The page numbers below refer to the print edition of this book.
Aboriginal people. See First
Nations people
Abyssinia, 217, 226
Adra tunnel. See KVR
affascina. See curses and cures
Afterwork club. See fasci
agents, 122, 125, 129; CPR
(see Cordasco, Antonio);
employment, 89, 111, 129, 130, 131, 132; steamship, 129, 130, 133.
See also De Vita, Stephen; Dini, Alberto; Salvation Army
Aiello family, 262, 266, 276, 278
Aiello, Maria. See Giuliano family
Aiello, Pietro: early life of, 261;
emigration of, 266, 276; marriage of, 251–53, 267
Alaska, 84, 143
Alcan. See Kitimat, B.C.
alcohol, 24–25, 46–47, 105, 106, 108; and Italians, 66–67, 100–101, 106. See also bootleggers; grappa; KVR
Alien Labour Act (1897), 110
aliens. See immigrants, non-preferred
Alkali Lake, B.C., 21, 22, 23, 31, 33
Alpini. See Italian, soldiers
Altomare, Fatty Joe, 231
Amanti family, 114, 119. See also Marasco, Maria
Amatrice, Lazio, 245
americani. See sojourners
American immigrants.
See immigrants, American
American immigration policy, 85
Anderson, Ines.
See De Anna family
Angelo, Joe, 166, 168, 171
Aniballi family, 245
Anyox, B.C., 190–91
Arandora Star, 245
Arduini family, 318
Arman family, 164, 200.
See also Corsini, Lydia Arman
Armanasco family, 163–64
Assisted Passage Loan Scheme, 267, 282. See also Canadian immigration policy
Astori, Louis, 164
Astrico, Andrea. See hotels, Pacific Telegraph
Austrians, 38, 104, 170, 273; as enemies of Italy, 4, 58, 188–95.
See also labour, foreign
Babuin, Teresa, 152
Bafaro family, 132–33, 148–49, 214–15, 265, 293
bakers, 100, 116, 136, 141, 227, 231, 244. See also Altomare, Fatty Joe;
Pasqualini family; Venice Bakery
Balatti, Victor, 76
Balkan Village. See Powell River, B.C.
bankers, 65, 128, 129, 179, 206
Barkerville, B.C., 13, 18, 21–28, 36, 43–44
Basilicata, region of, 93, 96, 226, 273
Basso, Agatha, 137.
See also DiMarchi family
Basso, Ernesto (pseud.), 255
Battistella, Zita, 104
Battistoni family, 121, 141–42, 221.
See also Venice Bakery
B.C. Federation of Labour, 174–75, 178, 193
Begbie, Sir Matthew Baillie, 35, 39
Belgians. See labour, foreign
Belgium Town. See Northfield
bella figura, 141–42
bells, 65, 81–83, 252.
See also Bevilacqua, Rosa
Benedetti family, 140–41, 144–45, 146, 199, 200
Bennett, Prime Minister R.B., 210, 213
Berarducci, Caterina, 265
Bersaglieri, 186. See also Italian, soldiers
Bertucci, Nicola, 306
Bevilacqua, Rosa, 77, 81–82
Big Strike 1912–1914; during Big Strike, 165–171, 192; militia during, 169; riots during, 167–68. See also Italian strikebreakers, during Big Strike
Black Hand, 7, 97–98, 102, 116–19, 137, 280. See also Fernie, and the Black Hand
black miners, 98–99
blackshirts, 202–3, 238.
See also Mussolini
Blair, Deputy Secretary F.C., 204
Blaylock, Selwyn, 238, 240
boarding houses, 66, 103–4, 105, 106–7, 139–40, 141, 142, 144, 172, 250. See also Italian Boarding
House; hotels, Klondike; hotels, Kootenay; hotels, Roma
bocce, 99–100, 163, 218
Boitano, Augustin, 21–22, 32–33
Bolshevik Menace, 201
Bolshevik Revolution, 195, 224, 267
Bonanati, Lucia. See Quagliotti family
Bonaparte, Napoleon. See Napoleon I
bootleggers, 96, 100, 101, 102, 112, 118, 120, 122, 144, 200, 221, 222, 295
Bosa, Augusto, 154, 286, 291
Bossi, Carlo, 35, 37–38, 42, 43, 88
Bossi, Giacomo, 37, 38
Bossi, Petronilla.
See Medana, Petronilla
Bowe, Herman Otto, 21–22
Branca, Angelo, 198, 200, 218, 233, 237, 238, 243, 247–48, 294.
See also Canadian Italian War
Vigilance Association
Branca, Filippo, 147
Brancucci, Giuseppe, 228, 233–34, 236–39
Bressanutti family, 121, 213
Bressanutti, Reno, 153–54
briganti. See organized crime
British Colonial Office, 19;
secretaries of state, 19, 75
British Columbia, 18–21, 32; trails and roads of, 19, 21, 22, 27, 78, 82, 84.
See also Douglas Route; HBC, fur brigade trail
British Columbia Pioneer Society, 35, 43
British immigrants, 85, 89, 90, 99, 110, 112, 139, 209
Bryden, John, 5, 57
bubonic plague, 94
bulk labour program.
See Canadian immigration policy, post–World War II
bunchgrass, 22, 23
Buonavita, Rodolfo, 53
Burrard Inlet, 33, 75
Busato, Gino, 122
Bute Inlet, 32–33
Calabria, region of, 44, 93, 94, 96, 252; emigration from, 92–93, 94–95, 96, 102, 136, 148, 172, 263, 276
Calgaro, Max, 161–62
California, 16–17, 18, 28, 38, 135.
See also gold rushes, California
Calistro, Franco, 106–7
Calori, Angelo, 142–44, 147, 218, 227, 242
Camorra. See organized crime
Campagnaro, Giovanni (Johnny), 262, 281–84
campanile, 63, 64–65
campanilismo, 65
camps. See internment;
railways, camps
Canada Hotel murder.
See Ceddio, Francesco
Canadian armed forces, 180, 250; in Italy, 253
Canadian Collieries. See Mackenzie and Mann and Company Ltd.
