Index

• 22 à Asnières (skit), 53
• 50 Millions de Consommateurs, 112
• 101 Online, 76–77, 83, 88, 152. See also Walled garden
• 3611. See Annuaire électronique
• 3613, 159
• 3614, 34, 159
  • 3614 Gestcomptes 2, 34 (see also Telebanking)
• 3615, 17, 24, 139. See also Gay services; Messageries; Minitel rose
  • AK, 121
  • ALINE, 81, 95, 109
  • Amstrad, 34
  • Anabelle, 81
  • ANDI, 100
  • CHIRAC, 137
  • CRAC, 81, 95
  • ELVIS, 136–137
  • ENCORE, 95
  • FUNITEL, 100, 103, 124, 131
  • Gay Pied, 114
  • MAGIX, 101
  • PLNUIT, 24, 27
  • PTT, 135
  • RS, 117
  • SEXTEL, 102, 108
  • SM, 67, 78, 95, 99, 132, 134, 136
  • SNCF, 137–138
  • TMK, 119–120
  • TONTON, 137
  • TURLU, 100
• 3617 ANNU, 142–143
• 3619, 78
  • États-Unis, 79
  • Siriel, 79

• AB Production, 126
• Académie française, 51, 120
• Accounting, 47, 70, 139–141, 149, 151. See also Kiosk; PAVI
  • and centralization, 59–62
  • implementation in Télétel, 44–45
  • third-party applications for Minitel, 124
• Activism, 91, 135–136, 143–144
• Adult services. See Minitel rose
• Advanced Research Projects Agency. See ARPA
• Advertising, 8, 19, 23–24, 29–30
  • billboards, 95–96, 108, 114–115, 123, 126
  • and collective memory, 127
  • fees (see Business models: advertising-supported)
  • and Minitel rose, 95–97, 100–101, 108–109, 110, 114–116, 117
• Agency for Data Processing, 80
• Agricom, Minitel service, agriculture, 110
• Agriculture, 29, 110, 151
• AI. See Artificial intelligence
• Alcatel, 3, 25–26, 30–32, 45, 99, 111, 152
• Alcatel-CIT E-10 switch, 32, 45. See also PAVI
• Aliens, 121
• Amateur. See Hobbyist
• Amazon, 155
• American Express, 16
• America Online, 15, 87. See also Walled garden
• Amiga, 43, 145
• Amiga News, 43
• Amphitel, 67
• Amstrad, 34, 145
• Andréani, Christophe (pseud. CHRIST), 145
• Andreessen, Marc, 87, 153
• Animatrices, 67, 107–108. See also Moderation, of online systems
• Ankerson, Megan Sapnar, 18, 20
• Annuaire électronique, 5, 28, 31, 32, 37, 42, 58, 121, 142–143, 159
  • connection/disconnection, 47
  • pricing, 32
• Anonymity. See Privacy
• Antiope, 4, 20, 36, 43, 54–55, 65
• AOL. See America Online
• Apple
  • accountability, 90–91, 152–153
  • App Store, 62, 70, 88, 89
  • censorship, 70, 88–89, 90, 152
  • comparison to Minitel, 152–153, 155
  • iOS, 89, 90, 152
  • Macintosh, 145 (see also Micro-serveurs)
  • microcomputing, 42
  • platform, 15, 21, 88, 91, 152
  • Siri, 121 (see also Artificial intelligence)
  • walled garden, 89, 91
• Apple II, 42. See also Micro-serveurs
• Arab Spring, 143–144
• Archives Nationales, 19
• ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency), 2, 87, 92
  • ARPANET, 2, 87, 92
• Art, 2, 7, 146. See also Videotex
• Artificial intelligence, 28, 121
• ASCII. See Character encoding
• Ask Jeeves, 121
• Asnières, 53
• Assange, Julian, 89
• Associations of Catholic families, 113
• Astronomy, 121
• AT&T, 9, 81, 124–125, 152
• Atari, 34, 42, 145
• Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK)
• Autin, Jean, 65
• Auto industry, 111
• Avergnat, Cécile, 103–104
• AZERTY. See Minitel terminal: keyboard layout

• Backbone. See Internet backbone
• Balibar, Etienne, 51
• Banking. See Telebanking
• Bank of America, 124–125. See also Telebanking
• Banque de l’Union Européenne, 46
• Barriers to entry, 45–47, 66–68, 153
  • fees (see Business models)
  • for hardware manufacturers, 57–59
  • for service providers, 11–12, 40, 45–46, 133–139, 144–146, 152
  • for users, 5, 27–28, 58, 59–62, 114–115, 130, 141–142, 153
• Bartle, Richard, 18
• Baud rate. See Modem
• Baujard, Michel, 20, 66, 134, 136
• Bay Area. See San Francisco Bay Area
• BBC, 36, 44
• BBS. See Bulletin-board system
• Belle, Marie-Paule, 127
• Bell system. See AT&T
• Beraudo de Pralormo, Jean-Luc, 20
• Bibliothèque Nationale de France, 19
• Biden, Joe, 89
• Big Blue. See IBM
• Big Brother, 64, 109, 112
• Big Panther, 98
• Billboard. See Advertising
• Billetel, 121–122
• Billing. See Kiosk
• Bistandard. See Minitel terminal: Minitel 1B
• Bitcoin, 61
• Boss key, 110
• Boulogne, Bois de, 114
• Bouygues (corporation), 139
• Bouygues, Francis, 139
• Brittany, 3, 5, 10, 18, 20, 86, 91, 129
• Broadcast, 4, 16, 18, 25, 36, 43–44, 63, 65, 69, 112, 136
• Bronson, Po, 8
• BTX, 77, 88. See also Walled garden
• Bubble Ghost, 145
• Bull, 58, 80, 81
• Bulletin-board system (BBS), 42, 123, 130, 144–146, 150
• Bureaucracy, 3, 5, 67, 133–141, 146–148. See also Censorship; Centralization
• Burrington, Ingrid, 8
• Business models, 5, 97, 119, 133. See also Barriers to entry; Economics; Private sector
  • advertising-supported, 131–132
  • subscription, 5, 58, 59, 124, 131, 191
  • usage-based pricing, 5, 99, 120, 124

