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INDEX

The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.

Adams, Abigail, 61, 62

Adams, Charles Francis, Sr., 69–70

Adams, John, 60–62, 66–67, 68–69

Adams, Samuel, 61, 65, 230–31

Advertiser and Tribune (newspaper), 134

Alcott, Louisa May, 169

altruism, 244–45

American Colonization Society (ACS), 88

American Ladies’ Magazine (formerly Ladies’ Magazine), 48–49

Anderson, Robert, 97

Andrés, José, 256–57

Andrew, John Albion, 105–8

An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans (Child), 47–48

Arlington National Cemetery, 114

Arnold, Charles, 210

Arthur, Chester A., 184

artistic depictions of Thanksgiving, 127–30, 145–46, 151–52, 167, 170–72, 212–14, 219, 221–23

Austin, Jane G., 219

Avilés, Pedro Menéndez de, 36–37

Barton, Clara, 130–31

Bell, John, 98

Bicentennial, United States, 230–31

the Black community. See also slavery

Black men as soldiers in the Civil War, 106–8

Black Power movement, 227

colonization, 88–90

Dred Scott Decision, 98

Malcolm X and feelings of disenfranchisement, 227

voting rights for Black men, 158, 175–76

Bone, J. H. A., 217–18

Booth, John Wilkes, 122, 158–61

Boudinot, Elias, 62–63

Bradford, William, 215–16, 232, 233–34, 236

Breckinridge, John C., 98

Brown, Joshua, 242–44

Buchanan, James, 93–94, 98, 114

Buell, Charles, 17, 19

Buell, Gordon, 16–17, 18–19

Buell, Horatio (“Race”), 17–19, 21

Buell, Martha, 17, 19

Bullock, John G., 208

Bulosan, Carlos, 222

Bunker Hill Monument, 41–42, 77

Burgoyne, John, 60–61

burial sites and artifacts legislation, 236

Burke, Aedanus, 65

Bush, George W., 234

Bushyhead, Dennis W., 184–86

calendar date of Thanksgiving, 63–64, 91–92, 110, 148–50, 208–12, 220–21

Caliandro, Arthur, 240

Cantor, Eddie, 206–7

Carter, Jimmy, 230–31

Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 152, 190–91

Child, Lydia Maria, 27, 47–48, 83–85

Christian faith

celebrations of thanksgiving, 33–34

Pope Francis’ public addresses on gratitude, 254–55

Christmas

Puritan rejection of, 50–51, 214

Thanksgiving’s association with, 201–3, 208–12

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 31–32

citizenship, 171

Civil War

Abraham Lincoln’s Thanksgiving proclamation as a call for unity, 121

attack on Fort Sumter, 97–98

attack on New Ironsides, 121

Black men as soldiers in the, 106–8

death toll, 157

emotional toll on Abraham Lincoln, 142, 143–44, 157–58

end of the, 156–57

and the first national celebration of Thanksgiving, 125–26

Gettysburg Address, 122–25

Indigenous peoples as soldiers in the, 157

pause for Thanksgiving celebrations, 153–54

Second Battle of Fort Wagner, 131

Clarke, Sarah Jane. See Greenwood, Grace

Clinton, Bill, 233–34

Codex Sinaiticus (Sinai Book), 33–34

colonization, 88–90

“The Colonization Scheme” (article), 89

“Columbia” as the symbol of the United States, 127–30, 163

Compromise with the South (artwork), 145–46

Confederate States of America

early actions of the, 99

independent proclamation of Thanksgiving, 153–54

initial secession of states to form the, 99

Congressional legislation

Every Student Succeeds Act, 236

Indian Removal Act, 184–85

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 236

to permanently designate Thanksgiving, 170, 175, 220–21

