Index
Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Maps indexed as p1, p2, p3, etc.
Abadi, Haider al-, 227, 250, 252, 256
Abdel Rahman, Omar, 32, 58, 70–72
Abu Nasr, Zayd, 59, 124
Adnani, Abu Mohammad al-, 211, 213–14
affair of the veil, 43–44
Afghanistan, 5; bin Laden in, 68, 71; FIS disapproval and, 52; mujahideen of, 53, 58, 61, 68; Rahman and alliance on, 70–71; Soviet invasion of, 5, 22, 26–27; Taliban in, 85–87; U.S. and Saudi funds for, 32
age of ignorance or barbarity (jahiliyya), 13–14
Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 93–94, 274–76, 282
AIS. See Islamic Army of Salvation
Alawites, 172–73; Assad family as, 1, 107, 115, 191–92, 203–4, 217, 233, 258–59; as Syria minority regime, 194–95, 233, 258–59, 308, 311
Algeria: Abu B. al-Baghdadi on, 304–5; Bouteflika of, 55, 305, 307; Buyali of, 45–46, 52–54; elections suspended in, 53; Europe and jihad in, 47–48, 52; FIS formed in, 44; FLN with power and, 44–45; GIA in, 53–56, 58, 60, 68–69, 120, 211; Islamization to jihadization and, 304–5; jihadism and, 52–53, 193, 304–5; Kelkal of, 56–58; Layada of, 53–54; MIA going underground in, 45; middle class and, 46, 55–57, 305–6; oil income stifling, 306; population growth of, 305–6; Qaradawi invited by, 46; Salafism and “civil concord” in, 307; sharia and, 45–47; A. al-Zawahiri on Islamism and, 75; Zituni of, 55
Alloush, Mohammed, 263
Alloush, Zahran, 261–63, 288–89
ʿamaliyya istish.hadiyya (martyrdom operation), 28–29, 76, 78
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis (Supporters of the Holy Sanctuary), 151
Al-Ansar bulletin, 54–55, 75, 98
Ansar al-Sharia organization (Partisans of Islamic Law), 121, 124–25, 165
anti-Zionism, 12–13
Al-Aqsa Intifada, 77
Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 17
Arab nationalism, 11, 13–14, 25, 31, 37, 41
Arab Spring, 5; of Bahrain, 6, 106, 114, 174–78; Bouazizi self immolation sparking, 105, 109, 118–19; of Egypt, 106, 110–11, 114, 134–48, 151, 169, 174–76, 304–6; Egypt revolutionary sparks of, 6, 137, 140–41, 146–48; as hostage, 105, 319–20; ISIS caliphate and low point of, 320; Al Jazeera broadcasting, 106, 134, 152–54, 170, 179, 194; of Libya, 6, 110, 152–54; population similarities accomplishing, 112–13; sectarian revolts overtaking, 113–14; in Syria, 6, 106, 189–91; Tunisia and jihadism in, 124, 128–29; Tunisia first with, 6, 109–10, 117–18; of Yemen, 6, 106, 179–82; Yemen and jihadism in, 181–82
“Arab street,” 49
Arafat, Yasser, 14, 20–21, 43, 49, 64–66, 77, 80
ARAMCO. See Arabian American Oil Company
Armed Islamic Movement (MIA), 45
Assad, Bashar al-, 219; as Alawite, 1, 107, 115, 191–92, 203–4, 217, 233, 258–59; chemical weapons used by, 205, 218, 262, 264; Daraa uprising crushed by, 194–95; Al Farooq rebel brigade against, 204; Free Syrian Army fighting, 211; general election forced on, 295; after Ghouta city fall, 261, 263–64; Hezbollah assisting, 218, 260; Iran bolstering, 107, 116, 173, 202, 218, 283, 294; Julani fighting, 207; on Muslim Brotherhood, 265–66; Al-Nusra Front and Free Syrian Army fighting, 211; Olive Branch protest by, 268; Putin and regime of, 217, 228; Raqqa not helped by, 226; Russia bolstering, 107, 173, 202, 292–96; Salafist jihadis against, 205; as Shiite, 125; Sunni states and West against, 233
Assad, Hafez al-, 3, 21–22; as Alawite, 1, 107, 115, 191–92, 203–4, 217, 233, 258–59
asymmetric warfare: bin Laden and style of, 73–74; Iran and, 309–10; jihadism learning, 40
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 11–12, 213, 219, 269–72, 290
ʿAuda, Salman al-, 50–51
Ayyach, Yahia, 66
Al-Azhar University, 11, 18–19, 57, 59, 149
Azzam, Abdullah, 31–32, 42–43
Badri, Awad Ibrahim Ali al-. See Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-
Badr Organization, 37, 91–92, 254–56, 281
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-: on Algeria and Sudan, 304–5; death of, 201, 307, 315–16; ISIS caliphate declared by, 90, 107, 214; Julani independence from, 201; on Libya division, 164; Syria scouted by, 197–98; A. M. al-Zawahiri contest with, 201–2
Baghdadi, Abu Omar al-, 200–201
Bahrain: Arab Spring of, 6, 106, 114, 174–78; GCC import to, 107, 172, 174, 178, 186; human rights protests in, 174–75, 177; Iran opposed by, 176; Al Jazeera not televising, 176; Al Khalifa as king and, 175; Manama and Pearl Square in, 174; regional stakes primacy in, 177–78; Revolution 2.0 in, 175; Saudi, UAE, Qatar intervening in, 114; Shiite demonstrators in, 174–75; Sunni-Shiite rift and, 172; unemployed graduates in, 175–76; U.S. navy in, 177
Banna, Hassan al-, 12, 42, 239
Bashir, Omar al-, 47, 68, 71, 307
Belhaj, Abdelhakim, 161–63, 234
Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 110, 119–20
Benghazi, 158, 162–63
Ben Gurion, David, 13
ben Hassine, Seifallah. See Tunisi, Abu Ayyad al-
Ben Jafar, Mustapha, 121–22
Berbers, 112–13, 165, 167
Berg, Nicholas, 91, 100, 198
bin Abdullah, Mutaib, 245–46
bin Hadi al-Wadiʿi, Muqbil, 182–83
bin Jassim, Hamad, 234
bin Laden, Osama, 32; from Afghanistan to Sudan, 68, 71; asymmetrical warfare by, 73–74; Belhaj and, 161; death of, 73–74; Hussein substituting for, 87–88; Iraq absorbing, 319; ISIS criticized by, 200–201; Al Jazeera broadcasting, 86–87; jihad lessons for, 48; Massʾari giving over to, 51; Obama announcement on, 316; Salafist jihadism by, 68; Saudi kamikazes chosen by, 82; September 11 attack and, 79–81; to Taliban, 71, 74, 282; terrorism and, 29; U.S. intelligence protecting, 71, 87–88; on U.S. substitution, 69; “World Islamic Front” and, 72, 74, 76, 80; Yemen and family of, 184; Zarqawi allegiance to, 198–99; A. al-Zawahiri and fatwa with, 72–73. See also al-Qaeda
bin Salman, Mohammad, 5, 106, 187, 235; anti-corruption commission of, 240; bin Talal and others detained by, 245–46; first actions of, 242–46; foreign investments attracted by, 243–44; GCC command for, 187; Khashoggi criticizing, 309; on post-oil era, 5, 240, 246, 308, 320; Putin welcoming, 240, 298; Qatar pressured by, 240; on rentier economy, 5, 240, 308; Ritz Carlton Hotel actions by, 242–46, 309, 320; on Saudi oil dependence, 320; Trump supporting, 309–10; on Wahhabism, 106, 244–45, 320
bin Talal, Al-Waleed, 245–46
Black September massacres (1970), 20
“blessed double raid”: September 11 attack as, 34, 48, 74, 81, 86, 96, 125, 162, 235–36, 282; on symbolic date, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 77, 82, 125, 162
Bolton, John, 235, 279–80, 309–11
Bosnia: Chechens and, 208, 258; Dayton accords defusing, 63; Europe and jihad in, 47–48, 52; Iran-Saudi conflict and, 57–58; Muslim persecution and, 61; Revolutionary Guards and, 62; Salafists into, 63; Saudi humanitarian assistance for, 63
