Note: Entries in this index, carried over verbatim from the print edition of this title, are unlikely to correspond to the pagination of any given e-book reader. However, entries in this index, and other terms, may be easily located by using the search feature of your e-book reader.
Page numbers in boldface italics refer to illustrations.
Abbatini, Guidantonio, 210
Abbatini, Guidobaldo, 147
Academy of St. Luke, 76
Adam, Robert, 89
Aeneas and Anchises with the Boy Ascanius (Bernini), 28–29
Aeneid (Virgil), 9, 28
Agrippina, 44
Alberti, Leon Battista, 48, 156
Albertoni, Ludovica, 266
Aldobrandini, Donna Olimpia, 215
Aldobrandini, Cardinal Pietro, 24
Alexander V, Pope, 226
Alexander VII, Pope:
architecture as interest of, 226, 227–28
and Bernini, 5–6, 227–28, 232, 245–47, 251, 257, 258, 259–60, 264
and Borromini, 6, 8, 82, 179, 183, 231–32, 238, 246, 258
death of, 264
election of, 226–28
personal traits of, 226–27
and St. Peter’s, 233–35, 237–38
and Sant’Andrea, 245–47
and Sant’Ivo, 8, 231–32
and Vatican Palace, 251, 254
Algardi, Alessandro, 185, 204
Altieri, Pope Clement X, 266
Andrew, Saint, 246, 250
Anne of Austria, 170
Antoninus Caracalla, Emperor, 203
Apollo and Daphne (Bernini), 28, 29–30, 31, 32–33
Apotheosis of Aeneas, The (Pietro da Cortona), 189
architecture:
changing fashion in, 267
classic, 8, 39, 53, 176
connecting staircases in, 89
disegno in, 27
ecclesiastical, 68, 69, 81, 82, 87, 194
human proportions of, 237
personal approach to, 53
vision in, 14–15
Arconio, Mario, 124
Arcucci, Camillo, 5, 131, 229–30
Argan, Giulio Carlo, 89
Artusini, Cipriano, 155, 158
Assumption of the Virgin (P. Bernini), 21–22, 32
Avery, Charles, 22, 136, 139, 151, 168, 173, 207
Azzolino, Cardinal Decio, 225
Baglione, Giovanni, 62, 114
Baldinucci, Filippo:
on Bernini’s death, 267
on Bernini’s early years, 22, 70–71
on Bernini’s French trip, 259, 260, 262
on Bernini’s papal connections, 60, 206, 227, 260
on Bernini’s work, 32, 33, 64, 117, 118, 134–35, 144–45, 158, 205
biography of Bernini, 7, 15–16, 18, 93
biography of Borromini, 39, 92, 93, 163
on Borromini-Bernini rivalry, 163
on Piazza Navona obelisk and fountain, 202–3, 211–12
on St. Peter’s, 153, 162, 163, 233
Baratta, Francesco, 210
Baratta, Giovanni Maria, 248
Barberini, Cardinal Antonio, 167, 170, 231, 239
Barberini, Costanza, 88
Barberini, Cardinal Francesco, 87–89, 90, 98, 106, 114, 138, 167
Barberini, Cardinal Maffeo, 26–27, 33–34, 56, 59, 60, 88; see also Urban VIII, Pope
Barberini, Taddeo, 88, 90, 167, 239
Barberini family:
bee as emblem of, 82, 89, 111, 116, 146, 177
and Castro war, 151, 167
crest of, 82, 150
Palazzo Barberini, 42, 62, 85, 86, 87–92, 95, 98, 109, 189
and Pamphili family, 167, 184, 186
and Urban’s death, 152
Barcaccia fountain, Piazza di Spagna, 168
Baronio, Cardinal Cesare, 77
Baronius, 197
Baroque era, 2, 15, 64, 90, 177, 179, 263
Barozzi, Jacopo (il Vignola), 52
Bassi, Martino, 38
Baths of Diocletian, 147
Bernini, Angelica Galante (mother), 18, 137, 138
Bernini, Caterina Tezio (wife), 139–40
Bernini, Domenico (son):
biography of his father by, 15–16
on Borromini-Bernini rivalry, 158, 163–64, 165
on his father and women, 135, 139, 168
on his father’s early years, 22, 25
on his father’s illness and death, 267
on his father’s papal connections, 60, 205–6, 207, 227, 260
on his father’s work, 168–69, 205–6, 213, 244–45
Bernini, Gianlorenzo:
in Academy of St. Luke, 76
and Acqua Felice, 73
aging of, 245, 251, 257–58, 266
and Alexander VII, 5–6, 227–28, 232, 245–47, 251, 257, 258, 259–60, 264
as architect of St. Peter’s, 41, 86, 94–95, 160, 171, 190, 227, 233; see also Bernini, Gianlorenzo, architecture
biographies of, 7, 15–16, 18, 33, 93
birth of, 18
children of, 258
colleagues and workers held back by, 32–33, 66, 92, 93, 97, 115
and Costanza Bonarelli, 134–39
