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Introduction: The Fountain of Youth

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Chapter 1: The Record Book of Longevity

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Chapter 2: Sun, Palm Trees and Eternal Life

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Chapter 3: Genes Are Overrated

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Timmers, P. et al. ‘Genomics of 1 million parent lifespans implicates novel pathways and common diseases and distinguishes survival chances’, eLife, vol. 8, 2019.

Lio, D., Pes, G., Carru, C., Listì, F., Ferlazzo, V., Candore, G., Colonna-Romano, G., Ferrucci, L., Deiana, L., Baggio, G., Franceschi, C., Caruso, C. ‘Association between the HLA-DR alleles and longevity: A study in Sardinian population’, Experimental Gerontology, vol. 38, no. 3, 2003, pp. 313–318.

Sun, X., Chen, W., Wang, Y. ‘DAF-16/FOXO transcription factor in aging and longevity’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 8, 2017.

Raygani, A., Zahrai, M., Raygani, A., Doosti, M., Javadi, E., Rezaei, M., Pourmotabbed, T. ‘Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and Alzheimer disease in Tehran, Iran’, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 375, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1–6.

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Chapter 4: The Disadvantages of Immortality

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Chapter 5: What Doesn’t Kill You...

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Bjelakovic, G., Nikolova, D., Gluud, L.L., Simonetti, R.G., Gluud, C. ‘Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis’, JAMA, 297(8):842–57, 2007. doi: 10.1001/jama.297.8.842.

Yang, W., Hekimi, S. ‘A Mitochondrial Superoxide Signal Triggers Increased Longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans’, PLOS Biology, vol. 8, no. 12, 2010.

Hwang, S., Guo, H. et al. ‘Cancer risks in a population with prolonged low dose-rate ?-radiation exposure in radio-contaminated buildings, 1983–2002’, International Journal of Radiation Biology, vol. 82, no. 12, 2006, pp. 849–858.

Sponsler, R., Cameron, J. ‘Nuclear shipyard worker study (1980-1988): a large cohort exposed to low-dose-rate gamma radiation’, International Journal of Low Radiation, vol. 1, no. 4, 2005, pp. 463–478.

David, E., Wolfson, M., Fraifeld, V. ‘Background radiation impacts human longevity and cancer mortality: Reconsidering the linear no-threshold paradigm’, Biogerontology, vol. 22, no. 2, 2021, pp. 189–195.

Berrington, A., Darby, S., Weiss, H., Doll, R. ‘100 years of observation on British radiologists: Mortality from cancer and other causes 1897–1997’, British Journal of Radiology, vol. 74, no. 882, 2001, pp. 507–519.

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Montgomery, M., Hulbert, A., Buttemer, W. ‘Does the oxidative stress theory of aging explain longevity differences in birds? I. Mitochondrial ROS production’, Experimental Gerontology, vol. 47, no. 3, 2012, pp. 203–210.

Lewis, K., Andziak, B., Yang, T., Buffenstein, R. ‘The naked mole-rat response to oxidative stress: Just deal with it’, Antioxidants and Redox Signaling, vol. 19, no. 12, 2013, pp. 1388–1399.

Burtscher, M. ‘Lower mortality rates in those living at moderate altitude’, Aging, vol. 8, no. 100, 2016, pp. 2603–2604.

Faeh, D., Gutzwiller, F., Bopp, M. ‘Lower mortality from coronary heart disease and stroke at higher altitudes in Switzerland’, Circulation, vol. 120, no. 6, 2009, pp. 495–501.

Baibas, N., Trichopoulou, A., Voridis, E., Trichopoulos, D. ‘Residence in mountainous compared with lowland areas in relation to total and coronary mortality. A study in rural Greece’, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, vol. 59, no. 4, 2005, pp. 274–278.

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Darcy, J., Tseng, Y. ‘ComBATing aging – does increased brown adipose tissue activity confer longevity?’, GeroScience, vol. 41, no. 3, 2019, pp. 285–296.

Schmeisser, S., Schmeisser, K. et al. ‘Mitochondrial hormesis links low-dose arsenite exposure to lifespan extension’, Aging Cell, vol. 12, no. 3, 2013, pp. 508–517.

Oelrichs, P., MacLeod, J., Seawright, A., Ng, J. ‘Isolation and characterisation of urushiol components from the Australian native cashew (Semecarpus australiensis)’, Natural Toxins, vol. 5, no. 3, 1998, pp. 96–98.

