AAE. See African American English
Abzug, Bella, 64
academic men, 47, 81–82, 108n10, 115n27, 173, 174–175, 204, 217, 238, 283, 286–287, 288
academic women, 82, 108n10, 217, 286, 293
ACT UP, 285, 286
adjectives, “empty,” 45–47, 78, 138, 146, 190–191, 256–257
African American English, 253–254, 256–257
African American women, 8–9, 252–259
Afro-American, 52–53, 55. See also black Aftel, Mandy, 122
Ainsworth-Vaughn, Nancy, 204
Albright, Madeleine, 26
Alioto, Joseph, 61, 143
Andersen, Elaine S., 197
antiwar movement, 15–16, 17, 130
Anzaldúa, Gloria, 260–261
Aries, Elizabeth, 151
Arnkoff, Diane B., 175
Atkins, Bowman K., 139, 175
Austin, J. L., 210–211, 298
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 264, 285
Baron, Dennis, 146
Barrett, Michèle, 223
Barrett, Rusty, 10, 13, 126, 130, 176, 271, 292, 296–302
Bateson, Gregory, 85
Baugh, John, 261
Bawden, Nina, 145
Bean, Judith Mattson, 8, 12, 187, 237–243, 264, 291
Beauvoir, Simone de, 202
Becker, A. L., 158
Bell, Diane, 132
Bell, Shannon, 172
Benedict, Helen, 224
Bereiter, Carl, 106n7
Bergvall, Victoria L., 238
Berko Gleason, Jean, 195–196
Bhasin, Neeta, 233
Billig, Michael, 214n3
Bing, Janet M., 238
black, 68
Black Power movement, 253, 255
Blum, Linda, 132
Bodine, Anne, 269
Borker, Ruth, 162
Bourdieu, Pierre, 167, 171
Brecht, Richard, 227
Briggs, Charles, 134
Briggs, Clara Mantini, 134
British men, 47, 147, 238
Brown, Penelope, 141, 152, 195, 219, 270
Brown v. Board of Education, 114n24
Bruckman, Amy S., 218
Bucholtz, Mary, 3–14, 121–128, 130, 134, 137, 173, 176, 232, 238, 290, 291–292
Bush, George H. W., 126, 172, 173
Bush, George W., 26, 287
Bush, Laura, 19
Butler, Judith, 10, 175, 233, 238, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301
CA. See conversation analysis
Cameron, Deborah, 132, 140, 153, 172, 193, 209, 213n2, 224, 234, 238, 261, 274
Carib language (Caribbean), 271
Case, Susan Schick, 204
Charef, Mehdi, 148
Chavez-Thompson, Linda, 238–242
Chesler, Phyllis, 98
children
and gender socialization, 166–167
and language socialization, 7, 40–41, 195–201, 203, 205–206
children’s literature, 145–146
Chiles, Tina, 153
Chodorow, Nancy, 196
Chomsky, Noam, 15–17, 113n22, 202, 285, 298. See also transformational generative grammar
Chukchee language (northeastern Siberia), 271
Cintron, Ralph, 261
civil rights movement, 15, 17, 130, 255
Clark, Kate, 224
Clarke, Sandra, 112n18
Clinton, Bill, 26, 111n16, 126
Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 19, 26, 110n14, 111n16, 116n27, 127
CMC. See computer-mediated communication
Coates, Jennifer, 205, 238
Coatzospan Mixtec language, 273–274
Coles, Robert, 27–28
color terms, 43, 78, 107n9, 128n2, 138, 230
Columbine shooting, 25–26
computer-mediated communication, 7, 216–222
Confucianism in Japan, 182, 247
Connell, Robert W., 230, 232, 233
conversation analysis (CA), 23, 24, 105n5, 109n11, 112n18
conversational style, 162
and gender, 5–6, 95–96, 158
and regional differences, 161
and rules of politeness, 161
Cook-Gumperz, Jenny, 7, 11, 162, 165, 195–201
Coyne, James C., 122
