Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book.
Maps indexed as p1, p2, p3, etc.
affair of the veil, 43–44
Afghanistan, 5; bin Laden in, 68, 71; FIS disapproval and, 52; mujahideen of, 53, 58, 61, 68; Rahman and alliance on, 70–71; Soviet invasion of, 5, 22, 26–27; Taliban in, 85–87; U.S. and Saudi funds for, 32
age of ignorance or barbarity (jahiliyya), 13–14
Alawites, 172–73; Assad family as, 1, 107, 115, 191–92, 203–4, 217, 233, 258–59; as Syria minority regime, 194–95, 233, 258–59, 308, 311
Algeria: Abu B. al-Baghdadi on, 304–5; Bouteflika of, 55, 305, 307; Buyali of, 45–46, 52–54; elections suspended in, 53; Europe and jihad in, 47–48, 52; FIS formed in, 44; FLN with power and, 44–45; GIA in, 53–56, 58, 60, 68–69, 120, 211; Islamization to jihadization and, 304–5; jihadism and, 52–53, 193, 304–5; Kelkal of, 56–58; Layada of, 53–54; MIA going underground in, 45; middle class and, 46, 55–57, 305–6; oil income stifling, 306; population growth of, 305–6; Qaradawi invited by, 46; Salafism and “civil concord” in, 307; sharia and, 45–47; A. al-Zawahiri on Islamism and, 75; Zituni of, 55
ʿamaliyya istish.hadiyya (martyrdom operation), 28–29, 76, 78
Ansar Bait al-Maqdis (Supporters of the Holy Sanctuary), 151
Ansar al-Sharia organization (Partisans of Islamic Law), 121, 124–25, 165
Arabian American Oil Company (ARAMCO), 17
Arab Spring, 5; of Bahrain, 6, 106, 114, 174–78; Bouazizi self immolation sparking, 105, 109, 118–19; of Egypt, 106, 110–11, 114, 134–48, 151, 169, 174–76, 304–6; Egypt revolutionary sparks of, 6, 137, 140–41, 146–48; as hostage, 105, 319–20; ISIS caliphate and low point of, 320; Al Jazeera broadcasting, 106, 134, 152–54, 170, 179, 194; of Libya, 6, 110, 152–54; population similarities accomplishing, 112–13; sectarian revolts overtaking, 113–14; in Syria, 6, 106, 189–91; Tunisia and jihadism in, 124, 128–29; Tunisia first with, 6, 109–10, 117–18; of Yemen, 6, 106, 179–82; Yemen and jihadism in, 181–82
Armed Islamic Movement (MIA), 45
Assad, Bashar al-, 219; as Alawite, 1, 107, 115, 191–92, 203–4, 217, 233, 258–59; chemical weapons used by, 205, 218, 262, 264; Daraa uprising crushed by, 194–95; Al Farooq rebel brigade against, 204; Free Syrian Army fighting, 211; general election forced on, 295; after Ghouta city fall, 261, 263–64; Hezbollah assisting, 218, 260; Iran bolstering, 107, 116, 173, 202, 218, 283, 294; Julani fighting, 207; on Muslim Brotherhood, 265–66; Al-Nusra Front and Free Syrian Army fighting, 211; Olive Branch protest by, 268; Putin and regime of, 217, 228; Raqqa not helped by, 226; Russia bolstering, 107, 173, 202, 292–96; Salafist jihadis against, 205; as Shiite, 125; Sunni states and West against, 233
Assad, Hafez al-, 3, 21–22; as Alawite, 1, 107, 115, 191–92, 203–4, 217, 233, 258–59
asymmetric warfare: bin Laden and style of, 73–74; Iran and, 309–10; jihadism learning, 40
Baghdadi, Abu Bakr al-: on Algeria and Sudan, 304–5; death of, 201, 307, 315–16; ISIS caliphate declared by, 90, 107, 214; Julani independence from, 201; on Libya division, 164; Syria scouted by, 197–98; A. M. al-Zawahiri contest with, 201–2
