1. Steven J. Horowitz, “One Direction & the Wanted: The Billboard Cover Story,” Billboard, March 27, 2012, https://billboard.com/articles/news/499360/one-direction-the-wanted-the-billboard-cover-story.
2. Caspar Llewellyn Smith, “One Direction: The Fab Five Take America,” The Guardian, March 15, 2012, https://theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/15/one-direction-fab-five-america.
3. 5 News, “Are One Direction Bigger Than the Beatles?,” YouTube video, February 11, 2014, https://youtu.be/JvyxaOWQaiE.
4. Matt Stopera and Dave Stopera, “23 of the Craziest and Scariest Things One Direction Fans Have Ever Done,” BuzzFeed, November 7, 2019, https://buzzfeed.com/mjs538/what-a-time-it-was.
5. @Dat10inchYo, Twitter account, last updated April 12, 2014, https://twitter.com/dat10inchyo.
6. Anonymous, “The boys blood types- Liam: AB. Louis: O. Niall: A. Harry & Zayn: B,” Twitter, April 4, 2015.
7. Darcy DiNucci, “Fragmented Future,” Print, January 1999, 32, 221–22, http://darcyd.com/fragmented_future.pdf.
8. Tim O’Reilly, “What Is Web 2.0,” O’Reilly (blog), September 30, 2005, https://oreilly.com/pub/a/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html.
9. Jean Burgess and Nancy K. Baym, Twitter: A Biography (New York: New York University Press, 2020), 36–69.
10. Susannah Fox, Kathryn Zickuhr, and Aaron Smith, “Twitter and Status Updating, Fall 2009,” Pew Research Center, October 21, 2009, https://pewresearch.org/internet/2009/10/21/twitter-and-status-updating-fall-2009/.
11. John Herrman and Katie Notopoulos, “Weird Twitter: The Oral History,” BuzzFeed, April 5, 2013, https://buzzfeednews.com/article/jwherrman/weird-twitter-the-oral-history; Leon Chang (@leyawn), “SOMEONE PUMP MY STOMACH ITS FULL OF EVIL,” Twitter, June 26, 2009, https://twitter.com/leyawn/status/2349522508; @dril, “it is with a heavy heart that i must announce that the celebs are at it again,” Twitter, September 24, 2014, https://twitter.com/dril/status/514845232509501440.
12. Martha Stewart (@MarthaStewart), “just got home, let out the dogs, within minutes they cornered,attacked and killed an opossum,” Twitter, November 11, 2009, https://twitter.com/MarthaStewart/status/5638126088.
13. Britney Spears (@britneyspears), “Does anyone think global warming is a good thing? I love Lady Gaga,” Twitter, February 10, 2011, https://twitter.com/britneyspears/status/35767743634481152.
14. Choire Sicha, “What Were Black People Talking About on Twitter Last Night?,” The Awl, November 11, 2009, https://medium.com/the-awl/what-were-black-people-talking-about-on-twitter-last-night-4408ca0ba3d6.
15. Farhad Manjoo, “How Black People Use Twitter,” Slate, August 10, 2010, https://slate.com/technology/2010/08/how-black-people-use-twitter.html.
16. Zach Hull, “Stan Stories: Meet the Commander of Rihanna’s Navy,” Paper, June 6, 2019, https://papermag.com/stan-stories-rihanna-2638715945.html.
17. “Interview: Young Experts on How to Create a Legion of Followers from Tumblr to Twitter,” Brandwatch, September 5, 2016, https://brandwatch.com/blog/react-interview-young-experts-on-how-to-create-a-legion-of-followers-from-tumblr-to-twitter/.
18. Brian Ries, “Justin Bieber and His Crazy Twitter Fans,” The Daily Beast, September 9, 2010, https://thedailybeast.com/justin-bieber-and-his-crazy-twitter-fans.
19. Leena Rao, “Beyonce Pregnancy News at MTV VMAs Births New Twitter Record of 8,868 Tweets Per Second,” TechCrunch, August 29, 2011, https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/29/beyonce-pregnancy-news-at-the-mtv-vmas-births-new-twitter-record-with-8868-tweets-per-second/.
20. Simon Owens, “The Secrets of Lady Gaga’s Social Media Success,” The Next Web, March 15, 2011, https://thenextweb.com/news/the-secrets-of-lady-gagas-social-media-success.
21. Lacey Rose, “Lady Gaga, Twitter Queen,” Forbes, August 23, 2010, https://forbes.com/sites/laceyrose/2010/08/23/lady-gaga-twitter-queen/.
22. Lady Gaga, “An Inaugural Message from Tween Gaga,” YouTube video, August 22, 2010, https://youtu.be/nyf4LGQdbB8.
23. Emily Yahr, “One Direction, Justin Bieber Fans in Epic Twitter Battles over MTV EMAs Voting,” The Washington Post, October 28, 2014, https://washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2014/10/28/justin-bieber-one-direction-fans-in-epic-twitter-battle-over-mtv-emas-voting/.