criticism of, 7, 81, 83–84, 144, 158–59, 161, 162–64, 212–13
death of, 258, 267
early years of, 18, 22–27, 70–71
education of, 26, 27
failures of, 35–36, 149–51, 190
family background of, 17–18, 19
final creative period of, 232–38
French visit of, 8, 25, 259–63
illnesses of, 139, 150, 266–67
and Innocent X, 166–67, 171, 205–8
and Jesuits, 245, 251
knighthood awarded to, 134–35
legacy of, 268–71
marriage of, 139–40
as national treasure, 259–60
papal gift to, 26
personal traits of, 2, 7, 15, 60, 119, 133–34, 165–66, 261, 270
play written by, 166–67
professional traits of, 14, 15–16, 28, 35, 54, 66, 82, 84, 88, 91, 92, 96–97, 104, 118–19, 149–50, 172, 178–79, 256, 262, 270–71
reputation of, 7, 15, 16, 35, 144, 148–51, 155, 159, 162–64, 190, 200, 201, 203, 257, 260, 267
residence of, 241, 267
rivalry of Borromini and, 2, 7, 14, 17, 46, 63, 81, 85–86, 92–95, 96–97, 114, 141, 145, 155–61, 163–64, 165, 167, 190, 207–8, 240
and Rome, 13, 268–71
sculpture by, see Bernini, Gianlorenzo, sculpture
self-portraits of, 16
technical skills of, 73, 83, 88, 149, 155, 164
and Urban VIII, 59–60, 66, 73–78, 80, 82, 85, 86, 92, 116–17, 138–39, 141, 149, 151–52, 163, 166, 170, 190, 202, 228, 257
and Vatican foundry, 73
wealth of, 16, 92, 93–94, 163, 258, 264
and women, 134–38, 168
working with Borromini, 7, 41, 42, 63, 64, 66, 84, 85, 91–95, 175
working with Maderno, 7, 62, 74–75, 81, 85
Bernini, Gianlorenzo, architecture:
Cathedra Petri, 5, 233, 257
Collegium Urbanum, 239, 240
Palazzo Barberini, 62, 85, 86, 88, 90–92
Pantheon bell towers, 85
St. Peter’s, 41, 86, 94–95, 160–64, 171, 227
St. Peter’s Baldacchino, 62, 64, 65, 66, 71, 74, 75–76, 78–84, 86–87, 94, 149, 173
St. Peter’s bell towers, 7, 141–51, 153–64, 167
St. Peter’s Square, 4–5, 233–38, 236
Santa Bibiana, 76–78, 97, 247
Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, 12–13, 243, 244–51, 249
Urban’s tomb, 85, 115–16, 134
Vatican Palace, 251–52, 253, 254
Bernini, Gianlorenzo, sculpture, 265–66
Aeneas and Anchises with the Boy Ascanius, 28–29
Apollo and Daphne, 28, 29–30, 31, 32–33
Barcaccia fountain, 168
Blessed Ludovica Albertoni statue, 266
Borghese bust, 116–19, 212
bust of Costanza, 135–36, 168
Cappella Cornaro, 78, 171–74
Cathedri Petro (Throne of Peter), 5, 233, 257
childhood works, 22–26
Constantine statue, 266
Coppola bust, 265
Daniel, 232–33
David, 28, 33–35
disegno as technique of, 27
Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 172–75, 250
Fountain of the Four Rivers, 203, 205–13, 220
Goat Amalthea Suckling the Infant Jupiter and a Satyr, 23
Habbakuk, 232–33
Head of St. John, 25–26
hidden light source in, 77–78
light and shadow in, 118
lost-wax process in, 83
Louis XIV bust, 262–63
Medusa, 139
Pluto and Proserpina, 28, 29
Ponte Sant’Angelo, 266
Richelieu statue, 170
St. Peter’s, 74, 75–76, 82, 134, 233–38, 236
Santa Bibiana, 77–78
Santoni bust, 23–24
Triton Fountain, 203
Truth Unveiled by Time, 168–69, 170–71, 174
Bernini, Luigi (brother):
and Costanza, 134, 136–38
family honor besmirched by, 266
and St. Peter’s, 146–47, 149
Bernini, Paolo (son), 260
Bernini, Msgr. Pier Filippo (son), 174
Bernini, Pietro (father), 17–18, 19, 26
Assumption of the Virgin, 21–22, 32
Carthusian Monastery, San Martino, 18
and his son’s talents, 22, 27–28
Santa Maria Maggiore, 20–21
and St. Peter’s, 84
Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John, 20
Biffi (sculptor), 39
Bissone, Italy, Borromini born in, 36–37
Bitonto, Fra Giovanni Maria da, 254
Blake, William, 14
Blunt, Anthony, 90, 98, 109, 111, 121, 132, 177, 187, 214
Boardman, Jonathan, 46
Bolgi, Andrea, 160
Bonarelli, Costanza, 134–39, 168
Bonarelli, Matteo, 134
Borghese, Cardinal Camillo, see Paul V, Pope
Borghese, Cardinal Scipione, 24–25, 33, 116–19, 212
Borghese family:
Cappella Paolina as chapel of, 21