Bouazizi, Tarek, 105, 109, 118–19, 124
Bourguiba, Habib, 11, 113, 117, 120–21, 127–28, 131–32
Bouteflika, Abdelaziz, 55, 305, 307
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 33–34
Bush, George H. W., 17, 64–65
Bush, George W., 78, 84, 88, 138, 235
Buyali, Mustapha, 45–46, 52–54
Cairo Agreement, 14
Call for a Global Islamic Resistance, A, 98–99, 199
Chafeite Sunnism, 182
Chahed, Youssef, 130–31
“Change Square,” 179–81, 184
Charlie Hebdo attack: follow-on attacks to, 87, 128, 164, 274, 302; by Kuachi brothers, 36, 97, 185, 216
Chechens, 208, 258
chemical weapons: B. al-Assad using, 205, 218, 262, 264; Russia neutralizing Syria, 206, 218, 262, 284; Turkey on airstrikes and, 268; U.S. not striking over, 274; West on Syria, 211, 258, 264
Christians: Copts as, 57, 142–43; Free Syrian Army with, 115; ISIS attacking, 150; Islamo-Progressives against, 2; Taif Agreement on, 22, 41, 47
Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), 44, 74, 82, 84, 89
Clinton, Bill, 66, 69–70, 72
communism, 24, 26, 34–35, 43–44, 46–47, 244, 291
Copts, 57–58, 125, 142–43, 149–50
Davutoğlu, Ahmet, 219, 221, 265, 269
Dayton accords, 63
democracy: Algeria suspending, 53; Zahran Alloush against, 262; B. al-Assad with forced, 295; Egypt and elections of, 135, 145–47; GCC against, 176; ISIS attacking Tunisian, 128–29; Islam as not, 109–10; Libya and illusion of, 160–61; military, dynastic, partisans against, 12; Salafism versus, 126; Syria and, 189, 191, 202; Tunisia with, 113, 117–18, 121–22, 130–33, 169, 304; Turkey and, 221; Yemen tribes versus, 180–82
“dry raisin” callus (zbiba), 19–20
Egypt: Arab Spring revolution and, 6, 137, 140–41, 146–48; Al-Azhar University of, 11, 18–19, 57, 59; Copt Christians and, 57, 142–43; elections in, 145–47; Facebook and police brutality of, 141; Ghonim of, 141; human rights protests in, 138, 141, 148; Islamists into politics of, 145–46; Izetbegović and, 61–62; Al Jazeera broadcasting on, 146; jihad in, 47, 52, 60, 193; jihadism from military of, 148; Mamelukes of, 113, 133–35, 138–39, 178; middle class without power in, 148–49; military power structure of, 133, 135, 148, 169–70, 305; Morsi and, 127, 135, 147–48; Mubarak of, 58, 110–11, 134, 148; Muslim Brotherhood and power in, 135, 137, 169; Nasser and, 11–12, 14; petromonarchy aid reliance by, 139–40, 169; population growth of, 139, 169; al-Qaradawi of, 249; Rahman in, 58; Revolution 2.0 from, 140–41; Said beaten in, 141–42; Sinai jihadists against, 151; el-Sisi and, 106, 113, 135, 144–45; Soviets aligned with, 13; Sufi brotherhood in, 19; Suleiman of, 134, 138, 148; Tahrir Square of, 106, 110–11, 114, 134–48, 151, 169, 174–76, 304–6; Tammarod in, 144–45, 147–48; unemployed graduates in, 111, 139; U.S. aid dependence by, 140, 149; women veiled in, 19; Yemen supported by, 13
Emwazi, Mohammed. See “Jihadi John”
End of History, The (Fukuyama), 84, 89, 94
Ennahda Movement, 120–21, 123–24, 126–28, 131–33
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 161, 227; Euphrates Shield and, 221–22, 265, 272; on Kurd strength, 218, 313; Obama approval for, 106; Qatar support by, 238; Russia relationship with, 220–21, 289–90; Turkey propaganda by, 269–70
Essebsi, Beji Caïd, 118, 128–32, 304
Euphrates Shield operation, 221–22, 265, 272
Europe: Bosnia and Algeria jihads and, 47–48, 52; Islamization influencing, 25, 63–64; jihadists and prisons of, 100; Macron and, 155, 168, 300; obligations shouldered by, 8; refugee flow into, 7, 166, 190–91, 219, 300, 320; right-wing reactions in, 165–66, 168; A. M. al-Suri and, 99; terrorism to, 7, 25; Tunisia closeness to, 117, 122, 131, 137, 169
executions: of Gaddafi, 152, 160; ISIS beheadings as, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 214–15, 217, 303–4, 322; ISIS utilizing, 36, 127, 173, 209, 216, 218, 224, 228, 314; of Kasasbeh, 215–16, 223; of Qutb, 13–14, 239; Zarqawi and, 99–100, 198
Facebook, 2, 141, 189, 195
Fahd (Saudi king), 48–51, 73, 75–76, 82, 88, 177, 198
Faisal (Saudi king), 15–16, 18
Al Farooq rebel brigade, 204
FLN. See National Liberation Front
France: “affair of the veil” and, 43–44; Algeria related to, 44; Charlie Hebdo attack in, 87, 128, 164, 274, 302; citizens as hostages, 40–41; Hollande of, 155, 202, 206–7, 216, 247; Iran and attack on, 40; Islamist terrorism into, 56–57; Israel and arms from, 17; jihadism fought by, 164–65; Khomeini against, 26; Kurds and, 227–28, 267; Macron of, 155, 168, 300; Maghreb relationship with, 49–50; Mali helped by, 155, 164, 170; Sarkozy of, 155, 157–58, 296; secularism from, 43; World Cup won by, 300
Freedom Fighters, 28, 244
Free Syrian Army: ISIS and Assad regime fight by, 211; Muslim and Christian in, 115; Al-Nusra Front and, 207, 211; remains of, 203, 222, 229, 268; Syria democracy and, 202; Syrian military in, 196–97
French Revolution, 43, 111–12
Fukuyama, Francis, 84, 89, 94
Gaddafi, Muammar, 110, 152, 155–60, 162
GCC. See Gulf Cooperation Council
Ghannouchi, Rached, 120, 123, 126–27, 131–33, 265
ghazu (raid), 28–29
Ghonim, Wael, 141
Grand Mosque of Mecca, 27–28
Gülen, Fethullah, 221, 266, 269–70, 289
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 111, 299; Alawites supported by, 172–73; Bahrain with, 107, 172, 174, 178, 186; bin Salman commanding, 187; against democracy elements, 176; Houthis fighting, 187; Iran fears by, 38, 48, 172–73, 176, 233; ISIS declaring against, 200; as petromonarchies, 174; on Saleh, 186
Hadi, Abdel Rabbu Mansour, 186–87
Haftar, Khalifa, 163, 166–71, 234
Hakim, Ammar al-, 255–56
Hakim, Boubaker el-, 108–9, 126–27
Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement), 42–43, 64–67, 78
Hariri, Rafic, 22, 41, 259–60, 296
Helsinki meeting, 301, 314
Hezbollah: Arab media against, 209, 284; B. al-Assad assisted by, 218, 260; Houthi Shiites like, 184; Iran and cost of, 259, 277; Israel on win and, 260; Lebanon and, 22, 41, 259–60; as Lebanon Shiite party, 22, 41; Nasrallah of, 41, 125, 209; Sunni and, 41, 209; in Syria, 209–10
Hollande, François, 155, 202, 206–7, 216, 247
hostages, 3, 22, 27–28, 30–31, 36, 38–41
Houthi Shiites: bin Hadi al-Wadiʿi supported by, 182–83; GCC fighting, 187; Hezbollah like, 184; with Iran theology, 183–84; Qatar communications with, 235; Saleh hated by, 183; in Yemen, 114–15, 180–82
human rights: Bahrain protests on, 174–75, 177; Egypt protests over, 138, 141, 148; Gaddafi and, 152, 157; Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib abusing, 90; Hussein and, 38; Libya protests on, 152–53; Tunisia and, 152
