4 Los Angeles Times staff, “Hear the 911 Call about Tamir Rice: Gun Is ‘Probably Fake,’ Caller Says,” Los Angeles Times video, 0:15–0:1:45, November 26, 2014, http://www.latimes.com/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-tamir-rice-911-call-20141126-htmlstory.html.
5 Lauren Gambino, “Tami Rice Shooting: Cleveland Police Handcuffed Sister as 12-Year-Old Lay Dying,” Guardian (US ed.), January 8, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/jan/08/cleveland-police-handcuffed-sister-tamir-rice-lay-dying-video.
6 Perry Bacon Jr., “Tamir Rice Decision Illustrates Power and Limits of ‘Black Lives’ Movement, NBC News, December 29, 2015, http://www.nbcnews.com/meet-the-press/tamir-rice-decision-illustrates-power-limits-black-lives-movement-n487106.
6 “Racial Profiling: Definition,” ACLU, accessed October 2, 2015, https://www.aclu.org/racial-profiling-definition.
6 Amnesty International USA, “Threat and Humiliation: Racial Profiling, Domestic Security, and Human Rights in the United States,” accessed October 2, 2015, available online at http://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/rp_report.pdf.
8 Kim Christensen and Matt Hamilton, “California’s Racial Profiling Law Is ‘Terrible’ Legislation, Police Officials Say,” Los Angeles Times, October 4, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/local/crime/la-me-brown-reax-20151005-story.html.
8 Jack Glaser, Suspect Race: Causes and Consequences of Racial Profiling (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015), 17.
8–9 “Racial Profiling,” ACLU, accessed October 2, 2015, https://www.aclu.org/issues/racial-justice/race-and-criminal-justice/racial-profiling.
11 Sonya Sotomayor, “Supreme Court of the United States, No. 12-682, Schuette, Attorney General of Michigan, v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action, Integration and Immigrant Rights and Fight for Equality by Any Means Necessary (BAMN), et. al.,” 45–46, decided April 22, 2014, http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/13pdf/12-682_8759.pdf.
12 Jennifer R. Holladay, “On Racism and White Privilege,” from White Anti-Racist Activism: A Personal Roadmap (Roselle, NJ: Crandall, Dostie & Douglass Books, 2000), available online at Teaching Tolerance, http://www.tolerance.org/article/racism-and-white-privilege.
12–13 Peggy McIntosh, “White Privilege and Male Privilege (1988),” College Art Association, accessed April 8, 2016, http://www.collegeart.org/pdf/diversity/white-privilege-and-male-privilege.pdf.
13 Whitney Dow, Whiteness Project, accessed April 2016, http://whitenessproject.org/millennials/makenna-21.
13 David Edwards, “Study: White People React to Evidence of White Privilege by Claiming Personal Hardships,” AlterNet, September 29, 2015, http://www.alternet.org/news-amp-politics/study-white-people-react-evidence-white-privilege-claiming-greater-personal.
13 Holladay, “On Racism.”
14 Brittney Cooper, “In Defense of Black Rage: Michael Brown, Police and the American Dream,” Salon, August 12, 2014, http://www.salon.com/2014/08/12/in_defense_of_black_rage_michael_brown_police_and_the_american_dream/.
14 Dr24hours, Twitter post, December 3, 2014, 5:36 p.m., https://twitter.com/Dr24hours.
14 Her Majesty, Twitter post, December 3, 2014, 5:17 p.m., https://twitter.com/Auragasmic.
14 “Racial Profiling,” ACLU.
15 Ilya Somin, “Obama Administration Decides to Continue the Use of Racial Profiling in Immigration Law Enforcement,” Washington Post, December 7, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/12/07/obama-administration-decides-to-continue-racial-profiling-in-immigration-law-enforcement/.
15 Dan Washburn, “New York Times Asks, ‘Is Racial or Religious Profiling Ever Justified?,’” Asia Society, April 15, 2011, http://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/new-york-times-asks-racial-or-religious-profiling-ever-justified.
15–16 Mathias Risse and Richard Zeckhauser, “Racial Profiling,” Philosophy & Public Affairs 32, no. 2 (April 2004): 131–170, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2004.00009.x/full.
