triangular Crisis of Ukraine, Iran, and Palestine,” New Yorker, April 1, 2022, www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/israel-and-the-triangular-crisis-of-ukraine-iran-and-palestine; Jason Stanley, “The Antisemitism Animating Putin’s Claim to ‘Denazify’ Ukraine,” The Guardian, February 27, 2022, www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/25/vladimir-putin-ukraine-attack-antisemitism-denazify.
12. Judah Ari Gross, “US Jewish Leaders Warn”; Ron Kampeas, “Israel Link Keeps Leftist Jewish Groups from Planned DC Antisemitism Rally,” Times of Israel, July 9, 2021, www.timesofisrael.com/israel-link-keeps-leftist-jewish-groups-from-planned-dc-antisemitism-rally.
13. Ben Samuels, “Democrat With Unprecedented AIPAC Backing Slated to Win Maryland Primary,” Haaretz, July 20, 2022, www.haaretz.com/us-news/2022-07-20/ty-article/.highlight/aipac-backed-democrat-slated-to-win-maryland-primary-buoyed-by-pro-israel-group/00000182-1b5a-df36-adaa-7bdf95ad0000; Chris McGreal, “Pro-Israel group pours millions into primary to defeat Jewish candidate,” The Guardian, July 29, 2022, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/jul/29/pro-israel-lobby-aipac-andy-levin-democratic-races.
14. Ben Samuels, “Pro-Israel Candidates Win Key Primaries in New York, Florida,” Haaretz, August 24, 2022, www.haaretz.com/us-news/2022-08-24/ty-article/.highlight/pro-israel-candidates-win-key-primaries-in-new-york-florida/00000182-cd91-db88-a7c7-cfb587f70000; AIPAC (@AIPAC), “George Soros has a long history…,” Twitter, August 24, 2022, twitter.com/AIPAC/status/1562496370241851396?s=20&t=i-LhTt__0MgTWugSy4tmig; J Street (@jstreetdotorg), “The ADL called attacks, fear-mongering and hate-mongering about George Soros ‘a gateway to antisemitism,’” Twitter, August 24, 2022, twitter.com/jstreetdotorg/status/1562538310400360449?s=20&t=i-LhTt__0MgTWugSy4tmig; Matthew Kassel, “Yuh-Line Niou adds Israel policy to website, mulls possible third-party run,” Jewish Insider, August 30, 2022, jewishinsider.com/2022/08/yuh-line-niou-israel-bds-mondaire-jones-working-families-party/.
15. Alan Salomont and Nancy Buck, “AIPAC Is on the Wrong Side of Democracy,” Boston Globe, April 18, 2022, www.bostonglobe.com/2022/04/14/opinion/aipac-is-wrong-side-democracy/?event=event12; Ben Samuels, “After Haaretz Report, AIPAC Changes Course and Endorses Rep. Liz Cheney,” Haaretz, April 30, 2022, www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT-after-haaretz-report-aipac-changes-course-and-endorses-rep-liz-cheney-1.10771644.
16. Dave Weigel, “The Trailer: Your hour-by-hour guide on what to watch in four states tonight,” The Washington Post, August 9, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2022/08/09/trailer-your-hour-by-hour-guide-what-watch-four-states-tonight/; “2022 National Survey of Jewish Voters,” Jewish Electorate Institute, April 13, 2022, www.jewishelectorateinstitute.org/2022-national-survey-of-jewish-voters; Rabbi Laura Geller and Rabbi John L. Rosove, “Letter to the Editor: On AIPAC and its pro-Israel mission,” Jewish Journal, August 23, 2022, jewishjournal.com/letters_to_the_editor/350970/on-aipac-and-its-pro-israel-mission/.
17. John Wagner, “Trump Says Jewish Americans ‘Don’t Like Israel or Don’t Care About Israel,” Washington Post, December 17, 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-jews-israel/2021/12/17/12f68c2c-5f50-11ec-ae5b-5002292337c7_story.html; “2022 National Jewish Survey”; “Jewish Americans in 2020,” Pew Research Center, May 11, 2021, www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/jewish-americans-in-2020; “100+ Jewish Leaders and Elected Officials Defend JFREJ Against ADL Attacks,” Jews for Racial & Economic Justice, August 8, 2022, www.jfrej.org/news/2022/08/75-jewish-leaders-elected-officials-voice-defend-jfrej-from-adl.
