Abraham
faith of, 138 – 40, 150 – 51, 153 – 54, 157
father by flesh or faith, 145, 147 – 49
in Jewish tradition, 144 – 46, 149 – 51
Paul on, 114, 137 – 47, 147 – 51, 160, 214, 259 – 60
Adam/Christ typology, 175 – 76, 181 – 89, 214
adelphoi, 312
aedile, 534
Ahab, King, 381
aidios dynamis, 56
akakos, 533
akatharsia, 212
akrasia, 237
alcohol consumption, 499–500
alētheia, 485
alla touto krinate mallon, 474
allēlōn, 431
Ambrosiaster, 238
ametamelētos, 394
anakainōsis, 416
anastaseôs nekrôn, 24
anathema, 312
Andria, Solomon, 86
Andronicus, 5, 19, 467, 518, 522, 523, 542
anomia, 212
anthrōpion legō, 77
antinomianism, 5, 17, 97, 125, 270, 506
anti-Semitism, 397 – 400
aparchē, 522
apatheia, 433
apokalypsis, 277
apokalyptō, 54
apologetics, explanation of, 28
apologia for Torah, Paul’s. See Paul
apostle, definition of, 19
apostleship, bestowing of, 26 – 27
apostolic calling of Paul. See Paul
Aqedah tradition, 293
Aquila, 3, 4, 5, 306, 392, 467, 518, 519, 521, 527, 541
Aquinas, Thomas, 233, 295, 515
ara nyn, 258
Aristobulus, 4, 5, 518, 519, 524
atonement
achievement of, 117 – 18
God as subject and object of, 119
Augustine, 100, 132, 178, 179, 225, 231, 232, 233, 234, 245, 282, 455, 464, 500
Aurelius, Marcus, 406
axia, 276
blasphēmeo, 477
boasting, 121–23, 140, 142, 167, 388
Bunyan, John, 246
Calgacus, 416
Calvin, John, xv, 8, 56, 64, 77, 100, 116, 160, 233, 245, 335, 337, 368
Cenchreae, church in, 6
Chadwick, Florence, 170
Christology, definition of, 28
Christonomous, 216
Christos, 114 – 15
Christosis, 275
christotelic hermeneutic, 22
Chrysostom, John, 27, 40, 168, 179, 418, 516, 525, 526, 528
church, modern
anti – government options, 449 – 50
attendance, xi
avoiding divisiveness, 439 – 40, 492 – 98
avoiding wrongful teachings, 420 – 21, 498 – 99, 536 – 38
behavior goals of, 159 – 60, 417 – 18, 422 – 28, 459 – 60, 498 – 501, 512 – 17
clergy and, 514 – 17
definition of, 23
evangelism, 31
multicultural, 135 – 36
multinational, 45 – 46
partnership among, 46 – 47
public justice and, xi
circumcision, 71, 81, 91, 94, 121, 124, 137, 141, 145–46, 379
citadel, the, 17
Clement of Rome, 534
Codex Sinaiticus, 191, 350, 538
Codex Vaticanus, 538
conplexio, 163
Corinthians, 37, 256, 262, 283, 417, 433, 452, 531, 519, 534
Chrysostom, John, 27, 60, 121, 168, 179, 197, 201, 232, 317, 418, 516, 525, 528
creation, 277–79
Cyrus, 443
dating, 4–7
David, 17, 18, 22, 23, 30, 95, 383
dedikaōitai apo tēs hamartias, 199
Dever, Mark, 160
dianomou pisteôs, 122
dia ta paraptōmata hēmōn, 152
dia tēn dikaiōsin hēmōn, 152
differenus from other letters, 7–10
dikaiōma tou nomou, 262
dikaiōma, 262
dikaiomenoi, 116
dikaios, 120
divisiveness, avoidance of, 461–98, 530–32
divorce, xi
dokimazō, 416
dokimç, 170
douleias tēs phthoras, 278
doulos, 18
dysangelion, 309
Edict of Claudius, 3, 4, 5, 11, 13, 433, 441, 469, 519, 521, 524
ēgerthē, 152
ek pisteōs, 44
encomium, 452