Craig, Colette, 272
Crawford, Mary, 151
Crosby, Faye, 175
Crouch, Isabel, 139, 175
culture, 158–164. See also cultural feminism, “difference” view of language and gender
Daly, Mary, 131, 214n3
Davidson, Dan, 227
Davies, Bronwyn, 205
Davies, Catherine Evans, 6, 11, 152, 187–194
Davis, Gray, 111n16
“deficit” view of language and gender, 106n5, 125–126, 138, 172, 193
Deloria, Ella, 269
Didion, Joan, 192–193
“difference” view of language and gender, 116n30, 125–126, 132, 165, 172, 193, 221. See also cultural feminism
discourse analysis, 23, 112n18, 151, 202, 212–213, 217–218
Disla, Carmen, 262
division of labor, 96–98, 172, 173–174, 181, 203, 206
Dole, Elizabeth, 116n27
“dominance” view of language and gender, 125–126, 132, 172, 193, 221. See also radical feminism
double bind, 85, 103n2, 130, 139, 141
double consciousness, 261, 263
Drakich, Janice, 112n18
DuBois, Betty Lou, 139, 175
Du Bois, W. E. B., 261
Eberhardt, Eva, 143
Echols, Alice, 132
Eckert, Penelope, 6, 10, 13, 115n26, 129, 134, 137–138, 139–140, 165–170, 214n2, 232, 262, 264, 290, 291, 293
Ehrlich, Susan, 7–8, 11, 13, 153, 212, 223–228, 269
Elgin, Suzette Haden, 209, 214n3
Ellen (TV series), 292
Engelmann, Siegfried, 106n7
England, Nora, 272
Erickson, Joan, 144
Ervin-Tripp, Susan, 205
essentialism, 116n30, 171, 173, 203, 213, 221, 245
Estrich, Susan, 224, 225
Etter-Lewis, Gwendolyn, 255
euphemisms, 51–63, 80, 89–90, 109n13, 136, 153, 156, 237, 298
lady vs. gentleman, 52
lady vs. woman, 5, 52–56, 153–156
Evangelista, Isabel, 262
expletives, 262–264. See also women’s language and expletives
Fabian, Johannes, 133
Farr, Marcia, 263
Feinstein, Dianne, 61, 111n16, 143
feminism, 19, 21, 23, 24–25, 27, 216, 258, 274
cultural, 126, 132
liberal, 126, 130, 133
and linguistics, 4, 5, 19–20, 121–122, 124–127, 129, 173, 224, 252–253
postmodern, 126, 133
radical, 127, 129, 130–133, 175, 253, 254
and scholarship, 127, 253, 254
socialist, 131, 133–134
Ferraro, Geraldine, 111n16
Finn, Chester E., 27
Fisher, Sue, 204
Fishman, Pamela, 141, 162
Folb, Edith, 254
Foster, Michèle, 255
Foucault, Michel, 214n3
Fox, James, 60
Frank, Jane, 128
Frazer, Elizabeth, 274
Freed, Alice F., 238
Freeman, Rebecca, 130
French language, 63, 148–149
French, Marilyn, 202
Friedan, Betty, 17
Gal, Susan, 171, 292
Galindo, D. Letticia, 264
García, Ofelia, 262
Gaudio, Rudolf P., 9, 11, 12, 13, 283–288
gay men, 9–10, 43, 44, 110n15, 161, 173, 174–175, 204, 277–282, 283–288
gender norms, violation of, 6, 12, 43, 44, 84, 126, 174–176, 203–204, 231, 238
generative semantics, 15, 16–17, 18,104n3, 136, 293
Gerfen, Chip, 274
Gilb, Dagoberto, 262–263
Gilboa, Netta “grayarea,” 220
Gilligan, Carol, 27
Ginsberg, Ralph, 227
Goffman, Erving, 214n3, 285
Golden, Brigham, 273
Goodman, Paul, 278
Goodwin, Marjorie Harness, 162
Gordon, Matthew J., 291
Graham, Katharine, 117n31
Grice, H. P., 93–94, 152, 219
Gumperz, John, 160–161, 162, 163
Haas, Mary, 271
Haga, Hitomi, 181
Halberstam, Judith, 293
Hale, Ken, 272
Hall, Kira, 6, 11, 12, 123, 125, 126, 130, 137, 171–177, 204, 214n2, 218, 232, 233, 238, 291–292