16 Randy Wimbley, “Trooper Claims State Police Policies Encourage Racial Profiling,” Fox 2, last modified March 18, 2016, http://www.fox2detroit.com/news/local-news/109458270-story.
17 “Legal Scholar: Jim Crow Still Exists in America,” NPR, January 16, 2012, http://www.npr.org/2012/01/16/145175694/legal-scholar-jim-crow-still-exists-in-america.
17 “The Hunted and the Hated: An Inside Look at the NYPD’s Stop-and-Frisk Policy,” Nation video, 8:08–9:54, October 9, 2012, available online at “The NYPD Officers Who See Racial Bias in the NYPD,” http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2015/01/the-nypd-officers-who-see-racial-bias-in-the-nypd/384106.
18 Emily Badger, “The Long, Halting, Unfinished Fight to End Racial Profiling in America,” Washington Post, December 4, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/12/04/the-long-halting-unfinished-fight-to-end-racial-profiling-in-america/.
19 Ron Nixon, “Minnesota T.S.A. Manager Says He Was Told to Target Somali-Americans,” New York Times, April 27, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/28/us/politics/minnesota-tsa-manager-says-he-was-told-to-target-somali-americans.html.
19 “Racial Profiling,” ACLU.
20 Frederick Douglass to William Lloyd Garrison, May 23, 1846, The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition, Yale University, http://glc.yale.edu/letter-william-lloyd-garrison-may-23-1846.
25 “Fourteenth Amendment,” US Constitution, Cornell University Law School, accessed June 6, 2016, https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv.
26 James L. Conyers, ed., Charles H. Houston: An Interdisciplinary Study of Civil Rights Leadership (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2012), 105.
27 “Laws to Criminalize Black Life?,” Slavery by Another Name, PBS video, accessed June 15, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/black-codes.
28 Beverly Guy-Sheftall, Words of Fire: An Anthology of African-American Feminist Thought (New York: New Press, 1995), 71.
29 Mark Berman, “Even More Black People Were Lynched in the U.S. Than Previously Thought, Study Finds,” Washington Post, February 10, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/02/10/even-more-black-people-were-lynched-in-the-u-s-than-previously-thought-study-finds.
30 “Racial Profiling: Definition,” ACLU.
32 “Teaching with Documents: Documents and Photographs Related to Japanese Relocation during WWII,” National Archives, accessed July 28, 2015, https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/japanese-relocation/.
32 Jacobus tenBroek, Edward N. Barnhart, and Floyd W. Matson, Prejudice, War, and the Constitution: Causes and Consequences of the Evacuation of the Japanese Americans in World War II (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 110.
34 Jamelle Bouie, “A Tax on Blackness,” Slate, May 13, 2015, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2015/05/racism_in_real_estate_landlords_redlining_housing_values_and_discrimination.html.
36 “Interview with Robin Kelley: Legacies of Emmett Till,” American Experience, accessed June 3, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/till/sfeature/sf_kelley_06.html.
36 William Bradford Huie, “The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi,” Look, January 1956, http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/till/confession.html.
38 Andrew Cohen, “The Speech That Shocked Birmingham the Day after the Church Bombing,” Atlantic, September 13, 2013, http://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/09/the-speech-that-shocked-birmingham-the-day-after-the-church-bombing/279565/.
38 “‘Segregation Forever’: A Fiery Pledge Forgiven, but Not Forgotten,” NPR, January 14, 2013, http://www.npr.org/2013/01/14/169080969/segregation-forever-a-fiery-pledge-forgiven-but-not-forgotten.
40 Douglas Martin, “Mildred Loving, Who Battled Ban on Mixed-Race Marriage, Dies at 68,” New York Times, May 6, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/06/us/06loving.html.
42 Jacqueline Bobo, Cynthia Hudley, and Claudine Michel, eds., The Black Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 2004), 354.
43–44 Dan Baum, “Legalize It All: How to Win the War on Drugs,” Harper’s Magazine, April 2016, http://harpers.org/archive/2016/04/legalize-it-all/.