Special Subcommittee on Indian Education, 227–28

Constitution of the United States

Bill of Rights, 58–59

disagreements about representation, 58

Fifteenth Amendment, 175–76

Fourteenth Amendment, 171

the Haudenosaunee as the inspiration for the, 232–33

Nineteenth Amendment, 200

signing of the, 58

Thirteenth Amendment, 156, 167, 175

Continental Congress, 230–31

Coolidge, Calvin (“Silent Cal”), 200, 205–6

Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, 36, 226

Council Fire and Arbitrator (magazine), 185

COVID-19 pandemic

acts of charity during the, 256–57

celebrating Thanksgiving during, 258

#GivingTuesday, 248, 256

Pope Francis’ public address during, 255

social distancing during, 255–56

social media posts promoting gratitude, 257

cranberries

benefits of, 75

in Rome, 5–6

criticism of Thanksgiving

burial of Plymouth Rock, 228

issues of inequality for minorities, 227–29

statue of Massasoit (Ousamequin) near Plymouth Rock, 228–29

United American Indians of New England protest, 229

Daily Dispatch (newspaper), 153–54

Daily Progress (newspaper), 166

Daily Standard (newspaper), 166

Daily True Delta (newspaper), 135

Dallin, Cyrus E., 228

date of Thanksgiving, 63–64, 91–92, 110, 148–50, 208–12, 220–21

Davis, Jefferson, 99, 153

Demorest’s Monthly Magazine (magazine), 218

Deseret Evening News (newspaper), 197–98

Dickens, Charles, 177

diversity

acknowledgment of the Wampanoag people, 229–30, 234–36

issues of inequality for minorities, 227–29

Malcolm X’s criticism of traditional American imagery, 227

promoting cultural understanding, 229–30

Special Subcommittee on Indian Education, 227–28

Thanksgiving celebrations in immigrant communities, 190–91, 237

Douglas, Stephen A., 98

Douglass, Charles, 107, 131

Douglass, Frederick, 77, 89, 107, 163–64, 176

Douglass, Lewis, 107, 131

Dumas, Charles W. F., 61–62

Early, Jubal, 145

Emancipation Memorial, 176

Emancipation Proclamation, 106, 115, 139

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 124

Emmons, Robert, 242, 246

Epictetus, 30

Everett, Edward, 124–25

fashion and beauty tips for women

bloomers, 90–91

introduction of the word “lingerie” to Sarah Hale’s readers, 90

in the Lady’s Book, 82–83, 125

Fillmore, Millard, 86

“The First New England Thanksgiving” (article), 217–18

The First Thanksgiving Dinner, with Portraits of the Pilgrim Fathers (artwork), 219

Fisher, M. F. K., 237

food. See menus of early Thanksgivings

football as a Thanksgiving tradition, 189, 200, 208, 209–10, 213–14

Ford’s Theatre, 122, 139, 155

Fort Sumter, 97–98

Fortune (ship), 216

Fort Wagner, 131

Fort Worth Star-Telegram (newspaper), 212

Francis, Pope, 254–55

Franklin, Benjamin, 232–33

Freedom from Want (artwork), 222

Garfield, James A., 184

gender issues. See also women’s rights

career opportunities for women, 18–19, 41

educational opportunities for women, 17–18, 101–2

Sarah Hale’s advocacy for women’s education, 27, 46–47, 78, 101–2, 164–65

generosity

and gratitude, 244–45

reciprocal altruism, 245

The Genius of Oblivion; and Other Original Poems (Hale), 24

George, H. Maria, 218

Gettysburg Address, 122–25

Gimbel Brothers Department Store, 201–3

#GivingTuesday, 248, 256

Godey, Louis, 49–50, 79–82, 92, 102–3, 169, 179, 182, 183

Godey’s (magazine). See Lady’s Book (magazine)