Canadian embassy in Rome, 268
Canadian government and Mussolini, 220, 225, 238, 247
Canadian immigration policy: in the 1880s, 85, 89; in the 1890s, 110; in the 1900s, 126, 130, 174; in the late 1920s, 204, 205–6, 210, 216; post–World War I, 203; post–World War II, 264,
266, 265, 267, 293, 295
Canadian Italian War Vigilance Association, 238
Canadian National Railway. See CNR
Canadian Northern Railway. See CNoR
Canadian Pacific Railway. See CPR
Canessa family, 75–76, 86
Caporetto, Battle of, 4, 186, 188, 190
Capozzi family, 295
Cariboo, 21, 25, 32, 36, 38, 76
Cariboo Trail, 21, 22, 23
Cariboo Wagon Road, 21, 23–24, 27, 32, 82
Caroselle, Louis, 117
Casarsa della Delizia, Friuli–Venezia
Giulia, 64, 259, 287
Casorso family, 77–80, 82, 83, 86
Castagnetto, F., 44
Castelgrande, Compagna, 147
Castellarin family, 87, 177–180, 192, 196–97, 287
Catalano, Maria Filomena, 186
Cataline, 30
Catelli Maccheroni, 227
Cavallero, John, 70–71, 102
Cayoosh Flat. See Lillooet, B.C.
CCF, 54, 220, 222–25, 229
CCF Purge, 222, 224
Ceddio, Francesco, 106–8, 109
Celona, Joe, 222
cemeteries: in B.C., 33, 35, 43, 101, 119, 195; in Italy, 44, 162, 163.
See also Ross Bay cemetery
charcoal making, 176, 275, 276, 296
chestnuts, 9, 146, 157, 176
Chiara, Francesco, 21–22, 31–33
Chiavari, province of, 12, 13, 17
Chinese, 23, 37, 99, 101, 172, 200; coal miners, 68, 69, 73, 98, 99, 115, 163, 166; gold miners, 23, 36, 68; railway builders, 81; scapegoats, 69, 99, 115.
See also Italians, and the Chinese
cholera, 94, 138, 252
Christian Democrats, 264, 268
“Christmas Battle,” 253
churches, 65, 112, 230.
See also Sacred Heart Church;
Saint Anthony of Padua
Circolo Giovanile, 229
Circolo Giulio Giordani, 218, 235, 244
Cividina family, 258, 281, 284
CNR, 158, 199; construction of, 204, 209, 283
CNoR, 132, 159, 166, 173, 174, 181
coal, 17, 50, 51, 77, 109, 112, 231
Coal Creek mines, 112, 113, 116, 119, 232.
See also explosions
coal miners, 3, 66, 111, 115–116, 142, 164, 193, 196, 232, 295. See also black miners; Chinese, coal miners;
Italian, coal miners
coal mines, 46, 55, 68, 111, 142;
explosions in (see explosions).
See also Coal Creek mines; Michel, B.C.; Morissey mines; Number One
(Esplanade); Wellington mine
Coal Mines Regulations Act, 115
Coccola, Father Nicholas, 89, 90–91, 136, 242, 280
coke ovens, 112, 232
Colander restaurant, 120
Colbertaldo, Pietro, 226–28
Colombo, Cristoforo, 14
Columbus Day, 236
Comazetto family, 138–39. See also
DiMarchi, Cesira; Noca Dairy
Cominco, 211; as an employer, 193, 194, 211, 212. See also Trail smelter
commissions: Royal, 110–11, 131, 164, 167; special, 115
Communist Party of Canada. See CPC
Communists, 203, 216, 219, 220, 229, 257, 264, 267, 293
company stores, 113, 130, 153–54
Connaught tunnel, 132
Consola, Rosa, 113
Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company. See Cominco
Constantini family, 208
construction workers. See Italian, construction workers
consuls, 8, 53, 194, 219–20, 226–29, 233, 234, 236, 239, 272. See also
Brancucci, Giuseppe; Buonavita, Rodolfo; Colbertaldo, Pietro;
Mussolini, and expatriate Italians
Conti, Maria Bono, 99
Cooperative Commonwealth
Federation. See CCF
Coppola, Giovanni, 302
cooking. See women, and cooking
copper. See mining, hard rock
Cordasco, Antonio, 130–31, 130–32, 158
Corea family, 135–36
Cormons family, 2, 65, 170, 192
Corsini, Lydia Arman, 200
Corso, Bartolomeo, 71
Corto, Angelo, 70
Cossarin, Elio, 259
cotecchini. See pork, processing of
CPC, 220, 229
CPR, 116, 135, 136, 137, 138, 143, 193, 242;
camps, 90, 91, 110, 111; chooses
mainline route, 33, 76; construction of, 68, 84–85, 87, 88–91, 142, 181, 204;
maintenance of, 87, 148; recruits
labour, 89, 111, 112, 113, 130, 131, 132, 159, 209; prefers Italians, 136 (see also Crowsnest Pass Railway)
Cranberry. See Powell River, B.C.
crime, 102, 120, 122, 146, 200, 225, 296;
Italian propensity for, 54, 108–9, 127, 146, 201. See also Black Hand;
bootleggers; Celona, Joe; gambling;
organized crime; prostitution
Crisafio, Cosmo, 113
Crispi’s law. See Italian emigration, in the 1880s
Crossetti, Giuseppe, 320 p147
Crowsnest Pass, 109, 116, 122, 202, 230
Crow’s Nest Pass Coal Company, 111, 112, 113, 160, 232
Crowsnest Pass Railway, 109–11, 112
Cuffolo family, 2, 3, 65, 66–67, 170, 192
Culos, Luciano, 73, 157, 197, 259, 288
Culos, Marino, 198, 218, 233–37, 240–41, 248. See also L’Eco italo-canadese
Culos, Pietro, 118, 197
Culos, Pietro family, 197, 287–88
Cumberland, B.C., 99, 100–102, 115, 119, 165–67, 193–95, 250. See also Union Camp
Cuneo, Nicola, 13, 15, 24, 25–26, 31, 87, 129
Cunio, Nicholas. See Cuneo, Nicola
Currie, Lt.-Col. Arthur, 169
curses and cures, 111–12, 116, 121–22, 276–78, 280. See also Elk River
Valley, and the curse; superstition
dago. See racism
dago boats. See feluccas
“dago driver,” 89, 90
D’Arcangelo family, 87, 120
d’Aquino, Thomas, 294
De Anna family, 202
DeCamillis, David, 121–22
Delta King, 270–71.