human trafficking: black slave markets and, 113, 155, 166; jihadism and, 113, 152, 162–63, 168, 303; Libya and, 113, 152, 155, 162–63, 166 168, 170; right-wing reactions to, 165–66, 168; of Yazidi, 108, 166, 213, 303
Huntington, Samuel, 44, 74, 82, 84, 89
Hussein, Saddam, 39, 48–49, 80, 85, 253; bin Laden substituted for, 87–88; Iran-Iraq war started by, 30–31, 34, 37–38; U.S. and Iran cooperation on, 226, 251, 282–83
Idlib: Abu B. al-Baghdadi killed in, 201, 307, 315–16; as Syria deconfliction zone, 223–25, 236, 258, 260, 263–64, 268, 289–90, 294, 296–97, 307, 316
internet: cyberspace of, 2, 87; imagery from, 2; ISIS on, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 213–15, 217, 303–4, 322; al-Qaeda and, 86–87; Salafism on, 321; social networks as, 2, 91, 129–30, 141, 189, 195, 216, 303–4; surveillance techniques and, 309; time before, 2, 51. See also media battlefield
Intifada (uprising), 42
Iran, 6–7, 237; Ahmadinejad of, 93–94, 274–76, 282; Alawite relationship with, 259; B. al-Assad assisted by, 107, 116, 173, 202, 218, 283, 294; asymmetrical warfare by, 309–10; Bahrain and GCC against, 176; on Bolton, 311; Bosnia opportunity for, 62; demonstrations in, 276–78; GCC fears of, 38, 48, 172–73, 176, 233; Hezbollah projecting for, 259, 277; Houthi Shiites supported by, 183–84; isolation tactics on, 293; Israel and, 286–87, 293; JCPOA concessions by, 273, 277; Khamenei of, 174, 239, 275–76, 281, 293; Kurds and, 290; Lebanon and, 22, 39, 41; Muslim Brotherhood and, 239; oil income reliance by, 292–93; Olive Branch reprimand by, 268; Pahlavi as shah and, 11, 23–24, 278; Palestine and, 39; People’s Mujahideen in, 24; petromonarchy goals against, 38; population size of, 174; Qatar and Turkey closer to, 238–39; on Qutb, 239; Rafsanjani of, 275–76, 292; revolutionary fusion in, 24–25; Revolutionary Guards of, 30, 62, 218, 250, 255, 257, 275, 277–78, 281–82, 311–12; Rouhani of, 94, 274–76, 280; Rushdie used by, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 83, 97, 278–79; Russia cooperating with, 285, 291–92; Saudi Arabia and, 289, 310–12; Saudi-Sunni versus Shiites of, 172; September 11 attack helping, 79–80; Soleimani of, 257, 272, 277–83, 287, 292–93, 322–23; on Sunni radicalization, 278–79; Sunni view of, 26, 31, 283; Syria and, 116, 173, 283; Taliban opposed by, 93; Tamim on, 234, 236; treaty sabotaged by, 40; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. and France troops attacked by, 40; U.S. cooperation with, 226, 251, 282–83, 302; U.S. on JCPOA and, 294; U.S. response on, 27; U.S. turning Iraq to, 283; U.S. without support on, 311; Vienna Agreement changed for, 235; warfare rules discarded by, 30–31
Iran-Iraq war, 30–31, 34, 37–38
Iran-Saudi conflict, 57–58
Iran-U.S. collaboration, 226, 251, 282–83, 302
Iraq, 236–37; Abadi of, 227, 250, 252, 256; “Arab street” and attack by, 49; Badr Organization in, 37, 91–92, 254–56, 281; bin Laden absorbed by, 319; civil war in, 249; Erdoğan rebuffed by, 227; Fahd and, 48–51, 73, 82; Hakim of, 255–56; against ISIS, 212–13, 226; ISIS caliphate and, 6, 212–13, 226, 319; ISIS in, p7; Kurds and, 38, 173, 271–72; Maliki of, 213, 247, 249–50, 252, 283; Mesopotamia destroyed in, 246–47; Michael of, 247; Mosul of, 212–13, 226–27; mujahideen in, 199; political parties of, 251–57; Popular Mobilization paramilitaries in, 226, 248–53, 271, 275, 278, 283; refugees in, 248; Revolutionary Guards in, 250, 255; Sadr of, 92–93, 253–57; Saudi-American relationship punishing, 48; Shiite state-building in, p5; Sistani of, 226, 249–52, 255, 283; Soleimani to, 257; Sunni-Shiite conflict in, 115; Sunnis in, 248, 251; Syria and jihadism in, 192; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. abandoning Sunnis of, 176–77; U.S. and Iran in, 226, 251, 282–83; U.S. and Shiites of, 89; War on Terror and, 80; Yazidi fighting in, 226–27, 250, 278; Zarqawi group in, 198
irhab mashruʿ (lawful terrorism), 28–29
ISF. See Islamic Salvation Front
ISIS caliphate: Arab Spring low point as, 320; by Abu B. al-Baghdadi, 90, 107, 214; ending of, 6, 109; Iraq and, 6, 212–13, 226, 319; Libya beheadings by, 164; Otaybi inspiring, 27–28; proclamation of, 4; Sinai jihadists for, 151; Sunni linkages into, 116, 213, 260; Syria and, 189–90
Islam, 11, 57; “blessed double raid” summoning, 81; democracy as counter to, 109–10; far right on spread and, 320; Gaddafi on, 158; Khomeini snatching, 26; politics subordinating, 12, 42, 126
Islamic Armed Group (GIA): AIS countering, 54; in Algeria, 53–56, 58, 60, 68–69, 120, 211; Layada of, 53–54; A. M. al-Suri and, 98
Islamic Army of Salvation (AIS), 54–55, 211
Islamic Jihad, 78
Islamic law (sharia), 12
Islamic Revolution of Iran, 2–5, 26
Islamic Salvation Front (FIS), 44–46, 52, 55–56, 212–13
Islamic State (ISIS, ISIL, or Daesh), 6, 151; Adnani of, 211, 213–14; announcement of, 199–200; Abu O. al-Baghdadi first commander of, 200; Abu B. al-Baghdadi on, 214; beheading visuals by, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 214–15, 217, 303–4, 322; bin Laden criticizing, 200–201; Christians attacked by, 150; Euphrates Shield against, 221–22, 265, 272; executions by, 36, 127, 173, 209, 216, 218, 224, 228, 314; extremism of, 202; faith of, 303; fall of, 202, 225–26, 302–3, 322; GCC declaration by, 200; Iran-U.S. collaboration against, 302; Iraq attack and, 6, 212–13, 226, 319; Iraq Sunnis collaboration with, 246–47; Julani disassociation from, 223–24; Kassim of, 247; Kurds stopping, 212, 227–28; Libya and thriving, 163–64; Mesopotamia destroyed by, 246–47; as monstrous outcome, 11, 101; Mosul mosque dynamited by, 227; Al-Nusra Front and Free Syrian Army fighting, 211; Al-Nusra Front not acknowledging, 207; Palmyra held by, 217–18; partners for eliminating, 226; police protection against, 1–2, 5; political and military failure of, 307; propaganda used by, 214; in Raqqa, 1–2, 86, 108–9, 116, 198, 209, 217; Raqqa liberated from, 6, 173, 190–91, 193, 207, 225–28, 267, 272, 274, 284, 293, 302, 312; retreat by, 222; Russian ambassador killed by, 223; sharia law applied by, 200, 208–9, 229, 247–48, 262, 302, 307, 322; Sistani against, 226, 249–52, 255, 283; social media and, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 213–15, 217, 303–4, 322; Soleimani fighting, 283; as Sunni, 116, 213; Sunni-Shiite conflict inflamed by, 117; Sunnism loss and eradication of, 260; A. K. al-Suri killed by, 210; in Syria and Iraq, p7; Syria not fighting, 211; Syria oil sold by, 220, 266, 321–22; Syria uprising appropriated by, 107; Tel Abyad defeat for, 215; terror reign of, 6, 209, 215–16; tribalism prevailing over, 165; Tunisian democracy attacked by, 128–29; Turkey and, 218, 220, 223, 266; 2019 Syria and, p8; West bombing Libyan, 160; West creation of, 323; Yemen and appearance of, 186; Zarqawi inspiring, 116; A. al-Zawahiri rupture with, 198. See also ISIS caliphate