Hamm, Mia, 26
Harper, Philip Brian, 280
Harré, Rom, 205
Harvey, Penelope, 274
Haslam, Alexander S., 213
hedges, 79–80, 89, 128n2, 146, 151, 172, 188, 197, 256–257
Henley, Nancy M., 224, 254
Herring, Susan C., 7, 11, 216–221, 226, 292
heterosexuality, 176, 211
Hewlett, Sylvia, 115n24
Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks, 253
hijras, 172
Hill, Jane, 233, 262, 270
hippies, 46, 173, 174–175, 204
Hochschild, Arlie, 169n1
Holmes, Janet, 5, 11, 140, 141, 151–157, 159, 209, 299
homosexuals. See gay men, lesbians, queer
hooks, bell, 258
Hori, Motoko, 181
Hothead Paisan, Homicidal Lesbian Terrorist (zine), 292–293
humor, 80–81, 100–101, 165–166, 189–190, 206, 242, 263
Hutchby, Ian, 225
Hymes, Dell, 229
hypercorrect grammar, 80, 88–89, 146, 188–189, 256, 262
Ide, Risako, 182
Ide, Sachiko, 6, 11, 116n29, 160, 179–186, 244
idea positioning, 137–138, 141
identity, 183, 204, 213, 237–243, 269, 289–294, 297–298, 300–301
ideology and stereotypes, 10–11, 124, 130, 144–145, 165–170, 171, 221, 230, 233, 244, 260, 284–286, 290
Ikuta, Shoko, 181
Inoue, Miyako, 183
interpretive semantics, 136
intonation, 49–50, 78, 81, 89, 109n12, 137, 140, 191–192, 197
Irvine, Judith, 292
Jagger, Alison, 129–132
James, Deborah, 112n18
Japanese language, 6, 8, 41, 86–87, 180–186, 244–251
Japanese women’s language, 6, 86–87, 180–186, 244–245
Jaworski, Adam, 214n3
Jespersen, Otto, 80, 115n26
Johnson, E. Patrick, 280
Johnstone, Barbara, 8, 12, 187, 233, 237–243, 264
jokes. See humor
Jones, Diana Wynne, 145–146
Josephson, Larry, 84
Karajá language (Brazil), 271
Kawasaki, Akiko, 181
Kelly, Barbara, 271
Kendall, Shari, 7, 11,13, 197, 202–208
Kiesling, Scott, 8, 10, 11, 126, 229–236
Kikuzawa, Toshio, 181
Kimball, Geoffrey, 269, 272
King, Katie, 133–134
King, Ruth, 153
Klein, Renate, 132
Koasati language (Louisiana), 271, 272
Kochman, Thomas, 254
Kondo, Dorinne, 258
Kotthoff, Helga, 204
Kramer, Cheris, 82
Krauss, Michael, 272
Kroskrity, Paul, 290
Kulick, Don, 214n2, 287, 294n1, 299–300
Kurzon, Dennis, 214n3
Kyratzis, Amy, 196
labor unions, 238
Labov, William, 106n7, 113n22, 115n26, 144, 163, 168, 202, 261, 262
lady. See euphemisms
Laing, Alison, 144
Lakhota language, 272
Lakoff, George, 37
Lakoff, Robin Tolmach, 11, 15–28, 116n29, 125, 126, 127, 143, 158–159, 165, 179, 200–201, 209, 299
as feminist, 19, 120–128, 129–130, 132, 134
her Language and Woman’s Place, 31–118
critical view of, 4, 5, 124–125, 136–141, 171–172, 175, 284–285. See also “deficit” view of language and gender
methodology of, 12–13, 40, 104n5, 108n11, 123, 278–279, 287, 291–292
and social justice, 13, 163
Langton, Rae, 210–211, 212–214
Latinas and Latinos, 238, 260–267
Leap, William L., 9, 13, 277–282, 291, 300
Leech, Geoffrey, 116n29
lesbians, 5, 10, 148–149, 289–294
Levinson, Stephen C., 116n29, 152, 195, 219
lexical disparity, 43–51, 58–74, 99–100, 152–156, 299
Liang, A. C., 239, 290
Limón, José, 264
linguistic discrimination, 39, 223–228
Livia, Anna, 5, 11, 12, 143–149, 176, 188, 214n2, 231, 287