Gold Hill Daily News (newspaper), 153

Gooding, James Henry, 107, 132–33

Grant, Ulysses S., 156–57, 170–72, 175–76

gratitude

brain activity associated with, 244–45

Cicero’s supplicatio, 31

definition of, 242

expressions of, 247–48

and generosity, 244–45

journaling, 241–45

mental and physical benefits of, 241

modern-day examples of, 248

and resilience, 245–47

scientific studies about, 241–45

and Thanksgiving, 9–10, 15, 151–52, 192, 238

as a universal concept, 29–30, 240

Greenwood, Grace, 86

Guiteau, Charles J., 184

Hagelberg, Alex, 223

Hagelberg, Dick, 223

Hale, David, Jr., 27, 43, 48, 53–54

Hale, David, Sr., 19–23

Hale, Frances, 27, 54–55, 76, 177, 182

Hale, Hannah, 23, 24

Hale, Horatio, 50, 53, 182

Hale, Josepha, 27, 54, 102, 108, 182

Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell

advocacy

for the Bunker Hill Monument, 41–42, 77

for veterans and sailors, 45–46

for women’s education, 27, 46–47, 78, 79, 101–2, 164–65

for women’s rights, 51–53, 79

correspondence with Abraham Lincoln, 108–12, 146–47

correspondence with Rutherford B. Hayes, 176, 177–78

desire for a united Union, 99–101

early childhood, 16–17

editorial career, 26–27, 41–44, 49–55, 80–83, 165, 179, 182

“excessive table” description, 73–76, 119

grief over family members’ deaths, 19, 22–23, 53–54, 108

influence on Boston society, 44–46, 55

as a journalist, 11

later years, 164–65, 168–69, 176–79

legacy and final wishes, 164, 179–83

love of reading and learning, 17–19, 20, 180–81

marriage to David, 19–23

millinery shop experiences, 23–24

mission to establish Thanksgiving, 39–40, 50–51, 55, 70–71, 83–87, 91–92, 93–94, 103–4, 108–12, 119, 120, 149–50, 165, 169–70, 192–93, 216, 220, 250

opinions about suffrage, 78

power limitations of, 11–12

resilience, 247

Ronald Reagan’s recognition of, 232

teaching career, 18–19

writing career, 20, 21–22, 24–27, 44, 78–79, 81–82, 89, 169–70, 178, 181–82

Hale, William, 48, 50, 182

Halloween, 199–200

Hamlin, Hannibal, 98

Harding, Warren G., 200, 205

Harper’s Weekly: A Journal of Civilization (magazine), 127–28, 151–52, 167, 170–72, 213

Harris, Clara, 155

Harrison, Benjamin, 186–87, 190

Hay, John, 123–25, 139, 142–43

Hayden, Lewis, 105–7

Hayes, Rutherford B., 176, 177–78, 183–84

“Heroic Women of the Revolution” (article), 92–93

“To His Excellency, George Washington” (poem), 129

historic celebrations of thanksgiving. See also Thanksgiving

Berkeley Plantation, 38, 226

Cerealia festival in Rome, 31–32

Christian faith, 33–34

Cicero’s supplicatio, 31

development of, 38–40

dispute about the year of the first thanksgiving, 226

England and throughout Europe, 35–36, 193

English and Abenaki harvest feast and prayer meeting, 37

Francisco Vázquez de Coronado’s expedition from Mexico, 36, 226

French and Mi’kmaq celebration and play performance, 37

French Huguenots, 36

Islamic faith, 33

Jamestown colony survivors, 37–38

Jewish faith, 33

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés’s expedition from Spain, 36–37

