CHAPTER 10: SAVE OUR SOULS

1. If you know your location is completely safe, the earthquake ride can be pleasurable, as on April 18, 1906, for Grove Karl Gilbert, who was “awakened in Berkeley . . . by a tumult of motions and noises, it was with unalloyed pleasure that I became aware that a vigorous earthquake was in progress.” See Grove Karl Gilbert, “The Investigation of the California Earthquake,” in Jordan et al., The California Earthquake, 215–261.

2. “How to Protect Yourself During an Earthquake . . . Drop, Cover, and Hold On!” Earthquake Country Alliance, http://www.earthquakecountry.org/dropcoverholdon/.

3. Joshua Hammer, Yokohama Burning: The Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire That Helped Forge the Path to World War II (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2006).

4. Following the Spitak, Armenia, earthquake of 1988, those who ran outside after the first shock suffered only one-quarter of the level of injuries of those who stayed inside. Haroutune K. Armenian, et al., “Deaths and Injuries Due to the Earthquake in Armenia: A Cohort Approach,” International Journal of Epidemiology 26, no. 4 (1997): 806–813.

5. Otto W. Nuttli, Gilbert A. Bollinger, and Robert B. Herrmann, “The 1886 Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake: A 1986 Perspective” (Reston, VA: US Geological Survey, 1986), http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1986/0985/report.pdf.

6. “Phenomena of the Great Earthquake of 1783 in Calabria and Sicily: From the Journal of a Traveller,” Blackwood’s 26, no. 160 (1829): 879–894.

7. J. Whittaker, B. McLennan, and J. Handmer, “A Review of Informal Volunteerism in Emergencies and Disasters: Definition, Opportunities, and Challenges,” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 13 (September 2015): 358–368.

8. M. O’Leary, The First 72 Hours: A Community Approach to Disaster Preparedness (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse Publishing, 2004); Rebecca Solnit, A Paradise Built in Hell: The Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disasters (New York: Penguin, 2010).

9. Michel Lechat, “Corporal Damage as Related to Building Structure and Design, the Seed for an International Survey,” presented at the International Workshop for Earthquake Epidemiology for Mitigation and Response, Baltimore (July 10–12, 1989).

10. Eric K. Noji, ed., The Public Health Consequences of Disasters (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 162.

11. Mark Twain, Roughing It (Hartford, CT: American Publishing Co., 1872), ch. 58.

12. Wang Zixing, Cui Xifu, and Liu Kerenm, “Earthquake Relief and Reconstruction of Tangshan: Disaster Relief After the Tangshan Earthquake,” in The Great Tangshan Earthquake of 1976, vol. 3 (Pasadena: California Institute of Technology, Earthquake Engineering Laboratory, 2002), 747–837, http://authors.library.caltech.edu/26539/1/TangshanEQRept.htm.

13. A. G. Macintyre, J. A. Barbera, and E. R. Smith, “Surviving Collapsed Structure Entrapment After Earthquakes: A ‘Time-to-Rescue’ Analysis,” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 21, no. 1 (2006): 4–19.

14. Z. Sheng, “Medical Support in the Tangshan Earthquake: A Review of the Management of Mass Casualties and Certain Major Injuries,” Journal of Trauma 27 (1987): 1130–1137.

15. The same signs were termed “muscle crush syndrome” by doctors trying to save those trapped beneath collapsed buildings in the 1940 London Blitz. See E. G. L. Bywaters, “Crushing Injury,” British Medical Journal (November 28, 1942): 643–646.

16. I. Ashkenazi, B. Isakovich, Y. Kluger, R. Alfici, B. Kessel, and O. S. Better, “Prehospital Management of Earthquake Casualties Buried Under Rubble,” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 20, no. 2 (2005): 122–133.

17. Marizen Ramirez and Corinne Peek-Asa, “Epidemiology of Traumatic Injuries from Earthquakes,” Epidemiologic Reviews 27, no. 1 (July 2005): 47–55; E. Noji, G. Kelen, H. Armenian, et al., “The 1988 Earthquake in Soviet Armenia: A Case Study,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 19, no. 8 (1990): 891–897; S. Pocan, S. Ozkan, M. H. Us, et al., “Crush Syndrome and Acute Renal Failure in the Marmara Earthquake,” Military Medicine 167, no. 6 (2002): 516–518.

18. Keith Porter, Lucile Jones, Dale Cox, James Goltz, Ken Hudnut, et al., “The ShakeOut Scenario: A Hypothetical Mw7.8 Earthquake on the Southern San Andreas Fault,” Paper 189, CREATE Homeland Security Center Research Archive 5-2011.

19. In the Great Fire of Moscow of 1571, wind blew fire into the city, and the palace and suburbs all burned down within six hours, with casualties estimated at more than 10,000.

20. Stuart McCook, “God and Nation in Revolutionary Venezuela: The Holy Thursday Earthquake of 1812,” in Buchenau and Johnson, Aftershocks, 43–69.

21. Quinn Dauer, “Natural Disasters and Comparative State Formation and Nation-Building: Earthquakes in Argentina and Chile (1822–1939),” Paper 764, PhD diss., Florida International University, 2012, http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/764; C. Murray, Esq., “Notice of the Occurrence of an Earthquake on the 20th of March, 1861, in Mendoza, Argentine Confederation, South America,” New York Times, May 4, 1861; “Great and Destructive Earthquake at Mendoza, Dreadful Loss of Life and Property, from Our Own Correspondent in Valparaiso,” New York Times, May 6, 1861; “The Great Earthquake and Subsequent Conflagration at Mendoza,” New York Times, July 29, 1861.

22. Stephen Pinker, The Better Angels of Our Nature: The Decline of Violence in History and Its Causes (New York: Penguin, 2011).

23. Ramirez and Peek-Asa, “Epidemiology of Traumatic Injuries from Earthquakes”; Ashkenazi et al., “Prehospital Management of Earthquake Casualties.”

24. The Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation funds rescue teams and trains other countries, such as Jordan.

25. MacIntyre, et al., “Surviving Collapsed Structure Entrapment.”

26. Larry Collins, Technical Rescue Operations, vol. 2, Common Emergencies (Tulsa, OK: Penwell Communications, 2005).

27. E. K. Noji, “The Epidemiology of Earthquakes: Implications for Vulnerability Reduction, Mitigation, and Relief,” presented in part 1 of the World Health Organization (WHO) symposium “Earthquakes and People’s Health,” Kobe, Japan (January 27–30, 1997).

28. M. Roces, E. White, M. Dayrit, et al., “Risk Factors for Injuries Due to the 1990 Earthquake in Luzon, Philippines,” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 70, no. 4 (1992): 509–514. Many of the 250 students and teachers trapped in the six-story Christian College in the Philippine town of Baguio in 1990 died from the heat.

29. Déodat de Dolomieu, Mémoire sur les tremblemens de terre de la Calabre Pendant l’année 1783 (Rome: Fulgoni, 1784).

30. “Jamaica’s Governor Orders American Admiral to Withdraw Forces from Kingston; Angry Commander Sails in a Hurry; Governor Swettenham Rejects American Aid to Guard Kingston,” The Daily Telegraph, St. John, New Brunswick, January 21, 1907.

31. Stephanie Williams, “A Socialist in the West Indies,” in Running the Show: Governors of the British Empire 1857–1912 (London: Viking Press, 2011).

32. In recognition of the sailors’ sacrifice, St. Petersburg and Messina became officially twinned the following year.

33. R. C. Kent, Anatomy of Disaster Relief: The International Network in Action (London: Pinter, 1987).

34. Sherry Johnson, Climate and Catastrophe in Cuba and the Atlantic World in the Age of Revolution (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011).

35. Philip Taubman, “Soviet Relief Plane Crashes, Killing 78,” New York Times, December 12, 1988.

36. Panagiotis Karkatsoulis, “Rationalism and Irrationalism in Disaster Management: The Example of Greek-Turkish Cooperation in the Aftermath of the 17.8.99 Earthquake,” Sixty-Second Annual America Society for Public Administration National Conference, Newark, NJ (March 10–13, 2001), http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/aspa/unpan000524.pdf.

37. Stephen Kinzer, “Earthquakes Help Warm Greek-Turkish Relations,” New York Times, September 13, 1999.

38. C. de Ville de Goyet, “Stop Propagating Disaster Myths” (editorial), Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 14, no. 4 (1999): 213–214.

39. “US Disappointed Cuba Rejects Drought Aid,” Reuters, October 1, 1998, http://reliefweb.int/report/cuba/us-disappointed-cuba-rejects-drought-aid.

40. “Mary Murray, “Katrina Aid from Cuba? No Thanks, Says US,” NBC News, September 14, 2005, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9311876/ns/us_news-katrina_the_long_road_back/t/katrina-aid-cuba-no-thanks-says-us/#.VnMwXfmLTIU.

41. Michael Winter, “Report: Israeli Killed in NZ Quake Was Suspected Spy,” USA Today, July 19, 2011; Derek Cheng, “Spy Claims Ridiculous, Say Israelis,” New Zealand Herald, July 23, 2011; Sefi Krupsky, “Report: Israeli Killed in New Zealand Earthquake Was Mossad Agent,” Haaretz, July 19, 2011.