Bahrain: Arab Spring of, 6, 106, 114, 174–78; GCC import to, 107, 172, 174, 178, 186; human rights protests in, 174–75, 177; Iran opposed by, 176; Al Jazeera not televising, 176; Al Khalifa as king and, 175; Manama and Pearl Square in, 174; regional stakes primacy in, 177–78; Revolution 2.0 in, 175; Saudi, UAE, Qatar intervening in, 114; Shiite demonstrators in, 174–75; Sunni-Shiite rift and, 172; unemployed graduates in, 175–76; U.S. navy in, 177
bin Hadi al-Wadiʿi, Muqbil, 182–83
bin Laden, Osama, 32; from Afghanistan to Sudan, 68, 71; asymmetrical warfare by, 73–74; Belhaj and, 161; death of, 73–74; Hussein substituting for, 87–88; Iraq absorbing, 319; ISIS criticized by, 200–201; Al Jazeera broadcasting, 86–87; jihad lessons for, 48; Massʾari giving over to, 51; Obama announcement on, 316; Salafist jihadism by, 68; Saudi kamikazes chosen by, 82; September 11 attack and, 79–81; to Taliban, 71, 74, 282; terrorism and, 29; U.S. intelligence protecting, 71, 87–88; on U.S. substitution, 69; “World Islamic Front” and, 72, 74, 76, 80; Yemen and family of, 184; Zarqawi allegiance to, 198–99; A. al-Zawahiri and fatwa with, 72–73. See also al-Qaeda
bin Salman, Mohammad, 5, 106, 187, 235; anti-corruption commission of, 240; bin Talal and others detained by, 245–46; first actions of, 242–46; foreign investments attracted by, 243–44; GCC command for, 187; Khashoggi criticizing, 309; on post-oil era, 5, 240, 246, 308, 320; Putin welcoming, 240, 298; Qatar pressured by, 240; on rentier economy, 5, 240, 308; Ritz Carlton Hotel actions by, 242–46, 309, 320; on Saudi oil dependence, 320; Trump supporting, 309–10; on Wahhabism, 106, 244–45, 320
Black September massacres (1970), 20
“blessed double raid”: September 11 attack as, 34, 48, 74, 81, 86, 96, 125, 162, 235–36, 282; on symbolic date, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 77, 82, 125, 162
Bosnia: Chechens and, 208, 258; Dayton accords defusing, 63; Europe and jihad in, 47–48, 52; Iran-Saudi conflict and, 57–58; Muslim persecution and, 61; Revolutionary Guards and, 62; Salafists into, 63; Saudi humanitarian assistance for, 63
Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 33–34
Call for a Global Islamic Resistance, A, 98–99, 199
chemical weapons: B. al-Assad using, 205, 218, 262, 264; Russia neutralizing Syria, 206, 218, 262, 284; Turkey on airstrikes and, 268; U.S. not striking over, 274; West on Syria, 211, 258, 264
Christians: Copts as, 57, 142–43; Free Syrian Army with, 115; ISIS attacking, 150; Islamo-Progressives against, 2; Taif Agreement on, 22, 41, 47
Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), 44, 74, 82, 84, 89
democracy: Algeria suspending, 53; Zahran Alloush against, 262; B. al-Assad with forced, 295; Egypt and elections of, 135, 145–47; GCC against, 176; ISIS attacking Tunisian, 128–29; Islam as not, 109–10; Libya and illusion of, 160–61; military, dynastic, partisans against, 12; Salafism versus, 126; Syria and, 189, 191, 202; Tunisia with, 113, 117–18, 121–22, 130–33, 169, 304; Turkey and, 221; Yemen tribes versus, 180–82
“dry raisin” callus (zbiba), 19–20
