1. David B. Muhlhausen, PhD, and Jena Baker McNeill, Terror Trends: 40 Years’ Data on International and Domestic Terrorism (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, 2011), 1, 9, chart 7. The report states, “The data used in this descriptive analysis by The Heritage Foundation stem from the RAND Database of World-wide Terrorism Incidents (RDWTI). The version of the RDWTI used in this analysis contains information on nearly 38,700 terrorist incidents from across the globe between February 1968 and January 2010” (2).
2. Only one or two terrorist incident databases go back as far as the RAND database, much less back to earlier dates. It is clear from the few that do go back farther, however, that there were relatively few terrorist attacks aimed at the United States before 1969, and the number of Americans killed in those terrorist attacks was a comparative handful. The total would not significantly alter these proportions. See, e.g., Centre for Defence and International Security Studies, “The CDISS Database: Terrorist Incidents 1945 to 2004,” www.timripley.co.uk/terrorism; and Infoplease.com, “Terrorist Attacks in the U.S. or Against Americans,” www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0001454.html.
3. U.S. Department of State, “Terrorism Deaths, Injuries, Kidnappings of Private U.S. Citizens, 2010,” in Country Reports on Terrorism 2010 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, 2011), 252.
4. U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Law Enforcement Officers Feloniously Killed: Type of Weapon, 2001–2010,” Table 27 in Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted 2010, www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/leoka/leoka-2010/tables/table27-leok-feloniously-type-of-weapon-01-10.xls.
5. Amy Belasco, The Cost of Iraq, Afghanistan, and Other Global War on Terror Operations Since 9/11 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2011), Summary.
6. John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart, “Does the United States Spend Too Much on Homeland Security?” Slate, Sept. 7, 2011, www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2011/09/does_the_united_states_spend_too_much_on_homeland_security.single.html.
7. John Mueller and Mark G. Stewart, Terror, Security and Money: Balancing the Risks, Benefits, and Costs of Homeland Security (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011), p. 172.
8. Lisa Riordan Seville, “How Much Is Security Worth?,” Crime Report, Jan. 23, 2012, www.thecrimereport.org/news/inside-crimirial-justice/2012-01-homelarid-security-qa.
9. “Perpetual Security State: Post-9/11 Special Powers, Budgets, Agencies Seen Needed Far into Future,” Washington Times, Sept. 9, 2011 (“When asked last month if the U.S. government could relinquish some of the extraordinary powers or shrink some of the budgets and bureaucracies created to protect Americans since 9/11, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano gave a one-word response: ‘No.’ ”).
10. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Secretary Napolitano Announces Fiscal Year 2013 Budget Request,” news release, Feb. 13, 2012; U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Overview, Fiscal Year 2010 Budget Request (undated); The Homeland Security Department’s Budget Submission for Fiscal Year 2011, Hearing Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Government Affairs, 111th Cong. 39ff (2010) (Hon. Janet Napolitano, Secretary, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Statement for the Record”).
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Budget Request Overviews” for FY2012 and FY2013, undated.
12. For a summary of issues the so-called “war on terrorism” has raised, see “The Full Cost of 9/11,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly, Sept. 3, 2011.
13. Adam Liptak, “Civil Liberties Today,” New York Times, Sept. 7, 2011.
14. “Remarks by U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft to the Council on Foreign Relations,” Federal News Service, Feb. 10, 2003.
15. The narrative of Airman Santos’s actions on November 21 is based on these sources, unless otherwise noted: 50th Space Wing Public Affairs Office, “Officials ID Barricaded Member,” news release, Nov. 22, 2011, www.schriever.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123280946; “Airman in Schriever Standoff Pleaded Guilty to Sex Crime,” Colorado Springs Gazette, Nov. 22, 2011; “Air Force Investigates Gun After Standoff on Base,” Associated Press Online, Nov. 22, 2011; “Gunman at Colorado Air Base Surrenders,” Associated Press Online, Nov. 22, 2011.
16. U.S. Air Force, “50th Space Wing,” fact sheet, www.schriever.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3909 (accessed Mar. 8, 2012).
17. U.S. Air Force, “50th Security Forces Squadron,” fact sheet, www.schriever.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3926 (accessed Nov. 24, 2011).
18. “Airman in Schriever Standoff Pleaded Guilty to Sex Crime.” For the particulars of Santos’s offense, see “Warrantless Arrest Affidavit” for defendant Nico Cruz Santos, Gilpen County (CO) Sheriff’s Office, Case No. 10CR668, Dec. 8, 2010.
19. “Rampage Was the ‘Worst Horror Movie,’ ” Dallas Morning News, Nov. 14, 2010. Eleven additional personnel were “injured” in the resulting turmoil, as opposed to having been “wounded” by gunshot. See: U.S. Department of Defense, Protecting the Force: Lessons from Fort Hood, Report of the DoD Independent Review (Washington, DC: 2010), 1.
20. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Legislative Text and Joint Explanatory Statement, Public Law 111—383, Dec. 2010.
21. “Pentagon vs. NRA: Will Gun-Rights Law Raise Risk of Soldier Suicides?” Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 4, 2011.
22. Joseph I. Lieberman and Susan M. Collins, A Ticking Time Bomb: Counterterrorism Lessons from the U. S. Government’s Failure to Prevent the Fort Hood Attack: A Special Report (Washington, DC: U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 2011), 7.
23. For media examples of these concerns, see “Senate Committee Subpoenas Fort Hood Documents,” Associated Press, Apr. 19, 2010; and “Pentagon Report on Fort Hood Details Failures,” New York Times, Jan. 16, 2010.
24. Although Major Hasan also carried a revolver that day, investigators found that he did not fire it. “Police Recall a Torrent of Bullets,” Austin American-Statesman, Oct. 21, 2010.
25. Lieberman and Collins, Ticking Time Bomb, 15.
26. Ibid., 7.
27. Chairman Joseph I. Lieberman, “Opening Statement,” Hearing of the Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, “Terrorists and Guns: The Nature of the Threat and Proposed Reforms,” May 5, 2010.
28. Unless otherwise noted, the details of Major Hasan’s purchase and use of his personal handgun are based on the following sources: “Rampage Was ‘the Worst Horror Movie’ “; “Witness: Man Asked About Gun Capacities,” Austin American-Statesman, Oct. 22, 2010; “Ft. Hood Suspect Sought Best Gun, Salesman Says,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 22, 2010; “Witness: Killer Sought ‘High-Tech’ Handgun,” Dallas Morning News, Oct. 22, 2010; “Police Recall a Torrent of Bullets”; “Nurses Recall Carnage at Post,” San Antonio Express-News, Oct. 20, 2010; “Soldiers Describe Deadly Day,” Dallas Morning News, Oct. 16, 2010; “Lawyer: Fort Hood Suspect Is Paralyzed,” Virginian-Pilot, Nov. 23, 2009.
29. “Witness: Man Asked About Gun Capacities.”
30. “Ft. Hood Suspect Sought Best Gun, Salesman Says.”
31. FN Herstal, “Five-seveN®,” www.fnherstal.com/index.php?id=269&backPID=263&productID=66&pid_product=295&pidList=263&categorySelector=5&detail.
32. Ibid.
33. “Ft. Hood Suspect Sought Best Gun, Salesman Says.”
34. FN Herstal, “Five-seveN®.”
35. “Nurses Recall Carnage at Post.”
36. “Soldiers Describe Deadly Day.”
37. For a more complete list and greater detail, see Violence Policy Center, “Mass Shootings in the United States Involving High-Capacity Ammunition Magazines,” fact sheet, Jan. 2011, www.vpc.org/fact_sht/VPCshootinglist.pdf
38. U.S. Department of Defense, Protecting the Force.
39. Ibid., appendix C, “Summary of Findings and Recommendations,” Finding 3.8 and Recommendation 3.8, p. C-7.
40. Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs), U.S. Department of Defense, “Interim Fort Hood Recommendations Approved,” news release, Apr. 15, 2010.
41. U.S. Secretary of Defense, “Interim Recommendations of the Ft. Hood Follow-on Review,” memorandum, Apr. 12, 2010, attachment.
42. “In Defense Spending Bill, a Map Around Congressional Gridlock,” Washington Post, Jan. 4, 2011.
43. U.S. Secretary of Defense, “Interim Recommendations of the Ft. Hood Follow-on Review.”
44. For an exposition of the relationship between the gun industry and the NRA, see Violence Policy Center, Blood Money: How the Gun Industry Bankrolls the NRA (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/bloodmoney.pdf.
45. For the bill’s text, see www.opencongress.org/bill/111-s3388/text.
46. Office of Senator James M. Inhofe, “Inhofe Introduces Gun Bill to Protect Second Amendment Rights of Soldiers, Employees of Department of Defense,” news release, May 20, 2010.
47. U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Legislative Text and Joint Explanatory Statement, Public Law 111—383, Dec. 2010, 476.
48. Chris W. Cox, NRA-ILA Executive Director, “Political Report,” undated, www.nrapublications.org/index.php/8685/political-report-2.
49. For a detailed discussion of the history and consequence of this trend, see Violence Policy Center, The Militarization of the U.S. Civilian Firearms Market (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/militarization.pdf
50. Allan M. Brandt, The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 11.
51. Richard Kluger, Ashes to Ashes: America’s Hundred-Year Cigarette War, the Public Health, and the Unabashed Triumph of Philip Morris (New York: Vintage Books, 1997), 657–58.
52. Brandt, Cigarette Century, 440.
53. 15 U.S.C. Sections 7901–3.
54. For a more detailed discussion of the Tiahrt amendments, see Violence Policy Center, Indicted: Types of Firearms and Methods of Gun Trafficking from the United States to Mexico as Revealed in U.S. Court Documents (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2009), 4, www.vpc.org/studies/indicted.pdf.
55. Terrorists and Guns: The Nature of the Threat and Proposed Reforms, Before the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, 111th Cong. (May 5, 2010) (statement of Senator Susan M. Collins).
56. Brian Friel, “A New Third Rail,” National Journal, May 29, 2010.
57. “Issue of Gun Rights Still Holds Sway,” New York Times, Mar. 15, 2009.
58. “Gun Control Efforts Going Nowhere,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Apr. 9, 2009.
1. “Copley Shooter Bought Gun Five Days Before Killing Spree,” Akron Beacon Journal, Aug. 10, 2011; “Autopsy Notes Hint at Fury with Which Gunman Fired,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Aug. 11, 2011.
2. According to the township’s website, 13, 641 people live in Copley, of whom 86.4 percent are white. The median household income is about $55, 000, and only 3.3 percent of the families live below the poverty level. Copley Township, “Demographics,” www.copley.oh.us/about-copley/about-copley/demographics.html.
3. Kathleen Folkerth, “Police Release Final Report on Copley Shooting,” West Side Leader, Oct. 13, 2011, http://akron.com/akron-ohio-community-news.asp?aID=13790.
4. Sherri Bevan Walsh, Summit County Prosecuting Attorney, to Chief Michael Mier, Copley Police Department, “Investigation into the Use of Force Involving the Death of Michael Hance,” Sept. 20, 2011.
5. Like virtually all U.S. police departments, the Akron Police Department uses a system of numbered codes in radio communications. These are not always uniform. In Akron, a “Code 43” signals a “disturbed person (mental case).” See “Radio Codes and Signals—Ohio,” www.bearcatl.com/radiooh.htm.
6. Folkerth, “Police Release Final Report on Copley Shooting”; “Copley Shooter Bought Gun Five Days Before Killing Spree.”
7. Marilyn Miller, “Copley Welcomes Back Students Today; Shooting Investigation Continues,” Akron Beacon Journal, Aug. 25, 2011, www.ohio.com/news/local/copley-welcomes-back-students-today-shooting-investigation-continues-1.231495; “Copley Shooter Bought Gun Five Days Before Killing Spree,” Akron Beacon Journal, Aug. 10, 2011.
8. Walsh, “Investigation into the Use of Force Involving the Death of Michael Hance.” Walsh’s letter does not specify what type of “re-loaders” Hance used. There are two kinds of devices used to quickly reload handguns. The “speed-loader” is used to reload all of the chambers of a revolver cylinder at once. Hance could have used this type for his .357 Magnum revolver. A semiautomatic pistol’s magazine holds the gun’s ammunition, and can be quickly ejected and replaced. Hance could have used this type for his .45 pistol. Walsh’s cryptic statement could describe either or both types. For examples of both, see “Magazines & Clips,” Cabela’s, www.cabelas.com/magazines.shtml.
9. “Police Say Ohio Gunman Practiced at Firing Range,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Aug. 20, 2011.
10. See “Handguns,” Hi-Point Firearms, www.hi-pointfirearms.com/handguns/handgun_main.html.
11. “Seal Beach Salon to Reopen After Shooting Spree,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Feb. 3, 2012 (“The wife of a slain salon owner says she plans to reopen the Seal Beach salon where a gunman went on a shooting spree that killed eight people”).
12. “Giffords to Attend Vigil Marking One Year Since Shooting Rampage,” CNN Wire, Jan. 8, 2012 (“Rep. Gabrielle Giffords will attend events Sunday in Arizona to mark the anniversary of a shooting rampage that left six people dead and the congresswoman with a gunshot wound to the head”).
13. “Texas Mass Shooting Strikes Chord in Covina,” San Gabriel Valley Tribune, Dec. 27, 2011.
14. “IHOP Shooting: Will Police Ever Understand Gunman’s Motive?” Christian Science Monitor, Sept. 7, 2011 (“As police in Carson City, Nev., seek a motive in the IHOP shooting Tuesday, criminologists say thorough investigations can often turn up the reasons behind mass killings”).
15. “Service Seeks Community Healing: 200 Gather to Discuss Mass Murder, Aftermath,” Grand Rapids Press, July 14, 2011 (“It was the worst mass murder the area has ever seen”).
16. For a sardonic editorial comment describing this ritual, see Josh Sugarmann, “Yet Another Mass Shooting,” Washington Post, Apr. 19, 2009.
17. For example, “Breaking News: Five Dead in Yuma, Arizona, School Shooting,” Canwest News Service, June 2, 2011 (“Yuma police say five people have been killed in a shooting that has forced authorities to close schools and the courthouse”). This was actually a case of murder-suicide, not a school shooting. The shooter killed his ex-wife, her lawyer, and three of her friends; wounded another of her friends; and then shot himself to death. “Friend Says Ex-Wife Described Dyess as Controlling, Violent,” Yuma Sun, June 9, 2011. Another example: “Breaking News: Mass Shooting on Fort Hood, Texas; 7 Dead, 30 Wounded,” Arkansas Tonight, Nov. 5, 2009 (“At least two shooters have opened fire on Fort Hood near Waco, Texas, leaving seven individuals dead and 30 wounded, Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison tells MSNBC, citing a general she had spoken with on the post”). There was only one shooter. He was U.S. Army Major Nidal M. Hasan, who shot thirteen victims to death and wounded thirty-two others. “Rampage Was ‘the Worst Horror Movie,’” Dallas Morning News, Nov. 14, 2010.
18. “32 Dead in Virginia Tech Shootings,” CNN Newsroom, Apr. 16, 2007.
19. “One Killed, Gunman Apprehended in Florida Shooting: Officials,” Agence France-Presse, Nov. 6, 2009.
20. “Atlanta Mayor Back in Front of Spotlight as Shooting Crisis Unfolds,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, July 29, 1999.
21. “32 Dead in Virginia Tech Shootings.”
22. Ibid.
23. See NRA Political Victory Fund, “NRA-PVF Endorses Randy Forbes for U.S. House of Representatives in Virginia’s 4th Congressional District,” Oct. 1, 2010, www.nrapvf.org/news-alerts/2010/10/nra-pvf-endorses-randy-forbes-for-us-house-of-representatives-in-virginia%E2%80%99s-4th-congressional-district.aspx.
24. “14 Dead in New York Shooting Rampage,” Campbell Brown: No Bias, No Bull, CNN, Apr. 3, 2009.
25. “Copley Gunman Hunted Down His Victims, Including Boy, 11,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Aug. 9, 2011.
26. “Friend Says Ex-Wife Described Dyess as Controlling, Violent,” Yuma Sun, June 9, 2011.
27. “Fighter Pilot Murder Mystery; Did Elite Navy Pilot Snap?” Good Morning America, ABC, Jan. 5, 2012.
28. “Shooter Targets Former Employer in Orlando Building,” Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell, CNN, Nov. 6, 2009.
29. See “Staff Clinical Director,” Center for Health Sex, http://centerforhealthysex.com/about/staff-clinical-director.
30. “Shooter Targets Former Employer in Orlando Building.”
31. See “Battle over Anna Nicole Smith’s Body,” CNN Newsroom, CNN, Feb. 23, 2007; “Obama Assassination Threat Plot [sic] of Bigger Problem?” Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell, CNN, Oct. 28, 2008; “Remains Found Near Missing Girl’s Home,” Issues with Jane Velez-Mitchell, CNN, Dec. 11, 2008; and “New Jobs Reports Coming,” American Morning, CNN, Sept. 4, 2009.
32. “Virginia Tech Campus Massacre; The Second Gun; Hospital News Conference on Condition of Virginia Tech Survivors,” CNN Newsroom, CNN, Apr. 18, 2007.
33. See, e.g., “Cupertino Quarry Massacre 911 Tapes: ‘There Are People Dying Right Now. My Supervisor Is Dying,’” San Jose Mercury News, Oct. 20, 2011 (“Breathless, the man pleaded with an emergency dispatcher ‘Please, please help. They’re going to die’ ”); “911 Tapes from Nev. Shooting Reveal Frantic Scene,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Sept. 7, 2011 (“Dozens of 911 calls made from in and around a Nevada IHOP where a deadly shooting rampage took place detail a frantic scene”); “911 Tapes Released of Calls Made During Shooting Rampage at a Connecticut Beer Distribution Plant Tuesday,” NBC News Transcripts, Aug. 5, 2010 (Matt Lauer, co-host: “We’re now hearing the chilling 911 calls placed on Tuesday from inside that Connecticut beer distributor where a man went on a shooting spree, killing eight co-workers and then himself”).
34. “Shrines Pop Up Across City in Colorful Displays of Caring,” Arizona Daily Star, Jan. 19, 2011 (“At four impromptu shrines around the Old Pueblo, a mourning community comes bearing flowers, balloons, stuffed animals and votive candles”); “Tape Points Finger in Mass Shooting,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, June 11, 2007 (“A makeshift shrine of teddy bears, stuffed bunnies, a dinosaur and candles stood under a tree outside the shooting scene Monday”).
35. “14 Dead in New York Shooting Rampage” (pro-gun stalwart Representative J. Randy Forbes of Virginia told CNN after the Virginia Tech massacre that “Virginia is a large family. And you know, we reach out and put our arms around the students that are there, the victims and their families”); “32 Dead in Virginia Tech Shootings.”
36. “Texas Mass Shooting Strikes Chord in Covina,” San Gabriel Valley Tribune, Dec. 27, 2011 (Christmastime mass shootings at homes in Grapevine, Texas, in 2011 and in Covina, California, in 2008); “Thanksgiving Massacre Victim out of Coma: Patrick Knight Was Told That His Wife, Unborn Child Died in Jupiter Attack,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Mar. 10, 2010; “Investigators Confirm Killer ID; Murder-Suicide: Tests Show the Teenage Boy Pulled the Trigger. The Families Had Gathered for a Barbecue,” Riverside (CA) Press Enterprise, Apr. 1, 2008 (murder of four family members and friends; teenage shooter committed suicide).
37. “Terror in Littleton: The Overview; 15 Bodies Are Removed from School in Colorado,” New York Times, Apr. 22, 1999 (Columbine High School massacre); “Death Toll 11 Students, 1 Teacher in Nation’s recent school shootings,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 12, 1998 (survey of school shootings in United States).
38. “Texas Church Shooting Leaves 8 Dead, 7 Hurt; Pipe Bomb Also Used in Ft. Worth Incident; Gunman Kills Himself,” Baltimore Sun, Sept. 16, 1999.
39. “Amid Mourning, Eerie Details Emerge About Connecticut Shootings: Man Who Killed 8 Went to Work Well Armed,” New York Times, Aug. 5, 2010 (eight shot to death and shooter committed suicide at Connecticut beer wholesaler).
40. “Recent Violence Puts Stores on Alert: Retailers Prepare for How to React,” USA Today, Apr. 15, 2011; “Gunman at an Omaha Mall Kills 8 and Himself,” New York Times, Dec. 6, 2007.
41. “Nurses Recall Carnage at Post,” San Antonio Express-News, Oct. 20, 2010 (Fort Hood massacre).
42. Dahlia Lithwick, “The Cruelest Month,” Slate, Apr. 15, 2009.
43. See Violence Policy Center, “Gun Violence,” www.vpc.org/gunviolence.htm.
44. “Households by Number of Motor Vehicles: 2010,” Research and Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
45. For a detailed history of gun ownership in the United States as reported by the General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, see Violence Policy Center, A Shrinking Minority: The Continuing Decline of Gun Ownership in America (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/ownership.pdf
46. See Violence Policy Center, “Gun Deaths Outpace Motor Vehicle Deaths in 10 States in 2009,” May 2012, www.vpc.org/studies/gunsvscars.pdf
47. Philip J. Cook and Jens Ludwig, “Fact-Free Gun Policy?” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 151, no. 4. (Apr. 2003): 1329–40.
48. Matthew Parker, Panama Fever: The Epic Story of the Building of the Panama Canal, Kindle ed. (New York: Vintage, 2009), loc. 4759–63.
49. Ibid., loc. 4807–15.
50. See National Shooting Sports Foundation, “About the National Shooting Sports Foundation,” www.nssf.org/industry/aboutNSSF.cfm.