Jonak, C., Klosner, G., Trautinger, F. ‘Significance of heat shock proteins in the skin upon UV exposure’, Frontiers in Bioscience, vol. 14 no. 12, 2009, pp. 4758–4768.

Chapter 6: Does Size Matter?

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Guevara-Aguirre, J. et al. ‘Growth hormone receptor deficiency is associated with a major reduction in pro-aging signaling, cancer, and diabetes in humans’, Science Translational Medicine, vol. 3,
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Bartke, A,, Brown-Borg, H. ‘Life Extension in the Dwarf Mouse’, Current Topics in Developmental Biology, vol. 63, 2004, pp. 189–225.

Salaris, L., Poulain, M., Samaras, T. ‘Height and survival at older ages among men born in an inland village in Sardinia (Italy), 1866-2006’, Biodemography and Social Biology, vol. 58, no. 1, 2012, pp. 1–13.

Samaras, T., Elrick, H., Storms, L. ‘Is height related to longevity?’, Life Sciences, vol. 72, no. 16, 2003, pp. 1781–1802.

Kurosu, H. et al. ‘Physiology: Suppression of aging in mice by the hormone Klotho’, Science, vol. 309, no. 5742, 2005,
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Vitale, G. et al. ‘Low circulating IGF-I bioactivity is associated with human longevity: Findings in centenarians’ offspring’, Aging,
vol. 4, no. 9, 2012, pp. 580–589.

Zarse, K. et al. ‘Impaired insulin/IGF1 signaling extends life span by promoting mitochondrial L-proline catabolism to induce a transient ROS signal’, Cell Metabolism, vol. 15, no. 4, 2012,
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Zoledziewska, M. et al. ‘Height-reducing variants and selection for short stature in Sardinia’, Nature Genetics, vol. 47, no. 11, 2015,
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Chapter 7: The Secrets of Easter Island

Halford, B. ‘Rapamycin’s secrets unearthed’, C&EN Global Enterprise, vol. 94, no. 29, 2016, pp. 26–30.

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Sharp, Z., Bartke, A. ‘Evidence for Down-Regulation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR)-Dependent Translation Regulatory Signaling Pathways in Ames Dwarf Mice’, The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol. 60, no. 3, 2005, pp. 293–300.

Bitto, A. et al. ‘Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice’, Elife, vol. 5, 2016.

Zhang, Y. et al. ‘Rapamycin Extends Life and Health in C57BL/6 Mice’, The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol. 69A, no. 2, 2014.

Mannick, J. et al. ‘TORC1 inhibition enhances immune function and reduces infections in the elderly’, Science Translational Medicine, vol. 10, no. 449, 2018, p. 1564.

Arriola Apelo, S., Lamming, D. ‘Rapamycin: An InhibiTOR of aging emerges from the soil of Easter Island’, The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol. 71, no. 7, 2016, pp. 841–849.

Leidal, A., Levine, B., Debnath, J. ‘Autophagy and the cell biology of age-related disease’, Nature Cell Biology, vol. 20, 2018, pp. 1338–1348.

Dai, D. et al. ‘Altered proteome turnover and remodeling by short-term caloric restriction or rapamycin rejuvenate the aging heart’, Aging Cell, vol. 13, no. 3, 2014, pp. 529–539.

Bitto, A. et al. ‘Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice’, eLife, vol. 5, 2016.

Chapter 8: The One to Unite Them All

Mujahid N. et al. ‘A UV-Independent Topical Small-Molecule Approach for Melanin Production in Human Skin’, CellReports, vol. 19, 2017, pp. 2177–2184.

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Kumsta, C., Chang, J., Schmalz, J., Hansen, M. ‘Hormetic heat stress and HSF-1 induce autophagy to improve survival and proteostasis in C. Elegans’, Nature Communications, vol. 8, no. 1, 2017, pp. 1–12.

Rodriguez, K. et al. ‘Walking the Oxidative Stress Tightrope: A Perspective from the Naked Mole-Rat, the Longest-Living Rodent’, Current Pharmaceutical Design, vol. 17, no. 22, 2011, pp. 2290–2307.

Kacprzyk, J., Locatelli, A. et al. ‘Evolution of mammalian longevity: age-related increase in autophagy in bats compared to other mammals’, Aging, vol. 13, no. 6, 2021, pp. 7998–8025.