Luthin, Herbert, 269, 272
LWP. See under Lakoff, Robin Tolmach: her Language and Woman’s Place
Maltz, Daniel, 162
Manalansan, Martin F., 280
Mannyooshuu, 182
Martínez, Mabel, 262
Matsumoto, Yoshiko, 8, 12, 181, 244–251, 269
McAlinden, Fiona, 140
McConnell-Ginet, Sally, 5, 10, 129, 131, 134, 136–142, 168, 262, 298
McElhinny, Bonnie, 5, 11, 126, 129–135, 168, 173, 204–205, 231
McIlvenny, Paul, 214
Mead, Margaret, 97
media and language, 40, 83–84, 144, 171–172, 249, 292
Mendoza-Denton, Norma, 9, 12, 139, 167, 240, 253, 260–167
men’s language, 11, 84, 147–148, 171, 229–236, 277. See also academic men, British men, gay men, hippies
in childhood, 41
and the Internet, 219–221
in Japanese, 247–249
and masculinity, 8, 231–232, 264
and performativity, 233–234
study of, 105n6, 229
Meyerhoff, Miriam, 7, 11, 209–215, 226, 298
Miller, Roy, 86–87, 92, 94, 245–247, 248
Milroy, Lesley, 291
Mitchell-Kernan, Claudia, 254
Mizutani, Nabuko, 245
Mizutani, Osamu, 245
Moonwomon, Birch, 115n26
Morgan, Marcyliena, 8–9, 12, 13, 139, 149, 179, 252–259
mothers, 7, 20–21, 41, 109n13, 196–198, 202–208
Ms. See titles
Native American languages, 9, 269–276
Newcombe, Nora, 175
Niedzielski, Nancy, 298
Norgate, Sheila, 130
Nyquist, Linda, 175
Oakes, Penelpe, 213
O’Barr, William M., 107n8, 115n27, 175
Ochs, Elinor, 140, 176, 197, 205, 291
O’Connor, Catherine, 205
O’Donovan, Veronica, 172, 233
Okamoto, Shigeko, 247
O’Leary, Kathy, 140
Ortner, Sherry, 203
Paolillo, John C., 219
Paulino, Bonifacio, 262
Pauwels, Anne, 153
Penelope, Julia, 131, 299
Peng, Guoyue, 182
performativity, 233–234, 298
Petersen, Alan, 233
Philips, Susan U., 203
Phillips, Melanie, 165
Polanyi, Livia, 226, 227
politeness in language, 5, 77–102, 160, 174, 180, 183, 184, 195, 196, 203, 206, 217, 219, 245, 256–257. See also rules of politeness
use of superpolite forms, 80, 146, 189, 206, 262
used by children, 198–199
Powell, Colin, 26
power, 7, 11, 46–47, 59, 81–82, 115n27, 172, 187, 196–201, 211, 231–232, 234, 242, 254–256
prescriptive grammar, 115n26
pronouns, gendered, 69–71, 103n2, 146–147, 223–224
Qom language (Toba Daviaxaiqui), 273
Queen, Robin, 10, 13, 279, 289–294
queer, 10, 299–301
queer linguistics, 176, 299–301
Queer Nation, 285, 286
queer theory, 297, 300
race, 149, 252–259, 279–280
Radical Faeries, 286
Rampton, Ben, 274
rape, 224–227
Reyher, Rebecca, 59
Reynolds, Katsue Akiba, 180
Ribeiro, Eduardo Rivail, 274
Richardson, Kay, 274
Rickford, John, 290
Roe v. Wade, 114n24
Romaine, Suzanne, 155
Rosaldo, Michelle Zimbalist, 203
Rosenberg, Jarrett, 205
Rubin, Donald L., 298
Rudolph, Ellen, 245
rules of politeness (formality, deference, camaraderie), 88–92, 98–100, 152, 159, 174, 205
Russell, Diana, 225
Russian language, 226–227
Sachs, Jacqueline, 197
Sapir, Edward, 272
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 104n3
Sato, Shie, 247
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 269
Saville-Troike, Muriel, 161
Scherr, Raquel, 122
Schieffelin, Bambi B., 290
Schilling-Estes, Natalie, 193
Schwarzenegger, Arnold, 111n16