51. “The Gun Lobby’s Hunting Safety Assessment: Chance of Death Not Included,” Media Matters for America, Dec. 6, 2011, http://mediamatters.org/blog/201112060033.
52. See National Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF), “Modern Sporting Rifle,” http://nssf.org/MSR See also the NSSF YouTube video “The Modern Sporting Rifle,” www.youtube.com/watch?v=VbDQUADaIkE.
53. See, e.g., “Traditional Ammunition Campaign,” in A Building Block to History: NSSF 2010, (Newtown, CT: National Shooting Sports Foundation, 2010), 15; Larry Keane, “Senator Introduces Bill to Protect Traditional Ammunition,” National Shooting Sports Foundation blog, Sept. 28, 2010, www.nssfblog.com/senator-introduces-bill-to-protect-traditional-ammunition; and Larry Keane, “EPA Denies Petition to Ban Traditional Ammunition,” NSSF blog, Aug. 28, 2010, www.nssfblog.com/epa-denies-petition-to-ban-traditional-ammunition.
54. “State Closes Gouldsboro Gun Range Where Terrorists Trained,” Pocono Record, May 11, 2010; “6 Men Arrested in a Terror Plot Against Ft. Dix,” New York Times, May 9, 2007 (plotters of terrorist attack on Fort Dix, NJ, trained at PA gun range); “Security Questions at Shooting Ranges,” New York Times, Oct. 5, 2003 (members of group that became al Qaeda practiced at New York shooting range).
55. “Police Say Ohio Gunman Practiced at Firing Range,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Aug. 20, 2011; “Ft. Hood Suspect Sought Best Gun, Salesman Says,” Los Angeles Times, Oct. 22, 2010; “Sirhan’s Notes Go Up for Sale: Papers Suggest the Assassin Carefully Calculated His Plan to Kill Robert Kennedy,” Los Angeles Times, Apr. 8, 2011 (Sirhan Sirhan practiced at shooting range night before he assassinated Senator Robert F. Kennedy); “LAX Shooter Motivated by Personal Woes, Probe Finds,” Los Angeles Times, Sept. 5, 2002 (man who shot two to death at El Al counter practiced at shooting range).
56. “Beginning the Next 50 Years: NSSF Remains Dedicated to Ranges and the Shooting Sports,” National Shooting Sports Foundation, Range Report, Winter 2012, 26.
57. Stephen L. Sanetti, The National Shooting Sports Foundation: A History 1961 to 2011 (Newtown, CT: National Shooting Sports Foundation, 2011), 7.
58. “‘Ricochet’ Goes Behind Scenes of Gun Lobby,” National Public Radio, Nov. 15, 2007.
59. Ibid.
60. “Wayne LaPierre Said That Violent Crime in Jurisdictions That Recognize the ‘Right to Carry’ Is Lower Than in Areas That Prevent It,” St. Petersburg Times, Feb. 16, 2011.
61. This excerpt is from the NRAs online version of “Obama’s Secret Plan to Destroy the Second Amendment by 2016,” America’s 1st Freedom, www.nrapublications.org/index.php/11920/obamas-secret-plan-to-destroy-the-second-amendment-by-2016. A longer and slightly different version appears as the cover story in the February 2012 print edition of America’s 1st Freedom. The italicized emphasis is in the original.
62. “NRAs Ad Exaggerates Intent of Obama Vote,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Oct. 30, 2008 (NRA “ad is misleading because it stretches the truth”); “National Rifle Association Endorses McCain,” Associated Press Online, Oct. 9, 2008; “State Target of Gun Lobbyists: Union Claims NRA Tried to Persuade Miners to Criticize Obama During a Filming Last Week,” Charleston Daily Mail, Sept. 24, 2008 (NRA “announced it is spending $15 million to campaign against Obama.” Union leaders say “NRA representatives tried to mislead miners about Sen. Barack Obama’s stance on guns and tricked them into criticizing the Illinois senator on camera.”).
63. “Focused NRA a Force in U.S. Politics,” Washington Post, Dec. 15, 2010.
64. Chris W. Cox, NRA-ILA executive director, “Gun Owners Score Wins in Spending Bill,” Political Report, Jan. 23, 2012, www.nrapublications.org/index.php/12330/political-report-22, also published in the February 2012 print edition of the NRAs magazine, America’s 1st Freedom.
65. “Form Won’t Deter Drug Cartels,” USA Today, Aug. 9, 2011.
66. “Why do you look at the speck of sawdust in your brother’s eye and pay no attention to the plank in your own eye? How can you say to your brother, ‘Let me take the speck out of your eye,’ when all the time there is a plank in your own eye? You hypocrite, first take the plank out of your own eye, and then you will see clearly to remove the speck from your brother’s eye.” Matthew 7:3–5, The Holy Bible, New International Version, 1984, http://niv.scripturetext.eom/matthew/7.htm.
67. Massachusetts Historical Society, “Adams Quotations,” www.masshist.org/adams/quotes.cfm.
68. E.G. Krug et al., “Firearm-Related Deaths in the United States and 35 Other High- and Upper-Middle-Income Countries,” International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (1998): 214, 218–19.
69. E.G. Richardson and David Hemenway, “Homicide, Suicide, and Unintentional Firearm Fatality: Comparing the United States with Other High-Income Countries, 2003,” Journal of Trauma, Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 70, no. 1 (Jan. 2011): 238, 241.
70. David Hemenway, Private Guns, Public Health (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006), 1.
71. “Army Releases ID of Ariz. Soldier Who Died on Base,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Aug. 4, 2011.
72. Clynton Namuo, “Driver Shoots Self After Head-on Crash,” New Hampshire Union-Leader, Aug. 3, 2011, www.unionleader.com/article/20110803/NEWS07/708039962; “Police: Lee Crash May Have Been Suicide Attempt,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Aug. 4, 2011.
73. Matt Johnson, “Satterlee Was ‘On a Mission’ When He Murdered Wife, Committed Suicide,” Vernon County Broadcaster, Aug. 3, 2011, http://lacrossetribune.com/vernonbroadcaster/news/local/article_12a4aee0-be23-Ile0-a3ab-001cc4c03286.html; “Sheriff’s Deputy Was Told of Murder-Suicide Plan,” Wisconsin State Journal, Aug. 4, 2011.
74. “Md. Mom Who Killed Son Agonized over School Costs,” Associated Press, Aug. 8, 2011; “Md. Doctor Kills Son, Self,” Washington Post, Aug. 4, 2011.
75. See Violence Policy Center, “Gun Violence,” www.vpc.org/gunviolence.htm.
76. Anne Leland and Mari-Jana “M-J” Oboroceanu, “U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 2008, Part II, Cause of Death,” Table 5 in American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2010), 8.
77. “Pentagon vs. NRA: Will Gun-Rights Law Raise Risk of Soldier Suicides?” Christian Science Monitor, Nov. 4, 2011.
78. Matthew Miller and David Hemenway, “Guns and Suicide in the United States,” New England Journal of Medicine, Sept. 4, 2008, 990.
79. Elspeth Cameron Ritchie, “The Third Rail: Guns and Suicide in the Army,” Battleland blog, Time, June 15, 2011, http://battleland.blogs.time.com/2011/06/15/the-third-rail-guns-and-suicide-in-the-army/#ixzzlfOXOemVJ.
80. Dr. Margaret C. Harrell and Nancy Berglass, Losing the Battle: The Challenge of Military Suicide (Washington, DC: Center for a New American Security, 2011), 6.
81. Ritchie, “Third Rail.”
82. Data on gun deaths and injuries in this report is from the WISQARS database of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.
83. While injury estimates for the years 2009 (66, 769) and 2010 (73, 505) are available, it is impossible to assess the significance of this information without complete gun death data. Unfortunately, there is usually a two- to three-year lag on the release of firearm-related fatality numbers, and therefore 2008 was the latest year for which complete data was available at time of analysis.
84. Leland and Oboroceanu, “U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 2008, Part I, Total Military Personnel,” Table 4 in American War and Military Operations Casualties, 7.
85. Leland and Oboroceanu, “U.S. Active Duty Military Deaths, 1980 Through 2008, Part II, Cause of Death,” 8.
86. Anthony R. Harris et al., “Murder and Medicine: The Lethality of Criminal Assault 1960–1999,” Homicide Studies 6, no. 2 (May 2002): 128–66, 130.
87. “Medical Advances Help Keep Murder Rate Down,” Dayton Daily News, Apr. 24, 2011.
88. “Survival Soars for Victims of Violence: Rapid Transport, New Technology and Advances in Surgical Protocol Have Helped More Survive,” Birmingham News, May 25, 2008.
89. “Survival Rate Up for Gun Victims: Doctor’s Report Is a Mixed Bag,” Boston Globe, May 18, 2006.
90. Federico C. Vinas, “Penetrating Head Trauma,” Medscape Reference—Drugs, Diseases & Procedures, http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/247664-overview.
91. National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, “Spinal Cord Injury Facts and Figures at a Glance, February 2011,” www.nscisc.uab.edu.
92. For a detailed discussion of this trend, see Violence Policy Center, The Militarization of the U.S. Civilian Firearms Market (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/militarization.pdf
93. “Critical Care: Shock Trauma Confuses Data on Killing Rate,” Washington Times, May 11, 2003.
94. Harris et al., “Murder and Medicine,” 157.
1. The day before, Wesley Neal Higdon, a twenty-five-year-old press-machine operator at a plastics plant in Henderson, Kentucky, went on a rampage with a 45 caliber handgun, shot five co-workers to death, seriously wounded another, and then committed suicide with his gun. “Angry Worker Kills 5, Himself in Henderson,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 26, 2008.
2. “Radio Missing, Man Shoots into the Air,” Corpus Christi Caller-Times, June 27, 2008.
3. “2 Slain in City; Boy Killed by Car,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, June 28, 2008.
4. “Violence Between Repo Men, Car Owners on the Rise,” Birmingham Times, Mar. 5, 2009; “Man Shot Dead in Fracas over Repossessed Car,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, June 27, 2008.
5. “Police: Shootings a Result of Suicide Attempt,” Muskegon Chronicle, June 27, 2008.
6. “Elgin Man Formally Charged in Shooting,” Chicago Daily Herald, June 29, 2008.
7. “Teen Accidentally Shoots Friend in the Arm,” Tampa Tribune, June 27, 2008.
8. “Daughter was Abuse Victim, Mom Says,” Harrisburg Patriot News, June 28, 2008; “Couple Found Shot, Dead Inside Apartment,” Harrisburg Patriot News, June 27, 2008.
9. “Killer’s Brother Held in Threat; Guns Seized After Wife Goes to Police,” Hartford Courant, June 27, 2008; “A Push to Tighten Security: Lawyer Wounded in Shooting Joins Call for Increased Safety Measures in Courts,” Hartford Courant, Feb. 7, 2007.
10. “Man Who Allegedly Killed His Wife at YMCA Was Under Court Restraint,” Newark Star-Ledger, June 28, 2008; “Woman Killed in Apparent Domestic Dispute at Y,” Bergen Record, June 27, 2008.
11. “Woman Held for Shooting at Crowd,” Connecticut Post Online, June 27, 2008.
12. “Broward Girl, 3, Recovering from Gun Shot to Leg,” Miami Herald, June 29, 2008; “Girl, 3, Wounded in Gunfire,” Miami Herald, June 28, 2008.
13. “3 Teens in Jail After Shooting and Car Chase,” Rock Hill (SC) Herald, June 28, 2008.
14. “Deputies Investigate Shooting of Girl, 5, by Younger Brother,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, July 1, 2008.
15. “7 Wounded in Night’s Gunfire: Police Have Made an Arrest in One of the Three Shootings Thursday,” Omaha World-Herald, June 27, 2008.
16. “Two City Shootings, One a Homicide: Crimes Took Place Only Minutes Apart, but Were Not Related, Police Say,” Hartford Courant, June 28, 2008.
17. “3 Found Dead, Including Woman Who Held Police at Bay for Hours,” Arizona Daily Star, June 28, 2008.
18. “Couple’s Death Ruled Murder-Suicide,” Hattiesburg American, July 1, 2008.
19. See, e.g., “Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban; Antiwar MoveOn.org Ad Uses Baby,” Glenn Beck, CNN, June 26, 2008 (“In one of the most anticipated decisions in recent memory. . .”); “Gun Ruling: History at the Court,” ABC World News with Charles Gibson, June 26, 2008 (“Today, for the first time ever, the Supreme Court defined those words”); and “What’s Next After Supreme Court’s Gun Decision?” McClatchy-Tribune News Service, June 26, 2008 (“The Supreme Court’s landmark decision Thursday striking down the District of Columbia’s gun ban will have wide-ranging legal, political and public safety consequences”).
20. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008).
21. A search of the Nexis.com news database using the words “Supreme Court” and “Heller” for the dates June 26–27, 2008, returned 501 citations. Copies of the search request and the resulting number are in the files of the Violence Policy Center in Washington, DC.
22. Facts about the Supreme Court’s architecture in this section are from “The Court Building.” www.supremecourt.gov/about/courtbuilding.aspx.
23. “Justices List Their Assets; Wide Range of Wealth,” New York Times, June 7, 2008; “Supreme Court Justices Report Travel, Income for 2006: Most Are Millionaires,” Associated Press Financial Wire, June 8, 2007. For more detailed information, the Justices’ annual financial reports back to 2004 can be accessed through an Opensecrets.org link to the personal financial disclosure database of the Center for Responsive Politics at www.opensecrets.org/news/2011/02/supreme-court-justices-personal-finances.html. According to this database, the net worth of each of the members of the Court reported in 2010 was as follows. Chief Justice John Roberts: $2,575,040 to $6,205,000; Justice Samuel A. Alito: $1,035,021 to $3,030,000; Justice Stephen Breyer: $3,480,058 to $8,035,000; Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg: $2,365,013 to $5,030,000; Justice Elena Kagan: $1,115,019 to $2,645,000; Justice Anthony Kennedy: $315,003 to $665,000; Justice Antonin Scalia: $1,380,022 to $3,210,000; Justice Sonia Sotomayor: $1,420,005 to $3,245,000; Justice Clarence Thomas: $515,003 to $1,125,000.
24. An audio file of Scalia’s announcement and reading of a summary of the decision can be downloaded from the website of the Oyez Project at Chicago-Kent College of Law, www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2007/2007_07_290.
25. For example, “Hartford-born scholar and dictionary-maker Noah Webster warned in 1799 that quarantine was a foolish and wrong-headed health policy. Most diseases, he believed, were of local origin, caused by filthy streets and rotting garbage that created a dangerous miasma (atmosphere) that could threaten every person. . . . In 1793, during the yellow fever epidemic, pious Philadelphians warned that epidemics came to those who had sinned or had allowed their fellow citizens to wallow in sin, and they demanded that the mayor close the city’s theaters, whose irreligious plays had created widespread moral corruption.” Yale professor Naomi Rogers, “Virulent Ideas: Fear of Epidemic Creates Ineffective Strategies, Misplaced Blame; Fear of Flu,” Hartford Courant, May 3, 2009. “Colonial America’s leaders deemed bathing impure, since it promoted nudity, which could only lead to promiscuity. Laws in Pennsylvania and Virginia either banned or limited bathing. For a time in Philadelphia, anyone who bathed more than once a month faced jail. . . . ‘People always talk about the good old days, before pesticides and pollution,’ says [epidemiology professor V.W.] Greene. ‘But in the good old days of Europe and the United States, people lived in filth, with human and animal fecal matter all around. The rivers were filthy. Clothing was infested with vermin.’ Disease ran rampant.” “Cleanliness Has Only Recently Become a Virtue,” Smithsonian, Feb. 1, 1991.
26. “Wilkinson and Posner, “Dissenting: Two Conservative Judges Challenge Justice Scalia,” Weekly Standard, Dec. 15, 2008.
27. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), 635.
28. Audio file downloaded from the Oyez Project at Chicago-Kent College of Law, www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2007/2007_07_290.
29. “A Santorum Barrage in the Culture Wars,” Washington Post, Feb. 27, 2012.
30. Richard A. Posner, “In Defense of Looseness,” New Republic, Aug. 27, 2008.
31. District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), 629.
32. “Justice Scalia was emphatic that the right to possess a gun is not absolute.” Posner, “In Defense of Looseness.” Thus, Scalia wrote in Heller, “nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms. . . . We identify these presumptively lawful regulatory measures only as examples; our list does not purport to be exhaustive . . . we also recognize another important limitation on the right to keep and carry arms. Miller said, as we have explained, that the sorts of weapons protected were those ‘in common use at the time.’. . . We think that limitation is fairly supported by the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of ‘dangerous and unusual weapons.’” District of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S. 570 (2008), 627–28.
33. See: http://blackslawdictionary.org/ipse-dixit.
34. Allen Rostron, “Protecting Gun Rights and Improving Gun Control After District of Columbia v. Heller,” Lewis & Clark Law Review 13, no. 2 (summer 2009): 383, 387–88.
35. Adam Liptak, “In Re Scalia the Outspoken v. Scalia the Reserved,” New York Times, May 2, 2004.
36. “Joyce Lee Malcolm, Professor of Legal History,” curriculum vitae downloaded from George Mason University School of Law website, www.law.gmu.edu/faculty/directory/fulltime/malcolm_joyce.
37. “About Bentley University,” www.bentley.edu/about/about-bentley-university
38. Antonin Scalia, A Matter of Interpretation: Federal Courts and the Law (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997), 136–37, nl3.
39. Carl T. Bogus, “The History and Politics of Second Amendment Scholarship: A Primer,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 76, no. 1 (2000): 3, 11.
40. “Justices’ Ruling on Guns Elicits Rebuke, from the Right,” New York Times, Oct. 21, 2008.
41. See “Jeffrey Toobin,” CNN, www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/toobin.jeffrey.html.
42. Jeffrey Toobin, “Name That Source; Why Are the Courts Leaning on Journalists?” New Yorker, Jan. 16, 2006.
43. “In Brief,” Richmond Times Dispatch, Jan. 30, 2006.
44. Adam J. White, “Wilkinson and Posner, Dissenting: Two Conservative Judges Challenge Justice Scalia,” Weekly Standard, Dec. 15, 2008.
45. Ibid.
46. Margaret Talbot, “Supreme Confidence; The Jurisprudence of Justice Antonin Scalia,” New Yorker, Mar. 28, 2005.
47. J. Harvie Wilkinson III, “Of Guns, Abortions, and the Unraveling Rule of Law,” Virginia Law Review 95, no. 2 (Apr. 2009).
48. Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
49. Wilkinson, “Of Guns, Abortions, and the Unraveling Rule of Law.”
50. Posner, “In Defense of Looseness.”
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid.
53. Ibid.
54. Damon W. Root, “Conservatives v. Libertarians: The Debate over Judicial Activism Divides Former Allies,” Reason, July 1, 2010.
55. Scalia, Matter of interpretation, 136–37, n13 (emphasis in original).
56. “Supreme Court Justice Champions Hunting at Wild Turkey Event,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Feb. 26, 2006; “Scalia Champions Hunting and Conservation,” Nashville Tennessean, Feb. 26, 2006.
57. Antonin Scalia, “Financial Disclosure Report for Calendar Year 2006,” 4.
58. “Oral Arguments in McDonald v. Chicago Second Amendment Case Eyewitness Report,” AmmoLand.com, Mar. 3, 2010.
59. “‘There’s a Whole Lot of Luck Involved,’” Washington Post, Apr. 10, 2008; Talbot, “Supreme Confidence.”
60. Diana Rupp, “Dispatch from Germany,” Sports Afield (“I was fascinated to learn that this respected jurist is a die-hard turkey hunter!”). This 2006 article (which is not more specifically dated) was downloaded on June 25, 2008, from the Sports Afield website, www.sportsafield.com/DianaRupplWA.htm. That specific link no longer works at this writing; however, a hard copy of the article is in the files of the Violence Policy Center in Washington, DC.
61. Jim Shea, “What’s Up When Scalia’s Social and Judicial Calendars Mix?” Saint Paul Pioneer Press, Mar. 5, 2004; “Buds of a Feather: By Blasting Away at Ducks, Joe Robinson Wonders, Did Cheney and Scalia also Super Glue Their Psyches into One Wild, Symbiotic Soul?” Los Angeles Times, Mar. 2, 2004; “Scalia Took Trip Set Up by Lawyer in Two Cases; Kansas Visit in 2001 Came Within Weeks of the Supreme Court Hearing Arguments,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 27, 2004 (“Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was the guest of a Kansas law school two years ago and went pheasant hunting on a trip arranged by the school’s dean, all within weeks of hearing two cases in which the dean was a lead attorney. . . . ‘When a case is on the docket before a judge, the coziness of meeting privately with a lawyer is questionable,’ said Chicago lawyer Robert P. Cummins, who headed an Illinois board on judicial ethics. ‘It would seem the better part of judgment to avoid those situations.’ ”); “Commentary; Old MacDonald Had a Judge . . ., “Los Angeles Times, Feb. 17, 2004.