• Cailliau, Robert, 70
• Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations, 86, 114
• Cambus, Frédéric, 20
• Canal 4, 132, 134, 136
• Capetian dynasty, 50
• Capgemini, 82
• Carlin, George, 112
• Catholicism, 113
• CCETT. See Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications
• CCF Bank, 124–125. See also Telebanking
• Ceefax, 36, 44, 54. See also Teletext
• Censorship, 62–68, 87–91, 112, 133–138, 143–144, 152, 153
  • code of conduct, 62, 89
  • due process, 90
  • judicial review, 135–136
  • motivation for, 89–90
  • technical implementation, 47, 56
  • tradition in France, 62–68
• Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 87
• Centralization, 50–52, 55–62, 69, 73, 91–93, 149. See also Decentralization; Dirigisme; Network architecture
  • and economics, 57–63
  • and financial services, 59–62
  • and speech, 59–68
• Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications (CCETT), 4, 20, 35, 37, 42, 43, 54, 56, 59, 65
• Centre national de formation aux usages de la télématique (National training Center for the Use of Telematics), 86
• Centre national d'études des télécommunications (CNET), 37, 55
• CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research), 70
• Ceruzzi, Paul, 8
• Cesson-Sévigné (Brittany), 3, 86, 91
• C'est toi que je t'aime, 127
• Character encoding, 35–37, 39
• Chat. See Messageries
• Chat room. See Messageries
• Chemical Bank, 124–125. See also Telebanking; Walled garden
• Chemla, Laurent, 1, 20
• Chilling effects, 5, 66–68, 91. See also Censorship
• China, 154
• Chip card. See Smart card
• Chirac, Jacques, 127, 138, 139
• Chours, Pascal, 40
• CHRIST. See Andréani, Christophe
• CIA. See Central Intelligence Agency
• CIT-Alcatel E-10 switch, 32, 45. See also PAVI
• Citicorp, 124–125. See also Telebanking; Walled garden
• Civic participation, 8, 22, 25, 150
• Claire. See Artificial intelligence
• Clavier. See Minitel terminal: keyboard layout
• CNET. See Centre national d'études des télécommunications
• Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 51. See also Colbertism
• Colbertism, 51–52, 57, 60. See also Centralization; Dirigisme
• Cold War, 3
• Colonialism, 65, 66
• Comcast. See Internet service provider
• Comedy, 127, 134
• Commercialization, 59–62, 95–97, 99–100, 131–133
  • of NSFNET, 150, 154
• Commission paritaire (CP), 133–135, 136–138, 140. See also 3615; Kiosk
  • grey market, 134
• Commodore, 145
• Common carrier, 90. See also Net neutrality
• Common good. See Public interest
• Communiquer par Télétel, 83
• Community. See Online community
• Competition. See Economics
• CompuServe, 14, 77, 85, 87, 88–89, 126–127, 150. See also Walled garden
• Computerization. See Digitization
• Computerization of Society, The, 54–55, 69, 74–75, 80, 86, 92, 149, 152
• Computer-mediated communication, 101–103
• Confédération Force Ouvrière. See Labor unions
• Conscientious objectors, 135–136
• Conseil supérieur de la télématique (CST). See Telematics Council
• Constitutional Council, 137
• Consumer Code, 139–140
• Convergence, 43
• Cookies. See Surveillance
• Corruption, 136–137
• Cortana. See Artificial intelligence
• Cosmos Art Initiative, 121
• Counterculture. See Fringe
• Cour des Comptes, 113
• Covidea, 5, 124–125. See also Videotex; Walled garden
• CP. See Commission paritaire
• Crackers. See Hacking
• Crédit Agricole, 68. See also Telebanking
• Credit card, 122. See also Payment
• Crédit Foncier de France, 81. See also Telebanking
• Crédit Lyonnais, 86. See also Telebanking
• Criminal offense
  • adversely affecting human dignity, 113–116
  • incitement to conscience objection, 135–136
  • incitement to debauchery, 113–116
  • offense to good morals, 113–116
  • solicitation, 113–116
• Cristel (software), 42, 138. See also Micro-serveurs
• CST (Conseil supérieur de la télématique). See Telematics Council
• CTL (consulting firm), 81
• Cyberlibertarianism, 2
• Cyberporn, 113. See also Minitel rose
• Cybersquatting, 137
• Cyclades, 18
• Czechoslovakia, 53