and Villa/Galleria Borghese, 24, 35, 118, 169
Borghese Warrior (Greek sculpture), 34
Borromeo, San Carlo, 98
Borromini, Bernardo, 9
Borromini, Francesco:
and Alexander VII, 6, 8, 82, 179, 183, 231–32, 238, 246, 258
as architect, see Borromini, Francesco, architecture attack on himself, 11, 265
biographies of, 8, 39, 92, 93, 163
birth of, 36
death of, 1–2, 4, 264–65
as decorative sculptor, 39, 40, 82
drawings destroyed by, 9
early years of, 37
education of, 38–39
estate of, 264–65
final phase of career, 4–6, 8, 214, 224, 228, 232, 258–59
graphite used by, 10
health problems of, 8–10
income of, 92, 93–94, 96, 97, 113, 264
and Innocent X, 183, 187–91, 193–200, 202–4, 207–8, 217–18, 222, 228, 239, 265
knighthood awarded to, 200
legacy of, 268–71
in Milan, 37–39, 182
and murder in San Giovanni, 199–200, 218
Opus architectonicum, 124, 126–27, 131–32
and Oratorians, 6, 130–31, 133, 229–30
and Pamphili family, 187–91, 218, 224
personal traits of, 2, 7, 16–17, 85–86, 111, 113–14, 126, 200, 228, 270
professional traits of, 5–6, 7, 8, 14, 16, 40, 54, 67, 87, 96, 97, 100, 111, 126, 127, 130, 131, 176, 178–79, 213–14, 222, 230, 243, 270–71
public statements about St. Peter’s, 78–79, 81
quarrels with clients, 5, 7, 224, 228–29
and Radi, 82, 94–95, 97
reputation of, 6, 7–8, 111, 113–14, 230
rivalry of Bernini and, 2, 7, 14, 17, 46, 63, 81, 85–86, 92–95, 96–97, 114, 141, 145, 155–61, 163–64, 165, 167, 190, 207–8, 240
and Rome, 13, 268–71
and Spada, 122, 124–26, 200, 208, 218, 229–30, 258, 265, 270
and St. Peter’s bell towers, 153–61, 193
technical skills of, 66, 68
tomb of, 2–4, 264–65
will written by, 9, 10, 264
working with Bernini, 7, 41, 42, 63, 64, 66, 84, 85, 86–87, 91–95, 175
working with Maderno, 4, 7, 40–41, 62, 67–68, 81, 91, 92, 159
Borromini, Francesco, architecture:
Collegio di Propaganda Fide, 6, 238–43, 243, 246
dolphin as symbol in, 87, 108–9
Filomarino Chapel, 173
and Fountain of the Four Rivers, 203–5, 207–8, 218
Oratorio di San Filippo Neri, 112, 120–33, 219
Palazzo Barberini, 87–88, 90–92, 95, 109
Palazzo Pamphili, 187–89, 196
Palazzo Spada, 254, 255, 256
St. Peter’s, 41, 64, 66–68, 69, 71, 86–87, 91–92, 93, 95, 97, 145
San Carlo, 6, 10, 12–13, 38, 98–111, 112–14, 126, 196, 236, 259, 270
San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, 4, 10, 258
San Giovanni in Laterano, 5–6, 191–200, 207, 208, 218–19
Santa Casa di Loreto, 97–98
Sant’Agnese, 6, 188, 214, 217–20, 222, 228–29
Sant’Anastasia, 112
Sant’Andrea, 245–46
Santissimi Apostoli, 111–12
Sant’Ivo, 8, 82, 115, 175–82, 183, 188, 193–94, 219, 230–32
Bottari, Francesca, 228
Bracciano, Duke of, 170
Braconio, Niccolò, 57
Bramante, Donato, 43, 48–49, 50, 52
Breccioli, Filippo, 68
Brunelleschi’s dome, 52
Bussone/Bussoni, Marco Antonio, 198–200
Buti, Abate Francesco, 227, 261
Caccini (sculptor), 18
Caligula, Emperor, 44
Calixtus II, Pope, 214
Callera, Father Orazio, 10
Capella dei Re Magi (Chapel of the Three Kings), see Collegio di Propaganda Fide
Carafa, Cardinal Pier Luigi, 226
Carpegna, Count Ambrogio, 112
Carpegna, Cardinal Ulderico, 112
Carraci, Annibale, 70
Cartari, Msgr. Carlo, 163, 177
Carthusian Monastery, San Martino, 18, 20
Castelli, see Borromini, Francesco
Castelli, Bernardo, 90, 91
Castelli Brumino, Giovanni Domenico, 36
Castel Sant’Angelo, 44, 53
Castro, Duchy of, 151
Cathedra Petri (Throne of Peter) (Bernini), 5, 233, 257
Catherine of Siena, Saint, 192
Cesari, Giuseppe, 17
Ceva, Cardinal Francesco Adriano, 245
Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor, 46
Charles I, king of England, 55
Charles VIII, king of France, 19
Chiesa Nuova (New Church), 120, 133
Chigi, Cardinal Fabio, 223, 226, 227
Chigi family, 231, 232
Choiseul, duc de, 268
Christianity:
circle as symbol in, 108
dolphin as symbol in, 87, 150