Scott, Patricia Bell, 254
second language learning, 226–227, 265–266
Selous, Trista, 143
sexist language. See euphemism, lexical disparity, pronouns, titles
sexual harassment and assault, 7, 212, 223–228
Sherzer, Joel, 270
Shibamoto Smith, Janet, 247
Shockey, Linda, 143
Sibata, Takesi, 180
silence, 7, 209–215
Smith, Valerie, 258
Smitherman, Geneva, 254
social class, 10, 47, 147–149, 184, 187, 188, 191, 242, 252–254, 256, 264, 265, 266, 287
sociolinguistics, 113n22, 133, 144, 151, 279
Sommers, Christina Hoff, 19, 24–28
Sontag, Deborah, 22
Spanish language, 260, 261, 262, 265–266
Spender, Dale, 112n18, 131, 209
Stanback, Marsha Houston, 255
Stein, Arlene, 291
Stein, Gertrude, 202
stereotypes. See ideology and stereotypes
Stewart, Martha, 187–194
Stoler, Ann, 134
stress, emphatic, 81, 190–191, 241
subject positioning, 139–140, 141
Sutton, Laurel A. 238, 290
symbolic capital, 6, 167–168
tag-question usage, 28, 47–51, 78, 108n11, 109n11, 125, 128n2, 137, 139–140, 144, 151, 191–192, 197–198, 234, 278
Tajfel, Henri, 213
Takasaki, Midori, 248
Talbot, Margaret, 21–22
Talbot, Mary, 132, 151
Tannen, Deborah, 5–6, 13, 140, 158–164, 187, 202, 204, 205
Taylor, Carolyn, 197, 205
Terada, Tomomi, 182
TGG. See transformational generative grammar
Tiger, Lionel, 96–98, 174
titles, 64–69, 88, 111n16, 112n19, 113n20, 153, 299
transformational generative grammar, 15–17, 23, 24, 108n11, 279. See also Chomsky, Noam
transsexuals, 144, 176
Trechter, Sara, 9, 13, 173, 253, 269–276, 277
Trudgill, Peter, 168, 262
Turner, John C., 213
Uchida, Nobuko, 247
Vance, Kelley, 274
Vietnam War, 15
Visweswaran, Kamala, 258
Watahomigie, Lucille, 275
Wen, Victor, 60
West, Candace, 162
Whitehead, Stephen, 233
Williams, Joan, 206
Williams, Raymond, 278
Wittkofski, Denise, 233
WL. See women’s language Wolfram, Walt, 168, 193
women’s language, 78–87, 137, 171, 172–173, 175, 277, 293
and adjectives. See adjectives, “empty”
and African Americans, 252–258
and children’s literature, 145–146
and conversational implicature, 94–95
and emphatic stress. See stress, emphatic
and euphemisms. See euphemisms
and expletives, 8, 44–45, 237–243. See also expletives
and femininity, 230–231, 233
in Japan, 86–87, 179–186, 244–251, 248–249
and gay men. See gay men
and George H. W. Bush, 126, 172, 173
and grammar, 168, 188–189, 262
and hedges. See hedges
as ideology, 10–11, 124, 130, 144–145, 165–170, 171–172
and the Internet, 217, 220–221
and intonation. See intonation patterns
and joke telling. See humor
and language socialization, 40–41, 195–201, 206
and lesbians, 293–294
and Martha Stewart, 187–194
and power, 172, 175, 187, 196–201, 203
and identity, 182–183, 293–294
and superlatives, 48n and transsexuals, 144, 176
and so, 79–80, 137, 145, 190–191
women’s liberation movement, 15, 17–18, 21, 163, 179, 204, 283
Wooffitt, Robin, 225
Woolard, Kathryn A., 290
workplace and gender, 167–168, 174–175, 180–181, 183, 204
Yamamoto, Akira, 275
Yana language (Northern California), 271, 272
Zentella, Ana Celia, 261
Zhang, Qing, 167–168
Zimmerman, Don H., 162