See also Kitimat, B.C.
DeMarchi family.
See DiMarchi Family
Departure Bay, 49, 52, 53, 55, 57, 71, 90
Depression, the. See Great Depression
De Vita, Stephen, 132
DeVito, Francesco (Buddy), 87, 120, 127, 211, 294
DeVito family, 120, 248
Dewdney Trail, 78–80, 102, 109–10
dialects. See Italian, dialects
DiMarchi, Cesira family, 137–38
Dini, Alberto, 131
discrimination. See racism
disease, 94, 114, 122, 124–25.
See also bubonic plague, cholera, malaria, pellagra
divorce. See women, and divorce
Douglas, Sir James, 19, 20, 21, 35, 41
Douglas Route, 20
Dunsmuir family, 46–48, 49–53, 55–57, 66, 73, 90, 97–98, 99, 100, 101, 148, 163, 166–67.
See also Italian strikebreakers, and Dunsmuir family
E&N, 72, 164
earthquakes, 93, 94, 273, 289
East End (the). See Strathcona
East Kootenays, 102, 109, 110, 148, 160, 220, 230–32
Economic Miracle, 292, 297
education. See Italians, education of
Elk River Valley, 109, 115, 195, 279–80; and the curse, 111–12, 114, 116, 118, 279–80
Ellis Island: emigration
(see Italian emigration);
employment agencies
(see agents, employment)
Errico, Giuseppe (Calabrese Joe), 155
Esketemc (People of the White Ground), 33–34
Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway.
See E&N
Ethiopia. See Abyssinia
European Common Market.
See Economic Miracle
European Union.
See Economic Miracle
European Hotel. See hotels, Europe
Europe Grocery Store, 320 p147
Europe Hotel. See hotels, Europe
evil eye. See curses and cures
explosions, 106, 107, 114–15, 167, 280; Coal Creek, 114–15, 119;
Nanaimo, 69, 99; Wellington, 69, 99. See also Chinese, scapegoats;
Italians, as scapegoats
Extension mining camp, 148, 163, 165, 167–71, 295
extracomunitari. See Italy, and modern immigrants
Fabri, Victor, 243
Fabris, Giovanna family, 189
Fabris, Osvaldo family, 180, 190
Falconer, Joe, 223–25
False Creek, 139, 141, 172, 198–99.
See also Strathcona
family, 2, 93, 108 128, 178, 286, 289;
separated, 4, 26, 28–29, 44, 73, 179, 250, 273
famines, 58, 83–84, 202
farming. See Italy, farming in
fasci, 217–19, 221, 228, 235, 237, 238, 240. See also Circolo Giovanile;
Circolo Giulio Giordani; consuls
Fascists, 203, 219–20, 220, 226, 228–29, 235, 237, 254–55, 264
fava beans, 123
Felice, Anna, 252
Felice Cavallotti Lodge, 148, 163
feluccas, 13–14, 17
Fernie, B.C., 92, 93, 111–12, 114, 119–20, 149, 160, 166, 230, 250, 266, 276, 278;
and the Black Hand, 116–118, 119;
ethnic tensions in, 112, 115, 119–20, 250, 271; fires and other disasters in, 114–16, 118, 119
Fernie, William, 111–12
Ferrarelli family, 262, 263–64
fifth column activity. See World War II, fifth column activity during
Filiponi family, 295
Filippone family. See Filiponi family
Finns. See labour, foreign
fires, 25, 37, 40, 67, 76, 114, 115–17, 210, 258, 280. See also Fernie, B.C., fires
and other disasters in;
Vancouver, B.C., fire
First Nations people, 12, 18, 33, 78, 79, 80, 84, 111, 116, 118, 124, 125, 138, 158, 280
fishermen. See Italian, fishermen
Floresco, Maria Antonietta, 232
Foglioni, Adele, 165
Fognini, Giuseppina, 164
Foley, Welch and Stewart,
127, 158, 159, 174
folk medicine. See curses and cures
Fontana, Joseph, 164, 167
food, 2, 9, 83–84, 104, 105, 122, 123–24, 125, 133, 134, 149–50, 153–54, 159, 183, 198, 243, 259, 274, 294; on ships
and trains, 134–35. See also fava
beans; polenta
Forks, the, 17, 19, 23.
See also Lytton
Forti, Cleofe, 233. See also consuls
Fort Victoria. See Victoria, B.C.
Franceschini family, 99, 126, 193
Fraser Canyon, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 27, 33, 135, 173, 242
Fraser River, 17–18, 21, 27, 79, 173
frisule. See pork, processing of
Friuli–Venezia Giulia, region of, 65, 83, 189; emigration from, 67, 131, 175, 193; history of, 63–64, 187, 258–89, 273; topography of, 1, 63, 157.
See also la grande miseria
funerals, 35, 41, 43, 44, 101, 151, 161, 194, 199, 208, 228. See also women, and care of the dead
Fuoco, Domenico, 136–37
Fuoco, Gregorio, 233
fur brigade trail.
See HBC, fur brigade trail
Gagliardi, Phil, 295
Gaglietto, Martino, 136
Galeazzi, Pete, 194
gambling, 96, 100, 101, 112, 120, 122, 144–45, 184, 200, 270
games. See bocce; Italian, card games
gardens. See Italian, gardeners
Garibaldi, Giuseppe, 59, 61 95, 201
Gastown, B.C. See Vancouver, B.C., early history of
Gava, Jim, 247–48
General Bureau of Italians Abroad.
See Mussolini, and expatriate
Italians
Genoa Bay, B.C., 310
Genoa, Liguria, 12, 13, 14, 16, 44, 81
Gentile, Rosa, 277
Gerimonte, Giuseppina, 251
Germans, 113, 190, 195, 224, 252–61, 273; as prisoners of war, 243.