Islamists: Arab Spring hijacked by, 105, 319–20; Bosnia and losing, 58; into Egypt politics, 145–46; France and terrorism of, 56–57; growth opportunities for, 306–7; Libya and, 158–59, 161; middle class inroads by, 65; Mubarak opposing, 58; poor youth inroads by, 65; in Sudan, 46–47; Sufi brotherhood preventing, 59; Tunisia secularist versus, 122–23; U.K. welcoming, 54; West ignoring, 201–2
Islamization: “affair of the veil” in, 43–44; for Algeria and Sudan, 304–5; Europe and, 25, 63–64; Iran-Saudi conflict over, 57–58; Khomeini and competition in, 25; Lebanon civil war and, 2, 20–22; Muslim World League for, 18–19; after October War, 319; from October War, 25; oil prices supporting, 16, 43; organization against Saudi, 51; Rushdie and, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 83, 97, 278–79; by Sadat, 19; Sunni-Shiite conflict over, 30; Taif agreement affirming, 41; U.S. misunderstanding, 34
Israel: Ahmadinejad against, 275; Arab conflict with, p1; H. al-Assad resisting, 3; Ben Gurion declaring, 13; G. H. W. Bush and, 64–65; establishment of, 13; France arms for, 17; on Hezbollah win, 260; Iran and, 286–87, 293; jihad against, 64; Kenya attack and, 88; Lebanon treaty with, 39–40; nationalism against, 12–13; neoconservative support for, 84; Netanyahu of, 64, 66, 84, 286–87; oil prices and counteroffensive of, 15–16; Palestine and, 66, 77–78, 288; PLO and, 14, 21, 66; Rabin of, 65–66, 84; Revolutionary Guards and, 311; Russia links with, 285–88; Sharon of, 77–78, 88; Six-Day War of, 13; Soleimani targeting, 287; Sunni-Shiite conflict subordinating, 319; Syria and, 286–87; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. prioritizing, 17; Yemen Jews fleeing to, 183; Yom Kippur war and, 15–16
Israeli-Arab conflict, p1
Italy, 153, 163, 165, 168, 295, 297, 320
Izetbegović, Alija, 61–62
jahiliyya (age of ignorance or barbarity), 13–14
Al Jazeera, 203, 210, 299, 322; Arab Spring broadcast by, 106, 134, 152–54, 170, 179, 194; Bahrain revolt not televised by, 176; bin Jassim and architect of, 234; bin Laden broadcast by, 86–87; Egyptian elections broadcast by, 146; on Hezbollah, 209, 284; Julani on, 207–8, 223–24; Muslim Brotherhood subliminals from, 134; al-Qaeda broadcasted by, 83, 86; Qaradawi shown on, 46, 78, 145, 176, 209; Saudi Arabia on shutting down, 238; staging standards by, 36, 79, 162; Al Thani creating, 238
JCPOA. See Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
Jebali, Hamadi, 122, 127
“Jihadi John,” 215
jihadism, 5–6, 248, 323; Algeria and, 52–53, 193, 304–5; Ansar Bait al-Maqdis as, 151; against B. al-Assad, 205; asymmetric warfare learned by, 40; Azzam on, 42–43; bin Laden and A. al-Zawahiri in, 48; Charlie Hebdo attack, 36, 87, 97, 128, 164, 185, 216, 274, 302; Egypt and, 47, 52, 60, 148, 193; Europe prisons and, 100; FIS shut down and, 46; France fighting, 164–65; Gaddafi and, 157–59; hostages taken by, 22, 30–31, 38–41; human trafficking and, 113, 152, 162–63, 168, 303; Hussein and populist, 49; Iran and Sunni, 31, 283; for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 64; Libya with, 165, 167; Mubarak controlling, 59–60; Muslim Brotherhood and, 210, 265–66; after 1979, 319; oil and financing, 308; Palestinian Intifada and global, 75; Qutb and modern-day, 12; Ramadan War qualified as, 16; Salafism and, 63; against Saudi Arabia, 48; second generation of, 100; after September 11 attack, 319; Soviet Union and prestige for, 29; for Sudan, 304–5; Sunnis to, 4, 7, 89, 107; A. K. al-Suri and Zarqawi on, 101, 106–7, 116, 189, 193; symbolic codes used by, 82–83; Syria and, 173, 192–97, 207, 258; tourism loss and, 60; tribalism exploited by, 185–86; Tunisia Arab Spring seized by, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; U.S. and Saudi funding, 32; U.S. and Soviets by, 69; U.S. fighting, 165; Western blindness to, 201–2; Yemen with, 181–82, 184–85; YouTube utilized by, 100
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA): Iran concessions in, 273, 277; U.S. withdrawal from, 284, 294, 297, 301, 309–10, 320, 323; in Vienna, 235, 273–77, 279–80, 284–88, 294
Jordan: 2019 Syria and, p8; A. M. al-Zawahiri of, 90, 99–100, 106–7, 116, 198–99
Julani, Abu Mohammad al-, 197–98, 201, 207–8, 210, 223–24
Kasasbeh, Muadh al-, 215–16, 223
Kassig, Peter Abdul Rahman, 215
Kassim, Rachid, 247
Kelkal, Khaled, 56–58
Kenya, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88
Al Khalifa, Hamad bin Isa, 175, 237–38
Khamenei, Ali, 174, 239, 275–76, 281, 293
Khashoggi, Jamal, 309
khat (narcotic leaves), 179, 181, 189
Khomeini (Iran ayatollah): Arafat and, 21; Islamization competition in, 25; Islam leadership snatch by, 26; return of, 5, 21–22, 24–25; Rushdie and media battlefield by, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 83, 97, 278–79; Shaqaqi on, 42; U.S. and petromonarchies resisted by, 26; warfare rules discarded by, 30–31
Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner (Zawahiri, A. al-), 36, 74–76, 80, 83, 95, 97
Kuachi brothers, 36, 97, 185, 216
Kurds, 89–90, 99; autonomy for, 64, 190; Erdoğan on, 218, 313; Euphrates Shield against, 265, 272; France and, 227–28, 267; Gülen of, 221, 266, 269–70, 289; home state dream of, 270–72; Iran not abandoning, 290; Iraq and, 38, 173, 271–72; irredentism of, 38, 266, 289, 313, 322; ISIS stopped by, 212, 227–28; Mediterranean access for, 267–68; Öcalan honored by, 228; oil income for, 271; Putin protecting, 314; Russia relationship with, 212, 267, 290, 297; Soleimani and agreement by, 272; of Syria, 192–93, 272; Trump leaving, 272–73; Turkey and, 220, 222, 266–68, 270; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S., France and U.K. supporting, 227–28; U.S. abandoning, 272–73, 297, 312–14; U.S. special forces with, 267–68, 313; U.S. supplying, 89–90, 215, 220–21, 227–29; West supporting, 212
Kuwait, 38–39, 48, 64, 137–38, 237
lawful terrorism (irhab mashruʿ), 28–29
Layada, Abdelhaq, 53–54
Lebanon: H. al-Assad invading, 21–22; civil war in, 2, 20–22; Hariri and prime minister of, 22, 41, 259–60, 296; Hezbollah and, 22, 41, 259–60; Iran and, 22, 39, 41; Iran anti-Western activities through, 41; as Iran proxy, 39; Israel treaty with, 39–40; Maronites in, 2, 20–22, 40–41; Nasrallah of, 41, 125, 209; Palestinian refugee into, 2, 14; PLO and, 14, 20; Revolutionary Guards in, 30, 62; secular pressures in, 20–21; Shiites of, 22, 41; Sunni, Shiites, PLO and Muslims in, 20–21; Syria drawing in, 173; Taif Agreement changing, 22, 41, 47; 2019 Syria and, p8