62. See, e.g., “Supreme Court’s Credibility Problem,” Virginian-Pilot, Dec. 5, 2011 (“More recently . . . [Justice Clarence] Thomas and Scalia were featured guests at a Federalist Society dinner sponsored by, among others, the law firm that will argue against the health care law, a trade group opposed to the law and the pharmaceutical giant Pfizer Inc., which has a major stake in the case. The dinner was held on the very day the Supreme Court decided to hear the lawsuit against the Affordable Care Act.”); “Law Group Seeks Ethics Code for Supreme Court,” Washington Post, Feb. 24, 2011 (“Thomas and Scalia have been criticized by a public interest group for attending private political meetings sponsored in January 2007 and 2008 by David and Charles Koch, conservative billionaires who made large contributions during last year’s election and have financially backed the tea party movement”); Jonathan Turley, “The Price of Scalia’s Political Stardom,” Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2011 (“The Bachmann event takes this posturing to a new level. Scalia will be directly advising new lawmakers who came to Congress on a mission to remake government in a more conservative image. Many of them made pledges to repeal health-care reform, restrict immigration and investigate the president—pledges based on constitutional interpretations that might end up before the court. At best, Scalia‘s appearance can be viewed as a pep talk. At worst, it smacks of a political alliance.”); “The Over-the-Top Justice,” New York Times, Apr. 2, 2006 (“[S]peaking on March 8 at a university in Switzerland, he dismissed as ‘crazy’ the notion that military detainees are entitled to a ‘full jury trial,’ and the idea that the Geneva Conventions apply to those held at Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. In the process, Justice Scalia seemed to prejudge key issues in a momentous case involving the rights of Gitmo detainees. That should have caused him to recuse himself. . . .”); “Justice and Junkets,” New York Times, Jan. 27, 2006 (“Justice Scalia was apparently unchastened by the criticism of his 2004 duck-hunting excursion with Vice President Dick Cheney, one of that term’s most prominent Supreme Court litigants. Last September, he skipped the swearing-in of Chief Justice John Roberts Jr. because of another ethically dubious trip, this time to the posh Ritz-Carlton at the Beaver Creek ski resort in Colorado.”); and “How Scalia Faced Ethics Issue: Though a Past Consultant, He Sat on AT&T Case,” Washington Post, June 22, 1986 (“Monroe H. Freedman, former dean of the Hofstra Law School and a longtime legal activist and commentator on legal ethics. . . called Scalia’s participation an act of ‘serious misjudgment’ ”).
63. Liptak, “In Re Scalia the Outspoken v. Scalia the Reserved” (“Justice Abe Fortas resigned in an ethics scandal in 1969, and Justice William O. Douglas’s unorthodox private life and public statements led Gerald R. Ford, then the House minority leader, to call for his impeachment in 1970”).
64. Josh Sugarmann, “Gun Industry Ambassador’ Antonin Scalia to Hear Gun Law Case,” Huffington Post, Mar. 1, 2010, www.huffingtonpost.com/josh-sugarmann/gun-industry-ambassador-a_b_481182.html. According to WFSA, each of its “ambassadors” is given the silver reproduction. “Torben Espensen,” www.wfsa.net/amb_01.html.
65. “The World Forum Sport Shooting Ambassador Award,” www.wfsa.net/award.html.
66. “Global Sport Shooting Group Honors Scalia,” New Gun Week, Apr. 10, 2007.
67. “The Knox Update form [sic] the Firearms Coalition: The History of the Gun Rights War,” Shotgun News, June 1, 2011.
68. “Personal Story: Interview with Alan Gottlieb and Lisa Lange,” Fox News Network, The O’ Reilly Factor, Fox News, Mar. 7, 2002.
69. “Jolly Greed Giant,” The Oregonian, Aug. 16, 1992.
70. “Gun Advocate Trains Sights on 1–676: Disarming Personality Conceals Steely Resolve of National Figure,” Spokesman Review, Sept. 28, 1997.
71. “Jolly Greed Giant.”
72. Rick Anderson, “Barack & Load; Alan Gottlieb’s Challenge to a Gun Ban in the President’s Adopted Hometown Has Made It All the Way to the Supreme Court, and Fattened the Ex-con’s Wallet in the Process,” Seattle Weekly, Nov. 11, 2009.
73. Ibid.; Steve Bailey, “A.K.A. Gunnut,” Boston Globe, Aug. 10, 2007.
74. See Antonin Scalia, “Financial Disclosure Report for Calendar Year 2007,” sec. V, “Gifts,” 5. It is possible that the gift was not reported because its value was inconsequential. That cannot be known without a more detailed description of the gift than is available on the public record. The average price of silver in 2007 was $13.3836 per ounce. Source: Goldmasters Gold Coins & Precious Metals, http://goldmastersusa.com/silver_historical_prices.asp.
75. For examples, see James Oberg, “Soviet Space Propaganda: Doctored Cosmonaut Photos,” Wired, Apr. 12, 2011, www.wired.com/wiredscience/2011/04/soviet-space-propaganda.
76. “‘Fantasy’ Website Helps Students Learn About Supreme Court,” CNN.com, Nov. 23, 2010.
77. “Gun Chic: Out Among the Firearms Experts at the Fairfax Rod & Gun Club,” Daily Standard, Apr. 23, 2002; “How to Win Your Very Own Glock 9mm,” Newsweek Web Exclusive, May 14, 2001.
78. “High Court to Consider Pledge in Schools; Scalia Recuses Himself from California Case,” Washington Post, Oct. 15, 2003.
79. Dave Kopel, “Conservative Activists Key to DC Handgun Decision,” Human Events Online, June 27, 2008.
80. Anderson, “Barack & Load.”
81. Dorie E.Apollonio and Lisa A. Bero, “The Creation of Industry Front Groups: The Tobacco Industry and ‘Get Government off Our Back,’” American Journal of Public Health, Mar. 2007.
82. Bailey, “A.K.A. Gunnut.”
83. “Raging Bitch Beer Ban Spurs Flying Dog Brewery to Sue Michigan Liquor Control Commission on First Amendment Grounds,” Business Wire, Mar. 28, 2011.
84. “The New Terminators: The Anti-Indian Movement Resurfaces,” Native America’s, Sept. 30, 2000.
85. “Influence Game: Leaks Show Group’s Climate Efforts,” Associated Press Financial Wire, Feb. 16, 2012.
86. See Violence Policy Center, Joe Camel with Feathers: How the NRA with Gun and Tobacco Industry Dollars Uses Its Eddie Eagle Program to Market Guns to Kids (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 1997), www.vpc.org/studies/eddiecon.htm.
87. Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscure the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2010), 236.
88. Ibid., 217.
89. Brief Amicus Curiae of The Heartland Institute in Support of Petitioners, McDonald v. City of Chicago, Docket No. 08–1521, Supreme Court of the United States, p. 2; “Gun Rights,” Heartland Institute, http://news.heartland.org/ideas/gun-rights (“In this case, Otis McDonald and the other Petitioners seek the right to possess handguns within their homes for the purpose of self-defense. They need handguns.”).
90. “Agenda: 2011 Emerging Issues Forum,” http://eif.heartland.org/?page_id=39.
91. “Policy Documents,” Heartland Institute, http://heartland.org/policy-documents/heartlander-July-2002.
92. See, e.g., “The U.S. Is on a Suicide Watch,” AmmoLand.com, Jan. 18, 2012 (“Conservative think tanks like The Heritage Foundation, the Cato Institute, The Heartland Institute, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, and others have spelled out programs that can and will save America . . .”); “Charlton Heston, Meet Joe Camel,” Washington Post, May 4, 1999 (“The free-market Heartland Institute, arguing against gun control. . .”).
93. Lee Fang, “Memo: Health Insurance, Banking, Oil Industries Met with Koch, Chamber, Glenn Beck to Plot 2010 Election,” Think Progress, Oct. 20, 2010, http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2010/10/20/124642/beck-koch-chamber-meeting/?mobile=nc.
94. “Advocacy Group Says Justices May Have Conflict in Campaign Finance Cases,” New York Times, Jan. 20, 2011.
95. Brad Friedman, “Exclusive Audio: Inside the Koch Brothers’ Secret Seminar: A Close-up View of the Oil Billionaires’ Dark-Money Fundraiser and 2012 Strategy Session,” Mother Jones, Sept. 6, 2011, http://motherjones.com/politics/2011/09/exclusive-audio-koch-brofhers-seminar-tapes.
96. “Beck Claims ‘This Game Is for Keeps’ with ‘the Left’, Asks Listeners to ‘Pray for Protection,’” Media Matters, Sept. 8, 2009, http://mediamatters.org/mmtv/200909080010 (from the Sept. 8 edition of Premiere Radio Networks’ Glenn Beck Program).
97. “Beck Repeats Call for Prayers, Claims, ‘You Can Shoot Me in the Head . . . but There Will Be 10 Others That Line Up,’” Media Matters, Sept. 08, 2009, http://mediamatters.org/mmtv/200909080013 (from the Sept. 8 edition of Premiere Radio Networks’ Glenn Beck Program). “You can try to put the lid on this group of people, but you will never silence us. You will never—you can shoot me in the head, you can shoot the next guy in the head, but there will be 10 others that line up. And it may not happen today, it may not happen next week, but freedom will be restored in this land.”
98. Fang, “Memo: Health Insurance, Banking, Oil Industries Met.”
99. Petition for Declaratory Judgment, Koch v. Washburn, Johnson County, Kansas District Court, Case No. 12CV01749, filed Mar. 1, 2012.
100. “Policy Group Caught in Rift over Direction,” New York Times, Mar. 6, 2012.
101. “Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban; Antiwar MoveOn.org Ad Uses Baby,” Glenn Beck, CNN, June 26, 2008.
102. “Naples Man Behind Major Supreme Court Decision Plays as Hard as He Works,” Naples Daily News, June 27, 2008.
103. “For Young Area Lawyer, the Supreme Compliment,” Washington Post, Mar. 18, 2008.
104. “Lawyer Who Wiped Out D.C. Ban Says It’s About Liberties, Not Guns,” Washington Post, Mar. 18, 2007.
105. “Heller Attorneys Awarded $1.1M in Fees, One-Third of Their Request,” The BLT blog, Legal Times, Dec. 29, 2011, http://legaltimes.typepad.com/blt/2011/12/heller-attorneys-awarded-11m-in-fees-one-third-of-their-request.html.
106. “Robert A. Levy, Chairman,” Cato Institute, www.cato.org/people/robert-levy.
107. “Robert A. Levy, Legal Briefs,” Cato Institute, www.cato.org/people/pub_list.php?auth_id=225&pub_list=5.
108. “Lawyer Who Wiped Out D.C. Ban Says It’s About Liberties, Not Guns.”
109. “Staff, Clark Neily, Senior Attorney,” Institute for Justice, www.ij.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=607&Itemid=165; Cato Institute, “Robert A. Levy, Chairman.”
110. “For Young Area Lawyer, the Supreme Compliment,” Washington Post, Mar. 18, 2008.
111. “Lawyer Who Wiped Out D.C. Ban Says It’s About Liberties, Not Guns.”
112. “Commentary: Scalia, Writing Expert Team Up to Offer Practice Pointers, Stress Self-Preparation,” North Carolina Lawyers Weekly, June 9, 2008; Liptak, “In Re Scalia the Outspoken v. Scalia the Reserved”; “Acerbic Scalia Hurls Barbs from the Bench,” Associated Press, July 3, 1994.
113. United States v. Miller, 307 U.S. 174 (1939).
114. Bogus, “History and Politics of Second Amendment Scholarship,” 3, 4.
115. Ibid., 3, 4–5.
116. Robert J. Spitzer, “Lost and Found: Researching the Second Amendment,” Chicago-Kent Law Review 76, no. 1 (2000): 349, 376.
117. Bogus, “History and Politics of Second Amendment Scholarship,” 3, 14.
118. “Good Day for the Bill of Rights,” Cato@Liberty blog, June 27, 2008.
119. Posner, “In Defense of Looseness.”
120. Anderson, “Barack & Load.”
121. Violence Policy Center, “National Rifle Association Receives Millions of Dollars from Gun Industry ‘Corporate Partners,’ New VPC Report Reveals,” news release, Apr. 13, 2011, www.vpc.org/press/1104blood.htm.
122. Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence, “Post-Heller Litigation Summary,” Aug. 1, 2012, http://smartgunlaws.org/post-heller-litigation-summary
123. “Portion of Md. Gun Law Ruled Too Broad,” Washington Post, Mar. 6, 2012.
124. David Hemenway, Private Guns, Public Health (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006), 61–62.
125. “Shooting from the Lip: Justice Scalia’s New Book on Judging Is Brilliant but Acerbic,” ABA Journal, Jan. 1997.
126. For a detailed discussion, see Violence Policy Center, Unintended Consequences: Pro-Handgun Experts Prove That Handguns Are a Dangerous Choice for Self-Defense (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2001).
127. Arthur L. Kellermann, “Do Guns Matter?” Western Journal of Medicine 161 (Dec. 1994): 614.
128. Arthur L. Kellermann, Dawna S. Fuqua-Whitley, Tomoko R. Sampson, and Walter Lindenmann, “Public Opinion About Guns in the Home,” Injury Prevention, Sept. 2000, 189–94.
129. Lisa Hepburn, Matthew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway, “The US Gun Stock: Results from the 2004 National Firearms Survey,” Injury Prevention 13 (2007):15–19.
130. Violence Policy Center, A Shrinking Minority: The Continuing Decline of Gun Ownership in America (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/ownership.pdf
131. Hepburn et al., “US Gun Stock.”
132. Ibid.
133. Anderson, “Barack & Load.”
134. Duane Thomas, The Truth About Handguns: Exploding the Myths, Hype, and Misinformation (Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1997), 45.
135. Chris Bird, The Concealed Handgun Manual: How to Choose, Carry, and Shoot a Gun in Self Defense (San Antonio: Privateer Publications, 1998), 40.
1. “Pistol-Packing Soccer Dad Gives Tearful Apology,” Muskegon Chronicle, Aug. 17, 2010.
2. “Soccer Dad Pleads No Contest to Gun Charge: Judge Commits to Capping Sentence to 30 Days for Felony Conviction,” Grand Rapids Press, July 9, 2010.
3. “Asst. Coach Pulls Gun on Soccer Dad: Coach Was Arrested for Felonious Assault,” WOOD-TV (Grand Rapids, MI), May 28, 2010, www.woodtv.com/dpp/news/local/muskegon_county/assistant-coach-pulls-gun-on-soccer-dad.
4. “Soccer Dad Pleads No Contest to Gun Charge.”
5. “Pistol-Packing Soccer Dad Gives Tearful Apology.”
6. “Militia on the Move: Group Training in Manistee National Forest to ‘Help Our Citizens,’ ”Muskegon Chronicle, June 25, 2011.
7. “Our Story,” Fruitport Township website, www.fruitporttownship-mi.gov/visitors/25-the-township/20-our-storyhtml.
8. “Pistol-Packing Soccer Dad Gives Tearful Apology.”
9. Result of search to “Verify a License/Registration” for James Ian Sherrill, Michigan Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs website, Mar. 4, 2012, in files of Violence Policy Center, Washington, DC.
10. “Nothing to Conceal Here,” Muskegon Chronicle, June 26, 2011.
11. “‘Soccer Dad’ Waives His Preliminary Exam,” Muskegon Chronicle, June 9, 2010.
12. “One Handgun Connects Humphrey’s Past to His Future,” Janesville Gazette, May 8, 2011.
13. “Pistol-Packing Soccer Dad Gives Tearful Apology.”
14. “Defusing Parents at Games,” Newsday, Oct. 11, 2007.
15. Brooke de Lench, “Misbehaving Youth Sports Parents Too Common,” June 23, 2008, www.momsteam.com/successful-parenting/game-day/sideline-behavior/misbehaving-youth-sports-parents-too-common.
16. “Lubbock Sports Officials Cry Foul over Parents’ Abusive Behavior at Youth Games,” Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, Oct. 26, 2008.
17. “Man Guilty of Aiming Rifle During Practice,” Roanoke Times, Dec. 6, 2003; “Police: Roanoke County Man Aimed Rifle at Kids’ Soccer Team,” Roanoke Times, Sept. 13, 2003.
18. “Man Pulls Gun at Game, Now Charged with Assault,” Oct. 20, 2008, KCBD (Lubbock, TX), www.kcbd.com/Global/storyasp?S=9209796&nav=menu69_2_12.
19. “Grand Jury No Bills Man Who Pulled Gun at Soccer Match,” KCBD (Lubbock, TX), Nov. 24, 2008, www.kcbd.com/story/9408464/grand-jury-no-bills-man-who-pulled-gun-at-soccer-match?clienttype=printable.
20. “Parent Cleared in Peewee-Game Fight,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Apr. 18, 2007; “Gun at Pee-Wee Football: Sad Lesson,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 24, 2006.
21. E-mail communications with Tennessee Department of Public Safety, in files of Violence Policy Center, Washington, DC; “Gun Permit Suspended After Incident at Ball Game,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, June 15, 2010; “Dad in Alleged Row Out on Bond: Accused of Pulling Gun on Son’s Coach,” Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 12, 2010; “Police Look for Armed, Mad Dad: Man Allegedly Pulls Gun on Coach over Son’s Play,” Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 10, 2010.
22. “Police: Roanoke County Man Aimed Rifle at Kids’ Soccer Team,” Roanoke Times, Sept. 13, 2003.
23. “Guns in Parks and Kids’ Sports,” Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 14, 2010.
24. “County Gun Laws Stiffened in Split Decision,” Jefferson (NC) Post, Feb. 9, 2012.
25. For detailed accounts of the confusion, see “Seaford Pharmacy Shootings: DA’s Confidential Memo Details Druggist’s First-hand Report of Fatal Confrontation,” Newsday, Feb. 9, 2012; and “Memo Offers New Account of ATF Agent’s NY Shooting,” Associated Press, Feb. 9, 2012.
26. “CHL Holder Fired Shot That Killed Store Clerk,” MyFoxHouston.com, May 30, 2012, www.myfoxhouston.com/story/18661869/chl.
27. “Gun Bans Fall, Raising Applause, Concerns; Restrictions at Places Such as Parks Yield to a State Law That Allows Firearms. Nationwide, Advocates Welcome New Rights, Opponents Worry About Safety,” Harnsburg Patriot News, May 14, 2010.
28. “Victory for Concealed Carry in Forsyth County, NC,” AmmoLand.com, Feb. 16, 2012.
29. See generally Violence Policy Center, When Men Murder Women: An Analysis of 2009 Homicide Data—Females Murdered by Males in Single Victim/Single Offender Incidents (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/wmmw2011.pdf.
30. Leonard J. Paulozzi et al., “Surveillance for Homicide Among Intimate Partners—United States, 1981–1998,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Surveillance Summaries 50 (Oct. 12, 2001): 1–16.
31. In 2009, justifiable homicides involving women killing men occurred in: California (1), Indiana (1), Louisiana (4), Maryland (1), Michigan (2), Mississippi (1), North Carolina (1), Oklahoma (2), Oregon (2), South Carolina (1), Tennessee (1), Texas (3), and Virginia (1). In 2009, justifiable homicides involving women killing men with a firearm occurred in: Louisiana (1), Michigan (2), Mississippi (1), Oklahoma (2), Oregon (2), South Carolina (1), Tennessee (1), Texas (2), and Virginia (1). Of these, handguns were used in: Louisiana (1), Michigan (2), Mississippi (1), Oklahoma (1), Oregon (2), South Carolina (1), Texas (1), and Virginia (1). Violence Policy Center, When Men Murder Women.
32. Shannon Catalano, “National Crime Victimization Survey: Victimization During Household Burglary,” Special Report, Sept. 2010, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, fig. 1, “Number and Percent of Household Burglaries, 2003–2007,” 1.
33. Ibid., table 17, “Victim-Offender Relationship in Violent Household Burglary, 2003–2007,” 9.
34. “Long Guns Short Yardage: Advances in Bullet Technology Make the .223 an Excellent Choice for Home Defense,” Guns & Ammo, Mar. 1, 2012.
35. Some accounts state that Hain was the mother of four children. The discrepancy is apparently that she was stepmother to one child in addition to her own three children. See “Gun-Toting Woman Divides Community,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Dec. 12, 2008.
36. “Daughter Was Abuse Victim, Mom Says,” Harrisburg Patriot News, June 28, 2008.
37. “Pistol-Packin’ Soccer Mama Brings On Heat,” Lebanon Daily News, Sept. 24, 2008.
38. “Glock 26,” Glock, www.glock.com/english/glock26.htm.
39. See Lebanon County, PA, website, www.lebcounty.org/Pages/default.aspx.
40. “Gun-Toting Woman Divides Community.”
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. “Police-Fire Digest,” Lancaster New Era, Apr. 20, 2006.
44. “Gun Carrier Sues for $1 Million: Woman Claims Permit Revocation Violated Constitutional Rights,” Harrisburg Patriot News, Nov. 25, 2008.
45. “Gun-Toting Woman Divides Community.”
46. Ibid.
47. “Pistol-Packin’ Soccer Mama Brings On Heat.”
48. Ibid.
49. “Gun-Toting Woman Divides Community.”
50. “Pistol-Packin’ Soccer Mama Brings On Heat.”
51. “Gun Carrier Sues for $1 Million”; “Guns at a Kids’ Game: Judge Wisely Points Out Difference Between Legality, Sensibility,” Harrisburg Patriot News, Oct. 18, 2008.
52. “New Life to Aging Murder Tops List,” Lebanon Daily News, Dec. 27, 2008.
53. “Gun-Toting Mom Gets Permit Back,” Lebanon Daily News, Oct. 14, 2008.
54. Ibid.
55. “I Am Happy Being a Gun Owner,” Harrisburg Patriot News, Dec. 27, 2008.
56. “Soccer Parents Wince at Prospect of Guns at Games,” Harrisburg Patriot News, Oct. 18, 2008.
57. Ibid.
58. “I Am Happy Being a Gun Owner” (“There is no doubt Hain aroused a storm of controversy—making headlines locally and nationally. Whenever The Patriot-News published a story about Hain on PennLive.com, dozens, sometimes hundreds, of readers weighed in.”); “Gun-Toting Mum,” The Advertiser (Adelaide, Australia), Nov. 26, 2008.