triangle as symbol in, 108, 177
Christina, queen of Sweden, 92–93
Church of the Redeemer (Il Redentore), Venice, 178
Ciampelli, Agostino, 81
Cigoli, Lodovico, 57
Città di Castello, Matteo, 121
Clement VIII, Pope, 26
Clement X, Pope, 266
Colarmeno, Giovanni, 145
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 259, 262, 263
Collegio di Propaganda Fide, 6, 238–43, 243, 246
Collegium Urbanum, 239, 240
Congregazione della Reverenda Fabbrica, 49, 53–54, 71, 73, 75, 85, 141, 145, 149, 153–60, 161–63, 165, 233, 234–35
Congregazione di Propaganda Fide, 238
Connors, Joseph:
on Borromini’s birthplace, 36
on Borromini’s burial place, 264
on Oratorio, 126, 127
on Palazzo Barberini, 91
on St. Peter’s, 86, 145
on San Giovanni project, 5, 196, 199, 208
on Sant’Agnese project, 229
on Sant’Ivo project, 182
on Trinitarians, 98
Conocchia, 258
Constantine, Emperor, 69, 195
and Lateran Palace, 191
and St. Peter’s, 43, 44–45, 46, 48, 50, 80
statue by Bernini, 254, 266
Constantinian church, 194, 195
Contarini, Alvise, 197–98
Coppola, Antonio, 265
Cornaro, Cardinal Federico, 171
Cornaro Chapel, 78, 171–74
Cornèr, Federigo, 173
Correr, Angelo, 234
Cortese, Giglielmo (Il Borgognone), 250
Costaguti, Giovanni Battista, 142
Counter-Reformation, 77
Crucifixion of St. Andrew (Il Borgognone), 250
Daniel (Bernini), 232–33
d’Arpino, Cavalier Giuseppe Cesari, 17
David (Bernini), 28, 33–35
della Porta, Giacomo, 52, 54, 175, 194, 202–14
della Rovere, Cardinal Giuliano, 48
Deposition from the Cross (Raphael), 24
des Brosses, Charles, 174–75
Descartes, René, 18
Diana (Domenichino), 24
Dickens, Charles, 237
Domenichino, 24
Domitian, Emperor, 184
Donatello, 34, 35
Dosio, Giovanni Antonio, 57
Drei, Pietro Paolo, 138, 145, 154, 160
Ecstasy of St. Teresa (Bernini), 172–75, 250
Eliot, George, 237
Eliot, T. S., 11
Elizabeth of Portugal, Saint, 80
Escoubleau, François d’ (Cardinal de Sourdis), 33
Eugene IV, Pope, 192
Fabbrica di San Pietro, 49
Falconieri, Orazio, 258
Fancelli, Jacopo Antonio, 210
Farnese, Cardinal Alessandro, 17
Farnese, Odoardo, 151
Farnese family, 151
Fedini, Domenico, 78
Filomarino, Ascanio, 111
Filomarino Chapel, 173
Finelli, Giuliano, 32, 41, 66, 93
Fonseca, Gabriele, 222
Fontana, Carlo, 150
Fontana, Domenico, 36, 52, 55, 57
Fontana di Trevi, 202
Fountain of the Four Rivers, 202–14
and Bernini, 203, 205–13, 220
and Borromini, 203–5, 207–8, 218
construction of, 209–11
designs for, 203–5, 208–9
model for, 205–7
and obelisk, 208–10, 212–13, 221
water for, 203–4, 207–8, 211–12, 218
Fracchi, G. M., 210
France:
“Bernini modification” in, 263
Bernini’s visit to, 8, 25, 259–63
influence on Roman church, 47, 225
Mazarin in, 151–52, 169–70, 225, 226
Francis I, king of France, 264
Fréart de Chantelou, Paul, 8, 25, 227, 237, 260–61, 263, 267
Gaius, Emperor, 156
Galileo, 18, 27
Garovo, Anastasia, 36
Garovo, Leone, 39–40, 67
Gehry, Frank, 270
Genius:
distrust of, 13–14
and power, 207
sources of, 17
Gigli, Giacinto, 148, 209, 216, 222, 224
Giustiniani, Giovanni, 185
Goat Amalthea Suckling the Infant Jupiter and a Satyr, The (Bernini), 23
Gothic forms, 7–8, 38, 39, 51, 68, 101, 106, 182, 192
Gregory II, Pope, 45
Gregory XI, Pope, 192
Gregory XIII, Pope, 121, 202
Gregory XV, Pope, 6, 59, 71, 72, 80, 122, 134, 238
Grimaldi, Giacomo, 156
Guzmán, Enrico de, 20
Habbakuk (Bernini), 232–33
Hadrian, mausoleum of, 44
Hadrian’s Villa, 146
Head of St. John (Bernini), 25–26
Helena, Saint, 49
Henry IV, king of France, 26–27
Herrera, Monsignor, 61
Hibbard, Howard, 27, 60, 117, 203, 204, 237
Ignatius, Saint, 245
Innocent X, Pope, 5, 131
and Bernini, 166–67, 171, 205–8
and Borromini, 183, 187–91, 193–200, 202–4, 207–8, 217–18, 222, 228, 239, 265
crest of, 189
election of, 152
and Fountain of the Four Rivers, 202–8, 210–12
illness and death of, 222–23, 228, 229
and Mazarin, 226