Thesmophoria, 32

Hobomok (Child), 47

holiday shopping season

1939 controversy about changing Thanksgiving’s date, 208–12, 220–21

Gimbel Brothers Department Store, 201–3

#GivingTuesday, 248, 256

National Retail Dry Goods Association lobbying activities, 208–9

parades, 201–3, 208, 221, 230

R. H. Macy & Company, 202

Home for Thanksgiving (artwork), 222–23

Hoover, Herbert, 194

Hough, Daniel, 97–98

“How American Women Should Vote” (article), 78

Hunt, Jane, 77

Hunter, David, 107–8

Hunter, Lewis Boudinot, 76–77, 177, 182

immigrant communities’ celebrations of Thanksgiving, 190–91, 237

Improved Order of Red Men, 228–29

“Indian Education: A National Tragedy—A National Challenge” (report), 227–28

Indian Removal Act, 184–85

Indigenous peoples

Barack Obama’s recognition of the contributions of Native peoples, 234–36

Cherokee Nation thanksgiving proclamations, 184–86

Cherokee Outlet (Oklahoma), 187

Cherokee Strip Land Run, 187

Every Student Succeeds Act, 236

feelings about Thanksgiving, 7–8

Fourteenth Amendment’s impact on, 171

Great Law of Peace, 233

the Haudenosaunee as the inspiration for the U.S. Constitution, 232–33

Haudenosaunee Thanksgiving Address (Gano:nyok), 39–40

Indian Removal Act, 184–85

Iroquois Confederacy, 232–33

joint celebration between English settlers and the Abenaki, 37

joint celebration between French settlers and the Mi’kmaq, 37

King Philip’s War, 216

Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, 236

Native American Heritage Day, 249

Native American Heritage Month, 248

Red Power movement, 227

as soldiers in the Civil War, 157

Special Subcommittee on Indian Education, 227–28

statue of Massasoit (Ousamequin) near Plymouth Rock, 228–29

United American Indians of New England, 229

and the U.S. government’s influence, 47, 184–87

the Wampanoag and the Pilgrims, 214–16, 229–30, 234–35

Janvier, Francis De Haes, 181

Jeffers, Lorenzo, 229–30

Jefferson, Thomas, 67–68

Johnson, Andrew, 150, 161–62, 165–68

Journal and Tribune (newspaper), 193

Journal of Education (journal), 219

Juvenile Miscellany (magazine), 47–48

Kansas City Star (newspaper), 198–99

Karns, Christina M., 245

Kennedy, Edward (“Ted”), 227–28

Kennedy, John F., 226

King Philip’s War, 216

Know-Nothing Party, 86

Ladies’ Home Journal (magazine), 219

Ladies’ Magazine (later American Ladies’ Magazine), 26–28, 42–44, 48–49

The Ladies’ Wreath (Hale), 52–53

Lady’s Book (magazine), 49–53, 76, 78, 79–83, 92–93, 100–4, 125–26, 141–42, 164–65, 169–70, 179, 183