44 Jonathan Easley, “The Day the Drug War Really Started,” Salon, June 19, 2011, http://www.mapinc.org /drugnews/v11/n404/a07.html.
45 Geneva Horse Chief, “Amnesty International Hears Testimony on Racial Profiling,” Indian Country Today Media Network, October 16, 2003, http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2003/10/16/amnesty-international-hears-testimony-racial-profiling-89442.
46 Seth Mydans, “The Police Verdict: Los Angeles Policemen Acquitted in Taped Beating,” New York Times, April 30, 1992, https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/02/08/home/rodney-verdict.html.
46 Ibid.
46 Jeff Wallenfeldt, “Los Angeles Riots of 1992,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, last modified January 5, 2015, http://www.britannica.com/event/Los-Angeles-Riots-of-1992.
47 Ibid.
49 Elizabeth Stuart, “Latino Activists Push for Anti-Racial-Profiling Law in Arizona,” Phoenix New Times, September 10, 2015.
49 “Trump Stands by Statements on Mexican Illegal Immigrants, Surprised by Backlash,” FoxNews.com, July 4, 2015, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2015/07/04/trump-stands-by-views-dangerous-mexican-illegal-immigrants-admits-surprised-by.html.
51 Kirk Semple, “‘I’m Frightened’: After Attacks in Paris, New York Muslims Cope with a Backlash,” New York Times, November 25, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/26/nyregion/im-frightened-after-paris-terrorist-attacks-new-york-city-muslims-cope-with-a-backlash.html.
52 Kirk Semple, “Young Muslim Americans Are Feeling the Strain of Suspicion,” New York Times, December 14, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/15/nyregion/young-muslim-americans-are-feeling-the-strain-of-suspicion.html.
52 Liz Robbins, “‘Do You Know Me? Do You Know My Heart?,’” New York Times, December 10, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/10/nyregion/muslims-in-new-york-react-to-donald-trump.html.
53 John M. Glionna, “Civil Rights Lawyer Seeks to Commemorate Another Side of Southern Heritage: Lynchings,” Los Angeles Times, July 5, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-alabama-lynchings-20150705-story.html.
55 US Department of Education, “Joint ‘Dear Colleague’ Letter,” January 8, 2014, http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ocr/letters/colleague-201401-title-vi.html#ftn7.
55–56 Dana Liebelson, “Yes, US Schools Still Discipline Students Based on Their Race,” Week, January 23, 2014, http://theweek.com/articles/452625/yes-schools-still-discipline-students-based-race.
58 Sarah Kaplan and Abby Phillip, “‘They Thought It Was a Bomb’: 9th-Grader Arrested after Bringing a Home-Built Clock to School,” Washington Post, September 16, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/09/16/they-thought-it-was-a-bomb-ahmed-mohamed-texas-9th-grader-arrested-after-bringing-a-home-built-clock-to-school.
58 Manny Fernandez and Christine Hauser, “Handcuffed for Making Clock, Ahmed Mohamed, 14, Wins Time with Obama,” New York Times, September 16, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/17/us/texas-student-is-under-police-investigation-for-building-a-clock.html.
58 Ken Kalthoff, “Irving Teen Says He’s Falsely Accused of Making a ‘Hoax Bomb,’” NBC DFW.com, September 18, 2015, http://www.nbcdfw.com/news/local/Irving-Student-Says-Hes-Falsely-Accused-of-Making-a-Hoax-Bomb-327794401.html.
58 Clary Ritger, “Why Racial Integration Is Still a Problem on Today’s Campus,” USA Today, March 11, 2013, http://college.usatoday.com/2013/03/11/why-racial-integration-is-still-a-problem-on-todays-campus/.
59 Jordyn Holman, “Opinion: What Students of Color Are Fighting for on College Campuses,” Los Angeles Times, November 17, 2015, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-students-college-campus-racism-20151117-story.html.
59 Catherine Long, “What It’s Like to Be Black on Campus: Isolated, Exhausted, Calling for Change,” Seattle Times, April 9, 2016, http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/what-its-like-to-be-black-on-campus-isolating-exhausting-calling-for-change/.