and Palazzo Pamphili, 185–89, 201
personal traits of, 159, 223
and Piazza Navona, 201–8
and St. Peter’s, 152–54, 156, 157, 158, 159–60, 161–63, 165, 233
and San Giovanni, 191–200
and Sant’Agnese, 201, 214–18, 220, 222–24, 228, 229
and Sant’Andrea, 245–46
and Sant’Ivo, 230
sister of, 185–86
Innocent XI, Pope, 267
James, Henry, 21, 64, 196
Jerusalem, Temple of Solomon in, 69
Jesuits, 6, 26, 59
motto of, 251
and Propaganda Fide College, 242
and Sant’Andrea, 245, 246–47, 250, 251
symbol of, 242
John Chrysostom, Saint, 250
John the Baptist, Saint, 4
Juan de la Anunciación, Fra, 99
Juan de San Bonaventura, Fra, 113, 123, 194
Julius II, Pope, 4, 48, 49, 50, 82, 193
Kirwin, W. Chandler, 70, 71, 72, 74, 81
Kitao, Timothy, 234
Krautheimer, Richard, 226
Lante, Cardinal Marcello, 154, 160
Laocoön, 9
Lassels, Richard, 150
Lateran, see San Giovanni in Laterano
Le Corbusier, 58
Le Duc, Gabriel, 261
Leo IV, Pope, 192
Leo X, Pope, 3, 51
Leonardo da Vinci, 264
Liberius, Pope, 21
Ligorio, Pirro, 52, 175
Lombard tradition, 39
Longhi, Martino the Elder, 121, 155, 160–62, 216–17
Louis XIII, king of France, 170
Louis XIV, king of France, 8, 25, 259–63
Louvre, Bernini’s design for, 25, 259–63
Ludovico (mason), 187
Ludovisi, Nicolò, 205–6, 223
Maderno, Carlo:
as architect of St. Peter’s, 7, 40, 54–56, 57, 58, 60–62, 67, 70, 74–75, 80, 85, 94, 142, 143, 158, 160, 217, 238
Bernini’s work with, 7, 62, 74–75, 81, 85
birth of, 55
as Borromini’s relative, 36, 40, 67, 85, 175
and Borromini’s tomb, 264, 265
Borromini’s work with, 4, 7, 40–41, 62, 67–68, 81, 91, 92, 159
career of, 55, 86
death of, 40, 41, 66, 74, 85–86, 91
early years of, 55
and Palazzo Barberini, 62, 85, 88, 90
and Pantheon, 85
physical appearance of, 55
and St. Peter’s Baldacchino, 70, 71–72, 74, 78–79, 81
and St. Peter’s bell towers, 7, 142–44, 154–56, 160
and St. Peter’s façade, 58, 142, 143, 156, 238
San Giovanni design by, 3–4
and Santa Susanna, 78
technical skill of, 66
tomb of, 264, 265
Maggi, Paolo, 56
Magnuson, Torgil:
on Bernini’s work, 83, 85, 146, 234, 247
on Borromini’s work, 129, 133, 220, 246
on Innocent X’s illness and death, 222, 223
on San Giovanni project, 197–98
Mancini, Giulio, 84
Mansart, François, 261
Mantovani, Francesco, 164, 166–67, 207
Marchese, Father Filippo/Francesco, 266–67
Marder, Tod, 24, 147, 204
Martin V, Pope, 192
Martinelli, Fioravante, 8, 9, 79, 91, 176
Maruscelli, Paolo, 122–27, 160, 161
Massari, Francesco, 10–11
Matha, Jean de, 98
Matilda of Tuscany, Countess, 134
Mattia de’Rossi, 260
Maxentius, 43, 191
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules, 151–52, 169–71, 207, 225, 226
Mazenta, Msgr. Guido, 38
McKim, Mead, and White, 89
McPhee, Sarah, 142, 144, 147, 151, 153, 154, 156, 159, 161
Medici family, 3, 53, 115
Medina Fountain, Naples, 20
Metamorphoses (Ovid), 30, 203
Michelangelo, 27, 40, 179, 265
artistic vision of, 53, 54, 56–57, 104
David, 33, 34, 35
death of, 52
Medici tomb, 115
Moses, 269
Piazza del Campidoglio, 234
and St. Peter’s, 43, 48, 51–53, 54, 55, 56–57, 58, 61–62, 64, 143, 196
Mignard, Pierre, 108
Miltiades, Pope, 191
Modena, Duke of, 164, 167
Mola, Giovanni Battista, 160, 215
Montagu, Jennifer, 32
Montecatini, 175
Moschetti, Santi, 160
Mucanzio, Paolo, 56
Naples:
as artistic backwater, 20
Bernini family in, 18, 20
history of, 18–19
Santissimi Apostoli in, 111–12
Nash, John, 89
Neri, San Filippo, 5, 120–21, 122, 129
Nero, Emperor, 44, 156
Newton, Sir Isaac, 18, 242
Nicholas V, Pope, 47
Nicoletti, Andrea, 72
Norton, Richard, 34
Oliva, Father Gian Paolo, 223
Opus architectonicum (Spada and Borromini), 124, 126–27, 131–32
Oratorians of Saint Filippo Neri, 152
art collection of, 121
Borromini dismissed by, 5, 130–31, 133, 229–30
on early Christian antiquity, 197
founding of, 120–21
importance of music to, 122