Pugin, B. et al. ‘A wide diversity of bacteria from the human gut produces and degrades biogenic amines’, Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease, vol. 28, no. 1, 2017.

Eisenberg, T. et al. ‘Cardioprotection and lifespan extension by the natural polyamine spermidine’, Nature Medicine, vol. 22, no. 12, 2016, pp. 1428–1438.

Kiechl, S. et al. ‘Higher spermidine intake is linked to lower mortality: A prospective population-based study’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 108, no. 2, 2018, pp. 371–380.

Nishimura, K., Shiina, R., Kashiwagi, K., Igarashi, K. ‘Decrease in Polyamines with Aging and Their Ingestion from Food and Drink’, The Journal of Biochemistry, vol. 139, no. 1, 2006, pp. 81–90.

Chapter 9: Infamous High School Biology

Crane, J., Devries, M., Safdar, A., Hamadeh, M., Tarnopolsky, M. ‘The effect of aging on human skeletal muscle mitochondrial and intramyocellular lipid ultrastructure’, Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol. 65, no. 2, 2010, pp. 119–128.

Conley, K., Jubrias, S., Esselman, P. ‘Oxidative capacity and ageing in human muscle’, Journal of Physiology, vol. 526, no. 1, 2000, pp. 203–210.

Picca, A. et al. ‘Update on mitochondria and muscle aging: All wrong roads lead to sarcopenia’, Biological Chemistry, vol. 399, no. 5, 2018, pp. 421–436.

Sun, N. et al. ‘Measuring In Vivo Mitophagy,’ Molecular Cell, vol. 60, no. 4, 2015, pp. 685–696.

Oliveira, A., Hood, D. ‘Exercise is mitochondrial medicine for muscle’, Sports Medicine and Health Science, vol. 1, no. 1, 2019, pp. 11–18.

Van Remmen, H. et al. ‘Life-long reduction in MnSOD activity results in increased DNA damage and higher incidence of cancer but does not accelerate aging’, Physiological Genomics, vol. 16, no. 1, 2004, pp. 29–37.

Zhang, Y. et al. ‘Mice deficient in both Mn superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase-1 have increased oxidative damage and a greater incidence of pathology but no reduction in longevity,’ Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol. 64, no. 12, 2009, pp. 1212–1220.

Andreux, P.A. et al. ‘The mitophagy activator urolithin A is safe and induces a molecular signature of improved mitochondrial and cellular health in humans’, Nature Metabolism, vol. 1, no. 6, 2019, pp. 595–603.

Chapter 10: Adventures in Immortality

M. Funk, ‘Liz Parrish Wants to Live Forever’, outsideonline.com, 18 July 2018.

Okuda, K., Bardeguez, A. et al. ‘Telomere Length in the Newborn’, Pediatric Research, vol. 52. no. 3, 2002, pp. 377–381.

Armanios, M., Blackburn, E. ‘The telomere syndromes’, Nature Reviews Genetics, vol. 13, no. 10, 2012, pp. 693–704.

Arai, Y. et al. ‘Inflammation, But Not Telomere Length, Predicts Successful Ageing at Extreme Old Age: A Longitudinal Study of Semi-supercentenarians’, eBio Medicine, vol. 2, no. 10, 2015, pp. 1549–1558.

Hayflick, L., Moorhead, P. ‘The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains’, Experimental Cell Research, vol. 25, no. 3, 1961,
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Cawthon, R., Smith, K., O’Brien, E., Sivatchenko, A., Kerber, R. ‘Association between telomere length in blood and mortality in people aged 60 years or older’, Lancet, vol. 361, no. 9355, 2003, pp. 393–395.

Shay, J., Bacchetti, S. ‘A survey of telomerase activity in human cancer’, European Journal of Cancer Part A, vol. 33, no. 5, 1997, pp. 787–791.

Rode, L., Nordestgaard, B., Bojesen, S. ‘Long telomeres and cancer risk among 95,568 individuals from the general population’, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 45, no. 5, 2016.

Pellatt, A. et al. ‘Telomere length, telomere-related genes, and breast cancer risk: The breast cancer health disparities study’, Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer, vol. 52, no. 7, 2013.