See also immigrants, German;
War of Liberation
ghettos. See Little Italies
Ghislieri family, 228, 229, 233, 237, 242, 249
Ghost Rider. See Elk River Valley,
and the curse
Giachero, Victoria, 168
Gigliotti family, 92–93, 185, 196, 248, 271
Giorgetti family, 103, 231, 294
Giovando family, 168
Giuliano family, 279, 280, 290
gold rushes, 17, 18, 42, 85, 102, 103;
Barkerville, 13, 29, 32, 35–36, 68, 111;
California, 17, 21, 40; Fraser River, 19–20, 21, 40–41, 68, 78; Klondike, 143; Thompson River, 18, 19–20
Golden, B.C., 132, 148
Goodwin, Albert (Ginger), 193–95, 195
Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting
and Power Company, 190
Grancini, Ermenegildo, 40–41
Grand Forks, B.C., 106, 107
Grand Pacific Hotel. See hotels,
Grand Pacific
Grand Sila, 186, 251, 253
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway.
See GTP
Granville, B.C. See Vancouver, B.C., early history of
grappa, 9, 120–22, 126, 153
Great Depression, 154, 203, 213–14, 216, 280
Great Northern Railway, 109, 113, 116
Grecco family, 132.
See also Bafaro family
Gris, Silvio, 231
grocers. See Italian, grocers
GTP: camps of, 159; construction of, 132, 158, 166, 174, 181; recruits labour, 130–32; strike, 174
Guaschetti, Paolo, 77, 79. See also
Casorso family
Gulch, the, 103–4, 105, 194, 210–12, 294
Gusola, Alex, 241
Gusola family, 65
hard rock mining. See mining,
hard rock
HBC, 18, 46, 158; fur brigade trail, 32, 84
Heinze, Fritz, 103, 109, 210
Hemingway, Ernest, 187
homesteads, 14. See also pre-emption
Hope, B.C., 78, 79, 181
hotels, 113, 105; Canada, 106; Empress, 36; Europe, 142, 143, 144, 168, 227
(see also Calori, Angelo; Ruocco, William Gennaro); Grand Pacific, 37; Italian, 66–67; Klondike, 118;
Kootenay, 104–5; Pacific Telegraph, 38–39; Pretoria, 168; Roma, 13;
Royal, 67, 145; Tunnel, 163.
See also boarding houses
Hudson’s Bay Company. See HBC
Hungarians. See labour, foreign
Il Duce. See Mussolini
Immaculate Conception Mission.
See Okanagan Mission
immigrants: American, 85, 89, 90, 102;
British, 85, 110, 209, 293; desirable
(see preferred); German, 69, 104, 113, 195, 224; non-preferred, 54, 85, 108, 127, 201, 203–5; northern European, 89, 90; preferred, 89, 90, 205;
undesirable (see non-preferred).
See also Italy, and modern
immigrants
immigration: policy (see Canadian immigration policy); American
immigration policy, 85; statistics, 126–27. See also sojourners
Immigration Building, Vancouver, 241–42, 244
Inchiesta Agraria, 62, 64, 91
Indians. See First Nations people
Industrial Workers of the World.
See IWW
influenza epidemic, 195, 280
inheritance laws. See Italy, inheritance laws of
International Union of Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers. See Mine, Mill
International Union of
Paperworkers, 225
internment, 180, 242–44, 247, 249–50
Italian: bands, 100, 136, 194;
businessmen, 18, 36, 38–42, 48, 67, 116, 139, 140, 141, 143, 154, 155, 219, 227, 238, 274, 295 (see also Victoria, B.C., businesses); card games, 83, 100, 218; character, 5, 108, 127, 215;
coal miners, 51, 66, 77, 98, 100–101, 113, 115, 125, 140, 141, 160–62, 164, 165, 166, 168, 193, 195, 196, 231, 232, 240, 247, 295; construction workers, 88, 91, 92, 99, 110–13, 142, 152, 155, 158–60, 179, 182, 183, 270; dialects, 11, 60, 63, 233, 267, 296; diet (see food);
farmers, 22, 77, 83, 126, 132, 150, 204–6, 209, 226, 259, 262, 265, 282, 292, 296; fishermen, 13, 71, 75, 138, 139, 140; gardeners, 119, 136, 149–50;
gold miners, 18, 24, 54; grocers, 36, 38, 40, 133, 136, 136, 153–55, 167, 198, 231, 286, 294, 296; loggers, 77, 98, 112, 127, 139–40, 141–42, 156, 231, 232;
navvies, 88–91, 98, 106, 109, 126, 127, 135–36, 140, 159, 172, 174, 183–84, 209; ranchers, 21, 22–23, 32–33, 34, 54, 76, 84; restaurateurs, 18, 40, 136, 149, 244; shoemakers, 135, 136, 149, 250; soldiers, 2, 95, 171, 185–86, 188, 190–92, 253; stereotypes (see racism)
Italian Boarding House, 66
Italian emigrants: and recruitment, 51, 88, 113, 129, 130–32, 152, 158, 204; and routes taken, 16, 17, 51, 85, 133–35
Italian emigration: advantages for Italy
of, 88, 128, 178, 202; and corrupt
officials, 124–25; compared to other
countries, 58; in the 1880s, 85–88;
in the 1900s, 88, 124, 125, 134; post
unification, 57, 162; post–World
War II, 193, 274; procedures, 132–33, 202, 205, 267; reasons for, 4, 5, 14, 53, 60, 61–62, 64, 128, 178, 202, 291;
statistics, 7, 14, 294; to Europe, 2, 4, 14, 51; under Mussolini, 202, 214. See also Calabria, emigration
from; Friuli–Venezia Giulia, emigration from
Italian Fascist Party, 219, 235
Italian high culture, 6, 58, 295
Italian Ladies League, 219, 227, 236.