42. Rhoda Margesson and Maureen Tuft-Morales, “Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response,” Congressional Research Series, February 2, 2010, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41023.pdf.

43. Ian Davis and David Alexander, Recovery from Disaster (New York: Routledge, 2015), 75.

44. David Roberts, “A Lesson from Haiti: Are Search and Rescue Teams Worth It?” Philanthropy Action, February 26, 2010, http://philanthropyaction.com/nc/a_lesson_from_haiti_are_search_and_rescue_teams_worth_it/.

45. Zarqa S. Ali, “Media Myths and Realities in Natural Disasters,” European Journal of Business and Social Sciences 2, no. 1 (April 2013): 125–133.

46. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Management of Dead Bodies in Disaster Situations, Disaster Manuals and Guidelines Series 5 (Washington, DC: PAHO, 2004).

47. M. Lopez and N. Leon, “Babies of the Earthquake: Follow-up Study of Their First 15 Months,” Hillside Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 11, no. 2 (1989): 147–168.

48. Edward Cody, “Crises Cloud China’s Olympic Mood as Quake Tests Party’s Mettle,” Washington Post Foreign Service, May 17, 2008; Jill Drew, “Excavators Battle Debris in China Amid Fears of Disease,” Washington Post Foreign Service, May 17, 2008.

49. The UN special envoy to Haiti estimated that $1.6 billion had been given in relief aid and $2 billion toward reconstruction. See Bill Quigley and Amber Ramanauskas, “Haiti: Where Is the Money?—Researcher Version,” January 3, 2012, http://www.haitiaction.net/News/BQ/1_4_12/1_4_12.html.

50. T. Eisensee and D. Strömberg, “News Droughts, News Floods, and US Disaster Relief,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 122, no. 2 (2007): 693–728.

51. Matthew Collin, “How Not to Help Haiti,” Foreign Policy (February 19, 2010), http://foreignpolicy.com/2010/02/19/how-not-to-help-haiti/.

52. “Haiti’s Medical Volunteers: Helping or Harming?” Tiny Spark, October 11, 2012, http://www.tinyspark.org/podcasts/medical-volunteers/.

53. Harley F. Etienne, “Land Rights, Land Tenure, and Urban Recovery: Rebuilding Post-Earthquake Port-au-Prince and Léogâne,” Oxfam America Research Backgrounder Series (2012), 40, http://www.oxfamamerica.org/static/oa4/land-rights-land-tenure-and-urban-recovery.pdf.

54. Linda O’Halloran, founder of the NGO Thinking Development, personal comment on the experience of reconstruction in Port au Prince, Haiti, November 2015.

55. Giovanni Vivenzio, Istoria de’ tremuoti avvenuti nella provincia della Calabria ulteriore e nella città de Messina nell’ anno 1783: e di quanto nella Calabria fu fatto per lo suo risorgimento fino al 1787: preceduta da una teoria, ed istoria generale de’ tremuoti, vol. 1 (Nella Stamperia Regale, 1788).

56. Eric Neumayer and Thomas Plümper, “The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 97, no. 3 (2007): 551–566, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3040/1/Gendered_nature_of_natural_disasters_(LSERO).pdf.

57. Jesse K. Anttila-Hughes, Solomon M. Hsiang, “Destruction, Disinvestment, and Death: Economic and Human Losses Following Environmental Disaster,” http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/cega_events/49/Session_4E_Natural_Disasters.pdf.

58. “Collection of 1923 Japan Earthquake Massacre Testimonies Released,” The Hankyoreh, September 3, 2013, http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/601938.html.

59. “Epidemiological Update: Cholera,” Pan American Health Organization, October 19, 2013, http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=23406&Itemid=.

60. Ilan Noy, “Comparing the Direct Human Impact of Natural Disasters for Two (Surprisingly Similar) Cases: The Christchurch Earthquake and Bangkok Flood in 2011,” Background Paper Prepared for the 2015 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, February 2015, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/gar/2015/en/bgdocs/Noy,%202015.pdf.

61. Kieran Corcoran, “The Landslide That Wiped Out Nearly 3,000 People: Picture Reveals How Hillside Collapsed over Afghan Village,” Daily Mail, May 5, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2620840/Aab-Barik-Image-shows-scale-devastation-wiped-Afghan-village-killing-2–700-leaving-thousands-homeless.html.

62. How many remains a speculation. A British Foreign Office report of May 1909 suggested that there had been 130,000 deaths. There was no body count, and many died of hunger and thirst, beyond their direct injuries.

63. As reported in Il Tempo, January 6, 1909.

64. “Growing Influence—Philanthropy,” Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, http://www.americanforeignrelations.com/O-W/Philanthropy-Growing-influence.html#ixzz1aNFdH9e6.

65. When the body dies, the infectious diseases that lived in the body also die. The odors come from organisms that only live on dead bodies.

66. On February 1, 1909, the newspaper Il Tempo accused the general of demanding that a pastry chef from Palermo or Naples be sent to feed him on his command ship. See Benjamin Reilly, “Earthquakes, Messina Strait, 1908,” in Disaster and Human History: Case Studies in Nature, Society, and Catastrophe (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2009). 85–92.

67. Giovanni Ciraolo Jr., “Chi siamo: La storia di un uomo eccezionale: Giovanni Ciraolo,” http://www.reliefunion.com/?page_id=144.

68. Alex de Waal, Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa (Oxford: James Currey Publishers, 1997), 68.

69. The UIS published Revue pour l’étude des calamités. David D. Caron, Michael J. Kelly, and Anastasia Telesetsky, eds., The International Law of Disaster Relief (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014); John F. Hutchinson, “Disasters and the International Order. II. The International Relief Union,” International History Review 23, no. 2 (June 2001): 253–298, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40108674?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.

70. Peter Macalister-Smith, “The International Relief Union,” Disasters: The International Journal of Disaster Studies and Practice 5 (1981): 147; E. M. Fournier D’Aube, “Summary of UNESCO Activities in the Field of Earthquake Engineering,” Third World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand (January 1965), http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/vol3_V-75.pdf.

71. Frank Press trained as an oceanographer but became a very successful seismologist during the field’s golden age.

72. Also in 1984 there was the first International Conference on Disaster Mitigations and Response, held in Ocho Rios, Jamaica, with fifty-one participants.

73. United Nations General Assembly, “International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction,” December 11, 1987, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/44/a44r236.htm; United Nations General Assembly, “International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction,” December 22, 1989, http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/a42r169.htm.

74. Reducing Disasters’ Toll: The United States Decade for Natural Disasters Reduction (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989), 1–40.

75. Li-Li Xie, “How Do We Evaluate IDNDR?” Paper 2818, Twelfth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, NZ (January 30–February 4, 2000), http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/2818.pdf.

76. Allan Lavell, “Local Level Risk Management: Concepts and Experience in Central America,” paper presented at the Disaster Preparedness and Mitigation Summit, New Delhi (November 21–23, 2002), http://www.desenredando.org/public/articulos/2003/llrmceca/llrmceca_abr-24-2003.pdf.

77. “Disasters are manifestations of unresolved development problems”: #GAR15 launch March 4 #WCDRR. See Suvit Yodmani, “Disaster Risk Reduction and Vulnerability Reduction: Protecting the Poor,” paper presented to the Asia and Pacific Forum on Poverty, Social Protection Workshop 6, “Protecting Communities, Social Funds, and Disaster Management,” Asian Development Bank, Manila (April 5–9, 2001), http://www.pacificdisaster.net/pdnadmin/data/original/DRM_Vulnerability_Reduction.pdf; UNDP, “Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development,” 2004, http://www.preventionweb.net/files/1096_rdrenglish.pdf.

78. Hyogo was the prefecture where Kobe was situated and where in 2005, exactly ten years after the Kobe earthquake, a conference was held to launch the new decade. United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters,” 2007, http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/publications/1037.

79. Between 2005 and 2014, over 700,000 people lost their lives, over 1.4 million were injured, and approximately 23 million were made homeless as a result of disasters. The total economic loss was more than $1.3 trillion. In addition, between 2008 and 2012, 144 million people were displaced by disasters. “Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030,” adopted at the Third UN World Conference, Sendai, Japan, March 18, 2015, http://www.unisdr.org/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf.

80. GDP per capita in California ($46,000) is 350 percent higher than in Iran ($13,000) and thirty-five times that in Haiti ($1,300).

81. Based on schools being in session for 44 out of 52 weeks per year, and for 33 out of 164 hours per week.

82. “CTV Building ‘Collapsed in Seconds,’” 3 News, June 25, 2012, http://www.newshub.co.nz/nznews/ctv-building-collapsed-in-seconds-2012062505#axzz3ugCVnDgX; “Christchurch Earthquake CTV Building Inquiry: Inquiry into the Deaths of Dr. Tamara Cvetanova and Others,” Coronial Services of New Zealand, http://www.justice.govt.nz/courts/coroners-court/christchurch/ctv.

83. Sanjaya Bhatia, “Safe Schools for the Community: A Case and Tool for Disaster-Proof Schools,” in Community Disaster Recovery and Resiliency: Exploring Global Opportunities, edited by DeMond S. Miller and Jason David Rivera (Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, 2011), 41–62.