Libya: Arab Spring of, 6, 110, 152–54; Abu B. al-Baghdadi dividing, 164; Belhaj of, 161–63, 234; Benghazi in, 158, 162–63; Berbers of, 112–13, 165, 167; Cyrenaica liberated in, 154; democracy illusion in, 160–61; foreign influences in, 153; Gaddafi and, 110, 152, 155–60, 162; Haftar of, 163, 166–71, 234; human rights protests in, 152–53; human trafficking and, 113, 152, 155, 162–63, 166 168, 170; ISIS in, 163–64; Islamists in, 158–59, 161; Italy occupying, 153; jihadism boxed in, 165, 167; Macron on, 155; without middle class, 156; Misrata city saved in, 154–55; mothers, sisters demonstrating in, 154; Muslim Brotherhood power in, 163, 165; petromonarchy rivalries influencing, 162, 168–69; Russia concern on, 295–96; Sarkozy on, 155, 157–58; Tahrir Square of, 153–54, 159, 165; terrorism supported by, 157; tribal divisions in, 152, 162; tribal militias in, 159–60; Tripolitania demonstrations and, 154; 2019 disintegration in, p3; with two governments, 152; West bombing ISIS in, 160; Western intervention in, 113, 152, 154–55, 168, 170
liquefied natural gas (LNG), 126, 238, 292
Macron, Emmanuel, 155, 168, 300
Madani, Abbassi, 45
Maghreb, 49–50, 304
Mali, 155, 164, 170
Maliki, Nouri al-, 213, 247, 249–50, 252, 283
Mamelukes, 113, 133–35, 138–39, 178
Maronites, 2, 20–22, 40–41
martyrdom operation (ʿamaliyya istish.hadiyya), 28–29, 76, 78
Marzouki, Moncef, 118–19, 121–22, 129
Masri, Abu Ayyub al-, 199
Masri, Safwan, 132, 169
Mass‘ari, Muhammad al-, 51
media battlefield, 88; Rushdie and, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 82–83, 97, 278–79; A. al-Zawahiri on, 36, 83
MIA. See Armed Islamic Movement
Michael, Najeeb, 247
middle class: of Algeria, 46, 55–57, 305–6; of Egypt, 148–49; FIS with, 46, 55; Iran and Muslim Brotherhood with, 239; Islamist inroads to, 65; Libya without, 156; of Tunisia, 117–19, 121–23, 131, 169
military: Algeria reliance on, 305–6; Brotherhood crackdown by, 144; democracy resisted by, 12; Egypt power and, 133, 135–36, 148, 169–70, 305; Iran Revolutionary Guards and, 278; jihadism from Egypt, 148; Khomeini and warfare rules of, 30–31; Mubarak ousted by, 136–39; Syria and opposition as, 196–97; Tahrir Square allowed by, 143; Tammarod backed by, 144–45, 147–48; Turkey logic of, 268–70
Morsi, Mohamed, 127, 135, 137–38, 141, 144, 147–48, 234, 308
Mosul, 212–13, 226–27, 247–48, 323–24
Mubarak, Hosni, 58–60, 70, 136–37, 139; Egypt and corruption by, 110–11; resignation of, 106, 134, 138
mujahideen: of Afghanistan, 53, 58, 61, 68; in Iran, 24; in Iraq, 199; in Syria, 204; U.S. intelligence training, 32–34
Muslim Brotherhood, 322; Azzam as, 31–32; Banna founding, 12, 42, 239; Egypt and, 135, 137, 169; Ennahda from, 121; on Gaddafi, 158; Iran and, 239; Al Jazeera and subliminals, 134; jihadism squeezing, 210, 265–66; Libya and power by, 163, 165; military cracking down on, 144; moderates with, 210; Morsi and, 127, 135, 137, 141, 144, 147, 308; Nasser repressing, 12; Obama communications with, 80–81, 273; political Islam template as, 12, 42, 126; Qaradawi and public face of, 46, 78, 145, 176, 209; Qatar supporting, 126, 131, 134, 137, 145, 238; Qatar World Cup frustrated by, 299, 322; repression and massacre on, 148; Sadat encouraging, 15; Salafists disallowing, 149–50; Saudi Arabia supporting, 18; Sayyid Qutb of, 42; el-Sisi on, 149; Sunnis countering, 106; Tahrir Square joined by, 143–44; Trump shutting engagement with, 235; Turkish and UAE rift with, 308
Muslims, 18–21, 25, 61–62, 87, 115
Muslim World League, 18–19, 245
narcotic leaves (khat), 179, 181, 189
Nasrallah, Hassan, 41, 125, 209
Nassar, Mustapha Sitt Mariam. See Suri, Abu Musab al-
Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 11–12, 14
National Dialogue Quartet, 127–28, 160, 306
National Liberation Front (FLN), 44–45
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
neoconservatives, 71, 84–85, 87–89
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 64, 66, 84, 286–87
Nobel Peace Prize, 128
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 299–300
Al-Nusra Front, 207, 211, 224–25, 236
Obama, Barack, 7, 80–81, 106, 154, 265, 273, 316
Öcalan, Abdullah, 212, 228
October War (1973), 5–6, 11, 15–16, 25, 319
OIC. See Organization of the Islamic Conference
oil income, 8; Algerian society stifled by, 306; ARAMCO for, 17; bin Salman on, 5, 240, 246, 308, 320; for George H. W. Bush, 17; electric vehicles reducing, 320; as global power, 16; Hussein and income from, 37; Iran relying on, 292–93; ISIS and Syria oil with, 220, 321–22; Islamization supported by, 16, 43; for Kurds, 271; after October War, 319; political Islam fueled by, 4; Qatar with LNG, 238; Russia and, 288, 292–93, 320–21; Salafism and jihadism subject to, 308; Saudi-American relationship and, 17; Saudi Arabia and, 240–41, 288, 320–21; Sunni-Shiite conflict and, 25–26; U.S. and Syria, 229, 297; U.S. independence on, 311; U.S. oil and Strait of Hormuz as, 311; U.S. shale and, 4, 7, 170, 240, 272–73, 306, 308, 311–12, 320; Yom Kippur war and, 15–16
Oman, 174, 237
Omar, Mohammed, 71, 85
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 48, 62, 233
Oslo Accords, 66, 77–78, 88
Otaybi, Juhayman al-, 27–28
Ottoman caliphate, 11–12, 213, 219
Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza, 11, 23–24, 278
Palestine, 21, 39, 42, 88; Israeli settlements in, 66, 77–78, 288; Lebanon and refugees of, 2, 14
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): Arafat of, 14, 20, 43, 49, 64–66; Hamas challenging, 42–43, 65–66; Israel and, 14, 21, 66; political party of, 11
Palestinian Brotherhood, 42
Palestinian Intifada, 75
Partisans of Islamic Law (Ansar al-Sharia organization), 121, 124–25, 165
Pelosi, Nancy, 312, 316–17
Pence, Mike, 314–15
People’s Mujahideen, 24
petromonarchies: Brotherhood countered by, 106; Egypt influenced by, 139–40, 169; GCC as, 174; internal conflict and, 48; Iran and goals of, 38; Khomeini against, 26; Libya and rivalries among, 162, 168–69; power monopoly of, 321–22; as rentier economy, 4–5, 16, 48, 240, 306, 308, 321–22; Saudi Arabia as, 4, 139–40; Syria funded by, 173, 203, 205; as UAE, Qatar, 139–40; wealth of, 17
PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization
political Islam, 4, 14, 17–18, 37, 75; expansion of, 320; Muslim Brotherhood as template and, 12, 42, 126; PLO and Baath as, 11; test for, 323
Pompeo, Mike, 235, 240, 274, 280, 290, 309–11
Popular Mobilization (Hachad Chaabi), 226, 248–53, 271, 275, 278, 283
population growth: in Algeria, 305–6; in Bahrain, 175–76; in Egypt, 139, 169; Iran and, 174; in Syria, 191–92