Egypt: Arab Spring revolution and, 6, 137, 140–41, 146–48; Al-Azhar University of, 11, 18–19, 57, 59; Copt Christians and, 57, 142–43; elections in, 145–47; Facebook and police brutality of, 141; Ghonim of, 141; human rights protests in, 138, 141, 148; Islamists into politics of, 145–46; Izetbegović and, 61–62; Al Jazeera broadcasting on, 146; jihad in, 47, 52, 60, 193; jihadism from military of, 148; Mamelukes of, 113, 133–35, 138–39, 178; middle class without power in, 148–49; military power structure of, 133, 135, 148, 169–70, 305; Morsi and, 127, 135, 147–48; Mubarak of, 58, 110–11, 134, 148; Muslim Brotherhood and power in, 135, 137, 169; Nasser and, 11–12, 14; petromonarchy aid reliance by, 139–40, 169; population growth of, 139, 169; al-Qaradawi of, 249; Rahman in, 58; Revolution 2.0 from, 140–41; Said beaten in, 141–42; Sinai jihadists against, 151; el-Sisi and, 106, 113, 135, 144–45; Soviets aligned with, 13; Sufi brotherhood in, 19; Suleiman of, 134, 138, 148; Tahrir Square of, 106, 110–11, 114, 134–48, 151, 169, 174–76, 304–6; Tammarod in, 144–45, 147–48; unemployed graduates in, 111, 139; U.S. aid dependence by, 140, 149; women veiled in, 19; Yemen supported by, 13
End of History, The (Fukuyama), 84, 89, 94
Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 161, 227; Euphrates Shield and, 221–22, 265, 272; on Kurd strength, 218, 313; Obama approval for, 106; Qatar support by, 238; Russia relationship with, 220–21, 289–90; Turkey propaganda by, 269–70
Europe: Bosnia and Algeria jihads and, 47–48, 52; Islamization influencing, 25, 63–64; jihadists and prisons of, 100; Macron and, 155, 168, 300; obligations shouldered by, 8; refugee flow into, 7, 166, 190–91, 219, 300, 320; right-wing reactions in, 165–66, 168; A. M. al-Suri and, 99; terrorism to, 7, 25; Tunisia closeness to, 117, 122, 131, 137, 169
executions: of Gaddafi, 152, 160; ISIS beheadings as, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 214–15, 217, 303–4, 322; ISIS utilizing, 36, 127, 173, 209, 216, 218, 224, 228, 314; of Kasasbeh, 215–16, 223; of Qutb, 13–14, 239; Zarqawi and, 99–100, 198
Al Farooq rebel brigade, 204
France: “affair of the veil” and, 43–44; Algeria related to, 44; Charlie Hebdo attack in, 87, 128, 164, 274, 302; citizens as hostages, 40–41; Hollande of, 155, 202, 206–7, 216, 247; Iran and attack on, 40; Islamist terrorism into, 56–57; Israel and arms from, 17; jihadism fought by, 164–65; Khomeini against, 26; Kurds and, 227–28, 267; Macron of, 155, 168, 300; Maghreb relationship with, 49–50; Mali helped by, 155, 164, 170; Sarkozy of, 155, 157–58, 296; secularism from, 43; World Cup won by, 300
Freedom Fighters, 28, 244
Free Syrian Army: ISIS and Assad regime fight by, 211; Muslim and Christian in, 115; Al-Nusra Front and, 207, 211; remains of, 203, 222, 229, 268; Syria democracy and, 202; Syrian military in, 196–97
Grand Mosque of Mecca, 27–28
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 111, 299; Alawites supported by, 172–73; Bahrain with, 107, 172, 174, 178, 186; bin Salman commanding, 187; against democracy elements, 176; Houthis fighting, 187; Iran fears by, 38, 48, 172–73, 176, 233; ISIS declaring against, 200; as petromonarchies, 174; on Saleh, 186
Hadi, Abdel Rabbu Mansour, 186–87
Hezbollah: Arab media against, 209, 284; B. al-Assad assisted by, 218, 260; Houthi Shiites like, 184; Iran and cost of, 259, 277; Israel on win and, 260; Lebanon and, 22, 41, 259–60; as Lebanon Shiite party, 22, 41; Nasrallah of, 41, 125, 209; Sunni and, 41, 209; in Syria, 209–10