• Dans la Valise Diplomatique, 134. See also Journaux fantômes
• Data collection, 142–143. See also Surveillance
• Datagram. See Protocol
• Dating, 106
• Day trading. See Telebanking
• de Bresson, Jean-Jacques, 66
• DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation), 80
  • VT100 terminal, 36 (see also Character encoding)
• Decentralization, 22, 70, 73–80, 91–92, 149. See also Centralization
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), 63–64
• de Maublanc, Henri, 109
• Demonstration. See Activism
• Denmark, 53
• Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace, Les, 42, 98
• Després, Rémi, 42
• d'Estaing, Giscard, 54
• Devaquet, Alain, 144
• DGT (Direction générale des télécommunications). See France Telecom
• Dialing, 45. See also Telephone
• Digital Equipment Corporation. See DEC
• Digitization, 4, 52–55, 68, 150
• DIN. See Serial port
• Direction générale des télécommunications (DGT). See France Telecom
• Dirigisme, 3, 22, 73, 86–87, 91–92, 149–150, 154. See also Centralization; Decentralization
  • Colbertism, 51–52, 57, 60
  • micromanagement, 68, 73, 86, 92
• Disaggregation, methodology, 21, 23, 24
• Domestication of new technology, 95–96, 129–130
• Domotique (home automation), 122–124
• Dondoux, Jacques, 136
• Dot-com bubble, 2, 16, 17, 82, 97, 119, 151
• Download, 35. See also Microcomputer
• Dumb terminal. See Minitel terminal
• du Roy, Albert, 134

• Easter egg, 145
• E-banking. See Telebanking
• Echo BBS, 106. See also Bulletin-board system; Online community
• E-commerce, 97, 112, 121
• Economics
  • competition, 16, 153, 154
  • economies of scale, 57–59, 75
  • laissez-faire, 69
  • market fragmentation, 5, 124, 151
  • market stagnation, 151
  • monopoly, 65, 90, 109, 137, 154
  • network effects, 4–5, 16, 57–58, 86–87
  • priming the pump, 5, 29, 70, 86, 91–92, 151
  • positive feedback loop, 5, 86, 97, 108, 126
  • two- and multisided markets, 4–5, 16, 45, 97, 154
• Economies of scale. See Economics; Industry: hardware; Priming the pump
• Écran. See Minitel terminal: video display
• Edges. See Network architecture
• Education, 51, 69, 83–86
• E-government, 115
• Election, 49–50, 90, 138, 139
• Electronic phone book. See Annuaire électronique
• E-mail, 68
• Emoji, 120
• Emoticon, 120
• Encryption, 40, 121
• End-to-end principle, 5, 74, 88. See also Network architecture; Protocol
• England. See United Kingdom
• Entrepreneurship. See Private sector
• Envoi (function key), 31. See also Minitel terminal
• Epinal, 115
• Epson, 39
• Ergonomics, 83. See also France Telecom: research
• Esprit géométrique, 61. See also Colbertism
• E*Trade, 124
• European Organization for Nuclear Research. See CERN
• Événement du Jeudi, L’, 134
• Export of Minitel, 20, 78, 116, 152. See also Intelmatique

• Facebook, 15, 17, 22, 88, 105, 155
  • revolutions, 143–144
• Failure. See Minitel: failure
• Fanzines, 133
• FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 112
  • Federal Communications Commission v. Pacifica Foundation, 438 U.S. 726, 113, 183
• Federal Communications Commission. See FCC
• Feedback loop. See Economics
• Fetish communities, 97. See also Minitel rose
• Filtering of Minitel traffic
  • downstream, by the State, 45, 88 (see also Censorship)
  • upstream, by users, 111
• Finance. See Telebanking
• Financial Times, 124
• First Amendment, 62–63. See also Censorship; Free speech
• Fnac, 122
• Forum. See Messageries
• Fourtanier, Jean-Louis, 81
• France, unification of, 50–51
• France Telecom, 3, 19, 20, 29, 62, 66–68, 77, 111, 113, 131. See also 101 Online; Annuaire électronique; Kiosk; Minitel; Telephone
  • archives, 19
  • control of Minitel, 45, 55, 57, 62, 65–67, 86, 89–90, 99, 133, 136–137
  • engineering, 37, 39, 56, 59, 78, 112, 142–143
  • motto (unofficial) (see Il est urgent d'attendre)
  • research, 83–86, 97, 124
  • technical documentation, 19, 40–41, 43, 82, 116
  • training, 69, 86, 92
• Free expression. See Censorship
• Free market, 3, 14, 155
• Free speech, 112, 143–144, 153. See also Censorship
• French Revolution of 1789, 51
• Fringe, 2, 91, 135, 141–144, 146
• Froment-Meurice, F., 90
• FUNITEL. See 3615: FUNITEL