endeixin tēs dikaiosynēs autou, 19, 119
Epenetus, 522
Ephesus, 48, 508, 519, 521, 522
episēmos, 523
ethnocentric nominism, 121
eulogētos, 314
Eusebius, 469
evil. See sin
exodus, 116 – 17, 126, 216 – 18
exōmen, 163
exornatio, 110
expiation. See sin
ezēsen, 472
faith. See also righteousness
as confession, 358 – 61
dichotomy with obedience, 34, 142
explanation of, 153 – 56
God’s righteousness revealed in, 120 – 21
justification by, 133, 135, 138, 162, 163, 167, 463
law of, 122 – 25
moral effort vs., 218 – 19
obedience in, 25 – 26, 32 – 34
oneself and, 157 – 59, 366 – 69, 407 – 410
preaching and, 369 – 75, 407 – 410
transformation, 415 – 21, 422 – 27
urgency for, 458 – 59
works vs., 120 – 23, 125, 137, 145 – 46
faith in Jesus, debate over interpretation, 112 – 14
Gallio (proconsul), 7
Gentiles, Jews and, 4 – 5, 6, 8, 10 – 14, 17, 19, 26 – 27, 35, 41, 42, 109 – 10
gezerah shewah, 140
glorification, 163
gospel
content, 22
importance of, 27 – 32, 36, 41
shame and, 48 – 51
gospelizing, importance of, 39, 463
grace
apostolic, 24 – 25
law vs. grace, 122 – 25, 209 – 210, 221, 233
misunderstandings about, 128 – 29
of God, 120 – 21, 126 – 28, 142, 182 – 83
oneself and, 128 – 36, 168 – 69, 173
Pelagius on, 132
promise and, 148
gracism, 135
greetings, 510 – 25, 528 – 29, 523 – 35
hamartiology, definition, 102 – 103
hēmarton, 115
heurēskenai, 140
hierourgeo, 505
hilastērion, debate over, 117 – 18
histēmi, 470
holy kiss, 525
Holy Spirit, 15, 16, 25, 163, 165, 222, 271, 273, 280 – 81, 298, 301, 302, 304, 311, 410, 414, 417, 462, 463, 478, 483, 487, 499, 500, 501, 503, 504, 505, 511
homophobia, 66 – 69
homothymadon, 482
Horace, 466
horizô, 23
hōsautōs, 280
hōsper, 394
huiothesia, 267
humilitas, 423
hypernikaô, 296
hyperphronein, 423
“I” in Romans 7:7– 25, meaning of, 231 – 38, 242 – 47 – 53
idolatry, 57 – 58, 61, 62 – 63, 74
infirmior, 466
Irenaeus, 29
iustitia, 43
Jacob and Esau, 327 – 30
Jerusalem prayer request, 510 – 12
Jesus
obedience of, 114
portrayals of, 30
sacrifice of, 117 – 19
union with, 193 – 95, 366 – 69
Jews. See also law of Moses
Adamic covenant and, 71 – 72
advantage of, 93 – 94
chosen people, 80 – 81, 91, 94
disobedience to God’s commands, 89
eight privileges of Israelites, 312 – 13
exclusivism and, 120 – 21
failure of, 344 – 61, 378 – 86
God’s promises to, 162, 259, 279, 305, 313, 379
God’s rebuking of, 92
hypocrisy of, 79 – 89, 120 – 21, 436 – 37
importance of Christianity to, 15 – 16, 21, 33, 41, 42, 54, 304 – 20, 342 – 43
Jesus and, 317 – 20, 335 – 36, 374
Messiah and, 7, 322 – 43, 399 – 405
Sabbath, 100
salvation of, 89, 217, 380, 386 – 97
Jews for Jesus, 404
Jews and Gentiles, 4 – 6, 10 – 14, 17, 19, 26 – 27, 35, 41, 42
Jews/ Gentiles equality re, 74 – 76, 93, 94, 98
Judaism, three pillars of, 79, 92
Judgement, 470 – 88, 495 – 500
Old Testament and, 93, 99 – 100
salvation and, 110 – 111
vengeance and 435 – 36