60 Kiyun Kim, “Racial Microaggressions: Selected Works,” Kimkiyun.com, accessed April 4, 2016, http://kimkiyun.com/#/fine-art/microaggressions.
60 Tori DeAngelis, “Unmasking ‘Racial Micro Aggressions,’” American Psychological Association 40, no. 2 (2009): 42, http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/02/microaggression.aspx.
61 Tanya Figueroa and Sylvia Hurtado, “Underrepresented Racial and/or Ethnic Minority (URM) Graduate Students in STEM Disciplines: A Critical Approach to Understanding Graduate School Experiences and Obstacles to Degree Progression,” Association for the Study of Higher Education, November 2013, 22, http://imsd.emory.edu/documents/documents-pdfs/ASHE2013-URM-Grad-Students-in-STEM.pdf.
61 Michael Luo, “In Job Hunt, College Degree Can’t Close Racial Gap,” November 30, 2009, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/us/01race.html.
62 John Blake, “The New Threat: ‘Racism without Racists,’” CNN, last modified November 27, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/26/us/ferguson-racism-or-racial-bias.
63 Gabriel Medina Arenas, “Mexicans in US Feel Prejudice on All Sides,” Nebraska Mosaic, July 25, 2012, http://cojmc.unl.edu/mosaic/2012/07/25/mexicans-u-s-feel-discrimination-sides/.
64 Bao Phi, “Brutal,” A Good Time for the Truth: Race in Minnesota, ed. Sun Yung Shin (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2016) 84.
65 Paul Kiel, “Debt and the Racial Wealth Gap,” New York Times, December 31, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/03/opinion/debt-and-the-racial-wealth-gap.html.
67 Chris Gentilviso, “Ken Emanuelson, Texas Tea Party Activist, Calls GOP Black Voter Comments ‘A Mistake,’” Huffington Post, last modified June 5, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/04/ken-emanuelson-tea-party-_n_3386884.html.
68 DW Gibson, “‘I Put in White Tenants’: The Grim, Racist (and Likely Illegal) Methods of One Brooklyn Landlord,” New York Magazine, May 12, 2015, http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2015/05/grim-racist-methods-of-one-brooklyn-landlord.html.
69–70 Todd Hollingshead, “Minority Entrepreneurs Face Discrimination When Seeking Loans,” Brigham Young University News, May 28, 2014, https://news.byu.edu/news/minority-entrepreneurs-face-discrimination-when-seeking-loans.
70 Steve Volk, “Racial Profiling on the Main Line,” Philadelphia, November 22, 2015, http://www.phillymag.com/articles/racial-profiling-main-line/#rsRJd6IQ298tibLD.99.
71 “Lead Poisoning and Health,” World Health Organization, August 2015, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en.
72 Ronald M. Wyatt, “Has Racism Found a Way into Our Health Care System?,” KevinMD.com, August 24, 2015, http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2015/08/has-racism-found-a-way-into-our-health-care-system.html.
73–74 Editorial board, “The Racism at the Heart of Flint’s Crisis,” New York Times, March 25, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/25/opinion/the-racism-at-the-heart-of-flints-crisis.html.
74 Julia Craven and Tyler Tynes, “The Racist Roots of Flint’s Water Crisis,” Huffington Post, last modified February 3, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/racist-roots-of-flints-water-crisis_us_56b12953e4b04f9b57d7b118.
75 Blake, “The New Threat.”
76 “Fourteenth Amendment,” US Constitution.
78 “US: Drug Arrests Skewed by Race,” Human Rights Watch, March 2, 2009, https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/03/02/us-drug-arrests-skewed-race.
78 Tierney Sneed, “School Resource Officers: Safety Priority or Part of the Problem?,” US News, January 30, 2015, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/01/30/are-school-resource-officers-part-of-the-school-to-prison-pipeline-problem.
79 Ibid.
79 Eliott C. McLaughlin, “Texas Student Tased by Police Exits Coma, Enters Rehabilitation, Attorney Says,” CNN, last modified February 3, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/31/us/texas-taser-high-school-student-coma.