• Gallia, 1
• Gaming, 1, 2, 16, 18, 23, 28, 30, 58, 98, 100, 117, 118, 124, 126, 145
• Gated community. See Walled garden
• Gatekeeping, 62. See also Censorship
• Gateways (to other networks), 44, 78, 79. See also Network architecture; Protocol
• Gay services. See also 3615: Gay Pied; 3615: SM
  • discrimination against, 67, 113–114
  • surveillance of, 114
• General Auditor, 115
• Germany, 53, 56, 75–76, 92
• Ghost press. See Journaux fantômes
• Gibson, William, 129
• Gillespie, Tarleton, 17
• Gillies, James, 70
• Giscard d'Estaing, Valéry, 49–50, 54
• Google, 15, 16, 142, 155
• Gore, Al, 86
• Goto10.fr, 20
• Goupil, 58
• Grandes écoles, 51, 61
• Grandizer (Goldorak), 127
• Grands projets, 52–53
• Graphics. See Antiope; Videotex
• Great Firewall of China, 154
• Grenoble, 68
• Gretel, 2, 42, 98, 99, 109, 111. See also Messageries
  • in Minitel folklore, 141
• Grolier Encyclopedia, 88
• Guide du Minitel, Le, 19

• Hacking, 2, 7, 20, 34, 141, 144–146
• Hafner, Katie, 144, 146
• Hannaby, Daniel, 20, 67, 81, 99, 103–104, 106–107, 111, 132, 134, 136, 153. See also 3615: SM
• Hegemony, 55, 82, 87
• Helmond, Anne, 16
• Hewlett-Packard, 80, 81
• High-Performance Computing and Communication Act of 1991, 87
• Historiography, 3, 14–15, 141
• Hobbyist, 19, 34, 46, 97, 141, 144–146, 147. See also Hacking; User-driven innovation
• Home automation. See Domotique
• Home banking. See Telebanking
• Homosexuality. See Gay services
• Honeywell. See Bull
• Host. See Server
• HSBC. See CCF Bank
• Huet, Pierre J., 90, 136
• Human-computer interaction. See France Telecom: research
• Hutin, François-Régis, 63–65

• IBM
  • hardware, 76, 81–82, 145
  • IBM PCjr, 31
  • and US hegemony, 4, 50, 52–55, 57
• IDT, 123
• Ignobles du Bordelais, Les, 127
• Île-de-France, 29
• Il est urgent d'attendre, 143. See also France Telecom
• Ille-et-Vilaine, 28, 83
• Imprimante. See Printer
• Inconnu du Minitel, L’, 127
• Inconnus, Les, 127
• Incubator, 1, 86
• Industry
  • computing, 80–82
  • hardware, 75–76, 80–82, 122–124, 152
  • informatics, 24
  • software, 82
• Informations rigolottes et étranges, 134. See also Journaux fantômes
• Infrastructure, 4, 7, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 22, 24, 28, 32, 42, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 60, 61, 81, 86–87, 129, 132, 141, 144, 145, 147, 149–151
  • development, 149
• Ingold, Jean-Baptiste, 135–136
• Innovation, 4, 5, 8, 19, 22, 35, 49, 60, 68, 76, 87, 97, 98, 106, 109, 116–126, 127, 130, 138, 140, 141–143, 146, 149–155
• Institutions, public, 13, 50, 51, 70, 136, 153–155
• Intelmatique, 20, 79, 152
• Interface. See User interface
• International relations, 50–55, 149
• Internet, future of, 92–93, 155
• Internet backbone, 1, 3. See also NSFNET
• Internet of Things. See Domotique
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 106
• Internet service provider (ISP), 150
  • Comcast, 15
• Investing. See Telebanking
• IRC. See Internet Relay Chat
• ISP. See Internet service provider
• Italy, 54
• ITU, 33. See also Protocol; Standardization
  • ITU-T V.23, 33

• Jackson, Janet, 112
• Jackson, Michael, 130
• Jackson, Thomas Penfield J., 15
• Jamison, Jeff, 41
• Java, 15–16
• Javascript, 16
• Joel, Billy, 127
• Jouët, Josiane, 106
• Journaux fantômes (ghost press), 134–135

• Keycom, 5. See also Videotex; Walled garden
• Killer app, 60
• Kiosk (kiosque), 5, 45, 70, 95, 99, 131–132, 151. See also France Telecom; Payment
  • anonymization, 109–110
  • and centralization, 59–62
  • comparison to Apple App Store, 70, 152
  • instead of chip card payments, 60
  • and press industries, 109, 136
• Koka, 108. See also Animatrices

• Labor unions, 69, 144
• Lagarde, François, 134, 136
• Laissez-faire. See Economics
• Landaret, Michel, 2, 20, 98, 99, 100, 109, 111, 141. See also Gretel
• Language. See also Académie française
  • linguistics, 37, 63
  • and national identity, 50–51, 120–121
• Lapel pins, 126
• Latin Quarter, 95. See also Saint-Germain, Boulevard
• Le 11. See Annuaire électronique
• Le Bras, Hervé, 51
• LECAM, 39–40, 125–126. See also Payment; Smart card
• Lecteur de cartes à puce. See Smart card
• Lemos, André, 98
• Lessig, Lawrence, 154
• Lettre de Télétel, La. See Télétel letter
• Liaison, 127
• Liberalism, 74. See also Computerization of Society, The; Decentralization
• Libération, 23, 78, 100, 109, 144
• Ligatures, 37. See also Character encoding
• Ligne Directe, 123. See also Domotique
• Linguistics. See Language
• Linux (GNU/Linux), 146
• Listel, 19, 23, 29–30
• Lobbying, 20, 63, 69, 90, 134, 146. See also Media industries
  • appeals to fear, 63–66
• Longuet, Gérard, 114
• Louis, Bernard, 134–135
• Louis XIV, 51
• Louvel, Bernard, 20, 59
• Lui, 115