84. “The Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005: Impacts in Pakistan,” EERI Special Earthquake Report, February 2006, http://www.ndma.gov.pk/new/aboutus/Earthquake2005.pdf.

85. Yong Chen and David C. Booth, The Wenchuan Earthquake of 2008: Anatomy of a Disaster (Beijing: Springer Science Press, 2011).

86. Chiun-lin Wu, Juin-Fu Chai, Chu-Chieh Jay Lin, and Fan-Ru Lin, “Reconnaissance Report of 0512 China Wenchuan Earthquake on Schools, Hospitals, and Residential Buildings,” Fourteenth World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing (October 12–17, 2008), http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/14_S31-004.pdf.

87. NEHRP Consultants, “Cost Analyses and Benefit Studies for Earthquake-Resistant Construction in Memphis, Tennessee,” NIST GCR 14-917-26, prepared for US Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Engineering Laboratory, 2013, http://www.nehrp.gov/pdf/NIST%20GCR%2014-917-26_CostAnalysesandBenefitStudiesforEarthquake-ResistantConstructioninMemphisTennessee.pdf.

88. Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup, “Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes: A Magnitude 9.0 Earthquake Scenario Update,” 2013, http://file.dnr.wa.gov/publications/ger_ic116_csz_scenario_update.pdf.

89. Andrew Coburn and Robin Spence, Earthquake Protection (Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons, 1992), 2–12, 74–80, 277–284.

90. “Pager—Rapid Assessment of an Earthquake’s Impact,” USGS Factsheet 2010-3036, US Geological Survey, http://earthquake.usgs.gov/research/pager/ (last modified September 12, 2014); Max Wyss, “Real-Time Prediction of Earthquake Casualties,” International Conference, University of Karlsruhe, July 26–27, 2004, in Proceedings: Disasters and Society—From Hazard Assessment to Risk Reduction, edited by D. Malzahn and T. Plapp (Logos Publishers, 2004), 165–173, http://wapmerr.org/publication/Loss_prediction_Wyss_Karlsruhe.pdf.

91. “Gov’t Sets Goal to Halve Victims in Possible Major Quake in Tokyo,” Japan Economic Newswire, March 31, 2015.

92. W. Kip Viscusi, “The Value of Life,” Discussion Paper 517, Harvard University, John M. Olin Center for Law, Economics, and Business, June 2005, http://www.law.harvard.edu/programs/olin_center/papers/pdf/Viscusi_517.pdf.

93. Roger Bilham and Vinod Gaur, “Buildings as Weapons of Mass Destruction,” Science 341, no. 6146 (August 9, 2013): 618–619, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6146/618.

CHAPTER 11: THE MASTER OF DISASTER

1. Gregory Smits, “Shaking Up Japan: Edo Society and the 1855 Catfish Picture Prints,” Journal of Social History 39, no. 4 (Summer 2006): 1045–1078.

2. P. Sainath, Everyone Loves a Good Drought: Stories from India’s Poorest Districts (New York: Penguin Books, 1996).

3. Charles E. Fritz, “Disasters and Mental Health: Therapeutic Principles Drawn from Disaster Studies,” Historical and Comparative Disaster Series 10, University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, 1961, http://dspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/1325/ HC%2010.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y; Rebecca Solnit, “The Uses of Disaster: Notes on Bad Weather and Good Government,” Harper’s (October 2005); Solnit, A Paradise Built in Hell.

4. Lauren Barsky, Joseph Trainor, and Manuel Torres, “Disaster Realities in the Aftermath of Hurricane Katrina: Revisiting the Looting Myth,” Miscellaneous Report 53, Natural Hazards Center Quick Response Report 184, University of Delaware Disaster Research Center, February 2006, http://udspace.udel.edu/bitstream/handle/19716/2367/Misc%20Report%2053.pdf?sequence=1; E. L. Quarantelli and Russell Dynes, “Dissensus and Consensus in Community Emergencies,” Il Politico 34 (1969): 276–291; E. L. Quarantelli, “Looting and Antisocial Behavior in Disasters,” Preliminary Paper 205, University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, 1994.

5. Kelly Frailing, “The Myth of a Disaster Myth: Potential Looting Should Be Part of Disaster Plans,” Natural Hazards Observer 31, no. 4 (March 2007): 3–4, https://hazards.colorado.edu/uploads/observer/2007/mar07/mar07.pdf; Krzysztof Kaniasty and Fran H. Norris, “Social Support in the Aftermath of Disasters, Catastrophes, and Acts of Terrorism: Altruistic, Overwhelmed, Uncertain, Antagonistic, and Patriotic Communities,” in Bioterrorism: Psychological and Public Health Interventions, edited by R. J. Ursano, A. E. Norwood, and C. S. Fullerton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 200–229, http://old.impact-kenniscentrum.nl/doc/kennisbank/1000011308-1.pdf; K. Frailing and D. W. Harper, “Crime and Hurricanes in New Orleans,” in The Sociology of Katrina: Perspectives on a Modern Catastrophe, edited by D. L. Brunsma, D. Overfelt, and J. S. Picou (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).

6. William Branigin, “Hurricane Hugo Haunts Virgin Islands,” Washington Post, October 31, 1989.

7. Erik Auf der Heide, “Common Misconceptions About Disasters: Panic, the ‘Disaster Syndrome,’ and Looting,” in The First 72 Hours: A Community Approach to Disaster Preparedness, edited by M. O’Leary (Lincoln, NE: iUniverse Publishing, 2004); E. L. Quarantelli, “The Earliest Interest in Disasters and Crises, and the Early Social Science Study of Disasters, as Seen in a Sociology of Knowledge Perspective,” University of Delaware, Disaster Research Center, 2009.

8. Emanuela Guidoboni and Alberto Comastri, Catalogue of Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Area from the 11th to the 15th Century (Bologna: INGV-SGA, 2005), 280.

9. Georgii Pachymeris, Relationes historicae, vol. 7, translated by Robert Elsie (Bonn, 1835), 456–461, first published in Robert Elsie, Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, 11th–17th Centuries (Wiesbaden, 2003), 12–13, http://www.albanianhistory.net/en/texts1000-1799/AH1267.html.

10. “Looting and Crime,” The Galveston, Texas, 1900 Storm, http://ceprofs.tamu.edu/llowery/personal/songs/hurricane/thestorm/cleanup.htm; Paul Lester, The Great Galveston Disaster, Containing a Full and Thrilling Account of the Most Appalling Calamity of Modern Time (Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Co., 2000), 46.

11. “Of the Damages in the City of London and the Parts Adjacent,” part 1, “Of the Effects of the Storm,” in Daniel Defoe, The Storm (1704), edited and with an introduction by Richard Hamblyn (London: Penguin Classics, 2003), 57.

12. A. H. Olsen and K. A. Porter, “What We Know About Demand Surge: Brief Summary,” Natural Hazards Review 12, no. 2 (2011): 62–71.

13. Jack London, “The Story of an Eyewitness,” Collier’s, May 5, 1906, reprinted at “Jack London and the Great Earthquake and Fire,” Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco, http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist5/jlondon.html.

14. Neil Hanson, The Dreadful Judgment: The True Story of the Great Fire of London (New York: Doubleday, 2001), 156–157.

15. “Memorials: 1362,” in Memorials of London and London Life in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Centuries, edited by H. T. Riley (London: Longmans, Green, 1868), 306–312, reprinted at British History Online, http://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/memorials-london-life/pp306-312.

16. Shawn Cole, Andrew Healy, and Eric Werker, “Do Voters Demand Responsive Governments? Evidence from Indian Disaster Relief,” Journal of Development Economics 97 (2012): 167–181, http://myweb.lmu.edu/ahealy/papers/cole_healy_werker_2012.pdf.

17. John Cassidy, “How Much Did Hurricane Sandy Help Obama?” The New Yorker, November 4, 2012.

18. Geoffrey K. Roberts, “‘Taken at the Flood’? The German General Election 2002,” Government and Opposition 38, no. 1 (January 2003): 53–72; “Looking Back at the 2002 Election” DW Akademie, http://www.dw.de/looking-back-at-the-2002-election/a-1642902.

19. Andrew Healy, Neil Malhotra, “Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy,” American Political Science Review 103, no. 3 (August 2009): 387–406, http://www.ginareinhardt.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Healy-Malhotra-Myopic-Voters-and-Natural-Disaster-Policy.pdf.

20. Jowei Chen, “Voter Partisanship and the Effect of Distributive Spending on Political Participation,” American Journal of Political Science 57, no. 1 (2013): 200–217;

Andrew Healy and Neil Malhotra, “Retrospective Voting Reconsidered,” Annual Review of Political Science 16, no. 1 (2013): 285–306; Jowie Chen, “Are Poor Voters Easier to Buy Off with Money? A Natural Experiment from the 2004 Florida Hurricane Season,” lecture delivered at the American Political Science Association (APSA) meeting, Toronto (2009); Jowei Chen, “When Do Government Benefits Influence Voters’ Behavior? The Effect of FEMA Disaster Awards on US Presidential Votes,” 2009; Michael M. Bechtel and Jens Hainmueller, “How Lasting Is Voter Gratitude? An Analysis of the Short- and Long-Term Electoral Returns to Beneficial Policy,” June 2010, http://politics.as.nyu.edu/docs/IO/16190/bechtel.pdf.