59. “Gun Carrier Sues for $1 Million.”
60. Ibid.
61. “Matthew B. Weisberg Esq.,” Weisbarg Law, P.C., www.ppwlaw.com/Bio/MatthewWeisberg.asp; “Gun Carrier Sues for $1 Million.”
62. “Gun Carrier Sues for $1 Million.”
63. “I Am Happy Being a Gun Owner.”
64. Ibid.
65. “Gun-Toting Woman Divides Community.”
66. “Pistol-Packin’ Soccer Mom Shot Dead in Lebanon,” Lebanon Daily News, Oct. 8, 2009.
67. “Gun-Toting Soccer Mom, Husband Shot Dead,” Philadelphia Inquirer, Oct. 9, 2009; “Lebanon Soccer Mom Shot by Husband While Chatting on Webcam,” Lebanon Daily News, Oct. 9, 2009; Hain v. DeLeo, 2010 U.S. Dist. Lexis 116393, U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Nov. 2, 2010.
68. “Gun-Toting Soccer Mom, Husband Shot Dead.”
69. Ibid.
70. “Pistol-Packin’ Soccer Mom Shot Dead in Lebanon.”
71. “Lebanon Soccer Mom Shot by Husband While Chatting on Webcam.”
72. “Pistol-Packin’ Soccer Mom Shot Dead in Lebanon.”
73. Ibid.
74. “Lebanon Soccer Mom Shot by Husband While Chatting on Webcam.”
75. Ibid.
76. “Gun-Toting Soccer Mom, Husband Shot Dead.”
77. Josh Sugarmann, “Beyond the Easy Irony of Murdered Gun Advocate Meleanie Hain,” Huffington Post, Oct. 9, 2009, www.huffingtonpost.com/josh-sugarmann/beyond-the-easy-irony-of_b_315731.html.
78. “Gun-Toting Mother’s Lawsuit Dismissed,” Harrisburg Patriot News, Nov. 4, 2010; Hain v. DeLeo, 2010 U.S. Dist. Lexis 116393, U.S. District Court for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, Nov. 2, 2010.
79. See, e.g., “Meleanie Hain (shefearsnothing) Memorial Dinner: March 26, 2011,” Pennsylvania Firearm Owners Association forum, http://forum.pafoa.org/general-114/127586-meleanie-hain-shefearsnothing-memorial-dinner.html; “Meleanie Hain Memorial Shoot—Nov. 1st,” Pennsylvania Firearm Owners Association forum, http://forum.pafoa.org/general-2/74983-meleanie-hain-memorial-shoot-nov-lst-nepa.html; and “Meleanie Hain Memorial Shoot 11/01/09,” Maryland Shooters forum, www.mdshooters.com/showthread.php?t=26203.
80. Garen Wintemute et al., “Increased Risk of Intimate Partner Homicide Among California Women Who Purchased Handguns,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 41, no. 2 (2003): 282.
81. Douglas Wiebe, “Homicide and Suicide Risks Associated with Firearms in the Home: A National Case-Control Study,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 41, no. 6 (2003): 775.
82. K.M. Grassel et al., “Association Between Handgun Purchase and Mortality from Firearm Injury,” Injury Prevention 9 (2003): 50.
83. Violence Policy Center, When Men Murder Women.
84. The following discussion is based on extracts from Violence Policy Center, American Roulette: Murder-Suicide in the United States, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2008), www.vpc.org/studies/amroul2008.pdf.
85. “Man Kills Woman and Self at Plant: Longtime Employees Were Common-Law Couple, Police Say,” Harrisburg Patriot News, May 13, 2005.
86. “Motive Still Unclear in Recent Shootings,” Harrisburg Patriot News, Feb. 17, 2010.
87. “Man in Custody After Deadly Jackson Township Shooting,” Lebanon Daily News, Feb. 11, 2011.
88. “Suicides Up by 1 in 2011,” Lebanon Daily News, Feb. 3, 2012; “Coroner Reports on 2010 Deaths,” Lebanon Daily News, Feb. 27, 2011; “Coroner: County Suicides Up in 2008,” Lebanon Daily News, Jan. 23, 2009; “Report Profiles ’07 Coroner Cases,” Lebanon Daily News, Feb. 1, 2008.
89. “Marketing to Women: Six Ways to Increase Your Sales,” Shooting Industry, Nov. 1, 2009.
90. Kevin Reese, “Women Hit the Woods: NRA’s Eight-Day Women’s Wilderness Escape Is a Camp Like None Other,” National Shooting Sports Foundation, www.nssf.org/events/featurette/0711-2.cfm.
91. “Men vs. Women in Competitive Shooting,” AmmoLand.com, Feb. 29, 2012.
92. “Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended Dec. 31, 2011,” Freedom Group, Inc.
93. See “NRA Women’s Programs,” NRA, www.nrahq.org/women/index.asp.
94. Reese, “Women Hit the Woods.”
95. “Stocking Beyond Guns; Arms and the Woman,” Shooting Industry, Nov. 1, 2011; “The Real Deal with Pink,” Shooting Industry, Sept. 1, 2011.
96. “Final Civilian Rankings for the Palmetto GLOCK Girl Shootout Held at the B.E.L.T. Training in Reevesville, SC,” www.gssfonline.com/results/2011/2011rsc.pdf.
97. “GLOCK Sport Shooting Foundation Announces First Ever Ladies-Only Match,” AmmoLand.com, May 23, 2011.
98. See, e.g., “Between the Lines,” Hernando Today, Aug. 30, 2011. (In Brooksville, Florida, the Hernando Sportsman’s Club “is inviting women for a ‘Ladies Day’ all-day event running from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the gun range on Oct. 29. The event serves as an introduction to rifles, shotguns and pistols for women only and will help facilitate exposure of shooting sports to women . . . all firearms and ammo will be supplied for the women attending the event.”)
99. “Marketing to Women: Six Ways to Increase Your Sales,” Shooting Industry, Nov. 1, 2009.
100. Ibid.
101. See www.gungoddess.com.
102. “Host a Camp Wild Girls Hunting Party and Profit,” Shooting Industry, July 1, 2010.
103. Advertisement in Shotgun News, June 1, 2012, 4.
104. Ibid., 47.
105. There is no direct link, but the calendars can be found by clicking on the button labeled CALENDARS on the company’s website, http://eaacorp.com.
106. Violence Policy Center, A Shrinking Minority: The Continuing Decline of Gun Ownership in America (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/ownership.pdf.
107. “Men vs. Women in Competitive Shooting.”
108. Families Afield website, www.familiesafield.org.
109. For a detailed discussion of the problem from the industry point of view, see Families Afield, Revised Youth Hunting Report, research compiled by Silvertip Productions, Southwick Associates, and U.S. Sportsmen’s Alliance, National Shooting Sports Foundation, and National Wild Turkey Federation, available at www.nwtf.org/images/Youth_Hunting_Report.pdf.
110. “Hunting for Young Bucks: Attracting Young Hunters Vital as Overall Number of Hunters Declines in Michigan,” Jackson Citizen Patriot, Oct. 28, 2007.
111. U.S. Sportsman Alliance, Revised Youth Hunting Report, 13.
112. Ibid., 7.
113. “Deputies Investigate Shooting of Girl, 5, by Younger Brother,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, July 1, 2008.
114. “3-Year-Old Kills Self with Gun in Car in Wash.,” Associated Press Online, Mar. 14, 2012.
115. “Counseling, Not Jail, for Boy, 9: Plea Deal in Shooting at Bremerton School—Girl, 8, Remains in Serious Condition,” Seattle Times, Mar. 7, 2012; “Prosecutors Don’t Want to Lock Up Boy Responsible for Bremerton Shooting,” KCPQ/ KMYQ-TV, Feb.25, 2012.
116. Sugarmann, “Beyond the Easy Irony of Murdered Gun Advocate Meleanie Hain.”
117. “Daughter of Marysville Officer Identified: Died from Gunshot Wound to Torso,” KCPQ/KMYQ-TV, Mar. 12, 2012; “Wash. Officer’s Daughter Shot Dead by Sibling,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Mar. 12, 2012.
118. “The Life & Death of ‘Princess’: Emilee Randall Led an Idyllic Life, but a Gun-Centered Culture Helped Cut It Short,” The Columbian, Feb. 16, 2003.
119. Mathew Miller, Deborah Azrael, and David Hemenway, “Firearm Availability and Unintentional Firearm Deaths, Suicide, and Homicide Among 5–14 Year Olds,” Journal of Trauma Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 52 (2002): 272.
120. Ibid., 273.
121. “Prosecutors Don’t Want to Lock Up Boy Responsible for Bremerton Shooting,” KCPQ/KMYQ-TV, Feb. 25, 2012.
122. Miller, Azrael, and Hemenway, “Firearm Availability,” 267.
1. See www.distancebetweencities.net/lebanon_pa_and_murfreesboro_tn.
2. “Geographic Center of Tennessee,” Historical Marker Database, http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=26067.
3. The following are examples. In March 2011, Nith Sim shot to death her husband, Daniel Sim, in La Vergne, not far from Murfreesboro. He was sleeping in the bedroom. She then killed herself. Nith Sim apparently tried to use one handgun, but it jammed, so she used another. Both of the couple’s two children, ages two months and five years, were in the bedroom at the time of the shooting. Daniel Sim’s mother was in another room inside the house. “LPD: Woman Shoots Husband, Self,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Mar. 26, 2011. In November 2009, a Rutherford Country grand jury indicted William Jones on a charge of first-degree premeditated murder. Jones had reported his wife, Lashawn Anna Jones, missing the month before. Police allege he shot his wife to death and dumped her body in a wooded area. “Grand Jury Indicts Man for Wife’s Murder,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Nov. 11, 2009. In Murfreesboro, neighbors expressed “shock and disbelief” when informed of the murder-suicide of eighty-year-old Robert “Bob” Givens and his seventy-eight-year-old wife, Dot, in May 2008. Police did not reveal who shot whom or what type of gun was used. “She was a really sweet lady and always waving and conversing,” a neighbor said. “They were always around the house and went out in the yard together. They were a good old American couple.” “Apparent Murder-Suicide Shocks Neighbors,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, May 24, 2008. Two months earlier, a Rutherford County man, Royce Mitchell Markam, shot to death his estranged wife, Joyce Anne, in the driveway of her home. He then went into the house and shot to death James Edward Hollowell. Markam returned to the driveway and shot himself to death. He used a 30 caliber rifle, according to police. “Three Dead in Murder-Suicide,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Mar. 3, 2008. Several days before that, a man “distraught” by personal troubles shot himself when he was stopped by police in La Vergne. He was last reported to have been on life support. “Briefly: Man Who Shot Self on Life Support,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Mar. 1, 2008. In February 2008, Michael Vance was arrested and charged with shooting to death his wife, Suzanne Vance. Suzanne was seeking to finalize their divorce at the time Vance is accused of murdering her. Seeking a restraining order, she had written in a court document, “He has told me that if I left, he would kill me.” According to police accounts, Vance tried unsuccessfully to commit suicide after he shot his wife, and then led police on a high-speed chase. He was later indicted on a charge of first-degree murder. “Murfreesboro Man Indicted in Killing of Wife,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Feb. 15, 2010; “Estranged Husband Charged in Wife’s Death,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Feb. 29, 2008. In August 2006, Joe Rizzo shot and killed his wife, Sue, at a veterinary office where she worked, then turned the gun on himself. “He fired a shot as she was entering the hallway,” the Murfreesboro police report stated. “She dropped, and he stood over her firing more shots. The suspect stepped into the hall and one more shot was fired.” “Murfreesboro Police Investigating Possible Murder-Suicide,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Aug. 31, 2006.
4. David Hemenway, While We Were Sleeping: Success Stories in Injury and Violence Prevention (Berkeley: University of California Press 2009), 159.
5. Tennessee Suicide Prevention Network, Status of Suicide in Tennessee 2012 (Nashville: Tennessee Suicide Prevention Network, 2012), 9, http://tspn.org/wp-content/uploads/SOST122.pdf.
6. Ibid., 16. Matthew Miller and David Hemenway, “Guns and Suicide in the United States,” New England Journal of Medicine, Sept. 4, 2008, 990 (“The association between guns in the home and the risk of suicide is due entirely to a large increase in the risk of suicide by firearm that is not counterbalanced by a reduced risk of non-firearm suicide”).
7. “Amber Glen Subdivision in Murfreesboro TN,” Exit Realty of the South, www.smyrna.exi trealtyofthesouth.com/blog/Amber+Glen+Subdivision+in+Murfreesboro+TN; “Murfreesboro Tennessee Real Estate Subdivisions,” Bob Parks Realty, www.bobparks.com/murfreesboro-tennessee-subdivisions.html.
8. See “Cason Lane Academy: About This School,” Education.com, www.education.com/schoolfinder/us/tennessee/murfreesboro/cason-lane-academy/#students-and-teachers. The Cason Lane Academy’s 2008 first grade can be seen on a YouTube video of the school’s Veteran Day program: www.youtube.com/watch?v=6yYliqjZSU8&feature=related.
9. “Murfreesboro Shooting Adds to Suburb’s Spiral of Fear,” Nashville Tennessean, Feb. 22, 2012; “Several Key Details of Cason Lane Shooting Discussed in Juvenile Court Tuesday,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Feb. 21, 2012.
10. Ibid.
11. “Murfreesboro Shooting Adds to Suburb’s Spiral of Fear.”
12. “Dr. Robert Sanders, Crusader,” Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 20, 2006.
13. Robert S. Sanders Jr., Dr. Seat Belt: The Life of Robert S. Sanders, M.D., Pioneer in Child Passenger Safety (Murfreesboro, TN: Armstrong Valley, 2010), 27–46, 54, 74–75, 78–79.
14. Deborah Wagnon and Christian Hidalgo, Images of America: Murfreesboro (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2007), 57.
15. Sanders, Dr. Seat Belt, 85.
16. Ibid., 45.
17. Ibid., 85.
18. Ibid., 85–87.
19. Anne Teigen and Melissa Savage, “Most Precious Cargo,” State Legislatures, Mar. 2008.
20. Sanders, Dr. Seat Belt, 88–90.
21. Teigen and Savage, “Most Precious Cargo”; Sanders, Dr. Seat Belt, 94–96.
22. “Results Praised in States Requiring Auto Safety Devices for Children,” New York Times, Nov. 28, 1982.
23. “Who’s Who at WPLA: Trooper Jim Foster,” Radio Years, www.radioyears.com/wpla/details.cfm?id=969.
24. “House Rejects 72-Hour Cooling-Off Period for Handguns,” Associated Press, Jan. 28, 1982.
25. Michael D. Decker, Mary Jane Dewey, Robert H. Hutcheson Jr., and William Schaffner, “The Use and Efficacy of Child Restraint Devices: The Tennessee Experience, 1982 and 1983,” Journal of the American Medical Association 252 (Nov. 9, 1984): 2573.
26. Ibid., 2572–73.
27. Ibid., 2574.
28. Ibid.
29. Hemenway, While We Were Sleeping, 159.
30. Decker et al., “Use and Efficacy of Child Restraint Devices,” 2575.
31. Puneet Narang, Anubha Paladugu, Sainath Reddy Manda, William Smock, Cynthia Gosnay, and Steven Lippmann, “Do Guns Provide Safety? At What Cost?” Southern Medical Journal 103, no. 2 (Feb. 2010): 152.
32. Ibid.
33. Sanders, Dr. Seat Belt, 93.
34. U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Traffic Safety Facts 2009 Data: Occupant Protection,” 4.
35. “Barrett’s 30th Anniversary,” Barrett, http://barrett.net/about.
36. “Gunmaker Is Surviving Fight Against .50-Caliber,” Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 9, 2005.
37. “AP Centerpiece: Small-Time Tinkering Leads to Big-Time Guns, Sales by Tennessee Company,” Associated Press, Nov. 25, 2005.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. “Ronnie’s Inspiration,” Barrett blog, Sept. 28, 2011, http://blog.barrett.net/?p=288.
41. The ammunition that 50 caliber sniper rifles fire today was originally developed during the First World War as both an antitank and machine-gun round. Developments in tank armor soon made tanks generally impervious to 50 caliber rounds, but according to the Marine Corps and other authorities, the 50 caliber can still blast through more lightly armored vehicles, such as armored personnel carriers, and thus clearly through armored limousines. It is not true, nor has the Violence Policy Center ever claimed, that a 50 caliber round can penetrate the armor of a modern tank, despite occasional erroneous reports to that effect. What is true is that the 50 caliber can force tank crews to “button up,” and well-placed shots could destroy or degrade certain external equipment and vision blocks on some tanks. Violence Policy Center, Voting from the Roof tops: How the Gun Industry Armed Osama bin Laden, Other Foreign and Domestic Terrorists, and Common Criminals with 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center 2001), 12, www.vpc.org/graphics/rooftop.pdf.
42. “Ma Deuce Still Going Strong,” Defense Industry Daily, Mar. 5, 2012, www.defenseindustrydaily.com/ma-deuce-still-going-strong-03539.
43. U.S. Army, “Small Arms—Crew-Served Weapons,” in 2012 US Army Weapon Systems Handbook, 292, available from Federation of American Scientists, www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/wsh2012/index.html.
44. U.S. Patent No. 4, 677, 897, “Anti-Armor Gun,” issued to Ronnie G. Barrett on July 7, 1987.
45. “The Big Gun: Controversy over the 50-Caliber Rifle,” 60 Minutes, CBS, Jan. 9, 2005.
46. “AP Centerpiece: Small-Time Tinkering Leads to Big-Time Guns, Sales by Tennessee Company,” Associated Press, Nov. 25, 2005.
47. Barrett Firearms, “Ronnie Barrett, President and Founder of Barrett Firearms, Named as an Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year for 2006,” news release, July 5, 2006.
48. Robert H. Boatman, Living with the Big.50: The Shooter’s Guide to the World’s Most Powerful Rifle (Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 2004), 6, 9.
49. Ibid., 6.
50. “Barrett’s Shorty: The M82CQ Carbine,” Tactical Response, Jan.–Feb. 2007.
51. “Army Approves Full Fielding of M-107 Sniper Rifle,” Army News Service, Mar. 31, 2005, www4.army.mil/ocpa (accessed Apr. 1, 2005).
52. See the following reports, all of which are available on the Violence Policy Center’s website, www.vpc.org: Clear and Present Danger: National Security Experts Warn About the Danger of Unrestricted Sales of 50 Caliber Anti-Armor Sniper Rifles to Civilians (July 2005); The Threat Posed to Helicopters by 50 Caliber Anti-Armor Sniper Rifles (Aug. 2004); Really Big Guns: Even Bigger Lies (Mar. 2004); “Just Like Bird Hunting”—the Threat to Civil Aviation from 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles (Jan. 2003); Sitting Ducks—The Threat to the Chemical and Refinery Industry from 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles (Aug. 2002); The U.S. Gun Industry and Others Unknown—Evidence Debunking the Gun Industry’s Claim That Osama bin Laden Got His 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles from the U.S. Afghan-Aid Program (Feb. 2002); Voting from the Rooftops: How the Gun Industry Armed Osama bin Laden, Other Foreign and Domestic Terrorists, and Common Criminals with 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles (Oct. 2001); One Shot, One Kill: Civilian Sales of Military Sniper Rifles (May 1999).
53. “The Football,” GlobalSecurity.org, www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/systems/nuclear-foofball.htm (accessed Apr. 11, 2005).
54. Don A. Edwards, “Large Caliber Sniper Threat to U.S. National Command Authority Figures,” Research Report Submitted to Faculty, National War College, Washington, DC, 1985, 20.
55. Ibid., 22–23.
56. James Bonomo et al., Stealing the Sword: Limiting Terrorist Use of Advanced Conventional Weapons (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2007), 64.
57. Ibid., 39.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., 39–40.
60. Ibid., 75.
61. Ibid., 76.
62. “No Recession for Firearms Industry,” New York Times, Jan. 13, 1992.
63. Violence Policy Center, Voting from the Rooftops: How the Gun Industry Armed Osama bin Laden, Other Foreign and Domestic Terrorists, and Common Criminals with 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2001), 35, www.vpc.org/graphics/rooftop.pdf.
64. Violence Policy Center, Clear and Present Danger: National Security Experts Warn About the Danger of Unrestricted Sales of 50 Caliber Anti-Armor Sniper Rifles to Civilians (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2005), 11, www.vpc.org/studies/50danger.pdf.
65. Two VPC monographs document the bin Laden transaction and the rebuttal of Barrett’s story in great detail. See The U.S. Gun Industry and Others Unknown—Evidence Debunking the Gun Industry’s Claim That Osama bin Laden Got His 50 Caliber Sniper Rifles from the U.S. Afghan-Aid Program (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2002), www.vpc.org/graphics/snipercia.pdf; and Voting from the Rooftops.
66. “Gunmaker Is Surviving Fight Against .50-Caliber,” Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 9, 2005.
67. “What Did You Do in the War, Charlie?” Dallas Morning News, June 15, 2003.
68. “Charlie Wilson’s Death Touches Murfreesboro,” Murfreesboro Post, Feb. 14, 2010, www.murfreesboropost.com/charlie-wilson-s-death-touches-murfreesboro-cms-21921.
69. Violence Policy Center, Voting from the Rooftops, 28, fn q.
70. “Church Leader Fans Fires of Fear,” The Oregonian, Dec. 10, 1989.
71. “Arms Seized in Spokane Snare IRA Suspect in Miami,” The Oregonian, Jan. 19, 1990.