• Magis, 40, 41. See also Minitel terminal
• Magix. See 3615: MAGIX
• Major League Baseball, 154
• Manach, Jean-Marc, 67, 107
• Marceau, Françoise, 120
• Marchand, Marie, 80–81, 103, 114
• Markets. See Economics
• Marti, Bernard, 20, 35, 66, 140
• Masquerade, 24, 101–107. See also Messageries
• Matra, 3, 30, 152
• Maury, Jean-Paul, 20, 37, 65–66, 99, 110, 137, 141, 142
• Maya, 112. See also Censorship; Minitel rose; Minitel terminal
• Mayntz, Renate, 76
• McDonnell-Douglas, 80
• McPhee, Peter, 50
• Médecins de nuit, 23
• Media industries, 5, 63–66, 89–90, 109, 133–135, 137. See also Lobbying; Ouest-France
• Mélenchon, Jean-Luc, 138. See also Tontonmania
• Memory card. See Smart card
• Messageboard. See Messageries
• Messageries, 2, 13, 18, 19, 24, 30, 42, 44, 86, 87, 91, 96–98, 127, 151. See also 3615; Gretel; Masquerade; Minitel rose; Online community
  • business model, 99, 124, 131
  • censorship, 67–68
  • invention of, 98, 141
  • moderation of (see Animatrices)
  • pseudonymity, 101–107
  • slang, 120–121
  • sociality, 101–107
• MGS, 121
• Microcomputer, 80, 107, 144–146. See also Micro-serveurs
  • interface to Minitel terminal, 32
  • as Minitel client, 78, 153
  • as Minitel server, 42–43
  • software, 34–35
• Micropayment. See Payment
• Micro-serveurs, 42–43, 46, 138, 144–146. See also Bulletin-board system; Microcomputer; Pinky
• Microsoft, 15–16, 121
  • MS-DOS, 145
• Military-industrial complex, 2–3, 91
• Military service, 135–136
• Minc, Alain. See Computerization of Society, The
• Minicomputer, 42, 46, 55, 81
• Mini-Minitel, 127
• Ministries, 51, 68, 136
  • Finance, 51, 144
  • Foreign Affairs, 111
  • Health, 132
  • Information and communications, 65, 66, 68, 136
  • Interior, 66, 114
  • National Education, 69, 144
  • Post, Telegraph and Telephone (see France Telecom)
  • Prime Ministry, 62, 68, 70, 90, 92, 138–139
  • Social affairs, 115
• Minitel. See also France Telecom; Kiosk; Minitel terminal; PAVI; Télétel
  • argument in favor of, 54–55
  • colloquial meaning, 8–9
  • death of, 154
  • diffusion, 9–11, 29, 129
  • failure, 150 (see also Walled gardens)
  • generativity, 47, 149, 153
  • misconceptions, 14–15, 88, 91
  • preservation, 18–20
  • statistics, 9–13, 99, 116–119, 124
  • success, 14, 60–61, 70, 80, 85, 97, 150–155
  • “wake,” 1, 3, 5–6
• Minitel (song), 127
• Minitel and Fulguropoint: Le monde avant Internet, 127
• Minitelistes, 13, 30, 103, 106, 119
• Minitel Magazine, 20, 29, 101, 105, 112, 115–117
• Minitelmaster, 110
• Minitel … Miniquoi?, 127. See also Liaison
• Minitel.org, 20
• Minitel rose, 67, 95–97, 98, 140. See also Advertising; Animatrices; Censorship; Masquerade; Messageries; Moral panic; Sex work
  • innuendo, 100–101
  • moderation of (see Animatrices)
  • origin, 98
  • pioneers, 20 (see also Hannaby, Daniel; Landaret, Michel)
  • in popular culture, 108–109
  • revenue, 98–100, 109, 116, 119
  • and the workplace, 109–112
• Minitel terminal, 5, 8, 24, 25, 29, 30, 145, 152. See also Industry: hardware; Videotex
  • bistandard, 31 (see also Character encoding; Serial port)
  • function keys, 35, 37–38
  • keyboard (clavier), 24, 30–32, 33, 35, 36, 37–39, 47, 83, 101
  • keyboard layout, 31, 83
  • Magis, 40, 41
  • Minitel 1, 29, 30–32, 45, 130, 132
  • Minitel 1B, 31, 33, 36–39, 40, 41
  • Minitel 12, 40
  • peripherals (see Domotique; Maya; Modem; Point-of-sale; Printer; Smart card)
  • repurposing, 33, 42, 122–123
  • Téléinformatique mode, 35–37
  • Télétel mode, 35–37
  • video display, 31, 35–37, 38, 131–132
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 132
• Mitterrand, François, 49–50, 70, 90, 130, 138. See also 3615: TONTON; Tontonmania
• MMPI. See Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
• MOC. See Mouvement des objecteurs de conscience, le
• Modem, 24, 32–35, 42, 123, 145. See also Minitel terminal
  • baud rate, 33, 49, 120, 131, 140, 145
  • retournement du modem (“flipped”), 33, 39
• Moderation, of online systems, 67, 107. See also Animatrices
• Modularity, in design, 45–46
• Monarchy, 50–51
• Monde, Le, 2, 23, 28, 95, 100, 104
• Monopoly. See Economics
• Montergnole, Bernard, 68
• Moral panic, 112–116
• Mosaic (software). See World Wide Web
• Moscow, 37, 64
• Moulin Rouge, 106
• Mourousi, Yves, 115
• Mouvement des objecteurs de conscience, le (MOC), 136–137
• Multisided market. See Economics; Platform
• Multi-user systems, 42
• Music, 97, 126–127
• Mythology, 15