83 “Opinion and Order: David Floyd, Lalit Clarkson, Deon Dennis, and David Ourlicht, individually and on behalf of a class of all others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, against The City of New York, Defendant,” 3, United States District Court, Southern District of New York, August 12, 2013, http://www.nysd.uscourts.gov/cases/show.php?db=special&id=317.
83 Ibid., 94.
83 Ibid., 3.
84 “Stop and Frisk in Chicago,” ACLU of Illinois, March 2015, 1, http://www.aclu-il.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/ACLU_StopandFrisk_6.pdf.
85 “Police Video Shows Sandra Bland’s 85,” New York Times video, 6:15, July 22, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/video/us/100000003813646/police-video-shows-sandra-blands-arrest.html.
85 Katie Rogers, “The Death of Sandra Bland: Questions and Answers,” New York Times, July 23, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com /interactive/2015/07/23/us/23 blandlisty.html.
86 Samer Hijazi, “Arab Americans Claim Police Brutality in Dearborn Heights,” Arab American News, May 26, 2016, http://www.arabamericannews.com/news/news/id_12298/Arab-Americans-claim-police-brutality-in-Dearborn-Heights.html.
86–87 Sharon LaFraniere and Andrew W. Lehren, “The Disproportionate Risks of Driving While Black,” New York Times, October 24, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/25/us/racial-disparity-traffic-stops-driving-black.html.
88–89 Randal C. Archibold, “Arizona Enacts Stringent Law on Immigration,” New York Times, April 23, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/24/us/politics/24immig.html.
89 Brian Knowlton, “Calderón Again Assails Arizona Law on Detention,” New York Times, May 20, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/21/world/americas/21calderon.html.
89 Roberto Lovato, “Arizona’s Immigrants under ‘Reasonable Suspicion,’” Nation, June 26, 2012, https://www.thenation.com/article/arizonas-immigrants-under-reasonable-suspicion.
92 Jake Halpern, “The Cop,” New Yorker, August 10 and 17, 2015, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/08/10/the-cop.
92 Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “‘Hands Up, Don’t Shoot’ Did Not Happen in Ferguson,” Washington Post, March 19, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/03/19/hands-up-dont-shoot-did-not-happen-in-ferguson.
93 Halpern, “The Cop.”
93 Ibid.
93 Mark Berman and Wesley Lowery, “The 12 Key Highlights from the DOJ’s Scathing Ferguson Report,” Washington Post, March 4, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-nation/wp/2015/03/04/the-12-key-highlights-from-the-dojs-scathing-ferguson-report.
93 Bijan Stephen, “The Talk: How Black Parents Prepare Their Young Sons for Life in America,” Matter, August 20, 2014, https://medium.com/matter/the-talk-92371a1c0ae5#.12h6criho.
95 Jorge Rivas, “Cellmate Charged with Murder in Death of Native American Activist,” Fusion, August 4, 2015, http://fusion.net/story/17731/cellmate-charged-with-jail-death-of-native-american-activist/.
96 Joshua Berlinger, “Police Release Timeline of Events Leading up to Freddie Gray’s Death,” CNN, last modified April 23, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/20/us/freddie-gray-baltimore-timeline.
97 Racial Profiling and Freddie Gray,” Baltimore Sun, August 25, 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/bs-ed-frosh-profiling-20150825-story.html.
97 Kevin Rector and Jean Marbella, “Friends, Neighbors Say Freddie Gray Was a Well-Liked Jokester Known to Police,” Baltimore Sun, April 21, 2015, http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-md-freddie-gray-profile-20150420-story.html.
100 Greg Botelho and Holly Yan, “George Zimmerman Found Not Guilty of Murder in Trayvon Martin’s Death,” CNN, July 14, 2013, http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/13/justice/zimmerman-trial.
102 Ta-Nehisi Coates, “In God We Trust—but We Have Put Our Faith in Our Guns,” Atlantic, February 3, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/02/in-god-we-trust-but-we-have-put-our-faith-in-our-guns/283534.