Houthi Shiites: bin Hadi al-Wadiʿi supported by, 182–83; GCC fighting, 187; Hezbollah like, 184; with Iran theology, 183–84; Qatar communications with, 235; Saleh hated by, 183; in Yemen, 114–15, 180–82
human rights: Bahrain protests on, 174–75, 177; Egypt protests over, 138, 141, 148; Gaddafi and, 152, 157; Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib abusing, 90; Hussein and, 38; Libya protests on, 152–53; Tunisia and, 152
human trafficking: black slave markets and, 113, 155, 166; jihadism and, 113, 152, 162–63, 168, 303; Libya and, 113, 152, 155, 162–63, 166 168, 170; right-wing reactions to, 165–66, 168; of Yazidi, 108, 166, 213, 303
Hussein, Saddam, 39, 48–49, 80, 85, 253; bin Laden substituted for, 87–88; Iran-Iraq war started by, 30–31, 34, 37–38; U.S. and Iran cooperation on, 226, 251, 282–83
Idlib: Abu B. al-Baghdadi killed in, 201, 307, 315–16; as Syria deconfliction zone, 223–25, 236, 258, 260, 263–64, 268, 289–90, 294, 296–97, 307, 316
internet: cyberspace of, 2, 87; imagery from, 2; ISIS on, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 213–15, 217, 303–4, 322; al-Qaeda and, 86–87; Salafism on, 321; social networks as, 2, 91, 129–30, 141, 189, 195, 216, 303–4; surveillance techniques and, 309; time before, 2, 51. See also media battlefield
Iran, 6–7, 237; Ahmadinejad of, 93–94, 274–76, 282; Alawite relationship with, 259; B. al-Assad assisted by, 107, 116, 173, 202, 218, 283, 294; asymmetrical warfare by, 309–10; Bahrain and GCC against, 176; on Bolton, 311; Bosnia opportunity for, 62; demonstrations in, 276–78; GCC fears of, 38, 48, 172–73, 176, 233; Hezbollah projecting for, 259, 277; Houthi Shiites supported by, 183–84; isolation tactics on, 293; Israel and, 286–87, 293; JCPOA concessions by, 273, 277; Khamenei of, 174, 239, 275–76, 281, 293; Kurds and, 290; Lebanon and, 22, 39, 41; Muslim Brotherhood and, 239; oil income reliance by, 292–93; Olive Branch reprimand by, 268; Pahlavi as shah and, 11, 23–24, 278; Palestine and, 39; People’s Mujahideen in, 24; petromonarchy goals against, 38; population size of, 174; Qatar and Turkey closer to, 238–39; on Qutb, 239; Rafsanjani of, 275–76, 292; revolutionary fusion in, 24–25; Revolutionary Guards of, 30, 62, 218, 250, 255, 257, 275, 277–78, 281–82, 311–12; Rouhani of, 94, 274–76, 280; Rushdie used by, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 83, 97, 278–79; Russia cooperating with, 285, 291–92; Saudi Arabia and, 289, 310–12; Saudi-Sunni versus Shiites of, 172; September 11 attack helping, 79–80; Soleimani of, 257, 272, 277–83, 287, 292–93, 322–23; on Sunni radicalization, 278–79; Sunni view of, 26, 31, 283; Syria and, 116, 173, 283; Taliban opposed by, 93; Tamim on, 234, 236; treaty sabotaged by, 40; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. and France troops attacked by, 40; U.S. cooperation with, 226, 251, 282–83, 302; U.S. on JCPOA and, 294; U.S. response on, 27; U.S. turning Iraq to, 283; U.S. without support on, 311; Vienna Agreement changed for, 235; warfare rules discarded by, 30–31
Iran-Saudi conflict, 57–58