• Nahon, Georges, 20
• Nançay radio telescope, 121
• Nancy, 136
• National Endowment for the Arts, 35
• National identity, 22, 49–55, 68–71. See also Language; Nostalgia
  • and collective cultural memory, 126–127, 142
  • and mythology, 15
• National Science Foundation (NSF), 87. See also NSFNET
• Nation-state, 49–50. See also National identity
• Natural language processing. See Artificial intelligence
• Netflix, 154
• Net neutrality, 15, 21, 89–90, 122, 124, 150, 154
• Netscape, 15–16, 87
• Network architecture, 50, 55–57, 60–61, 70, 88, 154
  • centralization, 55–57
  • decentralization, 97, 149, 154
  • hybrid, 55, 73–80, 92–93
  • values embedded in, 52, 64, 76
• Network effects. See Economics
• Newspaper. See Media industries
• New York City, 8, 53
• Niel, Xavier, 2, 142–143
• Nintendo, 16
• Nisenholtz, Martin, 35
• Noam, Eli, 14
• Nora, Simon. See Computerization of Society, The
• Nostalgia, 7, 126–127, 141
• Nouvel Observateur, Le, 81–82, 109
• Novels, 126–127
• NSF. See National Science Foundation
• NSFNET, 18, 87, 92, 150–151, 154

• Olivetti, 80, 81. See also AT&T
• Online community, 27–28, 30, 101–107
  • off-line meetings, 106
• Openness. See also Network architecture; Platform; Protocol
  • of hardware, 122, 152
  • of standards, 152
  • in technical systems, 7–8, 21, 22, 73, 89–91, 122, 146, 149, 153
• Orange. See France Telecom
• O’Reilly, Tim, 16
• Organon, 132
• Oric, 145
• Ouest-France, 63–65

• Pacifica, 112. See also Censorship; FCC
• Packet radio, 33
• Packet-switching. See Protocol
• Paratext, 18
• Paris, 1, 3, 5, 10, 18, 20, 23, 28, 51–52, 53, 59, 78, 83, 95, 106, 108, 114, 120, 121, 127, 129
• Paris Bourse, 124
• Parisien, Le, 23, 109
• Parisien Libéré, Le. See Parisien, Le
• Parliament, 19, 63–64, 90, 137, 139
• Pasqua, Charles, 114
• Paternalism, 70
• PAVI (point d'accès videotex), 27, 32, 44–45, 55–57, 122, 133
• Payment, 5, 39–40, 59–62, 92, 99, 121–122, 125–126, 152. See also Point-of-sale; Smart card
  • micropayment, 73, 131–132, 152
• PayPal, 17, 61
• PC. See Microcomputer
• Peggy La Cochonne, 98
• Péri-informatique. See Serial port
• Personal assistant. See Artificial intelligence
• Personal computer (PC). See Microcomputer
• Pharmaceutical industry, 132
• Philips, 30
• Phonebook. See Annuaire électronique
• Phone cards, 39, 126. See also Smart card
• Phone for Everyone, A (plan un Téléphone pour tous), 53
• Pimp state, 113. See also Sex work
• Pink Minitel. See Minitel rose
• Pinky, 145–146. See also Micro-serveurs
• Pizza Hut, 78
• Plan informatique pour tous, 58
• Plan un Téléphone pour tous. See Phone for Everyone, A
• Platform, 15–17, 21, 47, 88, 149, 152. See also Censorship; Disaggregation, methodology; Economics; Platformization
  • computational, 24–27, 122, 144–146, 147
  • cultural, 17, 97, 101–107, 126–127
  • definition, 15–17
  • economic, 4–5, 7, 47, 97, 132–133, 151, 152–153
• Platformization, 7, 16–17, 154
• Platform studies, 21
• Plug and play, 78. See also Barriers to entry
• Poetry, 121
• Point d'accès videotex. See PAVI
• Point-of-sale, 39–40, 125–126. See also Minitel terminal; Payment
• Political organizing. See Activism
• Political speech, 143–144. See Censorship; Free speech
• Pornography, 151. See also Minitel rose
• Porte de la Chapelle, 95
• Post, Telegraph and Telephone Ministry. See PTT
• Pouzin, Louis, 1
• Prefect, 62, 68, 135–136. See also Institutions, public
• Premiers Baisers, 126
• Presley, Elvis, 136
• Press Act of 1881, 63, 136
• Presses Télématiques et Téléphoniques, 135
• Prestel, 36, 59, 76, 88. See also Videotex
• Priming the pump, 5, 29, 70, 82, 91–92, 151. See also Economics; Public-private partnership
• Printer, 39, 122–123
• Privacy, 21, 46, 73, 109–112
  • anonymization of network traffic, 109–112
  • pseudonyms, use of, 98
• Private sector, 73, 76–77, 86–87, 91–93, 97, 99, 116–126, 131–133, 149–150, 154–155. See also Business models; Public-private partnership; Scam
  • contrast with dotcom, 97
  • types of services, 116–119
• Privatization, 1, 3, 7–8, 124–125, 139, 150–151, 154
• Professionalization. See France Telecom: training
• Programmer, 80–81, 145
• Prostitution. See Sex work
• Protest. See Activism
• Protocol, 27, 42, 67, 71, 78, 153–154. See also Network architecture; Openness; PAVI; Videotex
  • Internet Protocol (IP), 9, 56, 153
  • X.25, 27, 42, 43–45, 55–57, 83, 153
• Pseudonyms. See Privacy
• PSTN. See Telephone
• PTT (Post, Telegraph and Telephone Ministry), 2, 49, 76–77
  • public service obligation, 90
• Public data network. See Transpac
• Public health, 121, 131–132
• Public interest, 21, 68–71, 73, 89, 152, 155
• Public-private partnership, 22, 59, 73, 80–82, 86–87, 150–151, 154–155
  • in the United States, 2–3, 15, 87, 150, 154
• Public subsidy. See Public-private partnership
• Public switched telephone network (PSTN). See Telephone
• Publishing, regulatory meaning, 91