See also fasci
Italian Language School, 229, 233–34
Italian politics, 58, 62, 77, 86, 88, 93, 128, 179, 185, 261, 264
Italians: as anti-Fascists, 247; in
Austria, 37, 101, 192, 275; in Belgium, 14, 51; and the Chinese, 70, 72–73, 167, 172, 199; and divorce, 29, 71, 291;
education of, 60, 61, 132, 136, 138, 177, 215, 262, 280, 296; in England, 14; exploitation of, 94, 108, 129–30;
in France, 3, 14, 51, 259, 260; in
Germany, 2, 51, 259; hostility
toward, 172; and the Japanese, 99, 139, 167, 199; learn English, 68, 92, 101, 110, 134, 138, 142, 148, 164, 233;
literacy of, 15, 26–27, 60–61, 73, 133, 138, 148, 261, 291; loyalty to Canada
of, 229, 235, 237, 238, 241, 248; in
Montreal, 130, 131, 158, 174, 266, 282;
and music, 54, 136; in Ontario, 8, 127, 229, 237, 249, 266; in Quebec, 8, 129, 237, 276; return home permanently, 273, 287; return home temporarily
(see sojourners); and the Roman
Catholic church, 59–60, 82, 83, 92–93, 99, 136, 165, 213, 217, 220, 224, 274, 296; as scapegoats, 115, 116, 280; in South America, 14–16, 28, 59, 217; in Toronto, 85, 127, 131;
and unions, 46, 50, 52, 55–57, 63, 68, 147, 160–62, 166, 168–70, 173, 175, 194–95, 203, 220; violent
acts of, 52, 108, 127, 146; and Yugoslavs, 2, 139, 258, 268
Italian strikebreakers, 5, 8, 36, 48, 57, 69–70, 147, 147, 160, 167, 169, 170–73;
and Dunsmuir family, 50–53, 55–57, 68, 69, 98, 142; and unions, 50, 52,
55–56, 57, 71, 73, 98, 147, 160, 169;
during Big Strike 1912–1914, 166–71;
from San Francisco, 5, 8, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 57, 68, 69; recruiting of, 130, 160. See also strikebreakers
Italy: conscription in, 133, 185–86, 227;
during World War II (see World War II in Italy); farming in, 6, 22, 77, 132, 139, 155, 162; inheritance laws
of, 6, 61–62, 64, 84, 246, 292–93; and
modern immigrants, 291; in modern
times, 291–3, 295–97; post–World
War II, 29, 187, 276, 278; regionalism
in, 65, 147–48; taxation in, 62, 64, 162, 252, 256, 257, 261; unification
of (see Risorgimento)
Ius, Amabile, 202
IWW: organization, 173, 220;
strikes, 173–74, 242
Japanese, 99, 101, 139, 166, 250;
coal miners, 98. See also Italians, and the Japanese
Jews. See labour, foreign
Kamloops, B.C., 82, 91, 107, 132, 135–39, 173, 242, 281, 283, 295
Kananaskis camp. See internment
Kelowna, B.C., 78, 82, 184, 207–8, 295
Kettle River Valley Railway, 159, 181
Kettle Valley Railway, 182–84, 223
Kicking Horse Pass, 89, 132, 242
King, Prime Minister William Lyon
Mackenzie, 204, 210, 213, 238
Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, 14, 17, 59, 61
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 58
Kingdom of Italy, 61
kings of Italy. See Vittorio Emanuele II;
Vittorio Emanuele III
Kitimat, B.C., 270–72
Klondike Hotel. See hotels, Klondike
Kobarid. See Caporetto, Battle of
Kootenay Hotel. See hotels, Kootenay
Kootenays, 78, 92, 97, 109, 160–1, 181, 223. See also East Kootenays;
West Kootenays
Ktunaxa First Nation. See Elk River
Valley, and the curse
Ku Klux Klan of Kanada, 200, 209
KVR, 182–84, 223
labour: foreign, 50, 85, 69, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 126, 139, 159–61, 195, 201, 224; recruitment of, 98, 130, 131, 159
labour agencies. See agents,
employment
labour unions. See unions
Ladysmith, B.C., 125, 149, 163, 166, 167–69
la grande miseria, 190
La Mano Nera. See Black Hand
Landucci, Mike, 212
Lassandro, Filumena, 118
Lateran Treaty, 217
laundry, 104, 139, 140–41, 231, 250
lead mining. See mining, hard rock
lead poisoning. See Trail smelter, and lead poisoning
L’Eco italo-canadese, 235
Le Havre, France, 165, 177
LeRose family, 186
Liguria, region of, 12, 14–16, 19, 24, 27, 142, 245, 273
Lillooet, B.C., 20, 21, 23
Little Horsefly Creek, 20–1
Little Italies, 54, 127, 135, 137, 141, 144, 149, 172, 221, 234, 237.
See also Strathcona; Vancouver, B.C., Little Italy
lodges, 8, 120, 146–48, 227–28, 235, 248, 271, 290. See also Sons of Italy;
Felice Cavallotti Lodge
loggers. See Italian, loggers
Lombardy, region of, 14, 35, 38, 44, 61, 87, 126, 162, 254
Longobards, 63, 179
Lucca, Tuscany, 104
Lunigiana, the, 14, 245–46
Luongo, Antonietta, 253, 284
Luvisotto, Fred, 274
Lytton, B.C., 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 138
maccheroni, 80
Macdonald, Prime Minister
Sir John A., 85
Mackenzie and Mann and Company Ltd., 166, 173. See also CNoR
Maffeo, Pete, 294
Maffioli, Louis, 248
Mafia. See organized crime
Magnone, Guido, 88
Majestic Hall, 221–22, 227
malaria, 94, 123–24, 186, 196, 217, 252
Malaspina, Alessandro, 14, 246
malocchio. See curses and cures
mano cornuta. See curses and cures
Marasco, Maria, 113–14
Marinutti family, 65
Marocchi family, 100–101, 194
marriage: age differences in, 43, 65, 71; and children, 87, 165; and emigration, 28–31, 87, 164, 267;
by proxy, 214, 284; rules and customs of, 28, 214; to non-Italians, 42, 99, 149, 271. See also Fognini, Giuseppina; Gigliotti family;
Luongo, Antoniette; Medana, Petronilla; Sguazzin family;
women, and divorce
Martignaggo family, 156–57
Martin, Pat, 212
Martinelli family, 104–5
Medana family, 307 p42
Medana, Petronilla, 35, 42, 43, 44–45
Medina family, 307 p42
Mellado, Bruno, 271
Mezzogiorno. See problema del Mezzogiorno
Michel, B.C., 112, 148, 193, 202–3, 225, 230–32, 240
Micheluzzi family, 152, 154–55
Middletown, B.C., 230–32
Milan, Lombardy, 13, 125, 165, 202, 261, 282
military service in Italy. See Italy, conscription in
Mine, Mill, 193, 195
miners, 127, 139–40, 141–42, 161–62, 164–68, 193–96, 231–32, 240, 247, 295. See also black miners; Chinese, coal miners; Chinese, gold miners;
Italian, coal miners; Italian, gold miners
mining camps, 46, 100, 103, 142, 163, 166. See also Extension mining camp; Northfield;
Wellington, B.C.
mining, hard rock, 17, 102, 103
misspelled names, 66–67, 295, 304, 305, 306, 309, 311, 321
Mitchell, Albert, 154–55
Mitchell Brothers store, 287.