Powell, Colin, 88, 99
Primakov, Yevgeny, 206, 285, 293, 295–96
Putin, Vladimir, 6–7; B. al-Assad and vassal of, 217, 228; bin Salman welcomed by, 240, 298; Kurds protected by, 314; peace accord goal by, 296–97; Shiite crescent supported by, 116; Syria and, 217, 228, 284, 294–97; Trump in Helsinki meeting and, 301, 314; Turkey contained by, 313–14
Qadisiyyah battle, 34, 37, 48
al-Qaeda, 80, 107; of bin Laden, 34, 72; “blessed double raid” by, 34, 48, 74, 81–82, 86, 96, 125, 162, 235–36, 282; cyberspace messages by, 86–87; Al Jazeera broadcasting, 83, 86; Kenya and Tanzania attacks by, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88; Muslims not mobilized by, 87; suicide attacks by, 64; U.S. and Iran cooperation on, 282; War on Terror and, 91, 185, 193; Zarqawi allegiance to, 198–99
Qaradawi, Yusuf al-, 79–80, 249; Al Jazeera showing, 46, 78, 145, 176, 209
Qatar: Bahrain intervened by, 114; bin Jassim of, 234; bin Salman pressuring, 240; Erdoğan siding with, 238; Houthis communications with, 235; Iran closeness by, 238–39; Khashoggi and, 309; Kuwait and Oman on embargo and, 237; with LNG, 238; Muslim Brotherhood of, 126, 131, 134, 137, 145, 238; Al-Nusra Front paid by, 236; as petromonarchy, 139–40; Russia selling missiles to, 298–99; Tamim and power in, 234, 236; terrorism finance charges on, 236–37; Al Thani abdication in, 234, 237–38; Trump on, 239–40; Turkey collusion with, 219; U.S. Pentagon and, 240; World Cup and, 299, 322
Quincy Pact, 17, 240–41
Qutb, Sayyid, 12–14, 34, 42, 239
Rabin, Yitzhak, 65–66, 84
Rafsanjani, Hashemi, 275–76, 292
Rahman, Omar Abdel. See Abdel Rahman, Omar. 32, 58, 70–72
raid (ghazu), 28–29
Ramadan War, 5, 11, 15–16, 25, 313
Ramirez Sanchez, Illitch (Carlos), 69
Raqqa: ISIS in, 1–2, 86, 108–9, 116, 198, 209, 217; liberated from ISIS, 6, 173, 190–91, 193, 207, 225–28, 267, 272, 274, 284, 293, 302, 312
refugees, 2, 14, 248, 261; into Europe, 7, 166, 190–91, 219, 300, 320
rentier economy, 4, 306; bin Salman on, 5, 240, 308; petromonarchies with, 16–17, 26, 38, 48, 106, 139–40, 162, 168–69, 173–74, 203, 205, 308; power monopoly allowed by, 321–22
Revolution 2.0, 121, 140–41, 175, 246
Revolutionary Guards: of Iran, 30, 62, 218, 250, 255, 257, 275, 277–78, 281–82, 311–12; Saudi Arabia attacked by, 310–12; Soleimani and, 257, 281–82
Ritz Carlton Hotel, 242–46, 309, 320
Rouhani, Hassan, 94, 274–76, 280
Rushdie, Salman, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 83, 97, 278–79
Russia: B. al-Assad and, 107, 173, 202, 292–96; bin Salman visiting, 240, 298; Iran cooperating with, 285, 291–92; ISIS striking back at, 223; Israel links to, 285–86; Kurds and, 121, 267, 290, 297; Libya concern for, 295–96; Netanyahu in, 286–87; oil income reliance by, 288, 320–21; Palmyra retaken by, 217–18; Primakov of, 206, 285, 293, 295–96; Putin of, 6–7, 116, 217, 228, 284, 294–98, 301, 313–14; Qatar buying missiles from, 298–99; Rafsanjani to, 292; Salman visiting, 263, 288, 298; Saudi Arabia and, 263, 285, 288, 320–21; Sunnis reassured by, 258; Syria and, 173, 216, 258, 284, 295, 324; Syria chemical weapons and, 206, 218, 262, 284; Syria rebels defused by, 260–61; Turkey relationship with, 220–21, 268, 285, 289–90; 2019 Syria and, p8; West and Syria role for, 264; World Cup in, 298. See also Soviet Union
Russia-Turkey power, 260–61
Sadat, Anwar al-, 15, 19–20, 33, 58, 140
Sadr, Muqtada al-, 92–93, 253–57
Sahraui, Abdelbaki, 56
Said, Khaled, 141–42
Salafism, 306; against B. al-Assad, 205; bin Laden and, 68; bin Salman on, 244; into Bosnia, 63; on Bouazizi, 124; “civil concord” with, 307; Copts targeted by, 149; democracy resisted by, 126; Ennahda versus, 124; on Gaddafi, 158; internet and, 321; as intransigent Muslims, 18–19, 25; Muslim Brotherhood disallowed by, 149–50; oil income financing, 308; Otaybi tied with, 27–28; Saudi-American relationship and, 48–49; of Saudi Arabia sheiks, 68; against Shiites, 203–4; on Sufi brotherhood, 19; Sunni jihad and, 4, 7, 89, 107; Tunisia and activities of, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; urban Syrians for, 192
Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 115, 173, 178, 183, 188
Salman (Saudi king), 245, 263, 288, 298
Sarkozy, Nicolas, 155, 157–58, 296
Saudi-American relationship, 17, 48–49, 235–36, 240–41
Saudi Arabia, 63; Afghanistan jihad financed by, 32; on Al Jazeera shut down, 238; Zahran Alloush and asset of, 288–89; ARAMCO of, 17; Bahrain intervened by, 114; bin Abdullah of, 245–46; bin Laden and citizens of, 82; dynasty succession in, 241–43; economy reforms by, 308; Fahd as king and, 48–51, 73, 82, 177; Faisal as king and, 15–16, 18; on Iran and Syria, 289, 310–12; Iran attacking, 289, 310–12; Iran-Shiite versus Sunnis of, 172; jihadists turning against, 48; kamikaze attackers of, 80–82, 88, 94, 235; Khashoggi of, 309; Massʾari against, 51; Muslim Brotherhood supported by, 18; October War and, 25; oil income and, 240–41, 288, 320–21; as petromonarchy, 4, 139–40; on Qatar missile purchase, 298–99; Quincy Pact and, 17, 240–41; Russia links with, 263, 285, 288, 320–21; Salafist sheikhism of, 68; el-Sisi supported by, 137–38; Soviets challenging, 28; top-down revolution in, 246; Wahhabism influence on, 8, 106, 242–43, 320; women driving in, 4–5, 50, 308; Yemen and, 13, 183. See also bin Salman, Mohammad
Saudi Wahhabism, 2, 5, 16, 18, 106, 242–45, 320
secularism, 11, 43, 122–23, 192
September 11 attack (2001), 5, 67, 76; bin Laden and, 79–81; as “blessed double raid,” 34, 48, 74, 81–82, 86, 96, 125, 162, 235–36, 282; Iran helped by, 79–80; jihadism dominance after, 319; October 1973 war and, 11; Saudi kamikaze of, 80–82, 88, 94, 235; as symbolic code, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 77, 125, 162; World Trade Center in 1993 and, 32, 58, 70, 81; A. al-Zawahiri attack and media on, 36, 83
Shaqaqi, Fathi, 42
Shara, Ahmed Hussein al-. See al-Julani, Abu Mohammad
sharia (Islamic law), 12, 45–47; ISIS applying, 200, 208–9, 229, 247–48, 262, 302, 307, 322
Shariati, Ali, 24, 26, 46–47
Sharon, Ariel, 77–78, 88
Shiite crescent, 116, 292–93, 322
Shiites, 23; Abadi as, 227, 250, 252, 256; Al Khalifa resisted by, 175; Zahran Alloush against, 262; Arafat and, 21; B. al-Assad labeled, 125; Bahrain demonstrations by, 174–75; Bosnia opportunity for, 62; Hamad doubted by, 175; Iran and Hezbollah for Lebanon, 22; Iranian revolution turning, 2–3; Iraq state-building by, p5; jihad against, 108; Khomeini of, 25; Lebanon with Hezbollah, 22, 41; Maliki as, 213, 247, 249–50, 252, 283; Salafists against, 203–4; Sistani as, 226, 249–52, 255, 283; Sunni contrasts with, 24; U.S. supporting Iraqi, 89; Zarqawi for exterminating, 99–100, 198