102 Erin Meisenzahl-Peace, “Stand Your Ground Laws Are Racist, New Study Reveals,” Broadly, December 1, 2015, https://broadly.vice.com/en_us/article/stand-your-ground-laws-are-racist-new-study-reveals.
103 Alan Blinder and Marc Santora, “Officer Who Killed Walter Scott Is Fired, and Police Chief Denounces Shooting,” New York Times, April 8, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/09/us/walter-scott-shooting-video-stopped-case-from-being-swept-under-rug-family-says.html.
103 Ibid.
104 “A Review of the Preliminary Report and Recommendations,” American Bar Association, National Task Force on Stand Your Ground Laws, August 8, 2014, http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/racial_ethnic_justice/aba_natl_task_force_on_syg_laws_preliminary_report_program_book.authcheckdam.pdf.
105 Jeremey Johnson, “The Reason I Can’t Have White Friends: Race Talk in America,” Huffington Post, August 6, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jeremey-johnson/the-reason-i-cant-have-wh_1_b_7928498.html.
106 “Legal Scholar,” NPR.
107 Lisa Trei, “‘Black’ Features Can Sway in Favor of Death Penalty,” Stanford News, May 3, 2006, http://news.stanford.edu/news/2006/may3/deathworthy-050306.html.
107 Linda Myers, “When Victims Are White, Stereotypes of Blacks Influence Who Gets Death Penalty, New Study Shows,” Cornell Chronicle, June 15, 2006, http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2006/06/defendants-blackness-influences-death-sentences.
107 Trei, “‘Black’ Features.”
108 “‘I Can’t Breathe,’ Eric Garner Put in Chokehold by NYPD Officer—Video,” Guardian (US ed.) video, 0:44–2:48, December 4, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2014/dec/04/i-cant-breathe-eric-garner-chokehold-death-video.
108 S. E. Smith, “Asthma Didn’t Kill Eric Garner—Racism Did,” Daily Dot, last modified December 11, 2015, http://www.dailydot.com/opinion/eric-garner-victim-blaming/.
108 Abby Ohlheiser, Elahe Izadi, and Cameron Barr, “N.Y. Grand Jury Declines to Indict Officer in Death of Eric Garner, Igniting Protests,” Washington Post, December 3, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2014/12/03/8dc55084-7b2b-11e4-84d4-7c896b90abdc_story.html.
109 David A. Love, “Dealing with the Racial Nature of Wrongful Convictions,” Huffington Post, December 23, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-a-love/dealing-with-the-racial-nature-of-wrongful-convictions_b_6337850.html.
110 Kari Huus, “Muslim Travelers Say They’re Saddled with 9/11 Baggage,” Today, last modified September 9, 2011, http://www.today.com/id/44334738/ns/today-today_news/t/muslim-travelers-say-theyre-still-saddled-baggage/#.VpiKTFJsQlZ.
111–112 Benjamin Weiser, “Lawsuit over New York Police Surveillance of Muslims Is Revived,” New York Times, October 13, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/14/nyregion/appeals-court-reinstates-lawsuit-over-police-surveillance-of-muslims.html.
113 Ayesha Durrani, “Leaving the Bubble,” Huffington Post, February 26, 2016, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ayesha-durrani/leaving-the-bubble_b_9301908.html.
113 Michael S. Schmidt, “Racial Profiling Rife at Airport, U.S. Officers Say,” New York Times, August 11, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/12/us/racial-profiling-at-boston-airport-officials-say.html?_r=0.
113 Khalid El Khatib, “When Racial Profiling at the Airport Has Nothing to Do with Your Appearance,” Identities.Mic, May 4, 2015, http://mic.com/articles/117096/when-racial-profiling-at-the-airport-has-nothing-to-do-with-your-appearance#.vfK8HISO2.
114 Earl Lichtblau, “Inquiry Targeted 2,000 Foreign Muslims in 2004,” New York Times, October 30, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/31/us/31inquire.html.
116 “Saeb Mokdad v. Loretta E. Lynch, Attorney General, et al.,” United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, October 2015, 2, http://www.clearinghouse.net/chDocs/public/NS-MI-0004-0003.pdf.
