ABBREVIATION
CIS |
Kersten, C. (ed.), The Caliphate and Islamic Statehood: Formation, Fragmentation and Modern Interpretations, Berlin: Gerlach Press (3 vols., 2015) |
CHAPTER 1: THE FIRST CALIPHS
1. M. Cook, ‘Muhammad’s Deputies in Medina’, Usūr al-wusta 23 (2015), 1–67
2. P. Crone and G. M. Hinds, God’s Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Century of Islam, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1986), 111–12
3. Ibid., 12–23
4. R. Hoyland, ‘The Inscription of Zuhayr, the Older Islamic Inscription (24 AH/AD 644–5)’, Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy 19 (2006), 210–37
5. E. Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ed. W. Smith, London: John Murray (1855), VI, 288
6. A. Marsham, Rituals of Islamic Monarchy, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2009), 100–1
7. P. Crone, Medieval Islamic Political Thought, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2004), 60–1
CHAPTER 2: THE EXECUTIVE CALIPHATE: THE RULE OF THE UMAYYADS
1. Translated and discussed in Marsham, Rituals, 86–9
2. Quoted in Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, 6
3. Ibid., 33–42
4. Balādhuri, Futūh al-buldān, ed. M. J. de Goeje, Leiden: Brill (1866), 167–8
5. R. Hillenbrand, ‘La Dolce Vita in Early Islamic Syria’, Art History 5 (1982), 1–35
6. Crone and Hinds, God’s Caliph, 118–26
7. Translated and discussed in ibid., 129–32
CHAPTER 3: THE EARLY ABBASID CALIPHATE
1. Tabarī, Ta’rīkh al-rusul wa’l-mulūk, ed. M. J. de Goeje et al., Leiden: Brill (1879–1901), III, 29–33
2. Night 19, The Arabian Nights, trans. M. C. Lyons and U. Lyons, London: Penguin Books (2008), I, 123
3. Night 462, ibid., II, 321
4. Tabarī, Ta’rīkh, III, 709
5. Miskawayh, Abu Ali, The Eclipse of the Abbasid Caliphate, trans. D. S. Margoliouth, London: I. B. Tauris (2015), I, 57–60
6. Ibn Fadlān, Mission to the Volga, ed. and trans. J. Montgomery, New York and London: New York University Press, Library of Arabic Literature (2014)
CHAPTER 4: THE CULTURE OF THE ABBASID CALIPHATE
1. Mas
ūdī, Murūj al-dhahab, ed. and French trans. C. Barbier de Meynard, Paris: Imprimerie Nationale (1874), VIII, 289–304
2. This was a characteristic tenet of the Mutazila, who held that every Muslim has free choice and that if he is guilty of a serious offence and dies without repentance he will endure hell-fire for ever, in contrast to other groups, notably the Murjia, who held that Muslims might be punished for a while but would ultimately attain paradise ( janna)
3. S. M. Toorawa, Ibn Abī Tāhir Tayfur and Arabic Writerly Culture, London and New York: Routledge Curzon (2005), 33–4
4. J. Bloom, Paper before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World, New Haven and London: Yale University Press (2001)
5. Ibn Khallikan, Ibn Khallikan’s Biographical Dictionary, trans. M. de Slane, Paris (1842–71), I, 478–79
6. Ibid., V, 315–17
7. The name means ‘ugly’, which was a name often given to beautiful slaves, perhaps as a joke, perhaps to guard against the evil eye.