Sinai Peninsula, 151
Sisi, Abdel Fattah el-, 106, 113, 135, 137–38, 144–45, 148–50, 234
Sistani, Ali al-, 226, 249–52, 255, 283
Six-Day War (1967), 13
socialism, 18
social networks: Facebook as, 2, 141, 189, 195; ISIS jihadism through, 303–4; mass killings posted on, 91; Twitter as, 189, 216; YouTube and, 100, 125
Soleimani, Qasem: of Iran, 277–83; Iran theocracy threat from, 277–79, 322–23; to Iraq, 257; ISIS fought by, 283; Israel targeted by, 287; Kurd agreement overseen by, 272; Revolutionary Guards and, 257, 272, 277–83, 287, 292–93, 322; Shiite crescent and, 292–93, 322; U.S. on, 279–80
Somalia, 69–70, 72
Soviet Union, 45; Afghanistan invasion by, 5, 22, 26–27; communism and, 34–35, 43–44, 244, 291; Egypt aligning with, 13; jihadism and, 29, 69; Saudi Arabia challenged by, 28. See also Russia
Strait of Hormuz, 310–11
Sudan: Abu B. al-Baghdadi on, 304–5; Bashir of, 47, 68, 71, 307; bin Laden in, 68, 71; Turabi of, 46–47, 51, 68–71, 307
Suez crisis (1956), 13
Sufis, 19, 59, 108, 151, 158, 193
suicide attacks: by Hamas, 64, 66–67; from Iran-Iraq war, 30; lawfulness of, 78; martyrdom operations and, 76, 78; political economics of, 75; by al-Qaeda, 64; Qaradawi supporting, 78–79; Zarqawi and, 198
Suleiman, Omar, 134, 138, 148
Sunnis, 23; against B. al-Assad, 233; Brotherhood countered by, 106; conflicts among, p1; divisions and accomplishments among, 233–35, 308; Al Farooq rebel brigade as, 204; Hezbollah and, 41, 209; Iran imitated by, 31, 283; Iran on radicalization and, 278–79; Iran viewed by, 26, 31, 283; Iraq with weakened, 248, 251; ISIS and, 116, 213, 246–47, 260; to jihadists, 89; Maronites struggle against, 2; Morsi ousting and split among, 308; as reactionary and anti-socialist, 4; Russia reassuring, 258; Salafism and jihad of, 4, 7, 89, 107; Saudi-American relationship and, 48–49; Shiite contrasts with, 24; on suicide attack lawfulness, 78–79; Syria and, 115, 293–94; U.S. abandoning Iraq, 176–77; U.S. weakening, 89
Sunni-Shiite conflict, 24, p1; Arab Spring overtaken by, 113–14; B. al-Assad as Shiite and, 125; Iran and Bahrain and, 172; Iran-Iraq war and, 37; in Iraq, 115; ISIS inflaming, 117; Israel subordinated to, 319; oil prices and, 25–26; over Islamization, 30; as principle fault line, 101; sharpening of, 107; in Syria, 115, 173, 191, 205; in Yemen, 172–73, 187
Sunni-Shiite trio, 238–39
Supporters of the Holy Sanctuary (Ansar Bait al-Maqdis), 151
Suri, Abu Khalid al-, 193, 210
Suri, Abu Musab al-, 217; Al-Ansar bulletin edited by, 54–55, 75, 98; A Call for a Global Islamic Resistance by, 98–99, 199; jihad strategy by, 101, 106–7, 116, 189, 193
symbolic codes, 83; August 7 as, 48–49, 51, 73, 75–76, 82, 88, 198; September 11 as, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 77, 82, 125, 162
Syria: Alawites as minority regime and, 194–95, 233, 258–59, 308, 311; Alawite-Zaydi rift and, 172; Aleppo battle in, 218; Zahran Alloush of, 261–63, 288–89; apocalyptic theme for, 197, 202, 204; Arab Spring of, 6, 106, 189–91; H. al-Assad of, 3, 21–22, 192; Baath political party in, 11; A. B. al-Baghdadi and Julani scouting, 197–98; Daraa uprising crushed by, 194–95; democratic revolt in, 189, 191; destruction of, 228–29; Facebook involvement in, 195; Al Farooq rebel brigade against, 204; Free Syrian Army and democracy of, 202; GCC and Alawites of, 172–73; Ghouta city and threat in, 261, 263–64; Hezbollah in, 209–10; Idlib deconfliction zone in, 223–25, 236, 258, 260, 263–64, 268, 289–90, 294, 296–97, 307, 316; Iran upholding B. al-Assad and, 107, 116, 173, 202, 218, 283, 294; Iraq jihadists helped by, 192; ISIS caliphate and, 189–90; ISIS in, 107, p7; ISIS not fought by, 211; ISIS selling oil of, 220, 266, 321–22; Israel on Iran and, 286–87; JCPOA on civil war, 274; jihad defeat and rebellion in, 173, 192–97, 207, 258; Kurds of, 192–93, 272; Lebanon, Iran, Turkey, Jordan in, 173; mujahideen in, 204; opposition militarization in, 196; petromonarchies funding in, 173, 203, 205; population of, 191–92; Putin and, 217, 228, 284, 294–97; refugees in, 261; Russia and chemical weapons of, 206, 218, 262, 284; Russia and Iran cooperating on, 291–92; Russia and peace for, 324; Russia convoying rebels of, 258; Russia intervening in, 216; Russia on importance and, 295; Russia-Turkey power in, 260–61; Saudi Arabia on Iran and, 289, 310–12; secularism in, 192; Shām as, 1; Sunni numbers in, 293–94; Sunni opposition in, 115; Sunni-Shiite conflict in, 115, 173, 191, 205; Tahrir Square of, 196; treaty sabotaged by, 40; Turkey containing rebels of, 260–61; Turkey on territory and, 270; Turkey route and aid for, 219; 2019 world politics and, p8; unemployed and uprising in, 194; upheaval of 2011-2012 and, p6; War on Terror and, 274; West on chemical weapons and, 211, 258, 264; West on insurgents and, 206, 218; Zaitouneh of, 262. See also Assad, Bashar al-
Tahrir Square, 196; of Egypt, 106, 110–11, 114, 134–48, 151, 169, 174–76, 304–6; of Libya, 153–54, 159, 165
Taif Agreement (1989), 22, 41, 47
Taliban, 33, 77, 93, 99; in Afghanistan, 85–87; bin Laden and, 71, 74, 282
Tamim (Qatar crown prince), 234, 236
Tammarod rebellion, 144–45, 147–48
Tanzania, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88
terrorism, 5, 7, 25, 28–31, 248; Charlie Hebdo attack by, 36, 87, 97, 128, 164, 185, 216, 274, 302; ISIS reign of, 6, 209, 215–16; Libyan support of, 157; Qatar and funds to, 236–37; Turkey with ISIS, 218, 223, 266; U.S. embassy attacks as, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88
Al Thani, Hamad bin Khalifa, 234, 237–38
Tillerson, Rex, 240
Touraine, Alain, 3
tribalism, 152, 159–60, 162, 165, 178–82, 185–86
Trump, Donald, 6–7, 228–29, 235–36, 239–40, 265, 273, 320; bin Salman supported by, 309–10; impeachment of, 312, 315; Kurds abandoned by, 272–73; NATO confronted by, 299–300; Putin in Helsinki meeting and, 301, 314; reelection priorities of, 310–12
Tunisi, Abu Ayyad al-, 120–21, 124–25, 165, 185