Iraq, 236–37; Abadi of, 227, 250, 252, 256; “Arab street” and attack by, 49; Badr Organization in, 37, 91–92, 254–56, 281; bin Laden absorbed by, 319; civil war in, 249; Erdoğan rebuffed by, 227; Fahd and, 48–51, 73, 82; Hakim of, 255–56; against ISIS, 212–13, 226; ISIS caliphate and, 6, 212–13, 226, 319; ISIS in, p7; Kurds and, 38, 173, 271–72; Maliki of, 213, 247, 249–50, 252, 283; Mesopotamia destroyed in, 246–47; Michael of, 247; Mosul of, 212–13, 226–27; mujahideen in, 199; political parties of, 251–57; Popular Mobilization paramilitaries in, 226, 248–53, 271, 275, 278, 283; refugees in, 248; Revolutionary Guards in, 250, 255; Sadr of, 92–93, 253–57; Saudi-American relationship punishing, 48; Shiite state-building in, p5; Sistani of, 226, 249–52, 255, 283; Soleimani to, 257; Sunni-Shiite conflict in, 115; Sunnis in, 248, 251; Syria and jihadism in, 192; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. abandoning Sunnis of, 176–77; U.S. and Iran in, 226, 251, 282–83; U.S. and Shiites of, 89; War on Terror and, 80; Yazidi fighting in, 226–27, 250, 278; Zarqawi group in, 198
irhab mashruʿ (lawful terrorism), 28–29
ISIS caliphate: Arab Spring low point as, 320; by Abu B. al-Baghdadi, 90, 107, 214; ending of, 6, 109; Iraq and, 6, 212–13, 226, 319; Libya beheadings by, 164; Otaybi inspiring, 27–28; proclamation of, 4; Sinai jihadists for, 151; Sunni linkages into, 116, 213, 260; Syria and, 189–90
Islam, 11, 57; “blessed double raid” summoning, 81; democracy as counter to, 109–10; far right on spread and, 320; Gaddafi on, 158; Khomeini snatching, 26; politics subordinating, 12, 42, 126
Islamic Army of Salvation (AIS), 54–55, 211
Islamic Revolution of Iran, 2–5, 26
Islamic State (ISIS, ISIL, or Daesh), 6, 151; Adnani of, 211, 213–14; announcement of, 199–200; Abu O. al-Baghdadi first commander of, 200; Abu B. al-Baghdadi on, 214; beheading visuals by, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 214–15, 217, 303–4, 322; bin Laden criticizing, 200–201; Christians attacked by, 150; Euphrates Shield against, 221–22, 265, 272; executions by, 36, 127, 173, 209, 216, 218, 224, 228, 314; extremism of, 202; faith of, 303; fall of, 202, 225–26, 302–3, 322; GCC declaration by, 200; Iran-U.S. collaboration against, 302; Iraq attack and, 6, 212–13, 226, 319; Iraq Sunnis collaboration with, 246–47; Julani disassociation from, 223–24; Kassim of, 247; Kurds stopping, 212, 227–28; Libya and thriving, 163–64; Mesopotamia destroyed by, 246–47; as monstrous outcome, 11, 101; Mosul mosque dynamited by, 227; Al-Nusra Front and Free Syrian Army fighting, 211; Al-Nusra Front not acknowledging, 207; Palmyra held by, 217–18; partners for eliminating, 226; police protection against, 1–2, 5; political and military failure of, 307; propaganda used by, 214; in Raqqa, 1–2, 86, 108–9, 116, 198, 209, 217; Raqqa liberated from, 6, 173, 190–91, 193, 207, 225–28, 267, 272, 274, 284, 293, 302, 312; retreat by, 222; Russian ambassador killed by, 223; sharia law applied by, 200, 208–9, 229, 247–48, 262, 302, 307, 322; Sistani against, 226, 249–52, 255, 283; social media and, 91, 100, 128–29, 152, 164, 186, 198, 211, 213–15, 217, 303–4, 322; Soleimani fighting, 283; as Sunni, 116, 213; Sunni-Shiite conflict inflamed by, 117; Sunnism loss and eradication of, 260; A. K. al-Suri killed by, 210; in Syria and Iraq, p7; Syria not fighting, 211; Syria oil sold by, 220, 266, 321–22; Syria uprising appropriated by, 107; Tel Abyad defeat for, 215; terror reign of, 6, 209, 215–16; tribalism prevailing over, 165; Tunisian democracy attacked by, 128–29; Turkey and, 218, 220, 223, 266; 2019 Syria and, p8; West bombing Libyan, 160; West creation of, 323; Yemen and appearance of, 186; Zarqawi inspiring, 116; A. al-Zawahiri rupture with, 198. See also ISIS caliphate