Junia, 5, 19, 467, 522, 523, 526, 528
justification, 110 – 11, 115 – 16, 120 – 24, 132, 142 – 45, 151 – 52, 347 – 50
of Abraham, 142 – 46
Barth on, 133
Jews and, 347 – 49
racial acceptance and, 134 – 35
ungodly persons and, 142 – 45, 162
katalasso, 167
kateirgasato, 239
katharos, 475
kathōs, 484
kauchēsis, 506
koinonia, 135
kopiaô, 526
krinô, 474
krinômen, 474
ktisis, 277
kuriō, 472
law of Moses
inadequacy of, 98 – 101, 119 – 20
Paul’s direction to uphold, 125, 240 – 41 legô, 380
leitourgos, 505
Lex Rex, 450
“light” imagery, 455 – 56
Lincoln, Abraham, 436
lingua franca, 46
Locke, John, 132
logia tou theou, 94
logikos, 415
love of God, 290 – 303
Luther, Martin, xvi, 8, 123, 126 – 28, 130, 136, 245
Maccabees, Judas, 469
Marcion of Sinope, 30, 49, 63, 240, 378
Marcus Aurelius, 406
marriage metaphor. See Paul
Mary (Rufus’ mother), 467, 522, 526
mataiotēs, 278
Melanchthon, Philip, 8
mellei logizesthai, 151
menō, 328
Messiah, 16, 18, 21 – 24, 42, 111, 112, 124, 314
metron pisteôs, 424
Milton, John, 186 – 88
missio dei, 89
monetary gifts, 9 – 10, 509 – 10, 520 – 21
Moses, 18, 48, 78, 112, 122, 124, 148, 174, 180, 181, 185, 215, 227, 246, 247, 248, 312, 321, 330, 331, 334, 344, 345, 352, 353, 358, 370, 383, 422, 451, 506
Muratorian Canon, 8
mystērion, 540
nature of, Letter of Romans, 8, 11, 13 – 14
nova obedientia, 33
oiketēs, 470
oikonomos, 534
olive tree analogy. See Paul
opening verses, Letter of Romans, 18
opheilo, 452
Origen, Adamantius, 56, 178, 233, 431, 442, 458, 468, 494, 528
Pantaenus, 513
paraenesis, 429
para physin, 60
paredōken, 57
paredothē, 152
pasa pseuchē, 444
Paul
ambition of, 512 – 13
apologia for Torah, 232 – 33
apostolic ministry, 47, 463 – 65, 414, 502 – 510
gospel pioneer, 507
imprisonment, 413
“light imagery,” 455 – 56
marriage metaphor, 220 – 29
olive tree analogy, 9, 161, 386 – 90, 396
priestly duty, 504 – 5
salvation images, 41, 115 – 16, 149, 158 – 59
slavery metaphor regarding sin, 212
speech to Athenians, 119
Pelagius, 100, 131, 132, 179, 214, 231
Petronius, Gaius, 455
penal substitution, 120
pephanerōtai, 111
peri hamartias, 260
persecution of Christians, 448 – 49
Peter, 85
philadelphia, 431
Philo, 58, 62, 80, 143, 325, 355, 443
philostorgos, 431
philotimeomai, 512
Phoebe, 6, 7, 244, 432, 519, 520, 521, 526, 527
phronein, 423
physikos, 60
pietas, 116
Pindar, 204
Piper, John, 160
pisteōs Iēsou Christou, debate over, 112 – 14
pisteuō, 94
pistis Christou, 113
ple{dec65}rophoreô, 471
Plutarch, 444,
pneumatikos, 241
Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, 49
predestination, 323 – 37 priest, description of, 515 – 16
princeps, 456
Priscilla, 3, 4, 5, 306, 392, 467, 518, 519, 521, 526
proēgoumenoi, 431
promise to Jews, 148 – 49
propitiation. See sin
prosagōgē, 168
proslambanomai, 465
prosopopiia, 233
prostatis, 521
prosthesis, 282
protoevangelium, 112
purpose
of his work, 8 – 14, 485 – 87, 502, 506