72. Violence Policy Center, Voting from the Rooftops, 30.
73. See Violence Policy Center, “Criminal Use of the 50 Caliber Sniper Rifle,” www.vpc.org/snipercrime.htm.
74. Violence Policy Center, Voting from the Rooftops, 34.
75. Violence Policy Center, Clear and Present Danger, 10–11.
76. Office of Special Investigations, U.S. General Accounting Office, “Briefing Paper: Criminal Activity Associated with .50 Caliber Semiautomatic Rifles,” No. GAO/OSI-99–15R, presented to representatives of the U.S. House Committee on Government Reform, July 15, 1999, 3.
77. Copies of the court documents from which this data was extracted are in the files of the Violence Policy Center in Washington, DC.
78. Colby Goodman and Michel Marizco, “U.S. Firearms Trafficking to Mexico: New Data and Insights Illuminate Key Trends and Challenges,” Working Paper Series on U.S.-Mexico Security Cooperation, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: Mexico Institute and the University of San Diego Trans-Border Institute, Sept. 2010, 171–72.
79. Violence Policy Center, “Vast Majority of Mexican Crime Guns Originate in U.S., New ATF Trace Data Reveals,” news release, Apr. 26, 2012, www.vpc.org/press/1204atf.htm.
80. Goodman and Marizco, “U.S. Firearms Trafficking to Mexico,” 167–68.
81. Ibid., 172–73.
82. For TCO operations in Africa and their use of Africa as a conduit to Europe, see, e.g., “Statement of Michele M. Leonhart, Administrator, Drug Enforcement Administration, U.S. Department of Justice, Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security, June 20, 2012,” CQ Congressional Testimony, June 20, 2012; Alex Pena, “DEA: Mexican Drug Cartels Reach Further Across Africa,” Voice of America, June 15, 2012, www.voanews.com/content/illegal-drugs-cartels-africa-mexico/1211572.html.
83. National Drug Intelligence Center, National Drug Threat Assessment 2011 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 2011), 7.
84. Ibid., 11.
85. National Drug Intelligence Center, The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society (Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Justice, 2011), xi.
86. National Gang Intelligence Center, 2011 National Gang Threat Assessment: Emerging Trends (Washington, DC: Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011), 26.
87. Ibid., 43.
88. Ibid., 46.
89. “100 Gang Members ID’d Locally,” Murfreesboro Post, Aug. 19, 2007.
90. “Indictments Show Gangs’ Spread in Middle TN,” Nashville Tennessean, Oct. 28, 2009; “Nine Charged in ’07 Violence,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Oct. 28, 2009.
91. “Police Intensify Crackdown on Gang Activity,” Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 27, 2012.
92. “The Big Gun; Controversy over the .50-Caliber Rifle,” 60 Minutes, CBS News Transcripts, Jan. 9, 2005.
93. Ibid.
94. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (now U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives), “Firearms and Explosives Application Inspection Summary,” for applicant Ronnie Gene Barrett, Jan. 20, 1984.
95. “Gunmaker Is Surviving Fight Against .50-caliber,” Nashville Tennessean, Jan. 9, 2005.
96. Ibid.
97. Ibid.
98. David Hemenway, Private Guns, Public Health (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006), 1–3.
99. Jonathan Berr, “Gun Sales Go Soft as Economy Improves, Fears Subside,” Daily Finance, Apr. 14, 2010, www.dailyfinance.com/story/company-news/gun-sales-go-soft-as-economy-improves-fearssubside/19437972.
100. Frank Hobbs and Nicole Stoops, Demographic Trends in the 20th Century (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2002), appendix A, table 1, “Total Population for the United States, Regions, and States: 1900 to 2000.”
101. National Shooting Sports Foundation, “Small-Arms Production in the United States,” in Industry Intelligence Reports (Newtown, CT: National Shooting Sports Foundation, 2007), 2, table, “25 Years Small-Arms Production (1980–2005).”
102. “Industry Hanging onto a Single Category,” Shooting Wire, Dec. 17, 2008, www.shootingwire.com/archived/2008-12-17_sw.html.
103. “Man Accidently Shoots Wife,” Murfreesboro Daily News Journal, Mar. 2, 2009.
104. Jeff Woods, “Oops! Handgun Permit Holder Shoots His Wife While Watching Cher on TV,” Nashville Scene, www.nashvillescene.com/pitw/archives/2009/03/04/oops-handgun-permit-holder-shoots-his-wife-while-watching-cher-on-tv.
1. For a summary of Florida’s national influence toward relaxation of gun laws, see “Florida: Fertile Ground for Pro-Gun Laws,” Miami Herald, Mar. 27, 2012.
2. “‘Gunshine State’: How NRA Attained Dominance in Florida,” Palm Beach Post, Apr. 7, 2012 (Florida’s “reputation as the ‘Gunshine State’ is rooted in politics, culture and the seemingly irresistible force of Marion Hammer”); Daniel Ruth, “More Madness in Gun-Happy Florida,” St. Petersburg Times, op-ed, Jan. 21, 2011 (“But this is Florida, the Gunshine State, where barely conscious yahoos can arm themselves right up to the drool”); “Firearms Issue: Concealed Weapons Law Is Riddled with Flaws—Some Potentially Fatal,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, editorial, Feb. 1, 2007 (“Such is life in the ‘Gun shine State’ ”).
3. “How Did Florida Get Its Nickname, the Sunshine State?” MyFlorida.com, Aug. 7, 2002, http://myflorida.custhelp.eom/app/answers/detail/a_id/695/~/how-did-florida-get-its-nickname,-the-sunshine-state%3F.
4. “About NRA-ILA,” NRA Institute for Legislative Action, www.nraila.org/about-nra-ila.aspx.
5. Hammer won the “Roy Rogers Man of the Year” Award in 1985. “Marion P. Hammer,” Winning Team, http://nrawinningteam.com/hammer.html.
6. “Pistol-Packin’ Populace: Florida Up in Arms; Gun Sales Soar Under the State’s New Liberalized Law,” Washington Post, Oct. 22, 1987.
7. “Marion P. Hammer.”
8. Text accompanying “Unified Sportsmen of Florida Membership Application,” downloaded from www.scgaa.org/usf.pdf. According to the National Rifle Association, “Ms. Marion Hammer, Executive Director of Unified Sportsmen of Florida, did business with the NRA in the amount of $122,000 for 2011.” National Rifle Association of America, “Report of the Secretary to the Annual Meeting of Members,” Apr. 14, 2012 (in the files of the Violence Policy Center).
9. See, e.g., “Marion Hammer,” St. Petersburg Times, Aug. 11, 1996 (“The new president of the National Rifle Association glances up at several aides holding two-way radios, and growls, ‘If one of those things squawks during my best sound bite, I’ll kill you’ ”); and “Leader as Hard as Nails Is Taking Reins at N.R.A.,” New York Times, Apr. 14, 1996 (“Instead of getting rid of all firearms to end the seething national debate over gun control, she wonders out loud, why not just ‘get rid of all liberals?’ ”).
10. “Pistol-Packin’ Populace.”
11. One gun control activist in Florida, Joe Shutt, concluded exactly that in 1987. “The citizens of Florida got exactly what they deserved,” he said. “Outgunned,” Miami Herald, Sept. 27, 1987.
12. For an editorial summary of ALEC’s role in state gun legislation, see Paul Krugman, “Lobbyists, Guns and Money,” New York Times, Mar. 26, 2012.
13. See “National FOP President: Reject SB 1!!!” Fraternal Order of Police, Grand Lodge, www.fop.net/servlet/display/news_article?id=4515&XSL=xsl_pages/public_news_individual.xsl&nocache=8133486.
14. “Insanity Defense,” 2011 Florida Statutes, sec. 775.027.
15. “Cop Killer Gets Death,” Tampa Bay Times, Feb. 11, 2012.
16. “Man Held in Shooting Was Officer,” Tampa Tribune, Aug. 21, 2009.
17. “Records Detail Slaying of Tampa Officer,” Tampa Tribune, Dec. 9, 2009.
18. “Family Describes Delgado’s Delusions,” St. Petersburg Times, Nov. 10, 2011; “Fear Gripped Murder Suspect,” St. Petersburg Times, Oct. 25, 2011.
19. “Family Describes Delgado’s Delusions.”
20. “Records Detail Slaying of Tampa Officer.”
21. “Man Held in Shooting Was Officer.”
22. “Doctor: Fears Drove Delgado,” St. Petersburg Times, Nov. 11, 2011; “Records Detail Slaying of Tampa Officer.”
23. “Accused Cop Killer’s Life Revealed,” 10connects.com, Dec. 8, 2009.
24. “Accused Police Killer: Who Is He?” 10connects.com, Aug. 21, 2009.
25. “Officer Was on His Back When Shot,” St. Petersburg Times, Sept. 1, 2009; “Affidavit for Search Warrant,” Sixth Judicial Circuit, Pinellas County, FL, filed Aug. 20, 2009, by Detective Salvatore J. Augeri, Tampa Police Department, and Detective Keith Johnson, Pinellas County Sheriff’s Office.
26. “Guns Plus, Spring Lake, NC,” NC Gun Owners forum, www.ncgunowners.com/forum/showfhread.php?tid=477.
27. “Outfitting the Modern Sporting Rifle,” Shooting Industry, Mar. 1, 2012.
28. “Officer Was on His Back When Shot”; “Police: Tampa Cop-Killing Suspect Is Ex-Officer,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Aug. 20, 2009.
29. See, e.g., “Officer Was on His Back When Shot.”
30. See B. Gil Horman, “Kel-Tec PLR-16 5.56/.223 Semi-Automatic Pistol,” American Rifleman, Mar. 1, 2012, www.americanrifleman.org/articles/kel-tec-plr-16-review.
31. “Family Describes Delgado’s Delusions.”
32. “Accused Cop Killer’s Life Revealed.”
33. “Fear Gripped Murder Suspect.”
34. “Trial Begun in Officer’s Killing,” St. Petersburg Times, Nov. 5, 2011; “Dead Officer, Ranting Suspect,” St. Petersburg Times, Dec. 9, 2009.
35. “Dead Officer, Ranting Suspect”; “Records Detail Slaying of Tampa Officer.”
36. “Records Detail Slaying of Tampa Officer.”
37. “Trial Begun in Officer’s Killing”; “Records Detail Slaying of Tampa Officer”; “Officer Was on His Back When Shot.”
38. “Records Detail Slaying of Tampa Officer.”
39. “Officer Was on His Back When Shot.”
40. “Prosecutor, Defender Lay Out Cases in Delgado Murder Trial,” Tampa Bay Times, Nov. 5, 2011.
41. “Doctor: Fears Drove Delgado.”
42. For a more detailed discussion, see Violence Policy Center, Concealed Carry: The Criminal’s Companion (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 1995).
43. “Outgunned.”
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. “Counties, Cities Remove Their Gun Laws: Change in State Law,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Aug. 7, 2011; “Update: Three Gun Bills Pass Senate,” Tallahassee Democrat, Apr. 28, 2011.
49. “Counties, Cities Remove Their Gun Laws.”
50. The new law decreed in relevant part, “Except as expressly provided by the State Constitution or general law, the Legislature hereby declares that it is occupying the whole field of regulation of firearms and ammunition, including the purchase, sale, transfer, taxation, manufacture, ownership, possession, storage, and transportation thereof, to the exclusion of all existing and future county, city, town, or municipal ordinances or any administrative regulations or rules adopted by local or state government relating thereto. Any such existing ordinances, rules, or regulations are hereby declared null and void.” 2011 Florida Statutes, sec. 790.33, “Field of regulation of firearms and ammunition preempted.”
51. “Counties, Cities Remove Their Gun Laws.”
52. “Update: Three Gun Bills Pass Senate.”
53. 2011 Florida Statutes, sec. 790.06, “License to carry concealed weapon or firearm.”
54. “Pistol-Packin’ Populace.”
55. Ibid.
56. See “Executive Summary,” in Violence Policy Center, Concealed Carry.
57. Violence Policy Center, “Concealed Carry Killers,” Mar. 22, 2012, www.vpc.org/ccwkillers.htm.
58. These figures are regularly updated by the Violence Policy Center’s Concealed Carry Killers project. The latest totals can be found at www.vpc.org/ccwkillers.htm.
59. See, e.g., “A Night Inside South Florida’s Gang Wars,” CBS Miami, May 7, 2012, http://miami.cbslocal.com/2012/05/07/a-night-inside-south-floridas-gang-wars.
60. “Pistol-Packin’ Populace.”
61. “Tinier, Deadlier Pocket Pistols Are in Vogue,” Wall Street Journal, Sept. 12, 1996. For a recent assessment of this market, see Violence Policy Center, “Never Walk Alone”—How Concealed Carry Laws Boost Gun Industry Sales (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2012), www.vpc.org/studies/ccwnra.pdf.
62. “Industry Suffers Sales Slump, Manufacturer Sued, Hearings Support Gun Rights,” Shooting Industry, May 1, 1995.
63. “The Defensive Handguns Your Customers Will Be Looking for in 1996,” Shooting Industry, Mar. 1, 1996.
64. “Hot-Selling Handguns: Customers Are Still Buying! From Palm-Size Self-Defense Pistols, to Massive Hunting Revolvers, Dealers Are Making Sales!” Shooting Industry, Sept. 1, 2002.
65. “Self-Defense Profits! Increase Your Sales with a Product Checklist and a Solid Game Plan!” Shooting Industry, May 1, 2004.
66. “The Defensive Handguns Your Customers Will Be Looking for in 1996.”
67. “Where’s the Money? Handgun Accessories: Accessories Are Important to a Gun Dealer’s Overall Profit!” Shooting Industry, Feb. 1, 2003.
68. “A Handful of Extras to Boost Your Handgun Sales,” Shooting Industry, Feb. 1, 1994.
69. “Tactical Gear and Gun Clothing,” Shooting Industry, Aug. 1, 2003.
70. “Preparing for Your Winter Gun Sales,” Shooting Industry, July 1, 2006.
71. “Spring Handgun Marketing,” Shooting Industry, June 1, 1996.
72. “Self-Defense Is Big Business,” Shooting Industry, May 1, 2000.
73. “Pistol-Packin’ Populace.”
74. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Licensing, “Number of Licensees by Type as of: 08/31/2012,” Statistical Reports, Total Active Licensees Reports, available from http://licgweb.doacs.state.fl.us/news/reports.html.
75. “Taurus Today: The Bull Is Loose!: With a Whole New Center of Semiautomatics, the ‘Revolver Company’ from Brazil Has Quietly Reinvented Itself with a New Focus on Self-Defense Pistols Loaded with Features and Quality,” American Handgunner, May 1, 2002.
76. Ibid.
77. “Taurus Edges Smith & Wesson for Manufacturer of the Year Award,” PR Newswire, May 25, 2000.
78. “Taurus Today: The Bull Is Loose!”
79. “At Every Traffic Stop, Police Face the Prospect of Death,” Washington Post, Nov. 22, 2010.
80. Steven Jansen and M. Elaine Nugent-Borakove, Expansions to the Castle Doctrine: Implications for Policy and Practice, National District Attorneys Association, undated report of a March 2007 symposium convened by the American Prosecutors Research Institute, 3.
81. Ibid., 5.
82. “Benjamin N. Cardozo,” Historical Society of the Courts of the State of New York, www.courts.state.ny.us/history/cardozo.htm.
83. People v. Tornimi, 213 N.Y. 240 (1914), 243.
84. “Whaddayaknow,” Chicago Tribune, Sept. 14, 1997.
85. People v. Tomlins, 213 N.Y. 240 (1914), 245.
86. “What Are My Legal Rights to Use Force If Attacked?” Miami Herald, Sept. 20, 2004.
87. “A Note from the Commissioner,” Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Licensing, http://licgweb.doacs.state.fl.us/weapons/about.html.
88. “Gun Bill Could Mean: Shoot First, Ask Later,” Palm Beach Post, Mar. 23, 2005.
89. See, e.g., “Deadly Force Bill Passes House: Next Stop for Measure Is Governor’s Office,” Tallahassee Democrat, Apr. 1, 2005 (“Rep. Dennis Baxley, the Ocala Republican sponsoring the bill. . . could not point to a case where a lawful gun owner shot someone in self-defense and was incarcerated”).
90. Jansen and Nugent-Borakove, Expansions to the Castle Doctrine, 5–6.
91. “Gun Bill Could Mean: Shoot First, Ask Later.”
92. “Self-Defense Bill Gets Early Senate OK; Legislative Session 2005,” Lakeland Ledger, Mar. 23, 2005.
93. “Gun Bill Could Mean: Shoot First, Ask Later.”
94. “15 States Expand Right to Shoot in Self-Defense,” New York Times, Aug. 7, 2006.
95. “Gun Bill Could Mean: Shoot First, Ask Later.”
96. “Florida Democrats Support Pro-Gun Law,” Cox News Service, Apr. 5, 2005.
97. “Deadly Force Bill Moving on a Fast Track,” Palm Beach Post, Mar. 24, 2005.
98. “Wild West Redux: ‘Castle Doctrine’ Law Opens Way to Shootouts,” Bradenton Herald, Apr. 21, 2005.
99. “GOP State Representatives Stand Firm on Deadly-Force Bill,” Palm Beach Post, Apr. 1, 2005.
100. “Self Defense Sells! Outfit Your Customers for Personal Protection!” Shooting Industry, June 1, 2005.
101. “Fla. Gun Law to Expand Leeway for Self-Defense; NRA to Promote Idea in Other States,” Washington Post, Apr. 26, 2005.
102. “Florida Expands Right to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense,” New York Times, Apr. 27, 2005.
103. “Group: Think Tank Holds Legislative Sway,” Daily Press (Newport News, VA) Daily Press, Mar. 18, 2012.
104. “Justifiable Killings Up as Self-Defense Is Redefined,” Washington Post, Apr. 8, 2012; Center for Media and Democracy and Common Cause, “Connecting the Dots Between ALEC, Wal-Mart, the NRA, and the Florida Law Cited by Some to Immunize Trayvon Martin’s Killer,” Mar. 23, 2012.
105. “Napolitano OKs Eased Self-Defense: Burden of Proof in Killings Shifts to Prosecutors,” Arizona Daily Star, Apr. 25, 2006.
106. “Self-Defense Unleashed! No Season on Sales, No Limit on Profits!” Shooting Industry, Feb. 1, 2007.
107. “Justifiable Killings Up as Self-Defense Is Redefined.”
108. “Force Measure Goes Too Far,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Apr. 7, 2005.
109. “Justifiable Killings Up as Self-Defense Is Redefined.”
110. “Florida Expands Right to Use Deadly Force in Self-Defense,” New York Times, Apr. 27, 2005.
111. “A Right Goes Wrong: Man’s Killer Is Protected by Alabama Law,” Winston-Salem Journal, Dec. 21, 2008; “U. Central Florida Valencia Student Enters Wrong Home, Shot,” University Wire, Oct. 13, 2008.
112. “Justifiable Killings Up as Self-Defense Is Redefined.”
113. “Now Everyone in Florida Can Play Dirty Harry,” Lexington Herald Leader, May 15, 2005.
114. “Two Men Charged in Killing Declared Immune,” Tallahassee Democrat, May 18, 2010.
115. “Fatal Shootings Test Limits of New Self-Defense Law in Texas,” New York Times, Dec. 13, 2007.
116. “What Is Known, What Isn’t About Trayvon Martin’s Death,” Miami Herald, Mar. 31, 2012.
117. “Evidence to Arrest Gunman Lacking, Sanford Police Say,” Orlando Sentinel, Mar. 13, 2012.
118. “Scott Names Special Prosecutor to Investigate Trayvon Martin Shooting,” Tallahassee Democrat, Mar. 23, 2012.
119. “Senator Forms Stand-Ground Panel: Democrat Chris Smith Says the Governor Is Taking Too Long to Convene a Task Force on the Gun Law,” Palm Beach Post, Apr. 4, 2012.
120. “Justice Dept, FBI to Probe Black Teen’s Death,” Washington Post, Mar. 20, 2012.
121. “Trayvon Martin Shooter George Zimmerman Charged with Second-Degree Murder, Turns Himself In,” Miami Herald, Apr. 11, 2012.
122. Ibid.
123. “Text of Probable-Cause Affidavit,” Orlando Sentinel, Apr. 13, 2012.
124. “Trayvon Martin Shooter George Zimmerman Charged with Second-Degree Murder.”
125. “‘Stand Your Ground’ Hearing Sought,” South Florida Sun-Sentinel, Aug. 10, 2012.
126. “Outcry Over Gun Law: Teen’s Death Spurs Calls to Review Statute,” Palm Beach Post, Mar. 21, 2012.
127. “Charges Reveal ‘Stand Your Ground’ Law’s Flaws,” Orlando Sentinel, Apr. 13, 2012.
128. See “About,” New American, http://thenewamerican.com/about (“The New American . . . is published by American Opinion Publishing, a wholly owned subsidiary of The John Birch Society”).
129. “Gun Rights on Trial,” New American, Sept. 1, 2008.
130. Barnes v. Indiana, Indiana Supreme Court, May 12, 2011, 2.
131. Ibid., 4.
132. Ibid., 4–5.
133. Jacob Sullum, a writer for the libertarian Reason magazine, wrote that “the justices were eager to repudiate a straightforward extension of self-defense that struck them as an outmoded impediment to law enforcement.” “Home Is No Castle When Cops Barge In,” Chicago Sun-Times, May 25, 2011. Thomas R. Eddlem wrote in the right-wing magazine The New American, “The consequences of the Barnes decision, if citizens indeed have ‘no right to reasonably resist unlawful entry by police officers,’ are indeed frightening. If a policeman enters a man’s house to rob him or rape his wife or daughter, under this decision, a citizen cannot legally resist him. Thomas R. Eddlem, “Indiana Supreme Court Says Citizens Can’t Resist Rogue Police,” New American, May 16, 2011, www.thenewamerican.com/usnews/constitution/item/7959-indiana-supreme-court-says-citizens-cant-resist-rogue-police.