• Que Choisir, 112
• Queer. See Gay services
• Queffélec, Jean-Eudes, 20, 77
• Quest, Christian, 20, 138–139

• Radio. See also Media industries
  • astronomy, 121
  • historiography, 18
  • medium for videotex, 4, 43
  • regulation, 69 (see also Lobbying)
  • State monopoly, 65
• Radiotechnique Industrielle et Commerciale, La, 30
• Raynaud, Fernand, 53
• Reader’s Digest, 88
• Reagan, Ronald, 130
• Recommandations aux partenaires Télétel, 85, 141
• Réseau annuaire électronique. See Annuaire électronique
• Réseau téléphonique commuté. See RTC
• Retour (function key), 37. See also Minitel terminal
• Retour vers le Futur, 95
• Reverse phone book, 142–143. See also Annuaire électronique
• Revue du Minitel, La, 19, 29, 102, 103, 108, 112, 120
• Rheingold, Howard, 95, 96, 101
• Road network, 52, 57, 60. See also Colbertism
• Roue de la Fortune, La, 138
• RTC (réseau téléphonique commuté), 27, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 53, 144–146. See also Micro-serveurs; Telephone

• SAGEM, 3, 82
• Saint-Germain, Boulevard, 95. See also Latin Quarter
• San Francisco Bay Area, 8, 20, 76–77, 152. See also Silicon Valley
• Sanguinetti, Alexandre, 51, 64
• Satire (political), 134
• Scam, 139–141
• Schafer, Valérie, 141
• Schmalensee, Richard, 15–16
• Schneider, Volker, 76
• Science et Vie Micro, 19
• Scott, James C., 51–52
• Security, 121, 122
• Séguin, Philippe, 115
• Semigraphic characters, 37, 38. See also Character encoding
• Senior citizens, 151
• Serial port (DIN), 31, 39, 122. See also Minitel terminal
  • baud rate, 40
• Server, 40–43, 80–82. See also Industry: hardware
• Serveur monovoie, 42–43
• Serveur RTC. See Micro-serveurs
• SETI@home, 121
• “Seven Words You Can Never Say on Television,” 112. See also FCC
• Sex. See Minitel rose
• Sex work, 66, 67, 112–115, 141
• Short code. See 3615; Commission paritaire
• Silicon Sentier (Paris neighborhood), 1
• Silicon Valley, 3, 8, 14, 16, 17, 82, 86, 91, 122. See also Dot-com bubble; San Francisco Bay Area
• Sinclair ZX-80, 31
• Single-user. See Serveur monovoie
• Siri. See Artificial intelligence
• Slang, 98, 100, 120–121
• Smart card, 39–40, 60, 125–126
• Smart home. See Domotique
• SNCF, 137. See 3615: SNCF
• Social change, 15, 74
• Social construction of technology, 130
• Socialist Party, 49–50
• Social media, 17, 143–144
• Social movement. See Activism
• Social security, 132
• Sophie. See Artificial intelligence
• Sopra, 68
• Source, The, 5, 77, 85, 88. See also Videotex; Walled garden
• Sovereignty, 4, 54, 55
  • popular, 63
• Speech. See Censorship
• Square, 125–126
• Standardization, 14, 16, 17, 33, 35, 36–37, 40, 42–43, 47, 54, 56–57, 83, 149, 152, 153
• Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 14
• State planning. See Dirigisme
• Stock market. See Telebanking
• Strasbourg, 42, 98
• Students. See Activism
• Stut One, 42
• Subculture. See Fringe
  • of Minitel enthusiasts (see Minitelistes)
• Subscription. See Barriers to entry; Business models
• Subversion. See Fringe
• Success. See Minitel: success
• Suite (function key), 37. See also Minitel terminal
• Sun Microsystems, 87
• Sur Minitel, 127
• Surveillance, 44–45, 62–68, 84, 107, 110, 112
• Sutherland, Evan, 87
• Sweden, 53
• Swine trade. See Agriculture
• Sysop, 146. See also Animatrices; Moderation, of online systems