21. In the Zhou Dynasty of the first millennium BC in China, the Taoist viewpoint was developed that Heaven’s disapproval of bad and corrupt rule comes through natural disasters—floods, plagues, and earthquakes. See David N. Keightley, “The Shang: China’s First Historical Dynasty,” in The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC, edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 232–291.

22. Amarta Sen and J. H. Dreze, “Democracy as a Universal Value,” Journal of Democracy 10 (1999): 3–17.

23. Internationally, news of the earthquake was overshadowed by the Montreal Olympics. China had not sent a team: competitive sport was a capitalist distraction.

24. It took a further three days, until August 4, for the Communist publicity machine to reveal news of his visit. See Lauri Paltemaa, “The Great Earthquake of 1976,” in Managing Flood, Famine, and Earthquake in China, 1958–1985, Tianjin (Abingdon: Routledge, 2016), 133–179.

25. “Seismic Memorial Hall,” Peking Hotels, http://ww.pekinghotels.cn/en/travel/Hebei/Seismic_Memorial_Hall_15505.html.

26. “The Tangshan Earthquake Memorial Wall,” Zona Europa: EastSouthWestNorth, June 4, 2006, http://www.zonaeuropa.com/20060728_1.htm.

27. Li Yanjui, “A People’s Architect,” Global Times, December 30, 2010; “Tangshan Earthquake Museum Opens: 34th Anniversary,” CCTV News, July 29, 2010.

28. “Gloucester Fisherman’s Memorial,” Maritime History of Massachusetts, http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/maritime/glo.htm.

29. “Kantō Earthquake Memorial Museum,” Lonely Planet, http://www.lonelyplanet.com/japan/tokyo/sights/museums-galleries/kanto-earthquake-memorial-museum.

30. Mark Joseph Stern, “Did Chernobyl Cause the Soviet Union to Explode? The Nuclear Theory of the Fall of the USSR,” Slate, January 25, 2013.

31. Robert Muir-Wood, “From Global Seismotectonics to Global Seismic Hazard,” Annali di Geofisica 36 (June–July 1993): 153–168; Robert Muir-Wood, “After Armenia,” Terra Nova 1, no. 2 (March 1989): 209–212.

32. “Aceh’s Peace Agreement: Will It Hold?” Strategic Comments 11, no. 7 (2005): 1–2, published online October 22, 2005, doi:10.1080/1356788051174.

33. “From Tragedy Springs Peace: The Aceh Story,” Fetzer Institute, October 2012, http://fetzer.org/work/projects/tragedy-springs-peace-aceh-story.

34. “Cameron Urges Aid Drops for Burma,” BBC News, May 12, 2008, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7396313.stm.

35. “Cyclone Nargis, Myanmar,” ASEAN Emergency Rapid Assessment Team Mission Report, May 9–18, 2008, http://reliefweb.int/report/myanmar/cyclone-nargis-myanmar-asean-emergency-rapid-assessment-team-mission-report-09-18-may; Christopher Roberts, ASEAN’s Myanmar Crisis: Challenges to the Pursuit of a Security Community (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Security Studies, 2010).

36. Roger Mitton, “Nargis Was a Turning Point,” Myanmar Times, February 13, 2012, http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/in-depth/1093-nargis-was-a-turning-point.html?limitstart=0.

37. Robin Pomeroy, “Ahmadinejad Plans Exodus to Avert Iran Quake Disaster,” Reuters, April 22, 2010.

38. Ramin Mostaghim and Meris Lutz, “Iran: As Government Uses Earthquake Fears to Move Residents Out of Tehran, Temblor Injures 19,” Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2010.

39. “Some 100,000 People Relocated from Tehran,” Trend News Agency, June 17, 2012, http://en.trend.az/regions/iran/2037801.html.

40. Stuart B. Schwartz, Sea of Storms (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015), 242–251.

41. “Hurricane Flora,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Flora (last modified February 28, 2016); Hurricanes: Science and Society, “1963—Hurricane Flora,” http://www.hurricanescience.org/history/storms/1960s/flora/.

42. Louis A. Pérez Jr., “In the Shadow of the Winds: Rethinking the Meaning of Hurricanes,” ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America (Winter 2007), http://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/book/shadow-winds-rethinking-meaning-hurricanes.

43. Fiorella Mejia, “US-Cuban Cooperation in Defending Against Hurricanes,” Center for International Policy Conference Report, August 2011, http://www.ciponline.org/images/uploads/publications/0811_Hurricane_Conf_Report.pdf.

44. Pérez, “In the Shadow of the Winds.”

45. Che Guevara, “Socialism and Man in Cuba,” in Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World (Melbourne: Ocean, 2005).

46. “Chris Christie’s Victory Speech, in Text and Word Cloud,” Capitol Quickies, posted by John Schoonejongen, November 6, 2013, http://blogs.app.com/capitolquickies/2013/11/06/chris-christies-victory-speech-in-text-and-word-cloud/; Schwartz, Sea of Storms, 337.

47. Richard Bauer, “‘Ivan’ Breathes New Life into the Cuban Revolution,” GRID Arendal, October 1, 2004, http://www.grida.no/publications/et/ep3/page/2586.aspx.

48. Celia Hart Santamaria, “Cuba vs. Hurricanes: A Revolutionary Fight Against the Demon,” Climate & Capitalism, September 9, 2008, http://climateandcapitalism.com/2008/09/09/cuba-vs-hurricanes-a-revolutionary-fight-against-the-demon/.

49. Martha Thomson and Izaskun Gaviria, Weathering the Storm: Lessons in Risk Reduction from Cuba (Boston: Oxfam America, 2004).

50. B. E. Aguirre and Joseph E. Trainor, “Emergency Management in Cuba: Disasters Experienced, Lessons Learned, and Recommendations for the Future,” in Comparative Emergency Management: Understanding Disaster Policies, Organizations, and Initiatives from Around the World, edited by David A. McEntire, et al. (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, n.d.).

51. Marce Cameron, “After Hurricanes, Cuba Demands Lifting of US Blockade,” Direct Action for Socialism in the 21st Century 5 (October 2008), http://directaction.org.au/issue5/after_hurricanes_cuba_demands_lifting_of_us_blockade.

52. Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery–UNDP, “Reducing Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development,” PreventionWeb, 2004, http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/publications/v.php?id=1096.

53. Trent Hawkins, “Cuba: Rebuilding After the Hurricanes, Sustainably,” Links: International Journal of Socialist Renewal (2008), http://links.org.au/node/840.

54. Bauer, “‘Ivan’ Breathes New Life. . . .”

CHAPTER 12: TURNING UP THE HEAT

1. Christopher Flavin, “Storm Warnings: Climate Change Hits the Insurance Industry,” World Watch 7, no. 6 (November–December 1994), http://www.smartcommunities.ncat.org/articles/world-watch-storm-warnings.shtml.

2. “Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change Symposium,” http://www.stabilisation2005.com/.

3. William Nordhaus originally proposed in the 1970s that 2 degrees Celsius was the maximum rise observed over recent prehistory—and therefore that the earth had been there and returned. S. Randalls, “History of the 2 Degrees C Climate Target,” WIREs Climate Change 1, no. 4 (2010): 598–605, doi:10.1002/wcc.62, http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/111750/.

4. Kerry Emanuel, “Increasing Destructiveness of Tropical Cyclones over the Past 30 Years,” Nature 436 (August 4, 2005): 686–688, doi:10.1038/nature03906; http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v436/n7051/abs/nature03906.html.

5. P. J. Webster, G. J. Holland, J. A. Curry, and H.-R. Chang, “Changes in Tropical Cyclone Number, Duration, and Intensity in a Warming Environment,” Science 309 (September 16, 2005): 1844–1846.

6. William Nordhaus observed a year later: “The Review should be read primarily as a document that is political in nature and has advocacy as its purpose.” William D. Nordhaus, “A Review of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change,” Journal of Economic Literature 45 (September 2007): 686–702.

7. Stern employed a grim compound 2 percent annual real increase in catastrophe costs and a near-zero discount rate in which the estimated projections of losses in the distant future were costed straight back to the present.

8. Gabriel A. Vecchi and Brian J. Soden, “Effect of Remote Sea Surface Temperature Change on Tropical Cyclone Potential Intensity,” Nature 450 (December 13, 2007): 1066–1070, doi:10.1038/nature06423.

9. Roger A. Pielke Jr., Joel Gratz, Christopher W. Landsea, Douglas Collins, Mark A. Saunders, and Rade Musulin, “Normalized Hurricane Damage in the United States: 1900–2005,” Natural Hazards Review (February 2008): 29–42.

10. Francisco Estrada, W. J. Wouter Botzen, and Richard S. J. Tol, “Economic Losses from US Hurricanes Consistent with an Influence from Climate Change,” Nature Geoscience 8 (2015): 880–884, doi:10.1038/ngeo2560.