134. “Young Vows to Fight Indiana Supreme Court Ruling on Police Entry; Will Author Legislation to Clarify Indiana law,” PlusNews, May 18, 2011.
135. “Unlawful Entry Bill Has One Foot in the Door: House Approves Measure That Homeowners Could Stop Police,” Evansville Courier & Press, Mar. 2, 2012.
136. “Ind. Lawmakers Weigh Home Entry Police Ruling,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Aug. 25, 2011.
137. “Unlawful Entry Bill Has One Foot in the Door.”
138. “Indiana Police Groups Object over Right to Resist,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Feb. 23, 2012.
139. “Governor Signs Bill on Residents Resisting Police,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Mar. 21, 2012.
140. State of Indiana, “Protecting Those That Serve and Protect Us,” news release, Mar. 20, 2012.
1. “It Just Gives Me the Creeps to Be Here,” Denver Post, Aug. 1, 2012; “Midnight Massacre, Aurora Theater Shooting: ‘Our Hearts Are Broken,’ “ Denver Post, July 21, 2012.
2. “Midnight Massacre, Aurora Theater Shooting.”
3. See “S.W.A.T, Special Weapons and Tactics,” Los Angeles Police Department, www.lapdonline.org/inside_the_lapd/content_basic_view/848.
4. “ ‘Controlled Detonation’ Successful at Holmes’ Home, Police Say,” Anderson Independent-Mail, July 21, 2012.
5. Ibid.; “ ‘It Almost Seemed like Fun to Him’: 12 Dead, 59 Injured in Aurora, Colorado, Theater Shooting,” Fort Collins Coloradoan, July 20,2012.
6. “A Day of Tears and Twists in Colorado,” Washington Post, July 23, 2012; “Gun’s Magazine Shaped the Pace of Colorado Theater Massacre,” Los Angeles Times, July 22, 2012, www.latimes.com/news/nation/nationnow/la-na-nn-theater-shooting-magazine-20120722,0,4212661.story; “Midnight Massacre, Aurora Theater Shooting.”
7. “ ‘It Almost Seemed like Fun to Him.’ ”
8. “Midnight Massacre, Aurora Theater Shooting.”
9. “Interview with General Wesley Clark,” Crossfire, CNN, June 25, 2003.
10. The catalog text is reproduced in Violence Policy Center, The Militarization of the U.S. Civilian Firearms Market (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), 11, www.vpc.org/studies/militarization.pdf. “Special Operations Forces (SOF) are elite military units with special training and equipment that can infiltrate into hostile territory through land, sea, or air to conduct a variety of operations, many of them classified. SOF personnel undergo rigorous selection and lengthy specialized training. The U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) oversees the training, doctrine, and equipping of all U.S. SOF units.” Andrew Feickert, U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF): Background and Issues for Congress, (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012), 1.
11. The image is reproduced in Violence Policy Center, The Militarization of the U.S. Civilian Firearms Market (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), 19, www.vpc.org/studies/militarization.pdf
12. Ibid., 5.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 15; Tom Diaz, Making a Killing: The Business of Guns in America (New York: The New Press, 1999), 81–82.
15. Violence Policy Center, Militarization of the U.S. Civilian Firearms Market, 16; Diaz, Making a Killing, 77–78.
16. Glock Annual 11 (New York: Harris Publications), inside cover. The publication is also known as Glock Autopistols 2011. The two are evidently the same, and are produced for and distributed by Glock—one directly distributed by the gun maker, the other through newsstand sales. See “What Is the ‘Glock Autopistols’ Magazine?” www.glockfaq.com/content.aspx?ckey=Glock_FAQ_General_Glock_Info#annual.
17. Violence Policy Center, Understanding the Smith & Wesson M&P15 Semiautomatic Assault Rifle Used in the Aurora, Colorado, Mass Murder (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2012), 2, www.vpc.org/studies/M8cP15.pdf
18. Ibid., 3.
19. Freedom Group, Inc., Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2011, 2.
20. Freedom Group, Quarterly Report for the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2012, 21.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid., 22.
23. Freedom Group, Annual Report for the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2011, 11.
24. Freedom Group, Quarterly Report for the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2012, 6.
25. Ibid., 22.
26. “What Will You Do When the Zombies Come?” Shotgun News, July 20, 2012.
27. “Outbreak Omega 5 Sets Attendance Record & Breaks New Ground,” AmmoLand.com, June 26, 2012.
28. “Capturing Success in 2012: Dealers Reveal Tactics for the New Business Year,” Shooting Industry, Jan. 1, 2012.
29. “What Will You Do When the Zombies Come?”
30. Violence Policy Center, “New VPC On-Line Resource—Cross-Border Gun Trafficking—Uses Federal Court Documents to Detail Types of Firearms Favored, Methods Used, by Illegal Trans-Border Gun Traffickers,” news release, July 11, 2012, www.vpc.org/press/1207indict.htm.
31. Violence Policy Center, Target: Law Enforcement—Assault Weapons in the News, March 1, 2005-February 28, 2007 (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2010), www.vpc.org/studies/targetle.pdf
32. “Stanton Heights,” PittsburghCityLiving.com, http://pittsburghcityliving.com/neighborhoodProfile.php?neighborhood=Stanton%20Heights.
33. “Gunman Kills 3 Police Officers in Pittsburgh,” New York Times, Apr. 5, 2009; “Stanton Heights.”
34. “Slain Officer’s Wife Thought He Was Safe in Stanton Heights Shootout,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Apr. 16, 2009; “Gunman Kills 3 Police Officers in Pittsburgh.”
35. “Map of Pittsburgh Police Zones,” www.pittsburghpa.gov/police/zones.htm.
36. “Poplawski Bought Guns Through Shop in Wilkinsburg,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Apr. 7, 2009.
37. Posted on Pennsylvania Firearms Owners Association website, Jan. 26, 2008; Anti-Defamation League, Richard Poplawski Selected On-Line Postings, 2007-2009, Compiled by the Anti-Defamation League (New York: Anti-Defamation League, 2009), 38, www.adl.org/extremism/Richard-Poplawski-Comments-Categorized.pdf.
38. “Poplawski Trial: Penalty Phase Day 1,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, June 29, 2011.
39. Bill Morlin, “Racist Pittsburgh Triple Cop-Killer Gets Death,” Hatewatch blog, Southern Poverty Law Center, June 29, 2011, www.splcenter.org/blog/2011/06/29/racist-pittsburgh-triple-cop-killer-gets-death.
40. “Poplawski Trial: Penalty Phase Day 1”; Morlin, “Racist Pittsburgh Triple Cop-Killer Gets Death.”
41. “GED Definition,” City College of San Francisco, www.cscsf.edu/NEW/en/student-services/matriculation_services/ged_center/ged_definition.html.
42. “Defense Rests in Penalty Phase of Pa. Cop Killings,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, June 28,2011.
43. Morlin, “Racist Pittsburgh Triple Cop-Killer Gets Death”; “Poplawski’s Vest Barred Cop Bullets, DA Says,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, June 23, 2011.
44. Morlin, “Racist Pittsburgh Triple Cop-Killer Gets Death”; “Who Is Richard Poplawski? A Portrait of Contrasts Emerges from Those Who Knew Officers’ Accused Killer,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Apr. 12, 2009.
45. “Who Is Richard Poplawski?”
46. “ ‘Truly a Tragic and Very Sorrowful Day’: Deadly Ambush Claims the Lives of 3 City Police Officers,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Apr. 5,2009.
47. “SWAT Officers Feared Ambush After Poplawski Surrendered,” Pittsburgh Tribune- Review, June 21,2011.
48. “Poplawski Browsed Web Just Before Shooting,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, June 24,2011. “Created by former Alabama Klan boss and long-time white supremacist Don Black in 1995, Stormfront was the first major hate site on the Internet. Claiming more than 130,000 registered members (though far fewer remain active), the site has been a very popular online forum for white nationalists and other racial extremists.” Southern Poverty Law Center, “Stormfront,” www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/groups/stormfront.
49. “Poplawski’s Murderous Roots Started Early: Trial Revealed Terrible Upbringing,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, July 3, 2011. For a complete compendium of Polawski’s Internet postings, see Anti-Defamation League, Richard Poplawski Selected On-line Postings, 2007-2009.
50. “Who Is Richard Poplawski?”
51. “Poplawski’s Murderous Roots Started Early.”
52. “Suspected Killer Poplawski’s Weapons Cache May Have Been Legal,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Apr. 7,2009.
53. Martin Luther King Jr., “I Have a Dream,” American Rhetoric, www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm.
54. Posted on Pennsylvania Firearms Owners Association website, Dec. 29, 2007, in Anti-Defamation League, Richard Poplawski Selected On-Line Postings, 37.
55. Posted on Pennsylvania Firearms Owners Association website, Nov. 24, 2007, in Anti-Defamation League, Richard Poplawski Selected On-Line Postings, 36.
56. “Alleged Cop-Killer Poplawski’s ‘Hit List’ Surfaces,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Jan. 23, 2010.
57. “Poplawski’s Murderous Roots Started Early.”
58. “I’ve seen it. He showed it to me. He said ‘Eddie, get one of these,” Perkovic told a newspaper reporter. “Poplawski Bought Guns Through Shop in Wilkinsburg,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Apr. 7, 2009. Perkovic later pleaded guilty to charges of reckless endangerment and two DUI charges and was sentenced to six month’s probation. “Lawrenceville Rifle Incident Nets 6 Months’ Probation,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Mar. 10, 2010. He was arrested after an incident in which he argued with his girlfriend while holding a rifle and told her, “More cops should of died. I’m gonna go out and shoot more cops.” “Alleged Cop-Killer Poplawski’s ‘Hit List’ Surfaces.”
59. Posted on Pennsylvania Firearms Owners Association website, Nov. 10, 2008, in Anti-Defamation League, Richard Poplawski Selected On-Line Postings, 39 (“I recently purchased some body armor from a friend”).
60. “Poplawski’s Vest Barred Cop Bullets, DA Says.”
61. Posted on LetsGoPens website, Dec. 3, 2008, in Anti-Defamation League, Richard Poplawski Selected On-Line Postings, 40.
62. “Wilkinsburg Gun Shop Tied to 2000 Rampage Sold Arms to Poplawski,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Apr. 8, 2009; “Poplawski Bought Guns Through Shop in Wilkinsburg.”
63. “Putting the Pieces Together: Clinton to Comment on Tragedy in Address,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Mar. 4, 2000.
64. “Weapon Used in Shootings Bought Legally: Store in Wilkinsburg Sold Gun in 1982,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Mar. 3, 2000; “Wilkinsburg Gun Shop Tied to 2000 Rampage Sold Arms to Poplawski.”
65. Posted on Stormfront website, in Anti-Defamation League, Richard Poplawski Selected On-Line Postings, 41. Right-wing conspiracy enthusiasts often use the acronyms SHTF (shit hits the fan) and TEOTWAWKI (the end of the world as we know it). Anti-Defamation League, “Extremism in the News: Richard Poplawski, the Making of a Lone Wolf,” Apr. 8, 2009. www.adl.org/learn/extremism_in_the_news/White_Supremacy/poplawski%20report.htm.
66. “ ‘Truly a Tragic and Very Sorrowful Day’ ”
67. “Prosecution Rests: Jury Expected to Begin Deliberations Saturday Night,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, June 24, 2011.
68. “Gun Guide Goes to 911 Operators: Procedures Changed in Wake of Shootings,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Apr. 9, 2009.
69. “ ‘Truly a Tragic and Very Sorrowful Day’ ”
70. “Slain Officer’s Wife Thought He Was Safe in Stanton Heights Shootout.” Time and distance obtained by Google map search.
71. “911 Call Set Battle Plan in Motion: Accused Killer Put Bulletproof Vest On and Armed Himself,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 25, 2011; “Prosecution Rests.”
72. “Details of Stanton Heights Police Shootings Emerge in Filings,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, Apr. 5, 2009.
73. “Prosecution Rests.”
74. “911 Call Set Battle Plan in Motion.”
75. Ibid.
76. “Details of Stanton Heights Police Shootings Emerge in Filings.”
77. “911 Call Set Battle Plan in Motion; “ A Day of Cowards and of Heroes’: Prosecutors Present Graphic Evidence of 2009 Shooting Deaths of 3 Pittsburgh Police Officers,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 21, 2011.
78. “Poplawski Trial Evidence Reveals a Bloody Scene: 900-Plus Rounds Found After Shootout,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 23, 2011.
79. Ibid.; “Poplawski’s Vest Barred Cop Bullets, DA Says.”
80. “911 Call Set Battle Plan in Motion”; “Prosecution Rests”; “Medical Examiner: Kelly Shot Before Exiting His Vehicle,” Pittsburgh Tribune-Review, June 20, 2011.
81. “ A Day of Cowards and of Heroes’ ”; “Slain Officer’s Wife Thought He Was Safe in Stanton Heights Shootout.”
82. “911 Call Set Battle Plan in Motion.”
83. “Medical Examiner: Kelly Shot Before Exiting His Vehicle.”
84. “Poplawski’s Vest Barred Cop Bullets, DA Says.”
85. “ A Day of Cowards and of Heroes.’ ”
86. “SWAT Officers Feared Ambush After Poplawski Surrendered.”
87. “ A Day of Cowards and of Heroes.’ ”
88. “Talks Key to Poplawski’s Arrest: ‘You Know, I’m a Good Kid, Officer.’—Richard Poplawski in His Surrender Call,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, June 22, 2011.
89. Ibid.
90. “911 Call Set Battle Plan in Motion.”
91. “SWAT Officers Feared Ambush After Poplawski Surrendered.”
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. “85- to 190-Year Term Added for Poplawski: ‘Let Him Recede into Distant Memory,’ Prosecutor Urges at Sentencing for Convicted Police Killer,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Sept. 7, 2011.
95. For detailed discussions of the history of semiautomatic assault weapons, their marketing by the gun industry, and their impact in the United States, see the following reports, all of which are available on the Violence Policy Center’s website, www.vpc.org: Violence Policy Center, The Militarization of the U.S. Civilian Firearms Market (June 2011); Violence Policy Center, Target: Law Enforcement—Assault Weapons in the News, March 1, 2005-February 28, 2007 (Feb. 2010); and Violence Policy Center, Bullet Hoses: Semiautomatic Assault Weapons—What Are They? What’s So Bad About Them? (May 2003).
96. A considerable amount of energy is expended in distinguishing between clips and magazines as ammunition-holding devices, as the NRA itself points out in the following sections from its online glossary of gun-related terms. Purists insist that the word magazine can be applied only to a self-contained spring-loaded metal box into which ammunition is loaded. The box may be an integral part of the gun or a freestanding box that is inserted into the gun. The purists restrict the term clip to devices, often metal strips but not spring-loaded boxes, to which ammunition is attached. The ammunition from these devices is stripped off the device and into the gun by a variety of means. The NRAs glossary seems not to endorse this orthodoxy. Thus, “Clip. A device for holding a group of cartridges. Semantic wars have been fought over the word, with some insisting it is not a synonym for ‘detachable magazine.’ For 80 years, however, it has been so used by manufacturers and the military. There is no argument that it can also mean a separate device for holding and transferring a group of cartridges to a fixed or detachable magazine or as a device inserted with cartridges into the mechanism of a firearm becoming, in effect, part of that mechanism.” By comparison, “Magazine. A spring-loaded container for cartridges that may be an integral part of the gun’s mechanism or may be detachable. Detachable magazines for the same gun may be offered by the gun’s manufacturer or other manufacturers with various capacities. A gun with a five-shot detachable magazine, for instance, may be fitted with a magazine holding 10, 20, or 50 or more rounds. Box magazines are most commonly located under the receiver with the cartridges stacked vertically. Tube or tubular magazines run through the stock or under the barrel with the cartridges lying horizontally. Drum magazines hold their cartridges in a circular mode. A magazine can also mean a secure storage place for ammunition or explosives.” “Glossary,” NRA Institute for Legislative Action, http://nraila.org/glossary.aspx.
97. Chuck Taylor, The Fighting Rifle: A Complete Study of the Rifle in Combat (Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1984), 5.
98. Duncan Long, The Terrifying Three: Uzi, Ingram, and Intratec Weapons Families (Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1989), 104.
99. “W. Memphis Police to Carry Semiautomatic Rifles,” Memphis Commercial Appeal, June 29, 2010.
100. Duncan Long, Assault Pistols, Rifles and Submachine Guns (Boulder, CO: Paladin Press, 1986), 1.
101. See “How Effective Is Automatic Fire?” American Rifleman, May 1980, 30.
102. Long, Terrifying Three, 11.
103. See, e.g., “Calico M-100 Rifle? American Rifleman, Jan. 1987, 60, 61 (“the full 100 rounds were sent downrange in 14 seconds by one flicker-fingered tester”).
104. Ian Hogg, Jane’s Guns Recognition Guide (Glasgow: HarperCollins, 2000), 302.
105. Taylor, Fighting Rifle, 4.
106. “History and Evolution of the M-16,” West Point Parents Club of Georgia Newsletter 13 (Mar. 1999): 8.
107. Joe Poyer, The M16/AR15 Rifle: A Shooter’s and Collector’s Guide (Tustin, CA: North Cape, 2000), 13.
108. “Widening the Funnel,” Shooting Wire, Sept. 30, 2009, www.shootingwire.com/archived/2009-09-30_swhtml.
109. For detailed discussions of the history of semiautomatic assault weapons, their marketing by the gun industry, and their impact in the United States, see Violence Policy Center, Militarization of the U.S. Civilian Firearms Market, Violence Policy Center, Target: Law Enforcement, and Violence Policy Center, Bullet Hoses.
110. “Nation Seeing Rise in Killings,” Augusta Chronicle, May 16, 2012; “Even as Violent Crime Falls, Killing of Officers Rises,” New York Times, Apr. 9, 2012.
111. “Nation Seeing Rise in Killings.”
112. “Slain West Memphis Officers’ Autopsies Released,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Aug. 27, 2010.
113. “Anti-System Father, His Son Killed Officers: Ohioan Denied the Validity of Banks, U.S. Government,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 22, 2010.
114. “Contempt for the Law; the ‘Sovereign Citizen’ Movement, Blamed for the Deaths of Six Police, Is Now on the FBI’s Radar,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 24, 2012. “This is a movement that has absolutely exploded,” Mark Potok, a senior fellow at the Southern Poverty Law Center, told the Los Angeles Times. According to the center, more than a hundred thousand Americans have aligned themselves with the sovereign citizens movement.
115. “‘Outgunned’: Chief Says Officers’ Pistols No Match for Heavily Armed Teenager,” Memphis Commercial Appeal, May 26, 2010.
116. “Suspects Tied to Violent Group: Trail of Guns, Warrants Spans Several States Before LaPlace,” New Orleans Times-Picayune, Aug. 18, 2012; “Two Deputies Are Shot and Killed in a Louisiana Ambush,” New York Times, hug. 17, 2012.
117. “7 Arrested in Probe of La. Deputy Shootings,” Associated Press Online, Aug. 18, 2012.
118. “Suspects Tied to Violent Group.”
119. “DA to Seek Death Penalty in Slaying of Penn Hills Officer,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Jan. 20, 2010; “Confession Details Events Leading to Police Officer’s Killing,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Dec. 19, 2009; “Parolee Held in Cop’s Death: Suspect in Penn Hills Killings Could Have Served Time Until February,” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Dec. 8, 2009; “Officer Responding to Pa. Home Disturbance Killed,” News Journal (Wilmington, DE), Dec. 7, 2009.
120. For a more detailed discussion of the illusory effects of the 1994 ban, see Violence Policy Center, Illinois—Land of Post-Ban Assault Weapons (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2004), www.vpc.org/graphics/IllinoisAWstudy.pdf
121. See, e.g., “Assault Rifles—Dirt Cheap . . . and Legal!” New York Times, May 24, 1998.
122. For a detailed discussion of the industry’s ability to evade the 1994 law, see Violence Policy Center, United States of Assault Weapons: Gunmakers Evading the Federal Assault Weapons Ban (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2004), www.vpc.org/studies/USofAW.htm.
123. “Gold Star for DoubleStar,” Shooting Wire, July 15, 2009, www.shootingwire.com/archived/2009-07-15_sw.html.
124. “New Products, New Political Twists,” Shooting Wire, Oct. 15, 2008, www.shootingwire.com/archived/2008-10-15_sw.html.
125. “S&W Showing New and Announced Products,” Shooting Wire, Aug. 19, 2009, www.shootingwire.com/archived/2009-08-19_sw.html.
126. “NSSF Announces Media Resources on ‘Assault Weapons,’” Shooting Wire, Nov. 29, 2009, www.shootingwire.com/archived/2008-l l-24_sw.html.
127. “Rebranding is the creation of a new name, term, symbol, design or a combination of them for an established brand with the intention of developing a differentiated (new) position in the mind of stakeholders and competitors.” “Rebranding,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebranding.
128. “Ruger’s Mini-14 Tactical Rifle,” Gun World, Aug. 2010, p. 58.
129. Ibid.
130. “AR Pistols: The Hugely Popular Rifle Platform Makes a Pretty Cool Handgun as Well,” Handguns, June–July 2011. One notable AR-15 pistol owner was the Boston mobster and FBI informant Whitey Bulger. In a July 2012 Boston Herald column on Bulger’s guns, Howie Carr offered this characterization of Bulger’s assault pistol by a “gun-loving friend” called Larry the Loner: “Good for bank jobs, small massacres and going out in a hail of bullets if you’re also planning on taking out a few guys along with you.” See “Old-Fashioned Piece-Nik,” Boston Herald, July 1, 2012.