Nan, H., Du, M. et al. ‘Shorter telomeres associate with a reduced risk of melanoma development’, Cancer Research, vol. 71, no. 21, pp. 6758–6763.

Kuo, C., Pilling, L., Kuchel, G., Ferrucci, L., Melzer, D. ‘Telomere length and aging-related outcomes in humans: A Mendelian randomization study in 261,000 older participants’, Aging Cell, vol. 18, no. 6, 2019.

Garrett-Bakelman, F. et al. ‘The NASA twins study: A multidimensional analysis of a year-long human spaceflight’, Science, vol. 364, no. 6436, 2019.

Chapter 11: Zombie Cells and How to Get Rid of Them

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Takahashi, K., Yamanaka, S. ‘Induction of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Embryonic and Adult Fibroblast Cultures by Defined Factors’, Cell, vol. 126, no. 4, 2006, pp. 663–676.

Ocampo, A. et al. ‘In Vivo Amelioration of Age-Associated Hallmarks by Partial Reprogramming’, Cell, vol. 167, no. 7, 2016, pp. 1719–1733.

Shen, J., Tsai, Y., Dimarco, N., Long, M., Sun, X., Tang, L. ‘Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells from young donors delays aging in mice’, Scientific Reports vol. 1, no. 67, 2011.

Charles-de-Sá, L. et al. ‘Photoaged Skin Therapy with Adipose-Derived Stem Cells’, Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, vol. 145, no. 6, 2020, pp. 1037e–1049e.

Xu, M. et al. ‘Transplanted Senescent Cells Induce an Osteoarthritis-
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Baker, D. et al. ‘Naturally occurring p16 Ink4a-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan’, Nature, vol. 530, no. 7589, 2016, pp. 184–189.

Xu, M., Pirtskhalava, T., Farr, J.N. ‘Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age’, Nature Medicine, vol. 24, 2018, pp. 1246–1256.

Coppé, J., Patil, C. et al. ‘Senescence-associated secretory phenotypes reveal cell-nonautonomous functions of oncogenic RAS and the p53 tumor suppressor’, PLOS Biology, vol. 6, no. 12, 2008.

Muñoz-Espín, D. et al. ‘Programmed cell senescence during mammalian embryonic development’, Cell, vol. 155, no. 5, 2013, p. 1104.

Demaria, M. et al. ‘An essential role for senescent cells in optimal wound healing through secretion of PDGF-AA’, Developmental Cell, vol. 31, no. 6, 2014, pp. 722–733.

Cole, L., Kramer, P. Apoptosis, Growth, and Aging, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 63–66.

Spindler, S., Mote, P., Flegal, J., Teter, B. ‘Influence on Longevity of Blueberry, Cinnamon, Green and Black Tea, Pomegranate, Sesame, Curcumin, Morin, Pycnogenol, Quercetin, and Taxifolin Fed Iso-Calorically to Long-Lived, F1 Hybrid Mice’, Rejuvenation Research, vol. 16, no. 2, 2013, pp. 143–151.

Yousefzadeh, M. et al. ‘Fisetin is a senotherapeutic that extends health and lifespan’, eBio Medicine, vol. 36, 2018, pp. 18–28.

Xu, Q. et al. ‘The flavonoid procyanidin C1 has senotherapeutic activity and increases lifespan in mice’, Nature Metabolism, vol. 3, 2021, pp. 1706–1726.

Latorre, E., Torregrossa, R., Wood, M., Whiteman, M., Harries, L. ‘Mitochondria-targeted hydrogen sulfide attenuates endothelial senescence by selective induction of splicing factors HNRNPD and SRSF2’, Aging, vol. 10, no. 7, 2018, pp. 1666–1681.

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Wu, W., Li, R., Li, X., He, J., Jiang, S., Liu, S., Yang, J. ‘Quercetin as an antiviral agent inhibits influenza a virus (IAV) Entry’, Viruses, vol. 8, no. 1, 2015.

Chapter 12: Winding the Biological Clock

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Marioni, R. et al. ‘The epigenetic clock is correlated with physical and cognitive fitness in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936’, International Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 44, no. 4, 2015, pp. 1388–1396.

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Lu, A.T. et al. ‘Universal DNA methylation age across mammalian tissues’, bioRxiv, 2021. doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.18.426733

Horvath, S. et al. ‘An epigenetic clock analysis of race/ethnicity, sex, and coronary heart disease’, Genome Biology, vol. 17, no. 1, 2016, p. 171310.