Leale, Charles, 155, 158–60

Leavenworth Bulletin (newspaper), 136

Lee, Robert E., 156–57

Leyendecker, J. C., 212–14

Liberia, 88–90

Liberia; or, Mr. Peyton’s Experiments (Hale), 89

Lincoln, Abraham

assassination of, 158–61

correspondence with Sarah Hale, 108–12, 146–47

desire for national unity, 3, 121, 250

Emancipation Proclamation, 106, 115, 139

emotional toll of the Civil War, 142, 143–44, 157–58

at Ford’s Theatre, 122, 155, 158–59

funeral and eulogies, 162–64

Gettysburg Address, 122–25

gifts presented to, 138–39, 142, 150–51, 154

and the issue of slavery, 89–90, 98–99

presidential election of 1860, 98–99

proclamation of a national day of Thanksgiving, 116–22, 146–49, 216–17

resilience, 247

self-education of, 100

Soldiers’ Home cottage, 113–15, 143–45

threats against, 144–45, 158, 160–61

Lincoln, Mary Todd, 114–15, 155, 159–60, 163–64

Lincoln, Robert Todd, 145, 160

Lincoln, Tad, 142

Lincoln, William Wallace, 114–15, 163

Little Women (Alcott), 169

Lombard, Asa Paine Cobb, Sr., 229–30

London Times (newspaper), 136

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 80

Lyons, Oren, 233

Macbeth, Charles, 134–35

Malcolm X, 227

Manly, Charles, 104–5

Manners; or, Happy Homes and Good Society All the Year Round (Hale), 169–70

Marble Collegiate Church, 239–40

“Mary’s Lamb” (poem), 46–47, 77

Massasoit (Ousamequin), 214, 216, 225, 228–29, 230, 236

Mayes, Joel B., 186–87

Mayflower (ship), 225

McClellan, George B., 145

McCullough, Michael, 242

M’Clintock, Mary, 77

during the Civil War, 130–33

food shortages and substitutions during WWI and WWII, 194–95, 221

holiday food advertisements, 137

in Low Country, 253–54

Pedro Menéndez de Avilés’s expedition from Spain, 37

Sarah Hale’s “excessive table” description, 73–76, 119

traditional Thanksgiving foods, 75, 218–19

Vegetarian club of the University of Chicago, 191

Metacom (“Philip”), 216

Mitchell, Charlotte L. (Princess Wootonekanuske), 229

Moore, Tom, 257

Mott, Lucretia Coffin, 77

Muhlenberg, William Augustus, 119–20

myths about the origins of Thanksgiving, 216–20, 233–34, 236

Nashville Daily Union (newspaper), 152

Nast, Thomas, 127–30, 145–46, 151–52, 163, 167, 170–72, 213

National Republican (newspaper), 176

“A National Thanksgiving. The Custom Not Really Established Until 1862.” (article), 218

Native Americans. See Indigenous peoples

New Education (magazine), 192

“The New-England Boy’s Song About Thanksgiving Day” (poem), 84–85

New Ironsides (ship), 121

New South (newspaper), 131–32, 135

New York Herald (newspaper), 152

New York Times (newspaper), 138, 195, 208, 218, 233

Nicolay, John, 123

Nightingale, Florence, 103

Northwood; or, Life North and South: Showing the True Character of Each (Hale), 87–90, 92

Northwood; or A Tale of New England (Hale), 24–26, 28, 73–76

Notes on Nursing (Nightingale), 103

Obama, Barack, 234–36

“O Captain! My Captain!” (poem), 163

Ohio State Journal (newspaper), 198

“Our Thanksgiving Union” (editorial), 93

Our Young Folks: An Illustrated Magazine for Boys and Girls (magazine), 217–18

Ousamequin (Massasoit), 214, 216, 225, 228–29, 230, 236

Pacific Commercial Advertiser (newspaper), 135–36

Parker, Ely S., 156–57, 171

Pearl Harbor bombing, 220–21

Philadelphia Inquirer (newspaper), 183

Pickering, William, 135

Pierce, Franklin, 92–93

Pilgrims

absence from the Thanksgiving story, 216–17

depiction on the covers of Saturday Evening Post, 213–14

first mention of Pilgrims in a Thanksgiving proclamation, 212

increased tensions between the Indigenous peoples and the, 216

treaty with the Wampanoag, 214–16

Of Plimouth Plantation (Bradford), 215–16

Plymouth Colony, 215–16

Poe, Edgar Allan, 43, 80–81

Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (Wheatley), 128–29

Polk, James K., 85

Powell, Lewis, 158, 161

“The President’s Hymn” (hymn), 119–20

Prohibition, 200, 201

Puritan faith

Great Puritan Migration, 216

rejection of Christmas, 50–51, 214

tradition of spring fasting, 67

Ragamuffin Day, 199

Rathbone, Henry, 155, 159

Reagan, Ronald, 231–32

Refugee Thanksgiving (artwork), 222

religious aspects of Thanksgiving

Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation regarding prayer and fasting, 144

appeals to leaders of all faiths, 65–66

Puritan tradition of spring fasting, 67

separation of church and state, 67–70, 168

Thomas Jefferson’s opposition to, 67–68

“trialogue” interfaith sermon at Marble Collegiate Church, 240

resilience

Abraham Lincoln’s experiences during the Civil War, 247

and gratitude, 245–46

Sarah Hale’s commitment to her cause, 247

study regarding the 9/11 terrorist attacks and, 245–46

Riggs, George, 113

“Rights of Married Women” (editorial), 51–52

Rising Sun Inn, 18–20

Rockwell, Norman, 221–23

Roman history and culture

Cerealia festival, 31–32

Cicero’s supplicatio, 31

Romulus and Remus origin story, 3–5

Roosevelt, Franklin D.

