1. The Twitter account @isasdfghjkls was deleted at some point after I saw this tweet and could not be accessed using the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine.
2. Anonymous, “your fav is problematic,” Tumblr post, September 13, 2015.
3. Editors, “Let Them Eat Print!,” n+1 15 (Winter 2013), https://nplusonemag.com/issue-15/the-intellectual-situation/let-them-eat-print/.
4. Moira Weigel, “The Internet of Women,” Logic, April 1, 2018, https://logicmag.io/scale/the-internet-of-women/.
5. Kaitlyn Tiffany, “The Founder of Pinboard on Why Understanding Fandom Is Good for Business,” The Verge, June 12, 2017, https://theverge.com/2017/6/12/15746916/pinboard-founder-maciej-ceglowski-interview-yahoo-delicious-fandom.
6. Maciej Cegłowski, “Fan Is a Tool-Using Animal,” Idle Words, 2013, https://idlewords.com/talks/fan_is_a_tool_using_animal.htm.
7. Jamie Crossan, “One Direction’s Harry Styles: ‘We’re Bigger Than the Beatles, Fame-wise,’” New Musical Express, February 9, 2014 (aggregation of quotations originally published in Top of the Pops), https://nme.com/news/music/one-direction-149-1239904.
8. Timothy Bella, “Lou Pearlman Was a Disgraced Mogul Who Defrauded Boy Bands. Then Came the $300 Million Ponzi Scheme,” The Washington Post, March 3, 2019, https://washingtonpost.com/nation/2019/03/13/lou-pearlman-was-disgraced-mogul-who-defrauded-s-boy-bands-then-came-million-ponzi-scheme/.
9. Brooke Marine, “The Jonas Brothers Finally Explained Their Purity-Ring Origin Story,” W, March 8, 2019, https://wmagazine.com/story/jonas-brother-purity-rings.
10. One Direction: This Is Us, directed by Morgan Spurlock (2013; Culver City, CA: TriStar Pictures).
11. OneDirectionVewo, “Niall Horan Calling Fans a ‘Shower of Cunts,’” YouTube video, July 6, 2012, https://youtu.be/CCRLUGTiLqY.
12. Caroline Moss, “A Four Year-Old Tweet from One Direction Just Leapt Past Obama’s Four More Years Tweet to Be the Second Most Popular Ever,” Business Insider Australia, January 14, 2015, www.businessinsider.com.au/one-direction-tweet-2015-1.
13. Rebecca Davison, “Oh Baby! One Direction’s Niall Horan Is Mobbed as He Attends Nephew’s Christening in Ireland Where He Served as Godfather,” Daily Mail, November 9, 2013, https://dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2496371/One-Directions-Niall-Horan-mobbed-attends-nephews-christening-Ireland.html.
14. Maëlys Wandelst (yourssincerelylarry), “Larry Hug,” 2015, accessed via Sacha Judd’s personal website, https://sachajudd.com/one-direction.
15. Maëlys Wandelst, email to the author, January 21, 2020.
16. Kaitlyn Tiffany, “Harry Styles Fans Are Trying to Beat the Billboard Charts with VPNS and Mass Coordination,” The Verge, May 5, 2017, https://theverge.com/2017/5/5/15533760/harry-styles-streaming-data-billboard-tumblr-fan-effort.
17. “What Tumblr’s Ban on ‘Adult Content’ Actually Did,” Tossed Out, Electronic Frontier Foundation, last modified May 20, 2019, https://eff.org/tossedout/tumblr-ban-adult-content.
18. “Copyright policy,” Twitter Rules and Policies, Twitter, https://help.twitter.com/en/rules-and-policies/copyright-policy; Katherine Trendacosta, “Unfiltered: How YouTube’s Content ID Discourages Fair Use and Dictates What We See Online,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, December 10, 2020, https://eff.org/wp/unfiltered-how-youtubes-content-id-discourages-fair-use-and-dictates-what-we-see-online.
19. Samantha Hunt, “There Is Only One Direction,” The Cut, May 12, 2015, https://thecut.com/2015/05/there-is-only-one-direction.html.