116 Ben Norton, “Victory over Racial Profiling: Federal Court Rules Americans Can Challenge No Fly List,” Salon.com, October 26, 2015, http://www.salon.com/2015/10/26/victory_over_racial_profiling_federal_court_rules_americans_can_challenge_no_fly_list.
117 Itay Hod, “Hollywood Mogul Haim Saban Calls for ‘More Scrutiny’ of Muslims,” Wrap, November 18, 2015, http://www.thewrap.com/hollywood-mogul-haim-saban-more-scrutiny-muslims-profiling-hillary-clinton.
117 Frances Kai-Haw Wang, “Muslim, Asian-American LGBTQ Advocates Call for Love, Solidarity after Orlando Shooting,” NBC News, June 13, 2016, http://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/muslim-asian-american-lgbtq-advocates-call-love-solidarity-orlando-shooting-n590951.
118–119 Kerry Burke, Mark Morales, Barbara Ross, and Ginger Adams Otis, “Barneys Accused Teen of Using Fake Debit Card for $349 Belt Because He’s a ‘Young Black Male’: Lawsuit,” New York Daily News, last modified October 24, 2013, http://www.nydailynews.com/new-york/barneys-accused-stealing-black-teen-article-1.1493101.
120 “Attorney General Holder Announces Federal Law Enforcement Agencies to Adopt Stricter Policies to Curb Profiling,” United States Department of Justice, Office of Public Affairs, December 8, 2014, http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-holder-announces-federal-law-enforcement-agencies-adopt-stricter-policies-0.
120 “Cardin, Conyers, Reintroduce Federal Ban on Racial Profiling by Law Enforcement,” Ben Cardin, April 22, 2015, http://www.cardin.senate.gov /newsroom/press/release/cardin -conyers-reintroduce-federal -ban-on-racial-profiling-by-law -enforcement.
122 Colleen Curry, “California Cops Are Pissed about the State’s New Racial Profiling Law,” Vice News, October 6, 2015, https://news.vice.com/article/california-cops-are-pissed-about-the-states-new-racial-profiling-law.
122 Ibid.
122 Stuart, “Latino Activists.”
123 Reddit Hudson, “Being a Cop Showed Me Just How Racist and Violent the Police Are. There’s Only One Fix,” Washington Post, December 6, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2014/12/06/i-was-a-st-louis-cop-my-peers-were-racist-and-violent-and-theres-only-one-fix/.
124 Richard Pérez-Peña, “University of Cincinnati Officer Indicted in Shooting Death of Samuel Dubose,” New York Times, July 29, 2015, http://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/30/us/university-of-cincinnati-officer-indicted-in-shooting-death-of-motorist.html.
124 “Review and Investigation of Officer Raymond M. Tensing’s Use of Deadly Force on July 19, 2015: University of Cincinnati Police Department: Summary of Key Findings,” University of Cincinnati, August 21, 2015, https://www.uc.edu/content/dam/uc/safety-reform/documents/Kroll%20Report%20of%20Investigation%208.31.2015.pdf.
124–125 Alissa Skelton, “Omaha Police Beef Up Efforts to Avoid Racial Profiling,” Omaha.com, December 20, 2014, http://www.omaha.com/news/metro/omaha-police-beef-up-efforts-to-avoid-racial-profiling/article_63aae11a-8772-5b0b-acfd-fb4270827f65.html.
125 Marc Mauer, “Addressing Racial Disparities in Incarceration,” 99S, Prison Journal, August 25, 2011, http://sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Addressing-Racial-Disparities-in-Incarceration.pdf.
126 Nixon, “Minnesota TSA Manager.”
126 Beatrice Dupuy, “Minneapolis Somali-American and Muslim Leaders Speak Out against Racial Profiling,” Minneapolis Star Tribune, May 2, 2016.
127 Ray Sanchez and Shimon Prokupecz, “Protests after N.Y. Cop Not Indicted in Chokehold Death; Feds Reviewing Case,” CNN, last modified December 4, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/12/03/justice/new-york-grand-jury-chokehold.