Santa Maria as church of, 5, 120, 121
Oratorio di San Filippo Neri, 6, 112, 120–33
Borromini as architect of, 5, 123–27, 130–31, 219
completion of, 130
designs for, 122–23, 124–30, 128
façade of, 127–28, 131–33
Maruscelli’s work on, 122–27
sacristy of, 126–27
windows of, 124, 125, 129–30
Ovid, Metamorphosis, 203
Palazzo Spada, 254, 255, 256
Palladian windows, 188–89
Palladio, Andrea, 178, 188
Pallavicino, Sforza, 226
Pallotta, Cardinal Giambattista, 155–56, 234
Pamphili, Cardinal Camillo, 206
and Bernini, 164, 166
and Borromini, 5, 189, 218, 219, 222, 224, 228, 229
coat of arms of, 247
as head of family, 224
and Innocent X, 217, 222–23
and Piazza Navona, 5, 185
and Rainaldis, 215, 217, 219
and Sant’Agnese, 5, 218, 219, 222, 228, 229
and Sant’Andrea, 246–48, 251
villa of, 189–90
Pamphili, Donna Costanza, 205
Pamphili, Cardinal Giambattista, 152, 185; see also Innocent X, Pope
Pamphili, Donna Olimpia Maidalchini, 164, 166, 185–87, 206, 207, 217, 218, 223, 224
Pamphili family:
ambitions of, 183–84
Bernini’s play about, 166–67
Borromini’s quarrels with, 5, 224, 228–29
Doria-Pamphili collection, 185
dove as symbol of, 208, 210
and Fountain of the Four Rivers, 202
and Innocent X’s death, 223–24, 228
Palazzo Pamphili, 185–89, 196, 200, 201, 209, 212, 216, 219
and Piazza Navona, 5, 183–84, 185, 187–88, 200, 201–14
power of, 190
property holdings of, 184–85, 215
and Sant’Agnese, 5, 188, 201, 215–19, 228–29
and Urban’s death, 167
Pannini, Giovanni Paolo, 268–70
Pantheon, 52, 84, 85, 180
Panziroli, Cardinal Giovanni Giacomo, 166, 211
Pascoli, Lione, 8–9
Passeri, Giovanni Battista, 93, 94, 95, 114
Paul III, Pope, 51
Paul V, Pope, 27, 59, 175
and Bernini’s childhood sculpture, 24, 25–26
of Borghese family, 20, 21, 53
catafalque for, 76
death of, 143
and St. Peter’s, 53–54, 55, 61–62, 69–70, 72, 78–80, 142
Perrault, Claude, 262
Peruzzi, Baldassare, 51
Peter, Saint:
altar of, 191
as rock, 58
throne of (papacy), 72
tomb of, 43, 44–45, 46, 57, 70, 73, 80
Pevsner, Sir Nikolaus, 14
Phidias, 27
Philippe de Champaigne, 170
Piazza del Campidoglio, 234
Piazza Navona, 183–84, 201–14, 221
Fountain of the Four Rivers, 200, 201–13, 218, 220
obelisk, 200, 202–3, 208–9
Palazzo Pamphili, 185, 187–88, 201, 209, 212
Sant’Agnese, 5, 214, 220
Piazza San Pietro, see St. Peter’s Square
Picture Gallery with Views of Modern Rome (Pannini), 268–70, 269
Pietro da Cortona, 6, 89, 189, 208, 259
Pigna, 45
Pius IV, Pope, 12, 196
Pluto and Proserpina (Bernini), 28, 29
Ponzio, Flaminio, 57
Portoghesi, Paolo, 91
on Bernini-Borromini rivalry, 190, 240
on Borromini’s work, 87, 96, 111, 177, 220, 230
on Maruscelli’s work, 125
on Oratorio, 125, 128
on Rainaldis’ work, 217
Poussin, Claude, 210
Praxiteles, 27
Quirinale Palace, 12, 90
Radi, Agostino, 82, 94–95, 97
Raggi, Antonio, 210
Rainaldi, Carlo, 259
and Innocent X, 190, 233
and Palazzo Pamphili, 186–87
and St. Peter’s, 160, 161–62, 233, 236
and Sant’Agnese, 215–17, 219, 229
Rainaldi, Girolamo:
and Innocent X, 190
and Oratorio, 125
and Palazzo Pamphili, 186–87
and St. Peter’s, 57, 160
and Sant’Agnese, 215–17, 219, 229
Raphael, 24, 27, 43, 50, 51, 179
Reformation, 20, 59, 77
Re Magi chapel, see Collegio di Propaganda Fide
Rembrandt van Rijn, 18
Renaissance, 48, 49, 50, 51, 54, 56, 104, 264
Richelieu, Cardinal, 169–70
Rinaldi, Giovanni, 250
Rinaldi, Tolomeo, 38
Roman Catholic Church, 19–20, 43
art commissioned by, 20
Avignon Exile, 47
interest in roots of, 193
Laurentian Schism, 47
missionaries of, 238
pope as leader of, 58
and Reformation, 20, 59, 77
rules of architecture in, 48, 56
rules of separation in, 45–46
and St. Peter’s, 72
Western Schism, 47
Rome:
Academy of St. Luke, 76
Acqua Felice, 73
Acqua Vergine, 202
architectural legacy in, 268–71
architectural tradition of, 39, 51
Capitoline Hill, 234