• T3V, 28, 83, 131, 141
• Taranis, 81
• Tariff. See Taxation
• Taxation, 59–62, 86–87, 139
• TCP/IP. See Protocol
• TDF. See Télédiffusion de France
• Technical culture, 33, 130–131. See also Hacking; Hobbyist; User-driven innovation
• Telebanking, 28, 29, 34, 46, 86, 121–122, 124–125
• Téléchargement. See Download
• Télédiffusion de France (TDF), 65–66
• Telegraphy, 43
• Tele-Market. See 3615, TMK
• Telematics, 4, 7, 54–55, 57, 74, 92, 114, 151, 154. See also Computerization of Society, The
  • and centralization, 69–71
  • and new users, 28, 59
• Telematics Commission, 66, 90
• Telematics Council, 62, 137
• Télématique, 7. See also Telematics
• Telenet, 79
• Telephone, 4, 42, 53–54
  • network, 27, 42, 53–54, 144–146, 150
  • penetration rate, 53
• Télétel, 23, 27, 75–77, 87, 122, 133, 144–146, 151
  • routing, 5, 22, 27, 32, 56–57, 70, 73
• Télétel 3V. See T3V
• Télétel letter, 19, 83, 125
• Teletext, 25, 36, 43–44, 47, 54, 65
• Teletype, 33
• Television, 4, 7, 8, 18, 20, 24, 25, 28, 35, 36, 43, 44, 49–50, 54, 65, 66, 69, 81, 96, 97, 108, 115, 123, 126, 127, 136, 139
• Telic-Alcatel. See Alcatel
• Terminal. See Minitel terminal
• Terms of service, 88
• Texas Instruments, 81, 152
• Text-mode interface, 28
• TF1, 139. See also Roue de la Fortune, La
• Thatcher, Margaret, 130
• Théry, Gérard, 20, 61, 65, 91
• Thierry, Benjamin, 141
• Third-party services. See Private sector
• Thomson, 3, 58, 80, 86
• Ticketmaster, 121
• Tic-Tac, 55
• Time (magazine), 113
• Time, Inc., 124–125
• Timesharing, 31. See also Minitel terminal
• Todd, Emmanuel, 51
• Tolls. See Taxation
• Tontonmania, 138. See also 3615: TONTON
• Topology, 52, 57
• Toulouse, 136
• Transit network, 51–52. See also Centralization; Colbertism
• Transpac, 27, 42, 55–57, 121, 133, 138–139, 142–143, 150–151
• Trintex, 5. See also Videotex; Walled garden
• Tron, 130
• Troude, Godefroy, 145
• TRS-80, 98
• TURBO GT, 145
• Turner, Fred, 14
• Twitter, 2, 143, 146–147. See also Minitel terminal: repurposing
• Two-sided market. See Economics; Platform
• Tymnet, 79

• Ubiquitous computing, 21–22, 24
• UGC Danton cinema, 95
• Union for French Democracy (UDF), 49–50
• Unions. See Labor unions
• United Kingdom, 3, 36–37, 43, 53, 54, 56, 76. See also Ceefax; Prestel
• University of Rennes, 37
• University registration, 13
• Unix, 15, 42, 81
• USENET, 106
• User-driven innovation, 42, 130–131. See also Hacking; Hobbyist
• User experience. See User interface
• User-friendly design. See Barriers to entry
• User groups, 69
• User interface, 28, 35, 36, 40, 45, 69, 83, 97, 110, 121, 141, 145
• USSR, 64

• Val de Bièvre, 83
• Vallée, Jacques, 14–15
• Vélizy, 83. See also T3V
• Venture capitalism, 22, 73, 82–87, 97, 149–150
• Versailles, 83
• Vidéocompte, 124–125. See also CCF Bank; Telebanking
• Videotex, 2, 8, 14, 17, 25, 43–44, 78, 124, 131–132, 151. See also Walled garden
  • art, 35
  • graphics, 131–132
  • grayscale, 132
• Vidéotex, magazine, 20, 29
• Viewdata, 36, 43, 54. See also Prestel; Videotex, Walled garden
• Viewtron, 5. See also Videotex, Walled garden
• Virtual circuits. See Protocol: X.25
• Virtual community. See Online community
• Vistel, Jacques, 68
• Voix du Parano, La, 30–32, 47, 100. See also 3615; Fringe; Messageries; Minitelistes

• Walkman, 130
• Walled garden, 7, 14, 73, 87–91, 124, 150, 152, 155. See also 101 Online; America Online; BTX; Chemical Bank; Citicorp; CompuServe; Covidea; Keycom; Trintex; Viewdata; Viewtron
  • definition, 88
• Web 2.0, 16, 17
• Web app, 16
• Weber, Eugen, 52
• WebMD. See Artificial intelligence
• Webvan, 119–120
• WELL, the, 106. See also Bulletin-board system; Online community
• Wheel of Fortune. See Roue de la Fortune, La
• WikiLeaks, 89, 91, 152
• Wild Stallion, 110
• Willer, Noé, 127
• Windows. See Microsoft
• Wolinski, Georges, 117
• World Book Encyclopedia, 88
• World of Warcraft, 18
• World Wide Web, 73, 116, 153
  • browser, 153
  • censorship, 135–136
  • and payment, 133
  • as platform, 15–16
  • user-driven innovation, 130

• X.25, 27, 42, 43, 45, 56–57, 71, 78, 83, 153. See also Protocol

• Yellow pages, 19, 29, 121, 151. See also Annuaire électronique; Listel
• YouTube, 17