See also Bosa, Augusto
Mitchell family, 295. See also Micheluzzi family
Mitchell, Marino (Babe), 154–55
Monte Grappa, 190, 255, 260, 275
Montenario, Mario, 145
Moraveli, Sam, 106–7
Morrissey mines, 112, 114, 232
Mowat, Farley, 253
Muir, George, 239
mules, 12, 19, 24, 29–30, 31, 33
mule trains, 24, 26–28, 29, 54
murders, 70, 72, 102, 122, 127–28, 145. See also Ceddio, Francesco;
Montenario, Mario; Taraniello, Dominico
music. See Italian bands; Italians, and music
Mussolini: and Communism, 202–3, 216, 220; declares war, 219, 238; and expatriate Italians, 8, 96, 203, 217, 218; life under, 225, 255–61, 281; and literacy, 61, 280;
and organized crime, 96, 217; rise to power of, 201, 216; surrender of, 250, 254, 261;
support for, 217, 218, 229, 237, 244, 255. See also blackshirts; Canadian government and Mussolini
mutual aid societies. See lodges
Muzzatti, Emilio, 244
Myra Canyon, 182–83
name changes. See misspelled names;
surnames, changing
Nanaimo, B.C., 46, 52, 66, 67–68, 75, 76, 77, 99, 113, 115, 122, 149, 165, 170, 171, 187, 192, 218, 239–40, 241, 294;
City Council, 239; Coal Company, 57, 68, 70
naturalization, 239, 241, 246–47
Naples, Campagna, 58, 61, 95, 96, 120, 133, 147, 206, 253–57, 263, 273
Napoleon I, 14, 58–59, 60, 94
Natal, B.C., 230, 232, 247
Natisone River valley, 2, 67, 187, 268
navvies, 88–91, 93, 130–32, 139–40, 159, 172, 174, 182–84, 209
’Ndrangheta, 97, 296.
See also organized crime
Nelson, B.C., 102, 116
New Caledonia, 17, 18
New Westminster, B.C., 77, 79, 81, 145, 171
New York City, 38, 77, 144
Nobili, Father Giovanni, 84
Noca Dairy, 139
Nootka Sound, 246
norcini. See pigs, slaughter of
northern Italians, 16, 51, 59, 60, 83, 95, 102, 113, 124, 147
Northfield, 70, 71, 102
North West Mounted Police.
See RCMP
Number One mine (Esplanade), 66, 170–1, 192
Oblates of Mary Immaculate, 77, 79, 84, 90–91, 135, 146
Ocean Falls, B.C., 138, 156–57
Okanagan Lake, 81, 82, 182
Okanagan Mission, 78, 81
Okanagan Valley, 32, 77, 78, 80, 84, 206
One Big Union (OBU), 195, 220
Ontario Italians. See Italians, in Ontario
Ordano, Giovanni, 310 p67
organized crime, 95–98, 217, 261, 296
Ortona, Abruzzo. See Canadian armed forces, in Ortona
Osoyoos, B.C., 32, 80
Pacific Telegraph Hotel.
See hotels, Pacific Telegraph
paddlewheelers, 27, 79
padroni, 26, 41, 87, 106, 125–30.
See also agents; bankers
Palidone, Nicolo, 111
Panama Canal, 144
pancetta. See pork, processing of
Pandosy, Father Charles Marie, 77, 78, 79–81
Pasqualini family, 244, 249
Passerini family, 164
passports, 125, 132, 133, 179, 214, 282
Pecouli, Father, 107–8
pellagra, 124–25. See also polenta
Pemberton Portage, 20.
See also Douglas Route
Penticton, B.C., 80–81, 182–84
Perri, Pasquale, 277
Petrin, Ines, 236–37
Philliponi family.
See Filiponi family
Piave River, 189
Picariello, Emilio (Emperor Pic), 118
Piccoli family, 151, 155–56, 200
Picketti, Vincent, 194
Pier 21, 266
pigs, 2, 9, 139, 287, 288; importance of, 289; slaughter of, 289, 290–91.
See also pork, processing of
Pinkerton detectives, 169–73
Platischis, Friuli–Venezia Giulia, 2–3, 4, 66, 67, 82, 170, 189, 192, 258, 275
polenta, 9, 124, 125–26, 288, 291.
See also pellagra
police, 96, 115, 117–18, 120, 167, 175, 194, 195, 220, 221, 229, 246.
See also RCMP
police security bulletins. See RCMP, security bulletins
pork, 289; processing of, 9, 290–91
Port Douglas, B.C., 20–21. See also Douglas Route
Port Moody, B.C., 33, 75, 76
Porto Ceresio, Lombardy, 35
Powell River, B.C.: history, 155, 156;
Italians in, 151–52, 55, 187, 218, 222, 225, 250, 271, 287, 295
Powell River Company, 151, 155, 223.
See also CCF Purge
pre-emption, 14, 21–23, 66, 78, 81
priests, 91, 92–93, 140, 146, 220, 224, 248, 257, 296. See also Coccola, Father Nicholas; Nobili, Father
Giovanni; Oblates of Mary
Immaculate; Pandosy, Father
Charles Marie; Pecouli, Father
Prince Rupert, B.C., 132, 157–59, 174
Princeton, B.C., 78, 80
Priore family, 104
Prissinotti, Fidês, 271
problema del Mezzogiorno, 91, 95, 97, 128, 272
Prohibition, 101, 120
prosciutto. See pork, processing of
prostitution, 23, 96, 102, 112, 200, 222–23, 286
Protection Island Mine
Disaster, 3–4, 192
pulp and paper mills, 151, 156, 179.