131. In files of Violence Policy Center, downloaded July 16, 2012.
132. “Century Arms’ Draco AK 7.62 PDW,” Tactical Weapons, Mar. 2011.
133. A Violence Policy Center website, Cross-Border Gun Trafficking: An Ongoing Analysis of the Types of Firearms Illegally Trafficked from the United States to Mexico and Other Latin American and Caribbean Countries as Revealed in U.S. Court Documents, contains indictments and other documents related to federal gun-trafficking prosecutions filed since 2006, primarily in the southwest United States. The site is available in both English (www.vpc.org/indicted.htm) and Spanish (www.vpc.org/indictedesp.htm). The website’s data and legal documents offer a unique view of the weapons favored by Mexican traffickers not revealed in the trace statistics compiled by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF)—the make and model of guns favored by traffickers and the methods by which they obtain such weapons. (While the site’s findings offer a snapshot of the types of firearms preferred by cross-border gun traffickers, the findings should not be viewed in any way as offering an estimate of the overall numbers of guns attempted to be trafficked from the United States into other countries.)
134. “SAS Gets Handgun That Can Shoot Through Walls,” Sunday Times (London), July 7, 1996.
135. Dan Shea, “Military Small Arms Update: FN’s FiveseveN System,” American Rifleman, Nov.–Dec. 1999, p. 51.
136. Charles E. Petty, “FN Five-seveN,” American Handgunner, Jan.–Feb. 2000, p. 54.
1. “18 Rounds in 5 Seconds: How Glock Became ‘America’s Gun,’” Las Vegas Sun, Jan. 17, 2012.
2. “Bio: Paul M. Barrett,” Bloomberg Businessweek, www.businessweek.com/authors/1989-paul-m-barrett.
3. Paul M. Barrett, Clock: The Rise of America’s Gun (New York: Crown, 2012).
4. See, e.g., excerpts from reviews on Amazon: “Clock is a riveting tale with masterful pacing and meticulous research. Paul Barrett knows his subject intimately, and it shows. . . . It’s a must-read for anyone with an interest in handguns or the firearm industry or even American pop culture.” (Cameron Hopkins, editor in chief, Combat Tactics magazine; American Rifleman’s Industry Insider blog.) “With his customary insight and crystal-clear style, Paul Barrett has told the story of how a simple tool-maker from Austria came to be the dominant force in the manufacture and sale of pistols in the United States. . . . Clock is not at all just for the gun enthusiast. This book is for anyone concerned about the level of gun violence in America, and that should be all of us.” (Richard Aborn, president, Citizens Crime Commission of New York City; former president, Handgun Control, Inc.) See www.amazon.com/Clock-The-Rise-Americas-Gun/dp/0307719936.
5. “Clock Targeted the Gun World,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Jan. 29, 2012.
6. Examples of Internet marketing of Glock high-capacity magazines include the following: Glockstore.com offers “High Capacity Clock Factory Magazines,” including “Super Hi-Capacity Magazines: Clock Factory 33 Rd 9mm / 22 Rd 40,” http://glockstore.com/pgroup_descrip/3_Mags+&+Extensions/7272_High+Capacity+Glock+Factory+Magazines. Botachtactical.com also offers magazines, www.botachtactical.com/glockmagazines.html.
7. “Our Man at ATF,” Shooting Industry, Jan. 2006, 97.
8. “NSSF Launches National Retailer Organization,” Shooting Industry, Dec. 1, 2000.
9. “NAFR Retailer University Goes on the Road,” Shooting Industry, May 1, 2002.
10. “The Shooting, Hunting, Outdoor Trade Show and Conference: The Industry Returns to Las Vegas as Manufacturers Unveil Hot New Products and Dealers Sharpen Their Business Skills!” Shooting Industry, Dec. 1, 2003.
11. See, e.g., Richard Feldman, Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2007).
12. Barrett, Clock, 260.
13. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Office of Strategic Intelligence and Information, “Mexico: Calendar Years 2007–2011 (as of Mar. 12, 2012).”
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. “Founded in 1976 as a nonprofit organization, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) is a police research organization and a provider of management services, technical assistance, and executive-level education to support law enforcement agencies. PERF helps to improve the delivery of police services through the exercise of strong national leadership; public debate of police and criminal justice issues; and research and policy development.” See “About PERF,” Police Executive Research Forum website, www.policeforum.org/about-us.
17. Police Executive Research Forum, “Gun Violence in America: One Week, Six Cities, and the Implications,” Apr. 26, 2012, http://policeforum.org/library/crime/PERFPresentationonGunViolence.pdf
18. The Michigan concealed-handgun-permit deaths reported by VPC consisted of five pending criminal homicides (including the murder of a law enforcement officer), four criminal homicide convictions, and twenty-nine suicides. Violence Policy Center, “Michigan Reports 38 Deaths, Including the Murder of a Law Enforcement Officer—VPC Concealed Carry Killers April Update,” news release, May 1, 2012, www.vpc.org/press/1204ccw.htm.
19. Violence Policy Center, “Michigan Reports 38 Deaths.”
20. According to the Congressional Research Service, “For FY2004 and every fiscal year thereafter, Congress has required ATF to include the following disclaimers in any published firearms trace reports: (a) Tracing studies conducted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives are released without adequate disclaimers regarding the limitations of the data; (b) The Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives shall include in all such data releases, language similar to the following that would make clear that trace data cannot be used to draw broad conclusions about firearms-related crime: (1) Firearm traces are designed to assist law enforcement authorities in conducting investigations by tracking the sale and possession of specific firearms. Law enforcement agencies may request firearms traces for any reason, and those reasons are not necessarily reported to the Federal Government. Not all firearms used in crime are traced and not all firearms traced are used in crime. (2) Firearms selected for tracing are not chosen for purposes of determining which types, makes or models of firearms are used for illicit purposes. The firearms selected do not constitute a random sample and should not be considered representative of the larger universe of all firearms used by criminals, or any subset of that universe. Firearms are normally traced to the first retail seller, and sources reported for firearms traced do not necessarily represent the sources or methods by which firearms in general are acquired for use in crime.” William J. Krause, Report for Congress: Gun Control Legislation (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2012), 28, n98.
21. Angela Jacqueline Tang, Note: Taking Aim at Tiahrt, William & Mary Law Review 50 (Apr. 2009): 1787, 1798.
22. Jay Dickey and Mark Rosenberg, “‘Senseless’ Is Not Studying Gun Violence,” Washington Post, July 29, 2012.
23. “N.RA. Takes Aim at Study of Guns as Public Health Risk,” New York Times, Aug. 26, 1995.
24. “In America: More N.RA. Mischief,” New York Times, July 5, 1996.
25. “Sway of N.RA. Blocks Studies, Scientists Say,” New York Times, Jan. 26, 2011.
26. Dickey and Rosenberg, “ ‘Senseless’ Is Not Studying Gun Violence.”
27. “18 Rounds in 5 Seconds: How Clock Became ‘America’s Gun,’” Las Vegas Sun, Jan. 17, 2012.
28. “Lawmen Uncover Clues in Girls’ Killings: Counselors Will Be Available for Students Today,” Oklahoma City Oklahoman, June 10, 2008.
29. “Weapon Info Is Clue,” Tulsa World, June 12, 2008.
30. Ibid.
31. “Girls’ Shooting Deaths Rattle Rural Oklahoma Town,” CNN.com, June 10, 2008.
32. “Two Girls Found Slain Were Shot 13 Times,” Tulsa World, Aug. 9, 2008.
33. “High Profile, High Pressure for Police,” Oklahoma City Oklahoman, June 12, 2008.
34. “Weapon Info Is Clue.”
35. Ibid.
36. Affidavit of Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agent Kurt Titsworth, filed in support of a criminal information, Okfuskee County District Court, State of Oklahoma vs. Kevin Joe Sweat, Case No. CF-2011-126, Dec. 9, 2011, 1–2.
37. Nebraska State Patrol, “Firearms,” in Crime Laboratory Manual, https://statepatrol.nebraska.gov/crimelaboratorymanual.aspx. Marks on fired bullets (as opposed to shell casings) can also be examined. The barrels of modern guns have spiral impressions called rifling, which impart stabilizing spin to the projectile. “The raised portions of the rifling are known as lands and the recessed portions are known as grooves. When a weapon is fired, these lands and grooves cut into the bullet. . . . The impressions of lands and grooves remain on the bullet after it has been fired. Since rifling characteristics can differ from one firearm manufacturer to another, forensic firearm examiners can determine the type of weapon that fired a particular bullet by examining the impressions of the lands and grooves on the bullet. They examine the width, the number, and the direction of the twist of the lands and grooves. For example, a 9mm pistol made by one company might have a barrel with 6 lands and grooves that twist to the right and another company’s 9mm might have 6 that twist to the left. In addition, the width of the lands and grooves may differ. Because each barrel will have imperfections left by the manufacturing process that will leave unique marks on a bullet, firearm examiners can determine whether a bullet recovered from a crime scene or victim was fired from a weapon taken from a suspect. Georgia Bureau of Investigation, Division of Forensic Sciences, “Firearms Analysis, Basics of Firearms Comparisons,” http://dch.georgia.gov/00/article/0,2086,75166109_75730713_81669662.00.html.
38. Affidavit of Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agent Kurt Titsworth, 1–2.
39. “The .40 at 20: Guns Magazine’s 55th Anniversary Year Coincides with the 20th for the .40 Smith & Wesson Cartridge,” Guns Magazine, Jan. 1, 2010.
40. For a more complete discussion of the rise of Clock in America, its aggressive tactics for selling to law enforcement, and its long-range strategy of reaching the civilian market through its sales to law enforcement, see Tom Diaz, Making a Killing: The Business of Guns in America (New York: The New Press, 1999).
41. “Holstering Heightened Firepower: Target Practice Provides Feel for New Weapon,” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, Oct. 4, 2004. Terminal ballistics, also known as wound ballistics, is “the study of how a projectile behaves when it hits its target and transfers its kinetic energy to the target. The bullet’s design, as well as its impact velocity, plays a huge role in how the energy is transferred.” See “Terminal Ballistics,” Hornady Manufacturing, www.hornady.com/ballistics-resource/terminal.
42. “Man Sought for Questioning as 2 Girls Buried,” Oklahoma City Oklahoman, June 14, 2008.
43. “OSBI: No DNA Evidence Discovered,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, June 8, 2009; “Man Sought for Questioning as 2 Girls Buried.”
44. “OSBI Cuts Officers on Weleetka Killings,” Tulsa World, Sept. 13, 2008.
45. Affidavit of Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agent Kurt Titsworth, 2.
46. “Murder Charges Filed in Weleetka Girls’ Slayings,” Tulsa World, Dec. 9, 2011,
47. Affidavit of Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agent Kurt Titsworth, 1–2.
48. Ibid., 2.
49. Ibid., 2.
50. Ibid., 3.
51. “Police Weapon Traced to Killings: Clock, Once City-Owned, Used to Kill Two Okla. Girls,” Baltimore Sun, Dec. 18, 2011.
52. Affidavit of Oklahoma State Bureau of Investigation agent Kurt Titsworth, 2–3.
53. “Agents Use New Tools to Trace Handguns,” Associated Press Online, July 14, 2007.
54. Ibid.
55. “After Gun Industry Pressure, Veil Was Draped over Tracing Data,” Washington Post, Oct. 24, 2010.
56. “Firearms Measure Surprises Some in GOP,” Washington Post, July 21, 2003.
57. City of Chicago v. Department of Treasury, 287 F3d 628, 631 (7th Cir. 2002).
58. Colin Miller, “Lawyers, Guns, and Money: Why the Tiahrt Amendment’s Ban on the Admissibility of ATF Trace Data in State Court Actions Violates the Commerce Clause and the Tenth Amendment,” Utah Law Review 2010, no. 665 (2010): 665, 677.
59. Federal Judicial Center, “Bauer, William Joseph,” in Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj.
60. City of Chicago v. Department of Treasury, 287 F.3d 628, 634 (7th Cir. 2002). Tiahrt and the NRA claimed that the lawsuits compromised eighteen ATF investigations. But ATF associate chief counsel Barry Orlow told the Washington Post that none was compromised. “After Gun Industry Pressure, Veil Was Draped over Tracing Data.”
61. City of Chicago v. Department of Treasury.
62. Ibid.
63. See “Foreign Intelligence and Counterintelligence Records System,” U.S. Department of Justice, www.justice.gov/nsd/foia/mis/ficrs.htm.
64. See, e.g., letter from Ronald Weich, Assistant Attorney General, U.S. Department of Justice to the Honorable Joseph R. Biden Jr., President, U.S. Senate, dated Apr. 30, 2012.
65. Angela Jacqueline Tang, “Note: Taking Aim at Tiahrt,” William & Mary Law Review 50 (Apr. 2009): 1787, 1821.
66. “Police Union Lobbyist Has Influence in Gun Debate, Beyond,” Washington Post, Dec. 15, 2010.
67. Compare National Fraternal Order of Police directory, www.fop.net/contact/index.shtml#Admin, and First Quarter 2011 Lobbying Report of Jim Pasco and Associates, filed under the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995.
68. “Philip Morris Is Client of Police Lobbyist Fighting Tobacco Bill,” USA Today, May 12, 1998.
69. Ibid.
70. “Big Tobacco Quietly Tries to Grow Grass Roots: Industry’s Sophisticated Lobbying Tactics Strike Some Critics as Deceptive,” Washington Post, May 16, 1998; “Philip Morris Is Client of Police Lobbyist Fighting Tobacco Bill.”
71. “Police Union Lobbyist Has Influence in Gun Debate, Beyond.”
72. Ibid.
73. Chuck Canterbury, “Don’t Buy Claims About Tiahrt Gun Amendment,” Wichita Eagle, Apr. 24, 2007.
74. Chris W. Cox, NRA-ILA executive director, “Political Report: One on One with Chuck Canterbury, National President, Fraternal Order Of Police,” www.nrapublications.org/index.php/10217/political-report-16.
75. “Lawmakers Ask Feds to Share Info on Gun Trace Data That Could Help Find the Source of Guns,” Associated Press, May 2, 2007.
76. “Police Union Lobbyist Has Influence in Gun Debate, Beyond.”
77. See “Jim Pasco,” CornerStone Associates, www.cornerstone-associates.org/biographies.html#jim_pasco.
78. See “Capabilities,” CornerStone Associates, www.cornerstone-associates.org/capabilities.html.
79. See “Our Clients,” CornerStone Associates, www.cornerstone-associates.org/clients.html.
80. “Endorsements: U.S. Senate and House, Kansas Governor,” Wichita Eagle, July 25, 2010.
81. Miller, “Lawyers, Guns, and Money,” 665, 681–82. See also “After Gun Industry Pressure, Veil Was Draped over Tracing Data.”
1. Richard Lacayo, “Under Fire,” Time Magazine, Ian. 29, 1990. A version dated June 24, 2001, is available at www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,153695,00.html.
2. Josh Sugarmann, NRA: Money, Firepower & Fear (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2010), 14–15.
3. “Former Gov. Mitt Romney, R-Mass., Presidential Candidate, Delivers Remarks at the National Rifle Association Annual Meeting Celebration of American Values Leadership Forum,” CQ Transcriptions, Apr. 13, 2012. The speech can be watched at “Mitt Romney at 2012 NRA Annual Meeting,” YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jlqz_IPNOzO.
4. “Dem-Backed Crime Bill Has Romney’s Support,” Boston Herald, May 29, 1994.
5. “Romney Cries Foul, Dares Kennedy to Debate Him,” Boston Herald, June 2, 1994.
6. “Herald Panel Grills Romney on Crime,” Boston Herald, Aug. 1, 1994.
7. “Mitt Rejects Right-Wing Aid,” Boston Herald, Sept. 23, 1994.
8. “Massachusetts to Enforce Strict Gun Safety Laws,” New York Times, Apr. 3, 2000.
9. “Area Gun Lovers Mad at Romney,” The Republican, July 10, 2003.
10. “Bay State Enacts Assault Weapons Ban,” Boston Globe, July 2, 2004.
11. “Massachusetts Governor Shares Election Views,” Hannity & Colmes, Fox News, Aug. 4, 2004.
12. The VPC defined states with “strong” gun laws as those that add significant state regulation in addition to federal law, such as restricting access to particularly hazardous types of firearms (for example, assault weapons), setting minimum safety standards for firearms and/or requiring a permit to purchase a firearm, and restrictive laws governing the open and concealed carrying of firearms in public. States with “weak” gun laws were defined as those that add little or nothing to federal restrictions and have permissive laws governing the open or concealed carrying of firearms in public. Violence Policy Center, “Massachusetts Has Lowest Gun Death Rate in Nation,” news release, Apr. 23, 2012, www.vpc.org/press/1204death.htm.
13. Violence Policy Center, “Massachusetts Has Lowest Gun Death Rate in Nation.”
14. “In farming, sheep dipping is a chemical bath given to sheep to rid them of bugs or disease or to clean their wool before shearing. In CIA terminology, sheep dipping means disguising the identity of an agent by placing him within a legitimate organization. This establishes clean credentials that can later be used to penetrate adversary groups or organizations. Similar to the real sheep, the agent is cleaned up so that nobody knows where he’s been, kind of like money laundering.” See “11 Terms Used by Spies,” HowStuffWorks, http://people.howstuffworks.com/11-terms-used-by-spies.htm.
15. “Romney Assures Gun Rights Group of His Fealty,” New York Times, Apr. 14, 2012; “Mitt Romney Announces Support of Conservationist Rob Keck,” Targeted News Service, Feb. 21, 2012.
16. Ibid.
17. “Former Gov. Mitt Romney, R-Mass., Presidential Candidate, Delivers Remarks at the National Rifle Association Annual Meeting Celebration of American Values Leadership Forum.”
18. Ibid.
19. James William Gibson, Warrior Dreams: Violence and Manhood in Post-Vietnam America (New York: Hill & Wang, 1994).
20. Ibid., 11.
21. The Free Congress Foundation was a pioneer in marshaling funds from the ultra-wealthy and in coordinating the strategy of the far right’s culture war against the perceived excesses of liberalism. “FCF is also widely credited as one of the pioneer organizations of political action through organized coalition. Before the foundation’s creation, established conservative leaders and institutions often acted individually in accordance with their beliefs. FCF introduced conservatives to the ‘coalition model,’ which trained them to coordinate—and time—their efforts with conservative members of Congress, journalists, think tanks and grassroots groups. This would ensure that initiatives had broad-based coordinated support.” See “History,” www.freecongress.org/about/history. The late Paul Weyrich, who founded both the Heritage Foundation and the Free Congress Foundation with the help of the beer magnate Joseph Coors, was credited in a 1998 article surveying the right-wing landscape with laying the foundation of the “new conservative labyrinth.” This labyrinth “includes dozens of national and regional think tanks (Heritage, American Enterprise, Free Congress Research and Education, Cato, Hudson, Hoover, Manhattan, and so on), legal centers (Institute for Justice, Washington Legal Foundation, and the Pacific, Atlantic, New England, and Southeastern Legal Foundations), magazines (American Spectator, Weekly Standard), journals (Public Interest, National Interest), and an extensive communications and marketing capacity.” Karen M. Paget, “Lessons of Right-Wing Philanthropy,” American Prospect, Sept.–Oct. 1998.
22. Speech by National Rifle Association First Vice President Charlton Heston, delivered at the Free Congress Foundation’s 20th Anniversary Gala, Dec. 7, 1997, available at www.vpc.org/nrainfo/speech.html.
23. For a detailed discussion of the NRA’s alignment with the right-wing’s “movement conservatives,” see Violence Prevention Campaign, From the Gun War to the Culture War: How the NRA Has Become the Pillar of the Right (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2002), www.vpc.org/graphics/gunwar.pdf.
24. “Call to Arms,” Washington Post, Aug. 6, 2000.
25. Gibson, Warrior Dreams, 11–12.
26. Southern Poverty Law Center, “T.J. Ready,” Intelligence Files, www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-files/profiles/jt-ready “Ready was well known as a friend of Russell Pearce, former president of the Arizona senate, sponsor of the state’s draconian anti-immigrant law, known as S.B. 1070. The two were photographed and videotaped together at a 2007 rally. When confronted by a reporter at the time, Pearce claimed he hardly knew Ready. But, in fact, as the Phoenix New Times reported, Pearce was part of a small group that had celebrated Ready’s baptism into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 2003 or 2004. And when Ready was running for the Mesa City Council in 2006, Pearce called him a ‘true patriot’ in a video supporting his candidacy, according to New Times. The newspaper also reported that Ready described Pearce as a ‘father figure’ who had groomed him for a possible run for the Arizona state legislature.”
27. “Police Believe Neo-Nazi killed 4, himself in Ariz.,” Salt Lake Tribune, May 5, 2012.
28. Ibid.
29. Speech by National Rifle association First Vice President Charlton Heston.
30. “Former Gov. Mitt Romney, R-Mass., Presidential Candidate, Delivers Remarks at the National Rifle Association Annual Meeting Celebration of American Values Leadership Forum.”
31. Violence Policy Center, Lessons Unlearned: The Gun Lobby and the Siren Song of Anti-Government Rhetoric (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2010), 8, www.vpc.org/studies/lessonsunlearned.pdf.
32. “Call to Arms.”