11. “1780 Atlantic Hurricane Season,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1780_Atlantic_hurricane_season (last modified March 14, 2016).

12. G. R. Demaree and Robert Muir Wood, “De ‘Grote Storm van 1703’ in de Lage Landen-een stormachtige periode in de Spaanse successieoorlog,” Jaarboek voor Ecologische Geschiedenis (2009): 33–54; “Great Storm of 1703,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Storm_of_1703 (last modified January 12, 2016).

13. “St. Mary Magdalene’s Flood,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary_Magdalene%27s_flood (last modified February 13, 2016).

14. “Great Flood of 1862,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_of_1862 (last modified March 4, 2016).

15. “Hurricane Mitch,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Mitch (last modified March 5, 2016).

16. Myles Allen, “Liability for Climate Change,” Nature 421 (2003): 891–892, doi:10.1038/421891a; P. Pall, T. Aina, D. A. Stone, P. A. Stott, T. Nozawa, A. G. J. Hilberts, et al., “Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Contribution to Flood Risk in England and Wales in Autumn 2000,” Nature 470 (February 17, 2011): 382–385, doi:10.1038/ nature09762; A. L. Kay, S. M. Crooks, P. Pall, and D. A. Stone, “Attribution of Autumn/ Winter 2000 Flood Risk in England to Anthropogenic Climate Change: A Catchment-Based Study,” Journal of Hydrology 406 (2011): 97–112.

17. Friederike Otto, Rachel James, and Myles Allen, “The Science of Attributing Extreme Weather Events and Its Potential Contribution to Assessing Loss and Damage Associated with Climate Change Impacts,” University of Oxford, Environmental Change Institute, 2014, https://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/workstreams/loss_and_damage/application/pdf/attributingextremeevents.pdf.

18. “Typhoon Haiyan,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Haiyan (last modified March 13, 2016).

19. “Climate Change ‘Madness’ Must End, Says Philippines UN Rep Yeb Sano After Typhoon Haiyan” (video), Huffington Post UK, November 12, 2013, http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/11/12/climate-change-typhoon_n_4258797.html.

20. Robert Winston, Bad Ideas? An Arresting History of Our Inventions (London: Bantam Books, 2010), 377.

21. E. Mas, J. Bricker, S. Kure, B. Adriano, C. Yi, A. Suppasri, and S. Koshimura, “Field Survey Report and Satellite Image Interpretation of the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines,” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15 (2015): 805–816, doi:10.5194/nhess-15–805–2015, www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/15/805/2015/; Kim Luces, “A History of Storms: 1890s Newspaper Reveals Devastating Leyte Typhoon,” GMA News Online, November 15, 2013, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/335673/scitech/science/a-history-of-storms-1890s-newspaper-reveals-devastating-leyte-typhoon.

22. Izuru Takayabu, Kenshi Hibino, Hidetaka Sasaki, Hideo Shiogama, Nobuhito Mori, Yoko Shibutani, and Tetsuya Takemi, “Climate Change Effects on the Worst-Case Storm Surge: A Case Study of Typhoon Haiyan,” Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 6 (June 11, 2015), doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/6/064011.

23. David Adam, “Climate Change in Court,” Nature Climate Change 1, no. 3 (2011): 127–130; Liz Kalaugher, “Sea Level Rise Flies High,” Nature 421 (2003): 891–892; “Environmental Research Web,” February 17, 2009, http://environmentalresearchweb.org/blog/aaas-meeting/; M. R. Allen, P. Pall, D. A. Stone, P. Stott, D. Frame, S.-K. Min, T. Nozawa, and S. Yukimoto, “Scientific Challenges in the Attribution of Harm to Human Influence on Climate,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 155, no. 6 (2007): 1353–1400.

24. Peter H. Gleick, “Water, Drought, Climate Change, and Conflict in Syria,” Weather, Climate, and Society 6 (2014): 331–340, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/WCAS-D-13–00059.1.

25. Colin P. Kelley, Shahrzad Mohtadi, Mark A. Cane, Richard Seager, and Yochanan Kushnir, “Climate Change in the Fertile Crescent and Implications of the Recent Syrian Drought,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 11 (2015): 3241–3246, doi:10.1073/pnas.142153311, http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/02/23/1421533112.

26. Myles Allen, “The Scientific Basis for Climate Change Liability,” in Climate Change Liability, Transnational Law, and Practice, edited by Richard Lord QC, Silke Goldberg, Lavanya Rajamani, and Jutta Brunnee (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 21, section 2.27.

27. Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz, et al., “Flood Risk and Climate Change: Global and Regional Perspectives,” Hydrological Sciences Journal 59, no. 1 (2014): 1–28.

28. Kevin E. Trenberth, John T. Fasullo, and Theodore G. Shepherd, “Attribution of Climate Extreme Events,” Nature Climate Change 5 (2015): 725–730, doi:10.1038/nclimate2657, http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nclimate2657.html.

29. With the possible exception of erosion as a result of the removal of pack ice. See David Atkinson and Peter Schweitzer, “The Arctic Coastal Margin,” in North by 2020: Perspectives on Alaska’s Changing Social-Ecological Systems, edited by Amy Lauren Lovecraft and Hajo Eicke (Fairbanks: University of Alaska Press, 2011), 217–298.

30. Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, “Tipping Elements in the Earth System,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 49 (2010): 20561–20563, doi:10.1073/pnas.0911106106, http://www.pnas.org/content/106/49/20561.full.

31. “Canicule,” Wikipedia, https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canicule (last modified January 28, 2016).

32. See “Heat Wave,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_wave (last modified February 18, 2016).

33. Christoph Schär, Pier Luigi Vidale, Daniel Lüthi, Christoph Frei, Christian Häberli, Mark A. Liniger, and Christof Appenzeller, “The Role of Increasing Temperature Variability in European Summer Heatwaves,” Nature 427 (January 22, 2004): 332–336, doi:10.1038/nature02300.

34. Annual mortalities published by the French National Institute of Statistics, http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IP1318&page=graph#graphique1; Janet Larsen, “Record Heat Wave in Europe Takes 35,000 Lives: Far Greater Losses May Lie Ahead,” Earth Policy Institute, October 9, 2003, http://www.earth-policy.org/plan_b_updates/2003/update29.

35. The 2000–2002 annual average was 542,000 (ranging from 540,700 to 544,100). It was 518,100 in 2004 and 537,300 in 2005.

36. Jeff Masters, “Heat Mortality,” http://www.wunderground.com/climate/heatmortality.asp; M. M. Huynen, P. Martens, D. Schram, M. P. Weijenberg, and A. E. Kunst, “The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population,” Environmental Health Perspectives 109, no. 5 (May 2001): 463–470, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1240305/; “Cold Weather Kills Far More People Than Hot Weather,” The Lancet (May 20, 2015), http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150520193831.htm.

37. Hannah Hoag, “Russian Summer Tops ‘Universal’ Heatwave Index” Nature (October 29, 2014), http://www.nature.com/news/russian-summer-tops-universal-heatwave-index-1.16250.

38. “2010 Russian Wildfires,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Russian_wildfires (last modified February 29, 2016).

39. Simon Shuster, “Will Russia’s Heat Wave End Its Global Warming Doubts” Time, August 2, 2010.

40. Peter A. Stott, D. A. Stone, and M. R. Allen, “Human Contribution to the European Heatwave of 2003,” Nature 432 (December 2, 2004): 610–614, doi:10.1038/nature03089, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v432/n7017/full/nature03089.html.

41. F. E. L. Otto, N. Massey, G. J. van Oldenborgh, R. G. Jones, and M. R. Allen, “Reconciling Two Approaches to Attribution of the 2010 Russian Heat Wave,” Geophysical Research Letters 39, no. 4 (2012): L04702, doi:10.1029/2011GL050422.

42. Karl K. Leiker, “The July 1936 Midwest Heat Wave: America’s Second Worst Weather Fatality Episode: An Examination by Use of the 20th Century Reanalysis Project,” presented at the Ninety-Third Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society, Austin, TX (January 5–10, 2013), https://ams.confex.com/ams/93Annual/webprogram/Paper221559.html.

43. Camilo Mora et al., “The Projected Timing of Climate Departure from Recent Variability,” Nature 502 (October 10, 2013): 183–187, doi:10.1038/ nature12540; Meghan Mussoline, “Extreme Heat Wave Comes to End for Midwest, Mid-Atlantic,” AccuWeather.com, July 10, 2012; http://www.accuweather.com/en/weather-news/more-than-3000-temperature-rec/67593.

44. “Angry Summer,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Summer (last modified March 12, 2016).

45. “Black Sunday Bushfires,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Saturday_bushfires (last modified March 10, 2016).

46. Victorian Bushfires 2009 Research Task Force, “Victorian 2009 Bushfire Research Response: Final Report,” October 2009, http://www.bushfirecrc.com/sites/default/files/managed/resource/bushfire-crc-victorian-fires-research-taskforce-final-report.pdf.

47. “The East Bay Hills Fire: Oakland-Berkeley, California,” USFA-TR-060 (Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency, US Fire Administration, October 1991), http://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-060.pdf.