See also Powell River Company
Quagliotti family, 44–48
Quagliotti, Giovanni (John), 29, 30, 45–48, 88
Quagliotti, Lorenzo Joseph, 44–45
Quagliotti, Petronilla.
See Medana, Petronilla
Quagliotti-Romano family, 45
Quarin, Antonio, 247
Quarin family, 230–33, 271
Quebec Italians. See Italians, in Quebec
racism, 5–6, 42, 53–55, 89, 90, 125, 126, 127, 128, 137, 147, 148, 201, 219, 294, 297
RCMP: and Communism, 220, 267; and Fascism, 229, 235; and Italians, 215, 220, 229, 237, 238, 239, 241, 245;
post–World War II, 268; security bulletins, 236; undercover, 230, 237, 244, 248
Ragazzoni, Innocente, 39, 40
Railway Agreement of 1925, 204, 209–10, 213
railways, 16, 32, 49, 51, 52, 102, 109–11, 133, 150, 158, 199, 236, 259, 295;
American owned, 102–3, 109, 181; camps, 90, 142, 160, 174, 183;
construction of, 92, 112–13, 115, 158, 166, 181, 182, 186, 204, 209, 232;
need for labour, 101, 102, 126–27, 131, 159, 203, 264, 265, 270. See also CPR; CNR; CNoR; Crowsnest Pass
Railway; E&N; Great Northern
Railway; GTP; KVR
ranchers. See Italian, ranchers
registration, 239, 247, 250
Republic of Venice, 61, 62–63
restaurants. See Italian, restaurateurs
Revelstoke, B.C., 87, 132, 136, 138, 148, 149; and Italians, 118, 128, 137, 214, 225, 265
Rigoni, Tony, 270
Risorgimento, 14, 53, 58, 59, 201;
and the contadini, 59, 60, 61; effects of, 61–62, 95
Riverside, 153. See also Powell River, B.C.
roadhouses, 23, 27. See also Cariboo
Wagon Road
Roberts, Morley, 89–90
rock ovens, 183
Rodrigos, Jose Maria, 29–30
Rogers Pass, 89, 148
Roma Hotel. See hotels
Roman Catholic church, 53, 91, 101, 136, 146, 165, 213, 217, 220, 224, 274, 296.
See also Italians, and the Roman
Catholic church; Lateran Treaty
Romano, Lorenzo. See Quagliotti-Romano family
Rosetti, Giuseppe, 21–22
Ross Bay cemetery, 35, 41, 101
Rossland Avenue. See Gulch, the
Rossland, B.C., 103, 109, 148
Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
See RCMP
Royal Decree of 1901. See Italian emigration, in the 1900s
Royal Engineers, 23
Royal Italian Vice-Consuls. See consuls
Ruocco, William Gennaro, 147, 218, 227–29, 233–34, 242, 249
Russians. See labour, foreign
Sacred Heart church, 146, 228
Saint Anthony of Padua church, 211
salami, 231, 274, 288, 290.
See also pork, processing of
Sala, Nino, 244
Salvation Army, 112, 131
Sandon Miners Union, 161
San Francisco, 8, 18, 36, 40, 50, 54, 77, 81, 131, 143
San Giovanni, Friuli–Venezia Giulia, 64, 83, 113, 190, 196, 259, 287
San Giovanni in Fiore, Calabria, 113, 262, 263, 266
sausages, 274, 288–90, 297.
See also pork, processing of
Savona, B.C. See Savona, Francesco
Savona, Francesco, 32, 82, 136
Sbocia, Carlo Saverio a.k.a. Charles
Levy. See Victoria, B.C., businesses
Scandinavians. See labour, foreign
Scarpolini, Angelina (pseud.), 260
Sciutto, Giovanni, 88, 136
scudi, 15, 41
Sedola, Angelo, 2–3
Sedola, Annetta (Anna), 66, 67
Sedola, Antonio (Tony), 226, 275
Sedola family, 2, 65, 192
Segreto, Assunta, 254
Senini family, 163
Sguazzin family, 271–72
Shaughnessy, Thomas, 110
ships. See steamships, paddlewheelers
Sicily, 59, 95, 123, 185–86, 252–53, 273
Sifton, Clifford, 126
silkworms, 288
silver, 102. See also mining, hard rock
Simeon, Filippin, 21–22
Sing Kee, 70, 72. See also murders
Skeena River, 157, 174
Slavs, 85, 113, 163, 187, 230, 231, 258. See also labour, foreign
smelters, 103, 105, 138, 193–95, 210–13, 270. See also Trail smelter
smuggling, 2, 162, 170
Socialist Party of Canada, 193, 224
socialists, 160, 169–70, 193, 195, 220, 230, 257, 264
sojourners, 9, 25, 67, 86, 86, 87–88, 88–89, 92, 133–34, 172, 178, 180, 185, 198, 202–3, 210, 214, 219
Sondrio, province of, 162.
See also Valtellina
Sons of Italy: and World War II, 218, 233, 236, 240–41, 249;
founding of, 146–48;
membership of, 174, 221, 227, 235
Sons of the She-Wolf, 218.
See also fasci
Sopranis, Ernesto, 25–26
Sori, Liguria, 12, 31
South America. See Italians, in South America
Southern Italy. See problema del Mezzogiorno
southern Italians, 92, 93, 118, 123, 124, 127, 128, 136, 146, 148, 186, 251, 256, 265, 272–73, 277, 279
South Wellington, 46–48, 165
South Wellington, south.
See Cuffolo family
“Souvenirs Ricordi,” 227
Spanish Civil War, 229
Specogna, Antonio (Tony), 192
Specogna, Efrem, 188, 255, 258, 290
Spezzano Piccolo, Calabria, 132, 148, 149, 214, 265, 293
Spiral tunnel, 132
sponsorship program. See Canadian immigration policy, post–World War II
Stara, Giovanni, 57
statistics. See immigration statistics;
Italian emigration, statistics
steamboats, 20, 82, 152.
See also paddlewheelers
steamships, 87, 130, 133–34, 159, 165, 214
steamship tickets, 133–34, 164
stilettos, 54, 109, 112
sternwheelers. See paddlewheelers
St. Mary’s Mission, 79
Strathcona, 139–41, 172, 198–99, 200, 221, 286
strikebreakers, 115, 130, 131, 132, 142, 147, 160, 167, 169–74, 209, 240, 294.