127 Blinder and Santora, “Officer Who Killed Walter Scott.”
127 “‘Profoundly Disappointed’: Michael Brown Family Reacts to Lack of Indictment,” NBC News, November 24, 2014, http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/michael-brown-shooting/profoundly-disappointed-michael-brown-family-reacts-lack-indictment-n255436.
128 Nicole Hensley, “Marilyn Mosby Announces Criminal Charges in Death of Freddie Gray,” New York Daily News, last modified May 1, 2015, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/criminal-charges-filed-freddie-gray-death-transcript-article-1.2206744.
128 John Kass, “Ferguson a Lesson Lost on Race,” Chicago Tribune, November 26, 2014, http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/columnists/kass/ct-kass-met-1126-20141126-column.html.
128 Cooper, “In Defense of Black Rage.”
129 Robert Stephens II, “In Defense of the Ferguson Riots,” Jacobin, August 14, 2014, https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/08/in-defense-of-the-ferguson-riots/c.
130 “About the Black Lives Matter Network,” Black Lives Matter, accessed May 19, 2016, http://blacklivesmatter.com/about.
131 J. A. Adande, “Purpose of ‘I Can’t Breath’ T-shirts,” ESPN, December 10, 2014, http://espn.go.com/nba/story/_/id/12010612/nba-stars-making-statement-wearing-breathe-shirts.
131 Michelle Ye Hee Lee, “‘Hands Up, Don’t Shoot’ Did Not Happen in Ferguson,” Washington Post, March 19, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/03/19/hands-up-dont-shoot-did-not-happen-in-ferguson.
132 Derk Brown, Twitter post, July 17, 2015, 8:51 a.m., https://twitter.com/DreadHead_46.
132 April, Twitter post, July 17, 2015, 5:54 a.m., https://twitter.com/ReignOfApril.
133 Charles M. Blow, “The Perfect-Victim Pitfall: Michael Brown, Now Eric Garner,” New York Times, December 3, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/04/opinion/charles-blow-first-michael-brown-now-eric-garner.html.
133 Editorial board, “Voters Tell Prosecutors, Black Lives Matter,” New York Times, March 18, 2016, http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/18/opinion/voters-tell-prosecutors-black-lives-matter.html.
134 Chris Moody, “Democrats Lose Control of Presidential Event,” CNN, July 29, 2015, http://www.cnn.com/2015/07/18/politics/bernie-sanders-netroots-nation-black-lives-matter.
134 Carol Anderson, “Ferguson Isn’t about Black Rage against Cops. It’s about White Rage against Progress,” Washington Post, August 29, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ferguson-wasnt-black-rage-against-copsit-was-white-rage-against-progress/2014/08/29/3055e3f4-2d75-11e4-bb9b-997ae96fad33_story.html.
135 Clint Smith, “How to Raise a Black Son in America,” TED, March 2015, http://www.ted.com/talks/clint_smith_how_to_raise_a_black_son_in_america.
135 Joshua Adams, “The Troll Named #AllLivesMatter,” Huffington Post, last modified December 9, 2015, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/joshua-adams/alllivesmatter-needs-to-e_b_8683982.html.
136 “Test Yourself for Hidden Bias,” Teaching Tolerance, accessed July 1, 2016, http://www.tolerance.org/activity/test-yourself-hidden-bias.
136 “Stereotypes and Performance Bias,” video, 0:43–0:46, https://managingbias.fb.com/.
136–137 Ibid., 15:47–16:04.
137 Kali Holloway, “11 Things White People Can Do to be Real Anti-Racist Allies,” Salon, April 29, 2015, http://www.salon.com/2015/04/29/11_things_white_people_can_do_to_be_real_anti_racist_allies_partner/.
137 Roxane Gay, “On Making Black Lives Matter,” Marie Claire, July 11, 2016, http://www.marieclaire.com/culture/features/a21423/roxane-gay-philando-castile-alton-sterling.
139 Karen Ford, “Young Black Activists Are in It for the Long Haul,” People’s World, February 16, 2016, http://www.peoplesworld.org/young-black-activists-are-in-it-for-the-long-haul/.