48. City of Berkeley, City of Berkeley: 2014 Local Hazard Mitigation Plan, June 1, 2014,http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/uploadedFiles/Fire/Level_3_-_General/2014%20LHMP.pdf.

49. “2011 Slave Lake Wildfire,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Slave_Lake_wildfire (last modified January 20, 2016).

50. Alasdair Wilkins, “October 8, 1871: The Night American Burned,” io9, March 29, 2012, http://io9.com/5897629/october-8–1871-the-night-america-burned.

51. Maxmillan Martin, Yi hyun Kang, Motasim Billah, Tasneem Siddiqui, Richard Black, and Dominic Kniveton, “Policy Analysis: Climate Change and Migration Bangladesh,” Working Paper 4, Refugee and Migratory Movements Research Unit (RMMRU) at the University of Dhaka, and Sussex Centre for Migration Research (SCMR) at the University of Sussex, 2013, http://migratingoutofpoverty.dfid.gov.uk/files/file.php?name=wp4-ccrm-b-policy.pdf&site=354.

52. M. Zaman, “The Social and Political Context of Adjustment to Riverbank Erosion Hazard and Population Resettlement in Bangladesh,” Human Organization 48, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 196–205. http://sfaa.metapress.com/content/v55465j651259835/fulltext.pdf?page=1.

53. Swiss Re, “Swiss Re SONAR: New Emerging Risk Insights for 2015,” http://www.swissre.com/rethinking/emerging_risks/Swiss_Re_SONAR_new_emerging_risk_insights_for_2015.html.

54. Muh Aris Marfie, Lorenz King, Junun Sartohadi, Sudrajat Sudrajat, Sri Rahaya Budiani, and Fajar Yulianto, “The Impact of Tidal Flooding on a Coastal Community in Semarang, Indonesia,” The Environmentalist 28, no. 3 (2008): 237–248, doi:10.1007/s10669-007-9134-4.

55. Denise Macock, “Grand Bahama Hit Hard by Storm,” Tribune 242, October 29, 2012, http://www.tribune242.com/news/2012/oct/29/grand-bahama-hit-hard-storm/.

56. “Counting the Cost of Calamities,” The Economist, January 14, 2012.

57. City of Seattle, Office of Emergency Management, SHIVA: The Seattle Hazard Identification and Vulnerability Analysis, April 15, 2014, http://www.seattle.gov/emergency.

58. A. A. Adalja, M. Watson, N. Bouri, K. Minton, R. C. Morhard, and E. S. Toner, “Absorbing Citywide Patient Surge During Hurricane Sandy: A Case Study in Accommodating Multiple Hospital Evacuations,” Annals of Emergency Medicine 64, no. 1 (July 2014): 66–73, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.12.010.

59. T. H. Dixon, F. Amelung, A. Ferretti, F. Novali, F. Rocca, R. Dokka, G. Sellall, S.-W. Kim, S. Wdowinski, and D. Whitman, “Subsidence and Flooding in New Orleans,” Nature 441 (2006): 587–588; C. Burdeau, “Geologic Faults Cause Structures in New Orleans to Sink, Study Says,” Washington Post, April 3, 2006.

60. Adam Wernick, “Living on Earth: Louisiana’s Coastline Is Disappearing at the Rate of a Football Field an Hour,” PRI, September 23, 2014, http://www.pri.org/stories/2014-09-23/louisianas-coastline-disappearing-rate-football-field-hour.

61. Lafcadio Hearn, Chita: A Memory of Last Island (1889).

62. Larry O’Hanlon, “New Orleans Sits Atop Giant Landslide,” Discovery News, March 31, 2006; Sherwood M. Gagliano, E. Burton Kemp III, Karen M. Wicker, and Kathleen S. Wiltenmuth, “Active Geological Faults and Land Change in Southeastern Louisiana: Executive Summary,” prepared for US Army Corps of Engineers, New Orleans District, August 14, 2003, http://www.coastalenv.com/Executive_Summary_Active_Geological_Faults.pdf.

63. Gagliano et al., “Active Geological Faults.”

64. Craig E. Colten chronicles the city’s floods in An Unnatural Metropolis: Wresting New Orleans from Nature (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005).

65. Timothy M. Kusky, “Time to Move to Higher Ground” (op-ed), Boston Globe, September 25, 2005; Timothy Kusky, featured on “New Orleans Is Sinking,” CBS, 60 Minutes, November 20, 2005.

66. Jeff Goodell, “Goodbye, Miami,” Rolling Stone, June 20, 2013, http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/why-the-city-of-miami-is-doomed-to-drown-20130620?page=3.

67. Emily Oster, “Witchcraft, Weather, and Economic Growth in Renaissance Europe,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (Winter 2004): 215–228, http://home.uchicago.edu/eoster/witchec.pdf; Christian Pfister, “Climatic Extremes, Recurrent Crises, and Witch Hunts: Strategies of European Societies in Coping with Exogenous Shocks in the Late Sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Centuries,” Medieval History Journal 10, nos. 1–2 (2007): 33–73.

68. Frank Newport, “Global Warming Concerns Continue to Drop,” Gallup: Politics, March 11, 2010, http://www.gallup.com/poll/126560/Americans-Global-Warming-Concerns-Continue-Drop.aspx.

69. “UK’s Winter Floods Strengthen Belief Humans Causing Climate Change—Poll,” The Guardian, August 27, 2014.

70. “By the time we can measure the impact, it would be extremely difficult, if not impossible, to reduce the elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.” Bob Ward, The Times of London letters, July 4, 2012.

CHAPTER 13: THE REMEDIES OF DR. RESILIENCE

1. Plato, “Timaeus” (c. 360 BC), http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html.

2. M. Ibrion, H. Lein, M. Mokhtari, and F. Nadim, “At the Crossroad of Nature and Culture in Iran: The Landscapes of Risk and Resilience of Seismic Space,” International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research 71 (2014): 38–44; J. Jackson, “Fatal Attraction: Living with Earthquakes, the Growth of Villages into Megacities, and Earthquake Vulnerability in the Modern World,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 364 (2006): 1911–1925.

3. Thorne Lay, “Earthquakes: A Chilean Surprise,” Nature 471 (March 10, 2011): 174–175, doi:10.1038/471174a, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v471/n7337/full/471174a.html?WT.ec_id=NATURE-20110310.

4. “South Asia Population: Urban Growth: A Challenge and an Opportunity,” World Bank, 2013, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21393869~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html; “Agglomerations over 750,000,” Geohive, http://www.geohive.com/earth/cy_aggmillion2.aspx.

5. Cecil Morella, “Lives of Danger, Poverty on Philippines’ Typhoon Coast,” Jakarta Globe, December 20, 2014, http://thejakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/international/lives-danger-poverty-philippines-typhoon-coast/.

6. Michael Finkel, “Nyiragongo Volcano: The Volcano Next Door,” National Geographic (April 2011), http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/04/nyiragongo-volcano/finkel-text; P. Allard, P. Baxter, M. Halbwachs, M. Kasareka, J. C. Komorowski, and J. L. Joron, “The Most Destructive Effusive Eruption in Modern History: Nyiragongo 2003,” Geophysical Research Abstracts 5 (2003): 11970; “Mount Nyiragongo,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo (last modified March 11, 2016).

7. James J. Comiskey, “Overview of Flood Damages Prevented by US Army Corps of Engineers Flood Control Reduction Programs and Activities,” Journal of Contemporary Water Research and Education 130 (March 2005): 13–19, http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1065&context=jcwre.

8. D. R. Burbidge, “The 2012 Australian Earthquake Hazard Map,” Record 2012/071, Geoscience Australia, Canberra, 2012, http://www.ga.gov.au/metadata-gateway/metadata/record/74811/.

9. “Slide 8: Haiti Pre-Earthquake Status,” in Eric Calais, “The 2010 Haiti Earthquake: Lessons for Seismic Hazard and Societal Impacts in the Caribbean,” http://www.iris.edu/hq/middle_america/docs/presentations/1025/Calais_2010.pdf.

10. Greg Bankoff, Cultures of Disaster: Society and Natural Hazards of the Philippines (London: Routledge Curzon, 2003).

11. “Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2013: The Numbers and Trends,” Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, September 22, 2014, http://reliefweb.int/report/world/annual-disaster-statistical-review-2013-numbers-and-trends.

12. Olaf Neussner, “Assessment of Early Warning Efforts in Leyte for Typhoon Haiyan/ Yolanda,” 2014, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, http://www.preventionweb.net/files/36860_36860gizassessmentofearlywarningyol.pdf.

13. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), World Disasters Report 2014: Focus on Culture and Risk, http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Secretariat/201410/WDR%202014.pdf.

14. Greg Bankoff, Terry Cannon, Fred Krüger, and E. Lisa F. Schipper, “Introduction Exploring the Links Between Culture and Disasters,” in Cultures and Disasters: Understanding Cultural Framings in Disaster Risk Reduction, edited by Fred Krüger, et al. (London: Routledge, 2015), 1–16.