Islamists: Arab Spring hijacked by, 105, 319–20; Bosnia and losing, 58; into Egypt politics, 145–46; France and terrorism of, 56–57; growth opportunities for, 306–7; Libya and, 158–59, 161; middle class inroads by, 65; Mubarak opposing, 58; poor youth inroads by, 65; in Sudan, 46–47; Sufi brotherhood preventing, 59; Tunisia secularist versus, 122–23; U.K. welcoming, 54; West ignoring, 201–2
Islamization: “affair of the veil” in, 43–44; for Algeria and Sudan, 304–5; Europe and, 25, 63–64; Iran-Saudi conflict over, 57–58; Khomeini and competition in, 25; Lebanon civil war and, 2, 20–22; Muslim World League for, 18–19; after October War, 319; from October War, 25; oil prices supporting, 16, 43; organization against Saudi, 51; Rushdie and, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 83, 97, 278–79; by Sadat, 19; Sunni-Shiite conflict over, 30; Taif agreement affirming, 41; U.S. misunderstanding, 34
Israel: Ahmadinejad against, 275; Arab conflict with, p1; H. al-Assad resisting, 3; Ben Gurion declaring, 13; G. H. W. Bush and, 64–65; establishment of, 13; France arms for, 17; on Hezbollah win, 260; Iran and, 286–87, 293; jihad against, 64; Kenya attack and, 88; Lebanon treaty with, 39–40; nationalism against, 12–13; neoconservative support for, 84; Netanyahu of, 64, 66, 84, 286–87; oil prices and counteroffensive of, 15–16; Palestine and, 66, 77–78, 288; PLO and, 14, 21, 66; Rabin of, 65–66, 84; Revolutionary Guards and, 311; Russia links with, 285–88; Sharon of, 77–78, 88; Six-Day War of, 13; Soleimani targeting, 287; Sunni-Shiite conflict subordinating, 319; Syria and, 286–87; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. prioritizing, 17; Yemen Jews fleeing to, 183; Yom Kippur war and, 15–16
Israeli-Arab conflict, p1
Izetbegović, Alija, 61–62
jahiliyya (age of ignorance or barbarity), 13–14
Al Jazeera, 203, 210, 299, 322; Arab Spring broadcast by, 106, 134, 152–54, 170, 179, 194; Bahrain revolt not televised by, 176; bin Jassim and architect of, 234; bin Laden broadcast by, 86–87; Egyptian elections broadcast by, 146; on Hezbollah, 209, 284; Julani on, 207–8, 223–24; Muslim Brotherhood subliminals from, 134; al-Qaeda broadcasted by, 83, 86; Qaradawi shown on, 46, 78, 145, 176, 209; Saudi Arabia on shutting down, 238; staging standards by, 36, 79, 162; Al Thani creating, 238
jihadism, 5–6, 248, 323; Algeria and, 52–53, 193, 304–5; Ansar Bait al-Maqdis as, 151; against B. al-Assad, 205; asymmetric warfare learned by, 40; Azzam on, 42–43; bin Laden and A. al-Zawahiri in, 48; Charlie Hebdo attack, 36, 87, 97, 128, 164, 185, 216, 274, 302; Egypt and, 47, 52, 60, 148, 193; Europe prisons and, 100; FIS shut down and, 46; France fighting, 164–65; Gaddafi and, 157–59; hostages taken by, 22, 30–31, 38–41; human trafficking and, 113, 152, 162–63, 168, 303; Hussein and populist, 49; Iran and Sunni, 31, 283; for Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 64; Libya