of Paul’s Rome visit, 507 – 10
Quartus, 531
Race, 133 – 36
reconciliation, 160 – 65, 174 – 76
non – Christians and, 251
oneself and, 172 – 73, 188 – 89
salvation and, 116 – 17, 254 – 64, 281 – 84
Torah and, 117
resurrection, 23
revenge culture, 434 – 40
righteousness. See also grace
deeds and, 77 – 79
faith and, 25, 44, 139, 304 – 20, 349 – 51
Gentiles and, 109 – 10, 125 – 26
Jewish law and, 43, 72 – 73, 79, 92, 98 – 100, 108 – 13, 117, 120 – 24, 139, 194, 221, 233, 255, 259, 329 – 30, 346 – 51, 353 – 54, 454
language of, 120
Luther on, 126 – 28
of God, 40 – 45, 53 – 54, 95, 111 – 16, 119 – 20, 126
process of, 144 – 45
slavery to, 212 – 13, 218 – 19, 470
two ways to live and, 211 – 15, 264 – 65
Roman church history, 3 – 6, 21 – 24
factions, 5 – 6, 10 – 11, 13, 17
Roman converts, 36 – 40
Roman marriage law, 220, 222 – 27
Rufus, 6, 62, 185, 467, 488, 524, 526
sacraments, 28
sacred days, 471 – 72
sacrifice
God’s purpose, 119 – 20
penal substitution, 120
šâliah, 19
salvation. See also grace; Jews; redemption
extending to all, 36, 41, 42, 251
Luke and, 129 – 30
meaning, 472
misunderstandings about, 128 – 29
oneself and, 252 – 54, 284 – 89
Saul, 422
sexual misconduct, 57 – 63, 455
Old Testament and, 59 – 60, 71
Shekinah, 312
Sicarii, the, 511
similarities to other letters, 8 – 9
sin. See also original sin
Christ dying for, 20, 31, 165 – 66
consequences of, 99 – 100, 102 – 103, 180 – 81, 241 – 42
described by authors, 178 – 79
desperation and, 248 – 49
enumerated, 99
eradication of, 533
evil and, 52 – 57, 105 – 107, 250, 436, 439
expiation, 118 – 19
God overlooking, 119 – 20
grace and, 184 – 85, 208 – 214
hypocrisy, 25, 72, 75, 79 – 89
immorality 61 – 63
impurity and, 212
Jews and Gentiles equality re, 73 – 74, 93 – 94, 98, 102, 115, 131 – 32
law and, 180 – 81, 209 – 210, 221 – 27, 233, 238 – 39, 246
modern descriptions for, 102
oneself and, 106 – 108, 191 – 92, 203 – 207, 239 – 40, 249 – 51
preaching about, 104 – 106, 108
pride, 433
propitiation, 118 – 19
revenge, 429 – 39
slavery to, 209 – 212, 215 – 19, 242, 244, 250, 257
superiority complex, 86 – 87
transgressions, 181 – 84
wages of, 214 – 15
slavery to sin. See sin
sōphronein, 423
sôtçria, 41
Spain plan, 6, 9, 12, 403, 463, 502, 504, 508 – 9
spirit and flesh, 262 – 68
Stachys, 524
story in, Letter of Romans, 14 – 27, 539 – 42
strong welcome weak, 465 – 67, 479 – 80
submitting to government, 442 – 49
suffering, 164
Sun – Tzu, 439
superiority complex. See sin
superstitio, 442
synaichmalōtos, 523
synantilambanomai, 280
syneidēsis, 446
synergos, 521
synkrisis, 175
syschēmatizesthe, 415
Tacitus, 448
tapeinophrosynē, 423
ta pros ton theon, 506
taxes, 9
telos, 356
Ten Commandments, 236, 239, 247, 317, 453, 471
Tertullian, 431
theocentrism, 20
theological depth, xvi
theos, 20
theotēs, 56
thysia, 413
tines, 389
Ti oun eroumen, 141
wrongful behaviors avoidance, 497 – 500