15. Olivia Cooke, Jo Gottsman, and Ryerson Christie, “Hazard Communication and Local Perception of Lahar Risk at Cotopaxi Volcano, Ecuador,” Cities on Volcanoes 7, 2012, http://www.citiesonvolcanoes7.com/vistaprevia2.php?idab=498; Ryerson Christie, Olivia Cooke, Jo Gottsman, “Fearing the Knock on the Door: Critical Security Studies Insight into Limited Cooperation with Disaster Management Regimes,” Journal of Applied Volcanology 4 (2015): 19.

16. Hilary and John Mitchell, Te Tau Ihu o Te Waka: A History of Māori of Marlborough and Nelson (Wellington, NZ: Huia Publishers/Wakatū Incorporation, 2004), 63; “Stories: Tsunamis,” The Encyclopedia of New Zealand, http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/tsunamis/page-2; Rick Budwha, “Correlations Between Catastrophic Palaeo-Environmental Events and Native Oral Traditions of the Pacific North-West,” master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, Simon Fraser University, 2002, http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk4/etd/MQ81749.pdf.

17. K. D. Pang, “Extraordinary Floods in Early Chinese History and Their Absolute Dates,” Journal of Hydrology 96 (1987): 139–155.

18. In the AD 527 book Shui Jung Zhu (Commentary on the Water Classic), an extraordinary flood is mentioned: on the Yi River at Longmenzhen in AD 223, the water rose to a height of 45 chih—36 feet (10.9 meters)—the highest level since 182 BC. V. B. Sauer, “Flood Frequency Analysis with Historical Data in China,” in Hydrological Frequency Modeling: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Flood Frequency and isk Analyses, vol. 1, edited by V. P. Singh (Dordrecht, Germany: Reidel Publishing Co., 1987), 173–182; Chen Jiaqi, “The Role of Flood-Extremes and Different Approaches in Estimating Design Floods,” in Extreme Hydrological Events: Precipitation, Floods, and Droughts (Proceedings of the Yokohama Symposium, July 1993), International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) publication 213, 1993, http://hydrologie.orgredbooks/a213/iahs_213_0201.pdf.

19. Gregory S. Aldrete, Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007); “Curious and Unusual: The Floods of the River Tiber,” Virtual Roma 1998–2008, roma.andreapollett.com/S1/roma-c4.htm. For a photo of the inscription, reading “Tiber flood 1277,” see http://www.flickr.com/photos/master_poq/3324855007/.

20. “A stone house in Wertheim, Germany, sits on the Tauber River, painted with the dates and levels of floods back to 1621”; see Jan Munza, Matthias Deutsch, et al., “Historical Floods in Central Europe and Their Documentation by Means of Floodmarks and Other Epigraphical Monuments,” Moravian Geographical Reports 14, no. 3 (2006): 26–44. “Storm tide markers dot the North Sea coast”; see “High Level Marks,” Waymarking.com, http://www.waymarking.com/cat/details.aspx?f=1&guid=e75246e7-cc6f-4362-b3bc-fc7e20edb851&wo=True&p=3&wst=6&st=2. See also Michael Kempe, “Memories of Natural Disasters in Northern Germany from the Sixteenth Century to the Present,” Medieval History Journal 10, nos. 1–2 (2007): 327–354.

21. Danny Lewis, “These Century-Old Stone ‘Tsunami Stones’ Dot Japan’s Coastline,” Smithsonian, August 31, 2015, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/century-old-warnings-against-tsunamis-dot-japans-coastline-180956448/#zXd8HKXdHSLDbL5A.99.

22. D. L. Ashliman, “Introduction,” in Aesop’s Fables, George Stade, Consulting Editorial Director (New York: Barnes & Noble Books/Fine Creative Media, 2005), xiii–xv, xxv–xxvi; “Aesop’s Fables,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%27s_Fables (last modified March 14, 2016).

23. Ksenia Chmutina and Lee Bosher, “Disaster Risk Reduction or Disaster Risk Production: The Role of Building Regulations in Mainstreaming DRR,” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 13 (September 2015): 10–19.

24. Anthony Oliver-Smith, “Anthropological Research on Hazards and Disasters,” Annual Review of Anthropology 25 (1996): 303–328.

25. Rory Carroll, “How San Andreas Is Boosting California’s Earthquake Industry,” The Guardian, June 4, 2015.

26. R. J. Smeed, “Some Statistical Aspects of Road Safety Research,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General) 112, no. 1 (1949): 1–34, doi:10.2307/2984177, JSTOR 2984177.

27. Freeman Dyson, “A Failure of Intelligence: Operational Research at RAF Bomber Command, 1943–1945 (Part II),” MIT Technology Review (November 1, 2006), https://www.technologyreview.com/s/406789/a-failure-of-intelligence/; “Smeed’s Law,” Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeed%27s_law (last modified May 1, 2015).

28. “Traffic Speeds in Central London,” in “Transport for London: London Streets, Performance Report Quarter 1 2012–2013,” October 15, 2012, http://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/london-streets-performance-report-q1-2012-13.pdf.

29. The formula multiplies the number of cars in a country by the population squared, then takes the square root of the total and multiplies the result by 0.0003 to find the predicted annual number of road casualties.

30. Tom Hundley and Dan McCarey, “Not God’s Will: The Fixable Crisis of Traffic Fatalities,” Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, August 12, 2013, http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/worldwide-auto-fatality-safety-legislation-traffic-metro-infrastructure-pulitzer-center-initiative-roads-kill.

31. Csaba Koren and Attila Corsos, “Is Smeed’s Law Still Valid? A World-wide Analysis of the Trends in Fatality Rates,” Journal of Society for Transportation and Traffic Studies 1 (2010): 64–76, http://www.thaitransport.org/journal/index.php/Path/article/viewFile/26/31; Elizabeth Kopits and Maureen Cropper, “Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth,” Accident Analysis and Prevention 37, no. 1 (January 2005): 169–178.

32. World Health Organization, Global Health Observatory, “Number of Road Traffic Deaths,” http://www.who.int/gho/road_safety/mortality/traffic_deaths_number/en/.

33. Laura A. Bakkensen, “Adaptation and Natural Disasters: Evidence from Global Tropical Cyclone Damages and Fatalities,” September 30, 2013, http://webmeets.com/files/papers/EAERE/2013/1124/Cyclone_Adaptation.pdf; Laura Bakkensen and W. Larson, “Population Matters When Modeling Hurricane Fatalities,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 50 (2014): E5331–E5332.

34. Greg Bankoff, “Design by Disasters, Seismic Architecture, and Cultural Adaptation to Earthquakes,” in Krüger, et al., Cultures and Disasters, 53–72; Jacqueline Homan and Warren J. Eastwood, “The 17 August 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit) Earthquake: Historical Records and Seismic Culture,” Earthquake Spectra 17, no. 4 (2001): 617–634, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1423654; Jacqueline Homan, “Seismic Cultures: Myth or Reality?” presented at the Second International Conference on Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Planning for Reconstruction (2004); Stephen Tobriner, “Wooden Architecture and Earthquakes in Turkey: A Reconnaissance Report and Commentary on the Performance of Wooden Structures in the Turkish Earthquakes of 17 August and 12 November 1999,” http://ip51.icomos.org/iiwc/seismic/Tobriner.pdf; M. H. Boduroglu, “Rural Buildings in Turkey That Have Suffered Damages in Recent Earthquakes and Their Main Causes,” Bulletin of the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering 23 (1989): 369.

35. Nicholas Ambraseys, et al., “The Pattan (Pakistan) Earthquake of 28 December 1974: Field Observations,” Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 14, no. 1 (1981): 1–16.

36. Robert Muir-Wood, “Hard Times in the Mountains,” New Scientist, May 14, 1981, 411–417.

37. Ken Hewitt, Global E-Conference on Culture and Risk: Sociocultural Settings That Influence Risk from Natural Disasters: Participants’ Contributions: A Compilation, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and the Mountain Forum, October 1, 2008, http://www.mtnforum.org/sites/default/files/forum/files/participants-contributions-carthreads1-2.pdf.

38. IFRC, World Disasters Report 2014.

39. “In-depth Recovery Needs Assessment of Cyclone Aila Affected Areas 25–31 October 2009,” ActionAid, Concern WorldWide, DanChurchAid, MuslimAid, Islamic Relief, Oxfam-GB, and Save the Children-UK, http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/F6603B7EF22A16B4C125768D004B1190-Full_Report.pdf.

40. Offers of $500 per year for people to move out of the camps have encouraged owners of buildings that survived to add on additional rooms.

41. Sara E. Wermiel, The Fireproof Building: Technology and Public Safety in the Nineteenth-Century American City (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000).

42. “Profitability of Non-Life Insurers Up Post-9/11, Chubb Chief,” The Times of India/The Economic Times, October 18, 2002, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-10-18/news/27349602_1_hdfc-chubb-general-insurance-premium-income-chubb-corporation.

43. “San Francisco Is Trying Shaming to Make Its Buildings Safer from Shaking,” Los Angeles Times/Associated Press, September 16, 2014.

44. Buildings constructed to code are designed to absorb damage—interior walls will develop diagonal cracks as a way of absorbing the energy of shaking, thereby avoiding complete failure and collapse. Following what are called “code-plus” rules, it would be possible to make buildings that suffer no damage in earthquakes.