8. The caliph’s given name, which would only have been used by his closest intimates and lovers.
9. All accounts from Ibn al-Sā‘ī, Consorts of the Caliphs, ed. S. M. Toorawa, trans. Editors of the Library of Arabic Literature, New York: New York University Press (2015), 78–81
CHAPTER 5: THE LATER ABBASID CALIPHATE
1. T. W. Arnold, The Caliphate, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1924), 65–7
2. This is translated and discussed in A. Mez, The Renaissance of Islam, New Delhi: Kitab Dhavan (1937), 268–70
3. Bayhaqi’s account can be read in The History of Bayhaqi, trans. C. E. Bosworth and M. Ashtiany, Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press (2011), I, 401–24
4. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, trans. D. S. Richards, Aldershot: Ashgate (2008), I, 108
5. Arnold, The Caliphate, 86–7
6. The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: A Translation of the Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi, trans. Helen J. Nicolson, Aldershot: Ashgate (1997), 53
7. Ibn Wāsil, quoted by K. Hirschler in Medieval Muslim Historians and the Franks in the Levant, ed. A. Mallett, Leiden: Brill (2015), 149
8. Ibn al-Athir, Chronicle, I, 190–91
9. The Travels of Ibn Jubayr, trans. R. Broadhurst, London: Jonathan Cape (1952), 236–39
10. For a full discussion of these different accounts, N. Neggaz, The Falls of Baghdad in 1258 and 2003: A Study in Sunni-Shii Clashing Memories. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Georgetown University, Washington DC. 2013. I am very grateful to Dr Neggaz for allowing me to make use of her work
CHAPTER 6: THREE AUTHORS IN SEARCH OF THE CALIPHATE
1. Al-Māwardī, The Ordinances of Government, trans. W. H. Wahba, Reading: Garnet Publishing (1996), 1–32
2. Ibid., 6–22
3. W. B. Hallaq, ‘Caliphs, Jurists and the Saljūqs in the Political Thought of Juwaynī’, CIS, II, 210–25 at p. 221
4. C. Hillenbrand, ‘Islamic Orthodoxy or Realpolitik? Al-Ghazālī’s Views on Islamic Government’, CIS, II, 226–52 at p. 230
CHAPTER 7: THE CALIPHATE OF THE SHIITES
1. See the excellent discussion of this work in W. al-Qādī, ‘An Early Fātimid Political Document’, CIS, III, 88–112
2. See Nasir-ī Khusraw, Book of Travels, trans. W. M. Thackston, Cosa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers (2001), see pp. 52–76
CHAPTER 8: THE UMAYYADS OF CÓRDOBA
1. See R. M. Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, New York: Little, Brown (2002)
2. Latin text and English trans. in C. Smith, Christians and Moors in Spain, Warminster: Aris & Phillips (1988), I, 62–75
3. Slavs from Eastern Europe had been imported to Andalus, via the great slave market at Prague, throughout the tenth century as elite soldiers
CHAPTER 9: THE ALMOHAD CALIPHS
1. Ibn Sāhib al-Salāt, Al-man bi’l-imāma, ed. A. al-Hadi al-Tazi, Beirut (1964), 534
2. Abd al-Wāhid al-Marrākushi, Al-Mujib, ed. M. al-Uryan, Cairo (1949), 238–9
CHAPTER 10: THE CALIPHATE UNDER THE MAMLUKS AND OTTOMANS
1. Arnold, The Caliphate, 74–6, 107–8
2. Ibid., 130
3. Tufan Buzpinar, ‘Opposition to the Ottoman Caliphate in the Early Years of Abdülhamid II: 1877–1882’, CIS, III, 6–27
4. Quoted in K. H. Karpat, The Politicization of Islam: Reconstructing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late Ottoman State, Oxford: Oxford University Press (2001), 161, 162. ‘Padishah’ was an ancient title of Persian origin, sometimes used by the Ottoman sultans
5. For the full text and a beautifully illustrated account of the relics, and of Abdul al-Hamīd’s funeral, see H. Aydin, The Sacred Trusts, Pavilion of the Sacred Relics, Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Clifton, NJ: Tughra Books (2014)
6. Buzpinar, ‘Opposition to the Caliphate’, 20
CHAPTER 11: THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND
1. R. Pankhurst, The Inevitable Caliphate?, London: Hurst and Company (2013), 99
2. Qur’an, 2 (Surat al-Baqara), verse 124