33. Becky Bowers, “In Context: Ted Nugent Saying If Obama Wins, ‘I Will Either Be Dead or in Jail,’” PolitiFact, Apr. 19, 2012, www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2012/apr/19/context-ted-nugent-saying-if-obama-wins-i-will-be.
34. “Romney Goes on Offensive on Guns at NRA Gathering; Likely GOP Nominee: Obama Waiting for Second Term to Act,” Baltimore Sun, Apr. 14, 2012.
35. “Biography—William J. Clinton,” William J. Clinton Presidential Library and Museum, www.clintonlibrary.gov/_previous/bios-WJC.htm.
36. NRA Action (periodical of the NRA Institute for Legislative Action), Sept. 1992, www.saf.org/pub/rkba/wais/data_fles/aphrodite/nraction0992 (accessed June 20, 2003); “Call to arms”; brief item, associated Press, Oct. 15, 1982.
37. “At Election Time, Political Mouths Open,” Associated Press, Oct. 25, 1982; brief item, Associated Press, Oct. 15, 1982.
38. NRA Action, Sept. 1992.
39. “Call to arms”; NRA Action, Sept. 1992.
40. “The NRA works with gun owners and lawmakers to enact preemption laws in the few states that still permit local ordinances more restrictive than state law. To ensure uniform firearm laws throughout your state and to guarantee equal rights for all, support statewide firearms preemption.” National Rifle association, “Firearms Preemption Laws,” NRA-ILA Fact sheet, Dec. 16, 2006, www.nraila.org/news-issues/fact-sheets/2006/frearms-preemption-laws.aspx. Clinton alluded to the NRA campaign in 1991, saying the issue wasn’t one of gun control, but local government control, and was being pressed by the NRA. “They have a chart up on the wall in their Washington office with a check after the states that pass this,” he said. “showdown Brews as Clinton, NRA Duel over Gun Bill,” Memphis Commercial Appeal, Feb. 2, 1991.
41. “Clinton Vetoes Bill to Ban Local Laws on Gun Control,” Memphis Commercial Appeal, Mar. 30, 1991.
42. NRA Action, Sept. 1992.
43. “Clinton Looking into System to Check Histories of Gun Buyers,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, May 14, 1991.
44. For an overview of the rise and regulation of semiautomatic assault weapons, see Tom Diaz, Making a Killing: The Business of Guns in America (New York: The New Press, 1999), 120–34.
45. “Clinton Vetoes Firearms Bill: He Calls It ‘Unwise Encroachment’ on Local Governments,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Mar. 22, 1989.
46. “Governors Want More Road Money,” Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Feb. 6, 1991.
47. “Schaefer Lobbies Governors for U.S. Ban on Assault Weapons,” Washington Post, Aug. 17, 1991.
48. Ibid.
49. See, e.g., “Assault Weapons Ban OKd—by the Narrowest of Margins; House Vote Is Stunning Victory for Clinton,” San Francisco Chronicle, May 6, 1994; and “Brandishing a Loaded Symbol: Clinton Uses Police Officer’s Death to Push Assault Weapon Ban,” Washington Post, May 3, 1994.
50. “The Great Gun Divide,” National Journal, July 22, 2000.
51. Paul Waldman, “The Myth of NRA Dominance Part I: The NRA’s Ineffective Spending,” Think Progress, Feb. 9, 2012, http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/02/09/421893/the-myth-of-nra-dominance-part-i-the-nras-ineffective-spending.
52. Christopher Kenny, Michael McBurnett, and David Bordua, “The Impact of Political Interests in the 1994 and 1996 Congressional Elections: The Role of the National Rifle Association,” British Journal of Political Science 34 (2004): 331–44. “This article would not have been possible without the co-operation of Tanya Metaksa, former Director of the NRA’s Institute for Legislative Affairs [sic], and Paul Black-man, research director for the NRA. Ms. Metaksa made available the data on ratings, endorsements and membership numbers used in the analyses. The authors accept responsibility for interpretations made with these data” (331fn).
53. Ibid., 332.
54. Waldman, “Myth of NRA Dominance Part I.”
55. Ibid.
56. Kenny, McBurnett, and Bordua, “Impact of Political Interests,” 344.
57. See “Swimming with Sharks,” Indiana Public Media, http://indianapublicmedia.org/amomentofscience/swimming-with-sharks (“If remoras could talk, they would calmly explain something called commensalism—a relationship where one species benefits from proximity to the other without harming or helping the other species. In this case, remoras benefit from riding on sharks without doing the sharks any harm”).
58. Waldman, “Myth of NRA Dominance Part I.”
59. Tom Rosenstiel, “Political Polling and the New Media Culture: A Case of More Being Less,” Public Opinion Quarterly 69, no. 5 (special issue 2005): 699, 706.
60. See, e.g., Christopher Preble, “Ike Reconsidered: How Conservatives Ignored, and Liberals Misconstrued, Eisenhower’s Warnings About Military Spending,” Washington Monthly, Mar. 1, 2011 (“Whereas the Keynesians thought this a useful by-product of a large national security state, Eisenhower viewed it as a threat to the Republic. Later scholars would call it the Iron Triangle.”); and Shane Harris, “Own the Sky,” Washingtonian, Nov. 2010 (“The Air Force would get its planes. Members of Congress would score a win for their constituencies and American industry. And Boeing would be saved. The three points in the ‘iron triangle’ of the defense business were all satisfied.”).
61. Lawrence R. Jacobs and Robert Y. Shapiro, “Polling Politics, Media, and Election Campaigns,” Public Opinion Quarterly 69, no. 5 (special issue 2005): 640. The “golden triangle” business is lucrative. A 1996 article in the Chicago Tribune, for example, detailed how Bill Clinton’s “unpaid” political consultant Dick Morris, the pollsters Penn & Schoen, and the media firm of Squier Knapp & Ochs carved up commissions of $4.25 million from just one year’s worth of “media buys.” Morris’s share was an estimated $1.5 million. This amount did not include fees for other services, nor did it include more commissions from later media buys. “Clinton’s ‘Unpaid’ Political Whiz Is Really a Gun for Hire,” Chicago Tribune, Aug. 25, 1996.
62. Rosenstiel, “Political Polling and the New Media Culture,” 701.
63. Ibid., 701–3.
64. Ibid., 707.
65. Andrew Kohut, “But What Do the Polls Show?” Pew Research Center, Oct. 14, 2009, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1379/polling-history-influence-policymaking-politics.
66. “Most of Fiske’s Whitewater Legal Staff Won’t Serve Under Starr,” Washington Post, Aug. 31, 1994;”Fiske Ousted in Whitewater Case: Move Is Surprise,” Los Angeles Times, Aug. 6, 1994.
67. “Democrats Glum About Prospects as Elections Near,” New York Times, Sept. 4, 1994.
68. “Shooting in the Dark,” National Journal, Feb. 12, 1994.
69. “Experts Doubt Effectiveness of Crime Bill,” New York Times, Sept. 14, 1994.
70. “Prevention Plans Seen as ‘Mush,’” The Oregonian, Aug. 16, 1994.
71. “ ‘Pork’ Attacked by GOP Predates Current Debate,” Washington Post, Aug. 18, 1994.
72. Peter J. Boyer, “Whip Cracker,” New Yorker, Sept. 5, 1994, 38–39.
73. “Crime Bill Fails on a House Vote, Stunning Clinton,” New York Times, Aug. 12, 1994.
74. See “About the Committee on Rules,” U.S. House of Representatives, www.rules.house.gov/singlepages.aspx?NewsID=1&RSBD=4.
75. “When the resolution comes to the floor, members who oppose the bill in any form may seek to defeat the rule, to prevent its consideration. Defeat of the rule effectively returns it (and the issue of scheduling the underlying bill) to the Rules Committee.” Charles J. Finocchiaro and David W. Rohde, “War for the Floor: Partisan Theory and Agenda Control in the U.S. House of Representatives,” Legislative Studies Quarterly 33, no. 1 (Feb. 2008).
76. “Crime Bill Fails on a House Vote, Stunning Clinton.”
77. “A President Staggering,” New York Times, Aug. 12, 1994.
78. See, e.g., “Decision in the Senate: The Overview; Crime Bill Approved, 61–38, but Senate Is Going Home Without Acting on Health,” New York Times, Aug. 26, 1994 (“Senator Joseph R. Biden Jr., the Delaware Democrat who is the author of the bill and is chairman of the Judiciary Committee, said Mr. Clinton’s insistence on keeping its ban on 19 types of assault weapons ‘was the ultimate leverage Joe Biden and George Mitchell had’ in keeping the bill and that provision alive.”).
79. “‘Pork’ Attacked by GOP Predates Current Debate,” Washington Post, Aug. 18, 1994.
80. “Crime Bill Fails on a House Vote, Stunning Clinton.”
81. Boyer, “Whip Cracker,” 39.
82. Ibid., 39–40.
83. “Playing on the Public Pique: Consultant Taps Voter Anger to Help GOP,” Washington Post, Oct. 27, 1994.
84. “Decision in the Senate.”
85. “Crime Bill Is Signed with Flourish: With Few Republicans at Ceremony, Clinton Urges More Cooperation,” Washington Post, Sept. 14, 1994.
86. Ibid.
87. “GOP Offers a ‘Contract’ to Revive Reagan Years,” Washington Post, Sept. 28, 1994.
88. “Playing on the Public Pique.”
89. “Republican Contract with America,” U.S. House of Representatives, in the files of the Violence Policy Center.
90. See “Taking Back Our Streets Act,” U.S. House of Representatives, in the files of the Violence Policy Center.
91. “NRA’s Answer to Gun Control: An Arsenal of TV Ads,” USA Today, Nov. 3, 1994.
92. “Gun Control Backers Are Tuesday’s Targets: NRA Shelling Out Big Bucks Across U.S.,” Washington Post, Nov. 7, 1994.
93. See Violence Prevention Campaign, From the Gun War to the Culture War.
94. “A Historic Republican Triumph: GOP Captures Congress; Party Controls Both Houses for First Time Since ’50s,” Washington Post, Nov. 9, 1994.
95. “Tide of Anger Sweeps Out Foley: Speaker Personified Congress in a Year Voters Resented Capitol Hill,” Washington Post, Nov. 10, 1994.
96. “Clinton Assumes Some Blame,” United Press International, Nov. 9, 1994.
97. “Republican Gains and Obligations,” New York Times, Nov. 9, 1994.
98. Ibid.
99. “Voters Tell Why They Switched,” Boston Globe, Nov. 14, 1994.
100. “The Harder They Fall: Tom Foley So Busy Speaking He Couldn’t Hear the Message,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Nov. 13, 1994.
101. “Tide of Anger Sweeps Out Foley.”
102. “House Republicans Target Crime-Prevention Programs Turnabout: GOP Expected to Go After Billions as Part of ‘Contract,’” San Jose Mercury News, Nov. 26, 1994 (“Some conservatives and the National Rifle Association have called on the new Congress to repeal two gun-control measures enacted in the last year—the crime bill’s ban on assault weapons and the Brady law’s five-day wait for the purchase of a handgun—but that’s not likely”).
103. “Republicans Earn NRA’s Ire over Assault Weapons: Overturning Ban Isn’t a Priority,” Washington Times, Jan. 19, 1995.
104. “Weapon Ban Repeal Slips off Calendar,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, July 19, 1995.
105. “Second Amendment Blues: The NRA Under the Gun,” Weekly Standard, Oct. 23, 1995.
106. “A Conversation with President Clinton,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Jan. 14, 1995.
107. “Gun Lobby Shot Down Democrats in Congress,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Jan. 14, 1995.
108. Ibid.
109. Rosenstiel, “Political Polling and the New Media Culture,” 701.
110. “Terror in Littleton: The President; Clinton’s New Gun Proposals Include Charging Parents of Children Who Commit Gun Crimes,” New York Times, Apr. 27, 1999 (“Even Senator Tom Daschle of South Dakota, the Democratic leader, threw cold water today on a focus on guns. ‘I’m not sure that gun legislation is what we need,’ he told reporters.”).
111. Clinton’s Shots at NRA Off Target,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, Jan. 29, 1995. See also “Stuart Rothenberg,” Rothenberg Political Report, http://rothenbergpoliticalreport.com/contributors/stuart-rothenberg.
112. “Clinton’s Shots at NRA Off Target.”
113. “Roger Stone on Political Scandals, Birthers, and What It’s Like to Work for Richard Nixon,” Stone Zone, May 22, 2012, http://stonezone.com/article.php?id=498.
114. “Clinton’s Shots at NRA Off Target.”
115. “Political Notebook: Kerrey Returns NRA’s Fire; Romney Cashes In at ‘Home,’ ”Associated Press, Oct. 24, 1994.
116. Paul Waldman, “The Myth of NRA Dominance Part III: Two Elections the NRA Did Not Win,” Think Progress, Feb. 22, 2012, http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/02/22/430560/the-myth-of-nra-dominance-part-iii-two-elections-the-nra-did-not-win.
117. “Clinton, Playing the Early Bird, Is Lining Up Campaign-Style Ads,” New York Times, June 24, 1995.
118. Ibid.
119. “Clinton’s ‘Unpaid’ Political Whiz Is Really a Gun for Hire.”
120. “Mutual Mistrust, Competing Goals for Clinton and Congressional Dems,” Associated Press, Oct. 26, 1995.
121. “Beyond the Clinton Presidency,” New Republic, Sept. 16–23, 1996.
122. “Why Democrats Dumped Gun Control,” Salon, Apr. 18, 2007.
123. Celinda Lake, “Attention Democrats: It Wasn’t Gun Stance That Lost Votes,” Charleston Gazette, June 8, 2003.
124. Waldman, “Myth of NRA Dominance Part III.”
125. Jules Witcover, “Bullets and Ballots,” Baltimore Sun, May 16, 2003.
126. “Matt Bennett,” Third Way, www.thirdway.org/staff/3.
127. “Jonathan Cowan,” Third Way www.thirdway.org/staffV2.
128. “Jim Kessler,” Third Way, www.thirdwayorg/staff/5.
129. “Monster.com Owner Joins in Gun Control Battle,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Oct. 1, 2000. “I’m a parent not a politician. I’m fed up with the lack of common sense in this debate, and I know many other Americans feel the same way,” McKelvey, a former board member of the Brady Organization, said in an AGS press release announcing the new organization. “I believe deeply that if we present the American people with the unbiased facts about this problem, they will help lead us to the most sensible solutions.” “New National Centrist Organization, Americans for Gun Safety, Seeks to Re-shape Gun Debate by Emphasizing Gun Rights and Responsibilities: Group Commits Significant Support for Colorado and Oregon Campaigns to Close ‘Gun Show Loophole,’ Millions More for National Education on Gun Violence; Launches with Chapters in Twenty-Eight States,” PR Newswire, Oct. 3, 2000.
130. “Monster.com Owner Joins in Gun Control Battle.”
131. “New National Centrist Organization, Americans for Gun Safety.”
132. Nicholas Confessore, “Control Freaks: Americans for Gun Safety Set Out to Give Gun Control a Shot in the Arm; Instead, They May Give It a Shot to the Head,” American Prospect, Apr. 2002.
133. “A Way to Win Back Southern Democrats on the Gun Issue,” St. Petersburg Times, May 5, 2002.
134. “NRA Takes Credit for Bush’s Win: Democrats Sen. Miller Agrees,” Associated Press State & Local Wire, Apr. 29, 2002.
135. “A Way to Win Back Southern Democrats on the Gun Issue.”
136. Confessore, “Control Freaks.”
137. “About Us,” Third Way, www.thirdway.org/about_us.
138. “In Search of the Third Way: The Centrist Democratic Universe Just Got a Little More Crowded,” Roll Call, May 2, 2005.
139. Ibid.
140. Waldman, “Myth of NRA Dominance Part III.”
141. “2012 NSSF Congressional Fly-In Invitation,” National Shooting Sports Foundation video, www.nssf.org/GovRel/FlylnVideo.cfm.
142. “Industry Leaders Meet with U.S. Senators, Representatives,” National Shooting Sports Foundation, www.nssf.org/bulletpoints/view.cfm?Iyr=2012&bISSUE=042312.HTM.
143. Miller is, among other things, director of the Environmental Analysis program and is the W.M. Keck Professor of Environmental Analysis at Pomona College in California, http://ea.pomona.edu/faculty/char-miller.
144. Char Miller, “The U.S. Senate Should Shoot Down the Sportsmen’s Heritage Act—Now!” Back Forty, June 13, 2012, www.kcet.org/updaily/the_back_forty/commentary/golden-green/the-senate-should-shoot-down-the-sportsmens-heritage-act.html.
145. Ibid. For a detailed discussion of the environmental consequences of lead ammunition, see Violence Policy Center, Poisonous Pastime: The Health Risks of Shooting Ranges and Lead to Children, Families and the Environment (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2001), www.vpc.org/graphics/poison.pdf.
146. Violence Policy Center, Blood Money: How the Gun Industry Bankrolls the NRA (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/bloodmoney.pdf..
147. Ibid., 4–5.
148. Ibid., 8–10.
1. “Cops: Guns, Not Gangs, Are Issue; Police Outline Plans to Quell Violence—Council Skeptic: ‘What’s Going to Change?’” Seattle Times, May 30, 2012.
2. “Day of Horror, Grief in a Shaken City: Gunman Kills Five, Fatally Shoots Self as Police Close In—Family Cites Mental Illness: ‘We Could See This Coming,’” Seattle Times, May 31, 2012.
3. “A Brief History of Seattle Music,” Seattle’s Big Blog, Aug. 25, 2010, http://blog.seattlepi.com/thebigblog/2010/08/25/a-brief-history-of-seatfle-music.
4. “Alt-Rock Hub, Purring with Jazz,” New York Times, Aug. 29, 2010.
5. See “Cocktails and Bad Art at Seattle’s Official Bad Art Museum of Art,” Obscura Day, http://obscuraday.com/events/seattles-official-bad-art-museum-of-art.
6. “Police Laud ‘Hero’ in Seattle Shootings,” Associated Press Online, June 1, 2012; “Day of Horror, Grief in a Shaken City.”
7. “Police Laud ‘Hero’ in Seattle Shootings.”
8. “A Life Full of Rage, a Shocking Final Act; Gunman’s Father: ‘We Let Him Down . . . We Let a Lot of Other People Down . . .,’” Seattle Times, June 1, 2012.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. “Police Release Details, 911 Calls of Café Racer and First Hill Killings, May 31, 2012,” CHS Capitol Hill Seattle Blog, www.capitolhillseattle.com/2012/05/31/police-release-details-of-cafe-racer-and-first-hill-killings.
12. “Day of Horror, Grief in a Shaken City”; Casey McNerthney and Scott Gutierrez, “Police: Seattle Shootings Were Like an Execution; Suspect Gave the Finger to People Helping Woman Near Town Hall,” Seattlepi.com, May 31, 2012, www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Police-Seattle-shootings-were-like-an-execution-3599900.php#ixzzlwfyCu8RU.
13. “Day of Horror, Grief in a Shaken City.”
14. “Police Laud ‘Hero’ in Seattle Shootings.”
15. “Josh Sugarmann, “Seattle Mass Shooting Latest by a Concealed Handgun Permit Holder,” Political Machine, June 1, 2012.
16. Ibid.
17. David Hemenway, While We Were Sleeping: Success Stories in Injury and Violence Prevention (Berkeley: University of California Press 2009), 1.
18. David A. Sleet et al., “Traffic Safety in the Context of Public Health and Medicine,” AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety (2007).
19. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, “Traffic Fatalities in 2010 Drop to Lowest Level in Recorded History,” news release, Apr. 1, 2011.
20. See Violence Policy Center, “Gun Deaths Outpace Motor Vehicle Deaths in 10 States in 2009,” May 2012, www.vpc.org/studies/gunsvscars.pdf
21. David Hemenway, Private Guns, Public Health (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2004), 182.
22. Hemenway, While We Were Sleeping, 23.
23. “Motor-Vehicle Safety: A 20th Century Public Health Achievement,” Journal of the American Medical Association 281, no. 22 (June 9, 1999): 2080–82.
24. “50 Years of Progress: Where Do We Go from Here?” presentation by Adrian K. Lund, president, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety at Edmund’s Safety Conference: Truly Safe? May 24, 2011.
25. Hemenway, While We Were Sleeping, 9.
26. Ibid., 23.
27. Research and Innovative Technology Administration, “Households by Number of Motor Vehicles: 2010,” Bureau of Transportation Statistics.
28. For a detailed history of gun ownership in the United States as reported by the General Social Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, see Violence Policy Center, A Shrinking Minority: The Continuing Decline of Gun Ownership in America (Washington, DC: Violence Policy Center, 2011), www.vpc.org/studies/ownership.pdf.
29. Paul Waldman, “The Myth of NRA Dominance Part IV: The Declining Role of Guns in American Society,” Think Progress, Mar. 1, 2012, http://thinkprogress.org/justice/2012/03/01/435437/the-myth-of-nra-dominance-part-iv-the-declining-role-of-guns-in-american-society.
30. Ibid.
31. “White House Backs Right to Arms Outside Obama Events: But Some Fear Health Talks Will Spark Violence,” Washington Post, Aug. 19, 2009.
32. “The Tree of Liberty . . . (Quotation),” Monticello, www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/tree-liberty-quotation.
33. “White House Backs Right to Arms Outside Obama Events; But Some Fear Health Talks Will Spark Violence,” Washington Post, Aug. 19, 2009; “Man Carrying Assault Weapon Attends Obama Protest,” Associated Press Online, Aug. 18, 2009.
34. “White House Backs Right to Arms Outside Obama Events.”
35. E.J. Dionne, “The Politics of the Jackboot,” Charleston Gazette, Aug. 22, 2009.