45. Aris Papadopoulos, Resilience, the Ultimate Sustainability: Lessons from Failing to Develop a Stronger and Safer Built Environment (ebook), 2015, http://www.buildingresilient.com/.

46. S. Hochrainer, “Assessing Macro-economic Impacts of Natural Disasters: Are There Any?” Policy Research Working Paper 4968 (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009).

47. Patricia Fagen, “Remittances in Crises: A Haiti Case Study,” Humanitarian Policy Group Background Paper Overseas Development Institute Report, April 2006, http://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/412.pdf.

48. “Five Years After a Quake, Chinese Cite Shoddy Reconstruction,” National Public Radio, May 14, 2013, http://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/05/14/183635289/Five-Years-After-A-Quake-Chinese-Cite-Shoddy-Reconstruction.

49. Although insurance can help inform people about risk and require people to take simple actions to reduce risk—as with a smoke alarm.

50. “Zachariah Allen,” Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachariah_Allen (last modified February 22, 2016); Amos Perry, Memorial of Zachariah Allen: 1795–1882 (J. Wilson and Son, 1883).

51. Nicolette Jones, The Plimsoll Sensation: The Great Campaign to Save Lives at Sea (Boston: Little, Brown, 2006); Steven Johnson, The Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying Epidemic—and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World (New York: Riverhead Books, 2006), 195–196.

52. Vannevar Bush, “Biographical Memoir of John Ripley Freeman, 1855–1932,” presented at the Autumn 1935 meeting of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/freeman-john.pdf.

53. Mary Lou Zoback, “‘Epicenters’ of Resilience,” Science 346, no. 6207 (October 17, 2014): 283, doi:10.1126/science.1261788, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/346/6207/283.full.

54. Rowan Douglas, Glen Dolcemascolo, and Rajeev Issar, “Resilience: Integrating Risks into the Global Financial System: The 1 in 100 Initiative Action Statement,” United Nations Climate Summit, New York, September 2014, http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-1-in-100-initiative.pdf.

55. Howard Kunreuther and Erwann Michel-Kerjan, “Demand for Multi-Year Insurance: Experimental Evidence,” Working Paper 2013–11, University of Pennsylvania, Wharton School, Risk Management and Decisions Processes Center, July 2013, http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/risk/library/WP2013-11_Demand-for-MYI.pdf.

56. R. D. Sheldon, “Nicholas Barbon,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, September 2004), doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/1334.

57. Elizabeth Ferris, “How Can International Human Rights Law Protect Us from Disasters?” paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of International Law (April 10, 2014), http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Papers/2014/04/22-natural-disasters-ferris/EFerris-ASIL-Human-Rights-and-Disasters-20140410.pdf?la=en; Human Rights Council, “Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in Disaster Risk Reduction, Prevention, and Preparedness Initiatives,” United Nations General Assembly, 27th session, New York, April 28, 2014, http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/IPeoples/EMRIP/Session7/A-HRC-EMRIP-2014-2_en.pdf; Ana Gonzalez Peleaz and Sebastian von Dahlen, “Insurance Regulation for Sustainable Development: Protecting Human Rights Against Climate Risks and Natural Hazards,” Cambridge Institute for Sustainable Leadership, July 2015, http://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/publications/publication-pdfs/insurance-regulation-report.pdf.

58. “The Coast-ification of America,” Affordable Housing Institute (David Smith’s blog), June 15, 2007, http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2007/06/the_coast_ifica.html.

59. Roger Bilham, “Lessons from the Haiti Earthquake,” Nature 463 (February 18, 2010): 878–879, doi:10.1038/463878a.

60. Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, “Elizabeth Hausler Strand,” http://www.schwabfound.org/content/elizabeth-hausler-strand.

61. In 50 percent of developing countries, more than 30 percent of people use adobe “rammed earth” to construct their houses; 73 percent of people in India and 60 percent of people in Peru have adobe buildings. See Marcial Blondet, Gladys Villa Garcia M., and Svetlana Brzev, “Earthquake-Resistant Construction of Adobe Building: A Tutorial,” contribution to the EERI/IAEE World Housing Encyclopedia, March 2003, http://www.world-housing.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Adobe_Tutorial_English_Blondet.pdf.

62. Svetlana Brzev, “Earthquake-Resistant Confined Masonry Construction,” National Information Center of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India, December 2007.

63. “You Can Keep Your Family Safe from Earthquakes: How to Build Strong and Sturdy Houses,” Build Change, 2009, http://buildchange.org/tech/BC_BOOK-english.pdf.

64. Daniel Sarewitz, “World View: Brick by Brick,” Nature 465, no. 29 (May 5, 2010), doi:10.1038/465029a.

65. Mustafa Erdik, “Earthquake Risk in Turkey,” Science 341, no. 6147 (August 16, 2013): 724–725, doi:10.1126/science.1238945.

66. Jenna Krajeski, “A Massive Earthquake in Istanbul Is Inevitable,” The Atlantic City Lab, November 2, 2012; http://www.citylab.com/housing/2012/11/massive-earthquake-istanbul-inevitable/3793/.

67. Claire Berlinski, “1 Million Dead in 30 Seconds,” City Journal (Summer 2011), http://www.brancabika.org/0506/0506/reading/zeytinburnu.pdf; Jacob H. Pyper Griffiths, Ayhan Irfanoglu, and Santiago Pujol, “Istanbul at the Threshold: An Evaluation of the Seismic Risk in Istanbul,” Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 1 (February 2007): 63–75, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2424988.

68. Ashley Cleek, “Preparing for Earthquakes, Istanbul Rattles Its Apartment Dwellers,” The Atlantic, March 27, 2013.

69. M. Nilay Ozeyranli Ergenc, O. Metin Ilkisik, and Murat T. Turk, “Istanbul Earthquake Risk and Mitigation Studies,” Disaster Coordination Center, Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, http://www.euromedina.org/bibliotheque_fichiers/Doc_RisksIstanbul.pdf.

70. The observations of Arthur Neve, a British visitor to Kashmir who witnessed the 1885 Kashmir earthquake, are reported in Dr. Bashir Ahmad Bilal, “Kashmir Earthquake of 1555 and 1885,” Greater Kashmir, September 18, 2011, http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/kashmir-earthquake-of-1555-and-1885/104073.html.

71. Randolph Langenbach, “Rescuing the Baby from the Bathwater: Traditional Masonry as Earthquake-Resistant Construction,” presented at the Eighth International Masonry Conference, Dresden (2010), https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/34215617/rescuing-the-baby-from-the-bathwater-conservationtech/17.

72. Kubilay Hicyilmaz, Kitendra K. Bothara, and Maggie Stephenson, “World Housing Encyclopedia: Housing Report, Dhajji Dewari,” Report 146, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute and International Association for Earthquake Engineering, 2012, http://db.world-housing.net/building/146; Randolph Langenbach, “Don’t Tear It Down! Preserving the Earthquake Resistant Vernacular Architecture of Kashmir, New Delhi,” UNESCO/Oinfroin Media, 2009, www.traditional-is-modern.net; Randolph Langenbach, “Timber Frames and Solid Walls: Earthquake Resilient Construction from Roman Times to the Origins of the Modern Skyscraper,” presented at the First International Symposium on Historic Earthquake-Resistant Timber Frames in the Mediterranean Area (HEaRT), Cosenza, Calabria, Italy (2013); Randolph Langenbach, “Rubble Stone Walls and Reinforced Concrete Frames: Heritage Structures Reveal the Hidden Truth About Risk and Resilience During the Haiti Earthquake,” ISCARSAH Newsletter 5 (December 2013), http://iscarsah.icomos.org/images/stories/newsletter/Edition05.pdf; Randolph Langenbach, “Was Haiti in 2010 the Next Tangshan in 1976: Heritage Structures Reveal the Hidden Truth About Risk and Resilience During the Haiti Earthquake,” ISCARSAH Newsletter 5 (2013): 10–19; IFRC, World Disasters Report 2014.

73. Stefania Pollone, “An Ancient Prototype of Modern Anti-seismic Wooden Framed Systems: The Case-Study of “Casa a Graticco” in the Archaeological Site of Herculaneum,” https://www.academia.edu/5168385/An_ancient_prototype_of_modern_anti-seismic_wooden_framed_systems._The_case-study_of_Casa_a_Graticcio_in_the_archaeological_site_of_Herculaneum.

74. “A WiKi of Traditional Building Practices of India,” Artisans in Architecture, September 18, 2009, http://aina.wikidot.com/.

75. Stephen Harris, “Fibreglass Fabric Could Protect Old Buildings from Earthquakes,” The Engineer, January 8, 2013, https://www.theengineer.co.uk/fibreglass-fabric-could-protect-old-buildings-from-earthquakes/; “A ‘Weightlifter’s Belt’ for Buildings Could Bring Quick Quake Repair,” UPI Science News, January 13, 2014.

76. Ryan O’Hare, “Earthquake-proof Bed ‘Swallows’ You When It Senses the Ground Shaking: Mechanism Drops You and Your Mattress into a Sealed Box Full of Supplies,” Daily Mail, December 17, 2015.