1. See Wolfgang Schivelbusch, The Culture of Defeat (Picador, 2004).
2. Martin Heidegger, Gesamtausgabe, Anmerkungen I–V (Schwarze Hefte, 1942–1948), vol. 97 (Vittorio Klostermann, 2015).
3. Quoted in Jürgen Habermas, Die Normalität einer Berliner Republik (Suhrkamp, 1995), p. 118.
4. Karl Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt, trans. E. B. Ashton (Fordham University Press, 2000), pp. 14–15. Translation modified.
5. Ibid., p. 41. Translation modified.
6. Winston Churchill, “Friendship and Germany,” Evening Standard, September 17, 1937.
7. Jaspers, The Question of German Guilt, p. 90. Translation modified.
8. See Mark Clark, Beyond Catastrophe: German Intellectuals and Cultural Renewal After World War II, 1945–1955 (Lexington Books, 2006).
9. Quoted in Ulrike Jureit and Christian Schneider, Gefühlte Opfer (Klett-Cotta, 2010), p. 117.
10. Theodor Adorno, “Schuld und Abwehr,” in Gesammelte Schriften (Suhrkamp, 1997), vol. 9, p. 189.
11. Ibid., p. 192.
12. Ibid., p. 270.
13. Ibid., p. 227.
14. Ibid., p. 236.
15. Ibid., pp. 248–49.
16. Ibid., p. 235.
17. Ibid., p. 242.
18. Ibid., p. 298.
19. Ibid., p. 260.
20. Ibid., p. 298.
21. Ibid., p. 260.
22. Ibid., p. 258.
23. Ibid., p. 245.
24. Ibid., p. 321.
25. Ibid., pp. 205, 247.
26. See Susan Neiman, “Banality Reconsiderd,” in Politics in Dark Times: Encounters with Hannah Arendt, ed. Seyla Benhabib (Cambridge University Press, 2010).
27. Bettina Stangneth, Eichmann vor Jerusalem (Arche Literatur Verlag, 2011), p. 298.
28. Ibid., p. 286.
29. Ibid., p. 454.
30. Bettina Stangneth, “Deutsche Kant, Jüdisches Kant,” lecture given at the Einstein Forum, 2014.
31. Polina Aronson, “You’re Better Than You Think,” opendemocracy.net, January 2017.
32. Voltaire, Candide, trans. Roger Pearson, in Candide and Other Stories (Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 29.
33. Jan Plamper, Das neue Wir: Eine andere Geschichte der Deutschen (Fischer Verlag, 2019).
34. Alexandra Senfft, Schweigen tut weh: Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte (List, 2008), p. 104.
35. Omer Bartov, Cornelia Brink, Gerhard Hirschfeld, Friedrich P. Kahlenberg, Manfred Messerschmidt, Reinhard Rürup, Christian Streit, and Hans-Ulrich Thamer, Bericht der Kommission zur Überprüfung der Ausstellung “Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941 bis 1944,” November 2000.
36. Jan Philipp Reemtsma, Trust and Violence, trans. Dominic Bonfiglio (Princeton University Press, 2012), p. 309.
37. Hannah Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil (Penguin Books, 2006), pp. 521–22.