with, 165, 167; Mubarak controlling, 59–60; Muslim Brotherhood and, 210, 265–66; after 1979, 319; oil and financing, 308; Palestinian Intifada and global, 75; Qutb and modern-day, 12; Ramadan War qualified as, 16; Salafism and, 63; against Saudi Arabia, 48; second generation of, 100; after September 11 attack, 319; Soviet Union and prestige for, 29; for Sudan, 304–5; Sunnis to, 4, 7, 89, 107; A. K. al-Suri and Zarqawi on, 101, 106–7, 116, 189, 193; symbolic codes used by, 82–83; Syria and, 173, 192–97, 207, 258; tourism loss and, 60; tribalism exploited by, 185–86; Tunisia Arab Spring seized by, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; U.S. and Saudi funding, 32; U.S. and Soviets by, 69; U.S. fighting, 165; Western blindness to, 201–2; Yemen with, 181–82, 184–85; YouTube utilized by, 100
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA): Iran concessions in, 273, 277; U.S. withdrawal from, 284, 294, 297, 301, 309–10, 320, 323; in Vienna, 235, 273–77, 279–80, 284–88, 294
Kassig, Peter Abdul Rahman, 215
Khomeini (Iran ayatollah): Arafat and, 21; Islamization competition in, 25; Islam leadership snatch by, 26; return of, 5, 21–22, 24–25; Rushdie and media battlefield by, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 83, 97, 278–79; Shaqaqi on, 42; U.S. and petromonarchies resisted by, 26; warfare rules discarded by, 30–31
Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner (Zawahiri, A. al-), 36, 74–76, 80, 83, 95, 97
Kurds, 89–90, 99; autonomy for, 64, 190; Erdoğan on, 218, 313; Euphrates Shield against, 265, 272; France and, 227–28, 267; Gülen of, 221, 266, 269–70, 289; home state dream of, 270–72; Iran not abandoning, 290; Iraq and, 38, 173, 271–72; irredentism of, 38, 266, 289, 313, 322; ISIS stopped by, 212, 227–28; Mediterranean access for, 267–68; Öcalan honored by, 228; oil income for, 271; Putin protecting, 314; Russia relationship with, 212, 267, 290, 297; Soleimani and agreement by, 272; of Syria, 192–93, 272; Trump leaving, 272–73; Turkey and, 220, 222, 266–68, 270; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S., France and U.K. supporting, 227–28; U.S. abandoning, 272–73, 297, 312–14; U.S. special forces with, 267–68, 313; U.S. supplying, 89–90, 215, 220–21, 227–29; West supporting, 212
lawful terrorism (irhab mashruʿ), 28–29
Lebanon: H. al-Assad invading, 21–22; civil war in, 2, 20–22; Hariri and prime minister of, 22, 41, 259–60, 296; Hezbollah and, 22, 41, 259–60; Iran and, 22, 39, 41; Iran anti-Western activities through, 41; as Iran proxy, 39; Israel treaty with, 39–40; Maronites in, 2, 20–22, 40–41; Nasrallah of, 41, 125, 209; Palestinian refugee into, 2, 14; PLO and, 14, 20; Revolutionary Guards in, 30, 62; secular pressures in, 20–21; Shiites of, 22, 41; Sunni, Shiites, PLO and Muslims in, 20–21; Syria drawing in, 173; Taif Agreement changing, 22, 41, 47; 2019 Syria and, p8