18. Ben Samuels, “These Young Jewish Staffers Are Bringing Their Disillusionment with Israel to Capitol Hill,” Haaretz, May 26, 2021, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-these-young-jewish-staffers-bring-their-disillusionment-with-israel-to-capitol-hill-1.9847059; “Dear President Biden,” Medium, posted by Matan Arad-Neeman, May 23, 2021, https://matan-aradneeman.medium.com/dear-president-biden-b19600918a67.
19. Noam Gil, “Why Are American-Jewish Authors Obsessed With the ‘Ugly Israeli’?” Haaretz, August 18, 2022, www.haaretz.com/us-news/2022-08-18/ty-article-magazine/.highlight/why-so-many-american-jewish-authors-mock-israelis-in-their-novels/00000182-b0de-d5c6-a59f-b8df64e80000.
20. Marc Tracy, “Inside the Unraveling of American Zionism,” New York Times Magazine, November 2, 2021, www.nytimes.com/2021/11/02/magazine/israel-american-jews.html; Chelsea Mandell, Emily Holtzman, Frankie Sandmel, Hannah Bender, Jenna Shaw, and Josh Nelson, “‘Gates of Tears’: Rabbinical and Cantorial Students Stand for Solidarity with Palestinians,” The Forward, May 13, 2021, https://forward.com/scribe/469583/gates-of-tears-rabbinical-and-cantorial-students-stand-for-solidarity-with.
21. Carry Keller-Lynn, “Jewish Israeli voters have moved significantly rightward in recent years, data shows,” Times of Israel, August 29, 2022, www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-jewish-voters-moved-significantly-rightward-in-recent-years-data-shows/; “8. U.S. Jews’ Political Views,” Pew Research Center, May 11, 2020, www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/05/11/u-s-jews-political-views/; “Israel’s Religiously Divided Society,” Pew Research Center, March 8, 2016, https://www.pewforum.org/2016/03/08/israels-religiously-divided-society/.
22. Gil Troy, “We Need to Focus on the Jews That Love Israel, Not Those Who Are Anti,” Jerusalem Post, November 9, 2021, www.jpost.com/opinion/we-need-to-focus-on-the-jews-that-love-israel-not-those-who-are-anti-opinion-684524; Natan Sharansky and Gil Troy, “The Un-Jews,” Tablet, June 16, 2021, www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/the-un-jews-natan-sharansky; Michael A. Meyer, foreword to Yosef Gorny, The State of Israel in Jewish Public Thought (New York: New York University Press, 1994), x; William Davidson Talmud, Ketubot 111a, Sefaria, www.sefaria.org/Ketubot.111a.6?ven=William_Davidson_Edition_-_English&vhe=William_Davidson_Edition_-_Vocalized_Aramaic&lang=bi.
23. Martin Siegel, “Diary of a Suburban Rabbi,” ed. Mel Ziegler, New York, January 18, 1971, 27.
24. Mark Chmiel, “The Witness of Elie Wiesel,” Tikkun, December 1, 2002, https://read.dukeupress.edu/tikkun/article-abstract/17/6/61/83012/Elie-Wiesel-and-the-Question-of-Palestine?redirectedFrom=PDF.
25. Jean-Paul Sartre, Anti-Semite and Jew (New York: Schocken, 1948), 9; “Jewish Americans in 2020”; Tracy, “Inside the Unraveling.”
26. Gross, “US Jewish Leaders Warn”; Ron Kampeas, “Jewish Federations Umbrella Group Removes Gun Control and LGBTQ Advocacy from Policy Priority List,” JTA, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, February 27, 2022, www.jta.org/2022/02/17/politics/jewish-federations-umbrella-group-removes-gun-control-and-lgbtq-advocacy-from-policy-priority-list; “Remarks by Jonathan Greenblatt to the ADL Virtual National Leadership Summit,” Anti-Defamation League, May 1, 2022, www.adl.org/news/remarks-by-jonathan-greenblatt-to-the-adl-virtual-national-leadership-summit.
27. “Birthright Celebrates $70 Million in Donations from the Adelsons This Year,” Times of Israel, June 18, 2018, www.timesofisrael.com/birthright-celebrates-70-million-in-donations-from-the-adelsons-this-year; author’s phone interview with Birthright director of communications Deborah Camiel, 2010; Hadas Binyamin, “Philanthropy and the ‘Jewish Continuity Crisis,’” Public Books, April 6, 2021, www.publicbooks.org/philanthropy-and-the-jewish-continuity-crisis.
28. Natalie Shure, “Israel’s Never-Ending War Against Palestinian Health,” New Republic, May 24, 2021, https://newrepublic.com/article/162495/israel-war-palestinian-health-care-gaza; Erika Allen, “Dean Baquet on Israel Coverage, Innovation and the Web,” New York Times, September 10, 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/09/10/insider/events/dean-baquet-on-israel-coverage-innovation-and-the-web.html.