controversy regarding changing Thanksgiving’s date, 208–12, 220–21

Fireside Chats, 206–7

as the first president to appear on TV, 207

“Four Freedoms Speech,” 222

Thanksgiving proclamations, 203, 205–7, 211–12

Warm Springs retreat, 206–7

Rush, Benjamin, 60–61

Sansone, Lori A., 241–42

Sansone, Randy A., 241–42

Santa Cruz Weekly (newspaper), 137

Saturday Evening Post (magazine), 212–14, 221–23

School Song Book (Hale), 46–47

ScienceDaily (journal), 245

“The Science of Gratitude” (report), 245

Seaman’s Aid Society, 45–46

Second Seminole War, 48

Seward, William H., 98, 99, 110, 112, 115–16, 146–47, 161

Shaw, Robert Gould, 131

Sherman, William Tecumseh, 154

shopping season. See holiday shopping season

Shotwell, James T., 209

Sidney Romelee: A Tale of New England (Hale), 26

Slade, William, 163

slavery. See also the Black community

colonization, 88–90

debate over allowing slavery in the new territories in the West, 85–86

Dred Scott Decision, 98

Emancipation Proclamation, 106, 115, 139

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 92

Lydia Maria Child’s writing against, 47–48

Sarah Hale’s writing against, 25, 87–88

sovereignty of individual states to make decisions about, 115

Thirteenth Amendment, 156, 167, 175

Smyth, Thomas, 105

Soldiers’ Home, 113–15, 143–45

South Carolina Leader (newspaper), 166–67

Spanish flu pandemic, 196–98

St. Paul Daily News (newspaper), 198

Standish of Standish: A Story of the Pilgrims (Austin), 219

Stanford, Leland, 136–37

Stanton, Edwin, 167

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 77

Star of the West (ship), 97

Startled Pilgrim (artwork), 213

Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 53, 88

Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (Poe), 81

Tappan, Henry Philip, 138

Taylor, Edward T., 45

Taylor, John, 210

Taylor, W.L., 219

Taylor, Zachary, 85–86

technology

1939 New York World’s Fair, 207

Fireside Chats, 206–7

radio communications, 205–6

television, 207

Thanksgiving. See also historic celebrations of thanksgiving

absence of Pilgrims and Indigenous peoples, 216–17

appeal of, 7

charitable contributions for, 133–34, 192

Cherokee Nation proclamations, 184–86

during the Civil War, 125–26

congressional act to permanently designate, 170, 175, 220–21

criticism of, 227–29

date

individual state observances, 212

as the last Thursday of November, 63–64, 91–92, 110, 148–50, 220–21

as the third Thursday in November, 208–12

as a day of mourning, 7–8, 225, 229

as a day of prayer and solemnity, 62–70, 144

depicted in artwork, 127–30, 145–46, 151–52, 167, 170–72, 212–14, 219, 221–23

dispute about the year of the first, 226

early American proclamations

following John Burgoyne’s surrender, 60–61

by George Washington, 59–60, 63–66, 116, 119, 127–28

John Adams’ Thanksgiving for the Repeal of the Stamp Act, 60

states’ resistance to, 64–65

thanking the French for their support of the American Revolution, 61–62

emotional aspects of, 237

establishment of, 10

evolution of, 12, 175, 189–92, 237

“excessive table” description, 73–76, 119

for expat Americans, 5–6, 199

festivities the first year, 130–39

festivities the second year, 152–54

“The First New England Thanksgiving” (article), 217–18

and gratitude, 9–10, 15, 151–52, 192, 238, 240

in immigrant communities, 190–91, 237

myths about the origins of, 216–20, 233–34, 236

as a national celebration, 103–5, 109–12

“A National Thanksgiving. The Custom Not Really Established Until 1862.” (article), 218