Tunisia: anti-corruption campaign in, 130; Arab Spring first in, 6, 109–10, 117–18; Ben Ali corruption in, 110, 119–20; Ben Jafar of, 121–22; Bouazizi self immolation in, 105, 109, 118–19; Bourguiba as prime minister and, 11; Chahed of, 130–31; Commission for Objectives of Revolution in, 121; democracy of, 113, 117–18, 121–22, 130–33, 169, 304; El Hakim jihadism in, 108–9, 126–27; Ennahda and Ghannouchi in, 120, 123, 126–27, 132–33; Essebsi of, 118, 128–32, 304; Europe closeness to, 117, 122, 131, 137, 169; Ghannouchi as parliament president and, 126, 133, 265; history of, 132; human rights and, 152; ISIS and, 128–29; Islamists versus, 122–23; Jebali of, 122, 127; jihad in, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; Marzouki in, 118–19, 121–22, 129; S. Masri and anomaly of, 132, 169; middle class influence in, 117–19, 121–23, 131, 169; moderate Islamist versus secularist in, 122–23; National Dialogue Quartet of, 127–28, 160, 306; Nobel Peace Prize and, 128; Qatar donating to, 126; Salafists active in, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; social conflicts in, 129–30; two parts of, 130–31, 133; UAE helping, 128, 131; unemployed graduates in, 111, 119; vulnerabilities in, p2; Zayd and wife of, 59, 124
Turabi, Hassan al-, 46–47, 51, 68–71, 307
Turkey, 6; Atatürk of, 269–72, 290; borders and military logic of, 268–70; on chemical weapon airstrikes, 268; Davutoğlu of, 219, 221, 265, 269; democracy and, 221; Erdoğan of, 106, 161, 218, 221, 227, 238, 265, 289–90, 313; Erdoğan propaganda in, 269–70; Euphrates Shield and Kurds by, 265, 272; Gülen and, 221, 266, 269–70, 289; Iran closeness by, 238–39; ISIS and, 218, 220, 223, 266; ISIS and Euphrates Shield by, 221–22, 265, 272; ISIS and Tel Abyad to, 215; ISIS supplies stopped by, 218; ISIS terrorism through, 218, 223, 266; Kurd concern by, 220, 270; on Kurdish irredentism, 38, 266, 289, 313, 322; Kurds attacked by, 222, 267–68, 270; Muslim Brotherhood rift with, 308; Öcalan imprisoned by, 212; Putin containing, 313–14; Qatar collusion with, 219; Russia relationship with, 220–21, 268, 285, 289–90; Syria aid via, 219; Syria drawing in, 173; Syria rebels contained by, 260–61; on Syria territory, 270; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. deal with, 290
Twitter, 189, 216
UAE. See United Arab Emirates
U.K. See United Kingdom
unemployed graduates, 111, 119, 175–76, 179, 194
Union of Islamic Organizations in France (UOIF), 56
United Arab Emirates (UAE): Bahrain intervened by, 114; on Ennahda Movement, 128, 131; Morsi undermined by, 137–38; Muslim Brotherhood rift with, 308; as petromonarchy, 139–40; Saleh and, 183; el-Sisi supported by, 137–38; Tunisia helped by, 128, 131; 2019 sea policy by, p4; Yemen control by, 183, 188–89
United Kingdom (U.K.), 54, 88, 227–28
United States (U.S.): Afghanistan jihad financed by, 32; Azzam and intelligence agency of, 32; Bahrain base and navy of, 177; Benghazi killing and ambassador of, 162–63; bin Laden protected by, 71, 87–88; Bolton of, 235, 279–80, 309–11; Bosnia and Dayton accords of, 63; Brzezinski of, 33–34; chemical weapons and, 274; Clinton of, 66, 69–70, 72; Egypt and aid of, 140, 149; FIS and ISIS with weapons of, 212–13; Freedom Fighters trained by, 28, 244; Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib abuse by, 90; on Hussein, 253; Iran and, 27, 40, 279–80, 293, 311; Iran cooperation with, 226, 251, 282–83; Iraq and media utilized by, 88; Iraq Shiites supported by, 89; Iraq Sunnis abandoned by, 176–77; Islamization misunderstood by, 34; Israel prioritized by, 17; JCPOA withdrawal by, 284, 294, 297, 301, 309–10, 320, 323; jihadism fought by, 165; jihadism substituting for, 69; Kenya and Tanzania embassies of, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88; Khashoggi of, 309; Khomeini against, 26; Kurds abandoned by, 272–73, 297, 312–14; Kurds and special forces of, 267–68, 313; Kurds supplied by, 89–90, 215, 220–21, 227–29; Mubarak supported by, 138; mujahideen trained by, 32–34; Omar region destroyed by, 85; Oslo Accords and, 66; Pelosi of, 312, 316–17; Pence of, 314–15; Pompeo of, 235, 240, 274, 280, 290, 309–11; Powell of, 88, 99; Qatar and Pentagon of, 240; Quincy Pact and, 17, 240–41; Rahman recruiting in, 70–71; Sadat and aid from, 140; shale oil and gas from, 4, 7, 170, 240, 272–73, 306, 308, 311–12, 320; on Soleimani, 279–80; Strait of Hormuz independence by, 311; on Sunni weakening, 89; Syria drawing in, 173; on Syria oil, 229, 297; targeting of, 76; terrorism on embassies of, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88; Tillerson of, 240; Turkey deal with, 290; 2019 Syria and, p8; War on Terror of, 74, 80, 84, 88, 91, 142, 185, 193, 235, 274; Yemen and aid from, 185
UOIF. See Union of Islamic Organization in France
U.S. See United States
veil, affair of the, 43–44
veils, 19, 43–44, 247–48
War on Terror, 74, 80, 84, 88, 274; al-Qaeda and, 91, 185, 193; U.S. after, 142, 235
Western nations: activities against, 41; against B. al-Assad, 233; ISIS and accusation of, 323; Kurds supported by, 212; Libya and intervention by, 113, 152, 154–55, 168, 170; refugees into, 7, 166, 190–91, 219, 300, 320; Russia role allowed by, 264; Salafist and jihad blindness of, 201–2; on Syria chemical weapons, 211, 258, 264; Syria inaction by, 206, 218; Syria peace from, 324; terrorism created by, 248; on Turkish democracy, 221; 2019 Syria and, p8; Yemen and influence of, 173
women, 4–5, 19, 43–44, 50, 154, 247–48, 308
World Cup, 298–300, 322
“World Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders,” 72, 74, 76, 80
World Trade Center attacks: of 1993, 32, 58, 70, 81; of 2001, 5, 11, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 81; by Rahman, 32, 70–72. See also September 11 attack (2001)
Yazidi, 200; fighting by, 226–27, 250, 278; human trafficking of, 108, 166, 213, 303
Yemen: Arab Spring of, 6, 106, 179–82; bin Hadi al-Wadiʿi in, 182–83; bin Laden family and south, 184; “Change Square” in, 179–81, 184; corruption level in, 179; Egypt supporting, 13; as fractured, 188; Hadi of, 186–87; Houthis and GCC fighting in, 187; Houthis and jihadists taking, 181–82; Houthi Shiites in, 114–15, 180; ISIS appearing in, 186; Jews fleeing, 183; jihadists in, 181–82, 184–85; khat high in, 179, 181, 189; al-Qaeda versus Houthis in, 107; Saleh and, 115, 173, 178, 183, 186–88; Sunni-Shiite rift and, 172–73, 187; tribal and local politics in, 178–79, 181; tribes versus democracy in, 180–82; 2019 strife in, p3; UAE control of, 183, 188–89; unemployment and malnutrition in, 179; U.S. aid to, 185; Western influence in, 173; Zaydi and Houthi movement in, 114–15; Zaydism and Chafeite moderates in, 182
Yom Kippur war, 15–16
Yousef, Ramzi, 70
youth, 46, 55, 65, 111, 175–76, 179, 194
YouTube, 100, 125
Zaitouneh, Razan, 262
Zapata Petroleum Company, 17
Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 99–101, 106–7, 116, 189, 193, 198–99, 210
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 33, 48, 72–73, 198; Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner by, 36, 74–76, 80, 83, 95, 97, 201–2, 208, 210; of Jordan, 90, 99–100, 106–7, 116, 198–99
Zaydism, 114–15, 172, 182–83
zbiba (“dry raisin” callus), 19–20
Zituni, Djamel, 55