See also Italian strikebreakers
strikes: Canadian Collieries, 167–69;
CNoR 1912, 173–74; Cominco, 194–95; Fernie 1911, 166; Free Speech 1912, 173, 178; GTP 1912, 174;
Number One Mine, 170–71; Trail 1917, 194; Wellington 1877, 50–53, 55–57, 98; Wellington 1880s and 1890s, 69, 131.
See also Big Strike 1912–1914
Sturma family, 2, 3, 4, 5, 192
superstition, 60, 83, 275.
See also curses and cures
surnames: changing, 145, 154–55, 164, 248; women’s, 45, 303 p15.
See also misspelled names
Surprise Mine, 161
Sylvia Apartments, 145
Tagliamento River, 1, 189
Taraniello, Dominico, 70–72
Taraniello, Rina Corso, 71–72
Tarcetta, Friuli–Venezia Giulia, 67, 188
Tate family. See Teti family
Taylor, L.D., 221–22
Teragnolo, Dominick.
See Taraniello, Dominico
Terrana, Anna, 294
Teti family, 139–41, 145–46.
See also Benedetti family
Thompson, Mary Anne, 271
Thompson River, 17, 23, 29, 32, 82, 135
Tognotti, Marianna, 104
Toigo family, 295
Tomasin family, 177
Tosi’s, 243
Tovo di Sant’Agata, Lombardy, 162–64
Townsite, 152–53.
See also Powell River, B.C.
Trail, B.C., 87, 106, 109, 120–21, 127, 138, 148, 194–95, 210, 225, 238, 240–43, 248, 250; Bocchiglierese in founding of, 103. See also Gulch, the
Trail smelter, 103, 105; and air pollution, 105, 210–11; and lead poisoning, 212–13; management of, 210, 212–13
Ukrainians, 180, 231, 243.
See also labour, foreign
UMWA, 160–61, 166–68, 171, 174, 195
unification of Italy. See Risorgimento
Union Camp, 98–101, 167
unions, 50, 68–69, 160, 166, 169, 170, 193–95, 203, 220; and foreigners, 110, 147, 160–62, 169, 172–73, 195, 220; international, 160; and strikebreakers (see Italian strikebreakers, and unions).
See also International Union of Paperworkers; Italians, as union members; Mine, Mill; OBU;
Sandon Miners Union; strikes;
UMWA; WFM
Union Steamship Company, 159
United Mine Workers of America.
See UMWA
United States, 14, 19, 33, 51, 77, 78, 85, 96, 97, 102, 107, 125, 130, 147, 160, 203, 216. See also American immigration
policy; immigrants, American
Uphill, Tom, 220, 230
Valle, Felice, 11, 12–13, 14–16, 18, 21, 24, 25–28, 29–30, 31, 33–34, 41, 43, 45, 87, 129
Valle family, 12, 13, 14–16, 26, 28, 29, 31
Valliguzzi, Luigi, 52, 55, 56
Valtellina, the, 126, 162, 193
Vancouver, B.C., 118, 121, 132, 135, 139, 143, 144, 147, 148, 149, 159, 171–175, 179, 180; early history of, 75–76, 139, 143; fire, 76, 142; Little Italy, 139–42, 144–46, 172, 221, 234, 237. See also Strathcona
Vancouver Italian Canadian
Society. See lodges
Vanelli, Agnese, 104
Vanguards of Fascism. See fasci
Veneta Benevolent Society.
See lodges
Venetia. See Republic of Venice
Veneto, region of, 63, 138, 154, 162, 172, 226, 255, 260, 262, 272, 292
Venice Bakery, 141, 227
Venice, Veneto, 63, 176, 273
Vernon, B.C., 82, 207
Veterans Association. See fasci
Vice-consuls. See consuls
Victoria, B.C., 18, 19, 25, 26, 30, 35, 41–42, 54, 56, 97–98, 102, 132, 145;
businesses, 18, 20, 27, 33, 36, 38–42, 45, 54–55, 76, 88, 136
Vincenzi, Luis, 76
Vittorio Emanuele II, 59, 61, 226
Vittorio Emanuele III, 179, 227, 257
Volpatti family, 231
voyages, 19, 134, 196, 246, 263–64.
See also immigrants
War Measures Act, 180, 235, 247
War of Liberation, 96, 257–58
War Vigilance Association.
See Canadian Italian
War Vigilance Association
Wellington, B.C., 52, 55, 56, 68, 98–99, 131, 142, 163
Wellington Colliery, 46–48, 49, 50, 51–52, 56–57, 68–69, 131, 142,
Wellington strikes.
See strikes, Wellington 1877
Western Federation of Miners.
See WFM
West Kootenays, 102
WFM, 160–61
Wildwood, 153, 222–25.
See also Powell River, B.C.
white widows, 106
Wild Horse Creek, 78, 102
Williams, Maurice, 183
wine making, 120, 122, 144, 153, 155, 221, 253, 274, 274–75, 291, 295
Wobblies. See IWW
women: abandonment of, 13, 26, 28–29; and care of the dead, 101, 114–15; and cooking, 104, 105, 151, 253, 271, 274, 279; and divorce, 29, 71, 291; and lodges, 228; and pregnancy, 87, 105; and widowhood, 4; and work outside the home, 104–5, 250, 284.
See also boarding houses; laundry
Woods, Bob, 89, 90
Woodsworth, James Shaver
(J.S.), 54, 108
wop. See racism
World War I: in Canada, 100, 101, 104, 146, 171, 190; in Italy, 96, 124, 126, 185.
See also Caporetto; Monte Grappa
World War II in Canada, 280, 294;
fifth column activity during, 240–41, 250. See also Canadian armed forces; internment;
registration
World War II in Italy, 96, 187, 281, 290; prisoners of war, 242.
See also Canadian armed
forces; War of Liberation
Yale, B.C., 13, 20, 23, 27, 136
Yellowhead Pass, 132
Yori, Albino, 125
Youbou, B.C., 242
Yugoslavs, 139, 258.
See also labour, foreign;
Italians, and Yugoslavs
Yukon, 143
Zinc, 102, 105, 211.
See also mining, hard rock
Zorzi, Oliver, 156