29. Hannah Rosen, “Oedipus and Podhoretz,” New York, January 5, 1998, https://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/1968; For Podhoretz’s remuneration package, see “Commentary Inc.,” Nonprofit Explorer, ProPublica, https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/133610041. Tablet’s notorious attack on Holocaust survivors, since disappeared from the Internet, is discussed in Jeffrey Goldberg, “Tablet Magazine’s Ghastly Attack on Holocaust Survivors,” Atlantic, July 19, 2012, www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/07/tablet-magazines-ghastly-attack-on-holocaust-survivors/259974.
30. Rafaella Goichman, “This Anti-BDS Initiative Failed. So Israel Throws Another $30 Million at It,” Haaretz, January 30, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-this-anti-bds-initiative-failed-so-israel-throws-another-100-million-nis-at-it-1.10565661; Aiden Pink, “US Pro-Israel Groups Failed to Disclose Grants from Israeli Government,” The Forward, August 30, 2020, https://forward.com/news/israel/453286/us-pro-israel-groups-failed-to-disclose-grants-from-israeli-government. For more on SAPIR’s funding, see Eric Alterman, “Altercation: The Dark Money Funding a Times Columnist’s Magazine,” American Prospect, March 18, 2022, https://prospect.org/politics/altercation-dark-money-funding-times-columnists-magazine, and “Altercation: CBS News Hires a Prevaricating Trumpoid,” American Prospect, April 1, 2022, https://prospect.org/politics/altercation-cbs-news-hires-prevaricating-trumpoid.
31. Sean Sullivan and Anne Gearan, “Biden Is Increasingly at Odds with Other Democrats over Israel,” Washington Post, May 19, 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-democrats-israel-palestinians/2021/05/18/0d78da76-b7ed-11eb-a5fe-bb49dc89a248_story.html Jacob Kornbluh, “‘There are a few of them’: Biden on Democrats critical of Israel,” The Forward, July 13, 2022, forward.com/fast-forward/510325/there-are-a-few-of-them-biden-on-democrats-critical-of-israel/.
32. Eric Alterman, Who Speaks for America? Why Democracy Matters in Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998); “Jews now a 47% minority in Israel and the territories, demographer says,” Times of Israel, August 31, 2022, www.timesofisrael.com/jews-now-a-minority-in-israel-and-the-territories-demographer-says/
33. Gershom Gorenberg, “Israel Just Showed Its Strategy on Settlement Boycotts: Gaslighting,” Washington Post, December 15, 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/12/14/israel-horizon-europe-deal-settlement-boycotts-gaslighting; “AJC’s Surveys of American and Israeli Jewish Millennials: A Comparison,” American Jewish Committee, www.ajc.org/Jewish-Millennial-Survey-2022.
34. Amos Harel, “‘We Arrested Countless Palestinians for No Reason,’ Says Ex-Top Shin Bet Officer,” Haaretz, February 17, 2022, www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-we-arrested-countless-palestinians-for-no-reason-says-ex-top-shin-bet-officer-1.10618087.
35. Donna Cassata, “Democratic Tensions over Israel Erupt Again as House Backs Funds for Iron Dome System,” Washington Post, September 23, 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/israel-iron-dome-democrats-house/2021/09/23/5f2fa47e-1cb2-11ec-8380-5fbadbc43ef8_story.html; “American Jewish Committee Announces Appointment of Congressman Ted Deutch as Next Chief Executive Officer,” American Jewish Committee, Global Voice, February 28, 2022, www.ajc.org/news/american-jewish-committee-announces-appointment-of-congressman-ted-deutch-as-next-chief.
36. “A Threshold Crossed: Israeli Authorities and the Crimes of Apartheid and Persecution,” Human Rights Watch, April 27, 2021, www.hrw.org/report/2021/04/27/threshold-crossed/israeli-authorities-and-crimes-apartheid-and-persecution; “A Regime of Jewish Supremacy from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea: This Is Apartheid,” B’Tselem, January 12, 2021, www.btselem.org/publications/fulltext/202101_this_is_apartheid; Michael Sfard, “Executive Summary: The Occupation of the West Bank and the Crime of Apartheid. Legal Opinion,” Yesh Din, June 2020, https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/files.yesh-din.org/Apartheid+2020/Apartheid++Summary+ENG.pdf; Marc Lynch and Shibley Telhami, “Academic Experts Believe That Middle East Politics Are Actually Getting Worse,” Washington Post, September 17, 2021, www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/09/17/academic-experts-believe-that-middle-east-politics-are-actually-getting-worse; “July 2021 National Survey of Jewish Voters,” Jewish Electorate Institute, July 13, 2021, www.jewishelectorateinstitute.org/july-2021-national-survey-of-jewish-voters.