proclamations

in the 1960s and 1970s, 225–31

in the 1980s through today, 231–36

about additional days of thanksgiving, 190

Abraham Lincoln, 116–22, 146–49, 216–17

Andrew Johnson, 166–68

Barack Obama, 234–36

Bill Clinton, 233–34

Chester A. Arthur, 184

Donald Trump, 236

Franklin D. Roosevelt, 203, 205–7, 208–12

George W. Bush, 234

John F. Kennedy, 226–27

Ronald Reagan, 231–32

Rutherford B. Hayes, 178

Ulysses S. Grant, 170

Woodrow Wilson, 193–96

religious aspects of, 65–70, 144, 168

responses to Abraham Lincoln’s proclamation, 130–39

Sarah Hale’s mission to establish, 39–40, 50–51, 55, 70–71, 83–87, 91–92, 93–94, 103–4, 108–12, 119, 120, 149–50, 165, 169–70, 192–93, 216, 220, 250

during the Spanish flu pandemic, 197–200

teaching children about the lessons of, 248–49

during World War I, 194–96

during World War II, 221–23

“thanksgiving” as a term for gratitude

Book of Common Prayer, 35

Cicero’s supplicatio, 31

Codex Sinaiticus (Sinai Book), 33–34

Jewish texts, 33

King James Version of the Bible, 35

William Tyndale’s translation of the New Testament, 35

“thanksgiving masking” tradition, 199–200

“Thanksgiving References” (article), 219

“The Cask of Amontillado” (article), 81

Tracy, William, 38

Trading for a Turkey (artwork), 213

Trump, Donald, 236

Truth, Sojourner, 133–34

Tubman, Harriet, 106, 107–8, 157

Tucker, Thomas Tudor, 65

turkey, 218

Twain, Mark, 176

Uncle Sam, 128

Uncle Sam’s Thanksgiving Dinner (artwork), 170–72

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 88–89

Union

division over the question of slavery, 92–93, 98–99

Louisiana’s pledge of loyalty to the, 158

movement to allow Black soldiers into the Army, 106–8

secession of states to form the Confederate States of America, 99

United States

arrows as a symbol of unity, 233

Bicentennial, 230–31

“Columbia” as the symbol of the, 127–30, 163

Constitution, 57–59

efforts to make Thanksgiving a national celebration, 103–5, 116–22

first presidential election, 59

influence on the Cherokee Nation, 184–87

Uncle Sam as the national mascot of the, 128

United States Food Administration (USFA), 194

U.S. Sanitary Commission, 103

Vassar, Matthew, 101–2

Vassar Female College, 101–2, 164–65

Victoria, Queen, 55

visual depictions of Thanksgiving, 127–30, 145–46, 151–52, 167, 170–72

voting rights, 41, 78, 158, 175–76, 200

Washington, George

correspondence with Phillis Wheatley, 129–30

elected president, 59

proclamations of thanksgiving, 59–60, 63–66, 116, 119, 127–28

reluctance to lead the United States, 57–58

Wheatley, Phillis, 128–30

Whitman, George, 143

Whitman, Walt, 45, 143–44, 162–63

Wicker, John J., 226

Wilson, Samuel, 128

Wilson, Woodrow, 193–96

Winslow, Edward, 215

Woman’s Record; or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from “The Beginning” till A.D. 1850 (Hale), 90

Woman’s Record; or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women, from the Creation to A.D. 1868 (Hale), 178

women’s rights. See also gender issues

Nineteenth Amendment, 200

rights to personal property, 51–52

Sarah Hale’s opinions about suffrage, 78

The Woman’s Rights Convention (1848), 77–78

Wong, Joel, 242–44

Woodlief, John, 38, 226

Woodlin, William P., 132

Wootonekanuske, Princess (Charlotte L. Mitchell), 229

World War I

armistice agreement, 195–96

food shortages, 194–95

Spanish flu pandemic, 196–98

Thanksgiving celebrations during, 194–96

Wilson’s 1916 Thanksgiving proclamation, 193–94

World War II

effect on Thanksgiving celebrations, 221–23

Pearl Harbor bombing, 220–21

start of, 207

Wright, Martha Coffin, 77

Yorkville Enquirer (newspaper), 153

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