1. Kaitlyn Tiffany, “The People Who Really, Really Love Mark Zuckerberg,” The Atlantic, October 22, 2019, https://theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2019/10/the-biggest-fans-of-mark-zuckerberg-and-facebook/600490/.
2. Kaitlyn Tiffany, “The Creepy Trump Meme Taking Over Twitter,” The Atlantic, October 7, 2020, https://theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/10/trump-coronavirus-hex-stan-twitter/616589/.
3. Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 2006), 7.
4. Ibid., 36–37.
5. Angela McRobbie and Jenny Garber, “Girls and Subcultures,” in Resistance Through Rituals: Youth Subcultures in Post-War Britain, 2nd ed., edited by Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson (New York: Routledge, 2006), 420.
6. Ibid., 424.
7. Ibid., 441.
8. Ibid., 442.
9. Jenny Garber, “Girls and Subcultures,” in Feminism and Youth Culture, Youth Questions (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1991), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21168-5_1.
10. Mary Celeste Kearney, “Productive Spaces: Girls’ Bedrooms as Sites of Cultural Production,” Journal of Children and Media 1, no. 2 (2007): 126–41, https://doi.org/10.1080/17482790701339126.
11. Ibid.
12. Kaitlyn Tiffany, “Why K-Pop Fans Are No Longer Posting About K-Pop,” The Atlantic, June 6, 2020, https://theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/06/twitter-k-pop-protest-black-lives-matter/612742/.
13. Lori Morimoto (@acafanmom), “Seriously, people. Seriously - fan studies is a fucking thing,” Twitter, June 21, 2020, https://twitter.com/acafanmom/status/1274745051441246208.
14. Tiffany, “Why K-Pop Fans Are No Longer Posting About K-Pop.”
15. Lori Morimoto, interview with the author, September 17, 2020.
16. Zina, interview with the author, September 19, 2020.
17. r/kpop, Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/kpop/. This thread was deleted after I read it, and I relied on my notes.
18. Abby Olheiser, “TikTok Teens and K-Pop Stans Don’t Belong to the ‘Resistance,’” MIT Technology Review, June 23, 2020, https://technologyreview.com/2020/06/23/1004336/tiktok-teens-kpop-stans-trump-resistance-its-complicated/.
19. David Kushner, “The Masked Avengers,” The New Yorker, September 1, 2014, https://newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/masked-avengers.
20. @youranonnews, “Anonymous stans ALL KPop allies!,” Twitter, June 3, 2020, https://twitter.com/youranonnews/status/1268150512421154816.
21. Andrew Griffin, “Anonymous Activists and K-Pop Fans Enjoy Unexpected Allegiance as They Join Black Lives Matter Protests,” The Independent, June 3, 2020, https://independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/anonymous-k-pop-black-lives-matter-george-floyd-protests-a9547401.html.
22. r/kpop, Reddit, https://www.reddit.com/r/kpop/. This thread was deleted after I read it, and I relied on my notes.