as center of art, 19, 260, 268–71
Christians martyred in, 44
as city of churches, 13, 20, 122
corruption in, 8
La Sapienza in, 115, 175
Lateran as official cathedral of, 5–6, 46, 191
Maderno as first architect of, 74
Pantheon, 52, 84, 85, 180
Piazza Navona, 183–84, 201–14, 221
pilgrims to, 77
Ponte Sant’Angelo, 266
pope as bishop of, 46, 47, 191
Porta del Popolo (northern gate), 232
post-Renaissance era of, 7–8, 36
Tiber River underneath, 143
Via del Quirinale, 12–14
Rossellino, Bernardo, 47
Rubens, Peter Paul, 18
Rughesi, Fausto, 56, 121
Sacchetti, Cardinal Giulio, 226
St. Peter, see Peter, Saint
St. Peter’s:
administration of, 49
artists and artisans at work on, 21, 36, 40, 43, 51, 58, 66–67, 94, 146
Bernini as architect of, 41, 86, 94–95, 160, 171, 190, 227, 233
Borromini’s work on, 41, 64, 66–68, 69, 71, 86–87, 91–92, 93, 95, 97, 145
foundations of, 7, 58
Maderno as architect of, 7, 40, 54–56, 57, 58, 60–62, 67, 70, 74–75, 80, 85, 94, 142, 143, 158, 160, 217, 238
pilgrimages to, 57–58
St. Peter’s basilica:
age of, 43
art treasures of, 46–47, 54
Baldacchino, 35, 63–64, 65, 66, 68–72, 73–76, 78–84, 86–87, 93–94, 149, 173
bell towers, 7, 141–51, 153–64, 165, 167, 193, 235
canopy, 62
Cappella Paolina, 21, 157–58
ceiling, 196
as ceremonial center, 46
choir of, 47
ciborium, 68–70, 79, 81
completion of, 227
Confessio, 73
consecration of, 82
construction of (new), 42–43, 48, 49–50, 57–58, 144, 192
construction of (old), 44
cracks in, 7, 148–51, 152–58
design of (new), 48–49, 50–53, 56–57, 58, 61–62, 70, 143, 144, 161–62
design of (old), 51
dismantling of (old), 48, 50, 53–54, 68, 193
dome of, 40, 52, 53, 57, 58, 64, 70, 80, 83, 143–44, 217
façade of, 7, 54, 57, 58, 142, 143, 145, 148–49, 153, 155, 156, 158, 161–62, 215, 238
foundations of, 7, 58, 82, 142, 145, 148–49, 154–59
interior of, 94
original church, 43, 45–48, 193
Porta Santa, 40
rebuilding of, 47
relics and remains in, 54
site of, 43–44, 46, 142
size of, 43, 70
structural problems in, 143, 145, 148, 156–60
St. Peter’s Square:
Bernini’s work on, 4–5, 233–38, 236
Catholicism and, 72
colonnade, 233
Egyptian obelisk in, 57
papal blessings to the people in, 153, 235
Sale, Nicolò, 210
San Andrea della Valle, Borromini’s work on, 40
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, 98–111
Borromini’s designs for, 10, 12–13, 38, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108–9, 110, 129, 133, 150, 196, 236, 242, 258, 259, 270
as Borromini’s hallmark building, 6, 112–13, 114, 126
church, 105–6, 107, 108
cloister, 102, 103, 104–5, 133
consecration of, 114
dome, 109, 110, 111, 248
interior of, 112–13
monks’ residence, 99–102, 129
and Trinitarians, 98–101, 106, 108, 114
San Francesco a Ripa, Altieri Chapel, 266
Sangallo, Antonio the Younger, 51
Sangallo, Giuliano da, 21
San Giovanni dei Fiorentini:
Borromini’s tomb in, 2–3, 264–65
Borromini’s work on, 4, 10, 258
dome, 69
Maderno’s design for, 3–4
tourist visitors to, 265
San Giovanni in Laterano, 198
Apostles celebrated in, 195, 196
Borromini’s commission for, 5–6, 191–200, 218–19
Borromini’s resignation from work on, 5–6, 207, 208
damage to, 191–92
Gothic forms in, 192
history of, 191
and Holy Year (1650), 191, 192–93, 208, 218
murder in, 198–200
as official cathedral of Rome, 5–6, 46, 191
as pilgrimage church, 191
renovation of, 192–97, 200, 208
San Lorenzo, Florence, 53
San Lorenzo fuori le Mura, 77
San Lorenzo Maggiore, Milan, 37–39
San Paolo Maggiore, 138
San Pietro, Montorio, 44
Sansovino, Jacopo, 3
Santa Bibiana, 76–78, 97, 247
Santa Casa di Loreto, 97–98
Santa Costanza, 109
Sant’Agnese in Agone, 221
Borromino’s commission for, 6, 188, 214, 217–20, 222, 228–29
and Innocent, 201, 214–18, 220, 222–24, 228, 229
and Pamphili family, 5, 188, 201, 215–18, 228–29
workmen’s pay for, 222–23
Santa Maria, Vallicella:
as Oratorian church, 5, 120, 121
oratory for, see Oratorio di San Filippo Neri
Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence, 52
Santa Maria della Vittoria, 171–72
Santa Maria del Popolo, 232
Santa Maria Maggiore, 20–21, 76, 77, 137, 267
Sant’Anastasia, 112
Sant’Andrea al Quirinale, 244–51, 249
Bernini’s designs for, 12–13, 245–48
Bernini’s satisfaction with, 244–45, 251
Borromini’s plans for, 245–46
Crucifixion of St. Andrew in, 250
history of, 245
Jesuits and, 245, 246–47, 250, 251
patron of, 246, 247, 248, 251
Sant’Andrea delle Fratte, 258
Santa Prassede, Santoni bust in, 23
Santa Susanna, 54, 78
Santissimi Apostoli, Naples, 111–12
Sant’Ivo alla Sapienza, 175–82
Alexander’s views on, 8, 231–32
Borromini’s commission for, 8, 82, 115, 175, 176, 183, 193–94
Borromini’s design for, 179–80, 181, 188, 219, 230–32
construction of, 176, 194
cracks in, 230–32
dome, 176, 180, 180, 182
exterior, 177
symbolism in, 176, 177–79, 182
Santoni, Msgr. Giovanni Battista, Bernini’s bust of, 23–24
La Sapienza, Rome’s university, 115, 175
School of Athens (Raphael), 50
Sciopine, Cardinal, 28
Sculpture:
disegno technique, 27
lost-wax process, 83
Seneca, 265
Serlian windows, 188–89, 196
Serlio, Sebastiano, 188, 271
Sforza, Duke Alessandro, 88
Shakespeare, William, 18
Sirigatti, Ridolfo, 17
Sistine Chapel, ceiling of, 51
Sitwell, Sacheverall, 105, 114, 182, 244, 247
Sixtus V, Pope, 23, 55
Smollett, Tonias, 211
Soane, John, 89
Sodalizio dei Piceni, 97–98
Soria, Giovanni Battista, 147, 148
Sourdis, Cardinal François d’Escoubleau de, 33
Spada, Cardinal Bernardino, 153, 155–56, 159, 254, 256
Spada, Cardinal Virgilio, 90, 95, 224
and Borromini, 122, 124–26, 200, 208, 218, 229–30, 258, 265, 270
and Opus architectonicum, 124, 126–27, 131–32
and Oratorio, 122, 124–26, 131, 229–30
as papal advisor, 131, 152–53, 157, 190, 234
and San Giovanni, 193–94, 196, 208
and Sant’Agnese, 216, 217, 218
and St. Peter’s, 152–53, 155–59, 160, 234
Spada family, Palazzo Spada, 254, 255, 256
Stone, Nicholas the Younger, 147, 150
Swiss Guard, 49, 83
Sylvester I, Pope, 43
Symmachus, Pope, 47
Tapié, Victor-L., 64, 174–75
Teresa, Saint, 172–75, 250
Tezio, Paolo, 139
Thomas à Kempis, 245
Torriani, Orazio, 57
Tower of Babel, 182
Trinitarii Scalzi del Riscatto di Spagna (Discalced/Barefoot Trinitarians), 98–101, 106, 108, 114, 121
Triumph of Divine Providence, The (Pietro da Cortona), 89, 189
Truth Unveiled by Time (Bernini), 168–69, 170–71, 174
Urban II, Pope, 59
Urban VIII, Pope:
and Bernini, 59–60, 66, 73–78, 80, 82, 85, 86, 92, 116–17, 138–39, 141, 149, 151–52, 163, 166, 170, 190, 202, 228, 257
and Castro war, 151, 167
and Collegium Urbanum, 239
death of, 151–52, 158, 167
election of, 59
and Filomarino, 111
and Fontana di Trevi, 202
and Mazarin, 169–70
and Palazzo Barberini, 88
personal traits of, 72, 152
poetry by, 33, 59, 78
and St. Peter’s, 59–62, 66, 71, 72–75, 80, 82–83, 85, 86, 92, 141, 144–45, 147–49, 235
and Santa Bibiana, 77, 78
and Sant’Ivo, 175, 183, 230
tomb of, 85, 115–16, 134
and Trinitarians, 114
Valena, Marc Antonio, 142, 148
Van Dyck, Anthony, 55
van Gogh, Vincent, 13
Vasari, Giorgio, 48, 53
Vatican:
art collection of, 27
papal powers in, 259–60
papal residence in, 47, 192
papal selection in, 225–26
Swiss Guard in, 49, 83
Vatican foundry, 73
Vatican Palace, 235, 251–52
and Palazzo Spada, 254, 255, 256
Sala Regia, 251, 252
Scala Regia, 252, 253, 254, 266
Velanti, Livia, 182
Il Vignola (Barozzi), 52
Villard Houses, New York, 89
Virgil, Aeneid, 9, 28
Virgin and Child with the Infant St. John (P. Bernini), 20
Visconti family, 36
Vitruvian rules, 176
Vitruvius, 53
Vives, Juan Bautista, 239
Vivian, Saint (Bibiana), 76–77
Vizzani, Monsignor, 230, 231
Volterra, Daniele da, 192
Werro, Sebastian, 68
Wittkower, Rudolf, 8, 13, 164
Zola, Émile, 3, 237