37. “Crime of Apartheid: The Government of Israel’s System of Oppression Against Palestinians,” Amnesty International, February 1, 2022, www.amnestyusa.org/endapartheid, 14; Bill Chappell, “Netanyahu Says Israel Is ‘Nation-State of the Jewish People and Them Alone,’” NPR, March 11, 2019, www.npr.org/2019/03/11/702264118/netanyahu-says-israel-is-nation-state-of-the-jewish-people-and-them-alone.
38. “2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices,” US Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, April 12, 2022, www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices; Eric Alterman, “The Times Goes AWOL on Amnesty and ‘Apartheid,’” American Prospect, February 11, 2022, https://prospect.org/politics/altercation-times-goes-awol-on-amnesty-and-apartheid.
39. Gross, “US Jewish Leaders Warn”; Reuters and Ben Samuels, “U.S. State Department Rejects Amnesty’s Apartheid Claim Against Israel,” Haaretz, February 1, 2022, www.haaretz.com/us-news/u-s-state-department-rejects-amnesty-s-apartheid-claims-against-israel-1.10583830; Barak Ravid, “Israel Says It Won’t Cooperate with UN Human Rights Probe,” Axios, February 18, 2022, www.axios.com/israel-un-human-rights-investigation-gaza-violence-d254cc25-55d7-4151-bcb6-b8d98091c386.html; Letter to Antony Blinken, United States Senate, March 28, 2022, www.portman.senate.gov/sites/default/files/2022-03/2022-03-28%20Letter%20to%20Sec%20Blinken%20on%20UNHRC%20Commission%20of%20Inquiry%20on%20Israel.pdf.
40. “14 Israel Rights Groups Jump to Amnesty’s Defence Following Apartheid Report,” Middle East Monitor, February 4, 2022, www.middleeastmonitor.com/20220204-14-israel-rights-groups-jump-to-amnestys-defence-following-apartheid-report.
41. Caroline Morganti, “Israeli Leaders Talk About Israel and Apartheid. So Why Can’t We?,” Haaretz, May 18, 2008, www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israelis-talk-about-apartheid-why-can-t-we-1.5414290; Alterman, “Times Goes AWOL”; “Israel’s High Court of Justice, the Occupation’s Rubber Stamp,” Haaretz, May 8, 2022, www.haaretz.com/opinion/editorial/israel-s-high-court-of-justice-the-occupation-s-rubber-stamp-1.10784957; Emir Nader (@EmirNader), Twitter, May 13, 2022, https://twitter.com/EmirNader/status/1525071210589077504; Ellen Francis, “Al Jazeera to Refer Killing of American Journalist to War Crimes Court,” Washington Post, May 27, 2022, www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/05/27/aljazeera-journalist-killing-israel-shireen-abu-akleh-icc; Agence France-Presse, “US Lawmakers Seek FBI Probe into Palestinian Journalist’s Death,” France 24, May 20, 2022, www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220520-us-lawmakers-seek-fbi-probe-into-palestinian-journalist-s-death.
42. Omar Barghouti and Stefanie Fox, “Is This Israel’s South Africa Moment?,” The Nation, February 7, 2022, www.thenation.com/article/world/israel-apartheid-amnesty-report; tally of Wall Street Journal articles per Google search using search terms “Israel” and “apartheid” with “Wall Street Journal” undertaken on February 12, 2022.
43. Mari Cohen and Alex Kane, “Why Liberal Zionist Groups Won’t Say ‘Apartheid,’” Jewish Currents, February 10, 2022, https://jewishcurrents.org/why-liberal-zionist-groups-wont-say-apartheid.
44. Patrick Kingsley, “U.N. Investigator Accuses Israel of Apartheid, Citing Permanence of Occupation,” New York Times, March 23, 2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/03/23/world/middleeast/israel-apatheid-un.html; Alterman, “Times Goes AWOL”; Eric Alterman, “Altercation: Right Answers Celebrated; Speaking Truths Not So Much,” American Prospect, February 18, 2022, https://prospect.org/politics/altercation-right-answers-celebrated-speaking-truths-not-so-much.
45. Joan Didion, “Fixed Opinions, or The Hinge of History,” New York Review of Books, January 16, 2003, www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/01/16/fixed-opinions-or-the-hinge-of-history.
46. Didion, “Fixed Opinions.”