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Chapter 13: Bloody Marvellous

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Villeda, S. et al. ‘The ageing systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function’, Nature, vol. 477, no. 7362, 2011, pp. 90–96.

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Kadoglou, N., Biddulph, J., Rafnsson, S., Trivella, M., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Demakakos, P. ‘The association of ferritin with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in community-dwellers: The English longitudinal study of ageing’, PLOS ONE, vol. 12, no. 6, 2017.

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Bonfils, L. et al. ‘Fasting serum levels of ferritin are associated with impaired pancreatic beta cell function and decreased insulin sensitivity: a population-based study’, Diabetologia, vol. 58, no. 3, 2015, pp. 523–533.

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Mursu, J., Robien, K., Harnack, L., Park, K., Jacobs, D. ‘Dietary supplements and mortality rate in older women: The Iowa Women’s Health Study’, Archives of Internal Medicine, vol. 171, no. 18, 2011, pp. 1625–1633.

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Chapter 14: Microbe Struggles

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Chapter 15: Hiding in Plain Sight

Mina, M., Metcalf, C., De Swart, R., Osterhaus, A., Grenfell, B. ‘Infectious Disease Mortality’, Science, vol. 348, no. 6235, 2015, pp 694–699.

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Chapter 16: Flossing for Longevity

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Itzhaki, R. ‘Corroboration of a Major Role for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer’s Disease’, Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, vol. 10, no. 324, 2018.

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Wozniak, M., Itzhaki, R., Shipley, S., Dobson, C. ‘Herpes simplex virus infection causes cellular β-amyloid accumulation and secretase upregulation’, Neuroscience Letters, vol. 429, no. 2–3, 2007, pp. 95–100.

Wozniak, M., Frost, A., Preston, C., Itzhaki, R. ‘Antivirals reduce the formation of key Alzheimer’s disease molecules in cell cultures acutely infected with herpes simplex virus type 1’, PLOS ONE, vol. 6, no. 10, 2011.

Wozniak, M., Mee, A., Itzhaki, R. ‘Herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA is located within Alzheimer’s disease amyloid plaques’, Journal of Pathology, vol. 217, no. 1, 2009, pp. 131–138.

Dominy, S. et al. ‘Porphyromonas gingivalis in Alzheimer’s disease brains: Evidence for disease causation and treatment with small-molecule inhibitors’, Science Advances, vol. 5, no. 1, 2019.

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Nejman, D. et al. ‘The human tumor microbiome is composed of tumor type-specific intracellular bacteria’, Science, vol. 368, no. 6494, 2020, pp. 973–980.

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Shah, P. ‘Link between infection and atherosclerosis: Who are the culprits: Viruses, bacteria, both, or neither?’, Circulation, vol. 103, 2001, pp. 5–6.

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Warren-Gash, C., Blackburn, R., Whitaker, H., McMenamin, J., Hayward, A. ‘Laboratory-confirmed respiratory infections as triggers for acute myocardial infarction and stroke: A self-controlled case series analysis of national linked datasets from Scotland’, European Respiratory Journal, vol. 51, no. 3, 2018.

Anand, S., Tikoo, S. ‘Viruses as modulators of mitochondrial functions’, Advances in Virology vol. 2013, 2013, 738794.

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Choi, Y., Bowman, J., Jung, J. ‘Autophagy during viral infection – A double-edged sword’, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 16, 2018, pp. 341–354.

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Li, M., MacDonald, M. ‘Polyamines: Small Molecules with a Big Role in Promoting Virus Infection’, Cell Host & Microbe, vol. 20, no. 2, 2016, pp. 123–124.

Altindis, E. et al. ‘Viral insulin-like peptides activate human insulin and IGF-1 receptor signaling: A paradigm shift for host–microbe interactions’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 115, no. 10, 2018, pp. 2461–2466.

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Chang, F.Y., Siuti, P., Laurent, S. et al. ‘Gut-inhabiting Clostridia build human GPCR ligands by conjugating neurotransmitters with diet- and human-derived fatty acids’, Nat Microbiol., 2021, vol. 6, pp. 792–805. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00887-y.

Chapter 17: Immune Rejuvenation

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Chapter 18: Starving for Fun

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McDonald, R. Ramsey, J. ‘Honoring Clive McCay and 75 years of calorie restriction research’, Journal of Nutrition, vol. 140, no. 7, 2010, pp. 1205–1210.