24. This tweet seems to have been deleted. The quote and description are from a transcribed version in the author’s notes.
25. Billboard staff, “Fan Army Face-Off: And the Winner Is…,” Billboard, August 18, 2014, https://billboard.com/articles/news/6221800/fan-army-face-off-winner.
26. Lewis Wiltshire, “2013: The Year on Twitter,” Twitter blog, Twitter, December 11, 2013, https://blog.twitter.com/en_gb/a/en-gb/2013/2013-the-year-on-twitter.html.
27. Nicole Kelsey Santero, “‘Nobody Can #DragMeDown’: An Analysis of the One Direction Fandom’s Ability to Influence and Dominate Worldwide Twitter Trends” (master’s thesis, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2016).
28. Anonymous, “if taylor swift murders me DO NOT PROSECUTE HER,” Twitter, November 24, 2019.
29. Anonymous, “he’s so sexy break my back like a glow stick daddy,” Twitter, November 25, 2019.
30. Target (@Target), “We have no choice but to stan,” Twitter, January 16, 2020, https://twitter.com/target/status/1217856741897129985.
31. Brad Esposito, “Lady Gaga Fans Are Pretending to Be Soccer Moms on Twitter to Con Radio Stations,” BuzzFeed, September 5, 2016, https://buzzfeed.com/bradesposito/soccer-moms-unite-for-gaga.
32. Andrew Martin, “#CuttingForBieber: Most Disturbing Hashtag of All Time?,” Complex Magazine, January 7, 2013, https://complex.com/music/2013/01/cuttingforbieber-most-disturbing-hashtag-of-all-time.
33. Fernando Alfonso III, “#SkinFor1D: 4chan Hoax Asks Teens to Strip for One Direction,” The Daily Dot, May 28, 2014, https://dailydot.com/unclick/one-direction-4chan-prank/.
34. Jonathan Heaf, “This One Direction Interview Got Us Death Threats,” GQ, August 23, 2015, https://gq-magazine.co.uk/article/one-direction-gq-covers-interview.
35. “The Most Terrifying Responses to Our One Direction Covers,” GQ, February 25, 2014, https://gq-magazine.co.uk/article/one-direction-gq-covers-most-terrifying-responses.
36. Angelina Chapin, “The Wrath of Beyoncé’s Beyhive: How Fans Have Lost the Plot,” The Guardian, April 30, 2016, https://theguardian.com/music/2016/apr/30/beyonce-beyhive-fans-rachel-roy-lemonade. Roy denied the rumors and addressed the online harassment, tweeting: “I respect love, marriages, families and strength. What shouldn’t be tolerated by anyone, no matter what, is bullying, of any kind.”
37. Joe Coscarelli, “How One Tweet About Nicki Minaj Spiraled into Internet Chaos,” The New York Times, July 10, 2018, https://nytimes.com/2018/07/10/arts/music/nicki-minaj-wanna-thompson-twitter-stans.html.
38. Laura Bradley, “Taylor Swift Remains Silent as Fans Doxx and Harass Music Critic over ‘Folklore’ Review,” The Daily Beast, July 30, 2020, https://thedailybeast.com/taylor-swift-remains-silent-as-fans-doxx-and-harass-music-critic-over-folkore-review.
39. Katie Dey (@katie_dey), “my ass is fatter than taylor’s at least,” Twitter, July 24, 2020. This post was deleted after I saw it, but it is preserved in news coverage.
40. Katie Dey (@katie_dey), “i knew my fat ass would ruin my life someday didnt think itd go down like this tho,” Twitter, July 24, 2020, https://twitter.com/katie_dey/status/1286867100737236992.
41. Michael Trice and Liza Potts, “Building Dark Patterns into Platforms: How GamerGate Perturbed Twitter’s User Experience,” Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society 6, no. 3 (January 2018), https://presenttensejournal.org/volume-6/building-dark-patterns-into-platforms-how-gamergate-perturbed-twitters-user-experience/.
42. 1D Predictions (@1DPsychic), “This is the 6th Christmas without One Direction,” Twitter, December 23, 2020, https://twitter.com/1DPsychic/status/1341813495785017345.
43. 1D Predictions (@1DPsychic), “Niall Horan will be the first to go bald,” Twitter, January 13, 2021, https://twitter.com/1DPsychic/status/1349438620646699008.
44. 1D Predictions (@1DPsychic), “Louis Tomlinson will show us his wisdom teeth removal video,” Twitter, March 1, 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20210302003222/https://twitter.com/1DPsychic/status/1366539633027391488.
45. @fuckwesanderson, “help so my cousin got upset after reading a fan fiction where harry styles dies and now she’s been peeling potatoes for 3 hours,” Twitter, February 3, 2017, https://twitter.com/fuckwesanderson/status/827487005885952000.
46. Lily Redman (@finelinelily), “Yesterday was like a breath of fresh air after literally one of the worst years of everyone’s life,” Twitter, July 24, 2020, https://twitter.com/finelinelily/status/1286665153258414081.