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Walford, R., Mock, D., Verdery, R., MacCallum, T.J. ‘Calorie restriction in Biosphere 2: Alterations in physiologic, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical parameters in humans restricted for a 2-year period’, The Journals of Gerontology, Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol. 57, no. 6, 2002, pp. B211–B224.

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Mattison, J. et al. ‘Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study’, Nature, vol. 489, no. 7415, 2012, pp. 318–321.

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Saxton, R., Sabatini, D. ‘mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease’, Cell, vol. 168, no. 6, 2017, pp. 960–976.

Chapter 19: An Old Custom in New Clothes

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Mitchell, S. et al. ‘Daily Fasting Improves Health and Survival in Male Mice Independent of Diet Composition and Calories’, Cell Metabolism, vol. 29, no. 1, 2019, pp. 221–228.

Woodie, L., Luo, Y., et al. ‘Restricted feeding for 9 h in the active period partially abrogates the detrimental metabolic effects of a Western diet with liquid sugar consumption in mice’, Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, vol. 82, 2018, pp. 1–13.

Carlson, A., Hoelzel, F. ‘Apparent prolongation of the life span of rats by intermittent fasting’, The Journal of Nutrition, vol. 31, no. 3, 1946, pp. 363–375.

Wei, M. et al. ‘Fasting-mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease’, Science Translational Medicine, vol. 9, no. 377, 2017.

Stewart, W., Fleming, L. ‘Features of a successful therapeutic fast of 382 days’ duration’, Postgraduate Medical Journal, vol. 49, no. 569, 1973, pp. 203–209.

Heilbronn, L., Smith, S., Martin, C., Anton, S., Ravussin, E. ‘Alternate-day fasting in non-obese subjects: effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism’, The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 81, no. 1, 2005, pp. 69–73.

Tinsley, G., Forsse, J. et al. ‘Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial’, European Journal of Sport Science, vol. 17, no. 2, 2017, pp. 200–207.

Fillmore, K., Stockwell, T., Chikritzhs, T., Bostrom, A., Kerr, W. ‘Moderate Alcohol Use and Reduced Mortality Risk: Systematic Error in Prospective Studies and New Hypotheses’, Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 17, no. 5, 2007, pp. S16–S23.

Burton, R., Sheron, N. ‘No level of alcohol consumption improves health’, Lancet, vol. 392, no. 10152, 2018, pp. 987–988.

Kim, Y., Je, Y., Giovannucci, E. ‘Coffee consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a meta-analysis by potential modifiers’, European Journal of Epidemiology, vol. 34, 2019, pp. 731–752.

Freedman, N., Park, Y., Abnet, C., Hollenbeck, A., Sinha, R. ‘Association of Coffee Drinking with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 366, 2012,
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Chapter 20: Cargo Cult Nutrition

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Hummer, R.A., Hernandez, E.M. ‘The Effect of Educational Attainment on Adult Mortality in the United States’, Popul Bull, vol. 68, no. 1, 2013, pp. 1–16.

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Zhao, L.G., Sun, J.W., Yang, Y. et al. ‘Fish consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies’, Eur J Clin Nutr., vol. 70, 2016, pp. 155–161.

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McBurney, M.I., Tintle, N., Ramachandran, S.V., Sala-Vila, A., Harris, W.S. ‘Using an erythrocyte fatty acid fingerprint to predict risk of all-cause mortality: the Framingham Offspring Cohort’, The ­American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 114, no. 4, 2021, pp.1447–1454.

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Zhang, Y., Fang, F., Tang, J., Jia, L., Feng, Y., Xu, P. et al. ‘Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis’, BMJ, vol. 366, 2019,
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Chapter 21: Food for Thought

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Chapter 22: Medieval Monks to Modern Science

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Walton, R. et al. ‘Metformin blunts muscle hypertrophy in response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial: The MASTERS trial’, Aging Cell, vol. 18, no. 6, 2019.

Chapter 23: What Gets Measured Gets Managed

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Benigni, A. et al. ‘Disruption of the Ang II type 1 receptor promotes longevity in mice’, Journal of Clinical Investigation, vol. 119, no. 3, 2009, p. 52.

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Chapter 24: Mind Over Matter

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