Libya: Arab Spring of, 6, 110, 152–54; Abu B. al-Baghdadi dividing, 164; Belhaj of, 161–63, 234; Benghazi in, 158, 162–63; Berbers of, 112–13, 165, 167; Cyrenaica liberated in, 154; democracy illusion in, 160–61; foreign influences in, 153; Gaddafi and, 110, 152, 155–60, 162; Haftar of, 163, 166–71, 234; human rights protests in, 152–53; human trafficking and, 113, 152, 155, 162–63, 166 168, 170; ISIS in, 163–64; Islamists in, 158–59, 161; Italy occupying, 153; jihadism boxed in, 165, 167; Macron on, 155; without middle class, 156; Misrata city saved in, 154–55; mothers, sisters demonstrating in, 154; Muslim Brotherhood power in, 163, 165; petromonarchy rivalries influencing, 162, 168–69; Russia concern on, 295–96; Sarkozy on, 155, 157–58; Tahrir Square of, 153–54, 159, 165; terrorism supported by, 157; tribal divisions in, 152, 162; tribal militias in, 159–60; Tripolitania demonstrations and, 154; 2019 disintegration in, p3; with two governments, 152; West bombing ISIS in, 160; Western intervention in, 113, 152, 154–55, 168, 170
martyrdom operation (ʿamaliyya istish.hadiyya), 28–29, 76, 78
Masri, Abu Ayyub al-, 199
Mass‘ari, Muhammad al-, 51
media battlefield, 88; Rushdie and, 29, 35–38, 43, 47, 82–83, 97, 278–79; A. al-Zawahiri on, 36, 83
middle class: of Algeria, 46, 55–57, 305–6; of Egypt, 148–49; FIS with, 46, 55; Iran and Muslim Brotherhood with, 239; Islamist inroads to, 65; Libya without, 156; of Tunisia, 117–19, 121–23, 131, 169
military: Algeria reliance on, 305–6; Brotherhood crackdown by, 144; democracy resisted by, 12; Egypt power and, 133, 135–36, 148, 169–70, 305; Iran Revolutionary Guards and, 278; jihadism from Egypt, 148; Khomeini and warfare rules of, 30–31; Mubarak ousted by, 136–39; Syria and opposition as, 196–97; Tahrir Square allowed by, 143; Tammarod backed by, 144–45, 147–48; Turkey logic of, 268–70
mujahideen: of Afghanistan, 53, 58, 61, 68; in Iran, 24; in Iraq, 199; in Syria, 204; U.S. intelligence training, 32–34
Muslim Brotherhood, 322; Azzam as, 31–32; Banna founding, 12, 42, 239; Egypt and, 135, 137, 169; Ennahda from, 121; on Gaddafi, 158; Iran and, 239; Al Jazeera and subliminals, 134; jihadism squeezing, 210, 265–66; Libya and power by, 163, 165; military cracking down on, 144; moderates with, 210; Morsi and, 127, 135, 137, 141, 144, 147, 308; Nasser repressing, 12; Obama communications with, 80–81, 273; political Islam template as, 12, 42, 126; Qaradawi and public face of, 46, 78, 145, 176, 209; Qatar supporting, 126, 131, 134, 137, 145, 238; Qatar World Cup frustrated by, 299, 322; repression and massacre on, 148; Sadat encouraging, 15; Salafists disallowing, 149–50; Saudi Arabia supporting, 18; Sayyid Qutb of, 42; el-Sisi on, 149; Sunnis countering, 106; Tahrir Square joined by, 143–44; Trump shutting engagement with, 235; Turkish and UAE rift with, 308
National Liberation Front (FLN), 44–45
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 299–300
oil income, 8; Algerian society stifled by, 306; ARAMCO for, 17; bin Salman on, 5, 240, 246, 308, 320; for George H. W. Bush, 17; electric vehicles reducing, 320; as global power, 16; Hussein and income from, 37; Iran relying on, 292–93; ISIS and Syria oil with, 220, 321–22; Islamization supported by, 16, 43; for Kurds, 271; after October War, 319; political Islam fueled by, 4; Qatar with LNG, 238; Russia and, 288, 292–93, 320–21; Salafism and jihadism subject to, 308; Saudi-American relationship and, 17; Saudi Arabia and, 240–41, 288, 320–21; Sunni-Shiite conflict and, 25–26; U.S. and Syria, 229, 297; U.S. independence on, 311; U.S. oil and Strait of Hormuz as, 311; U.S. shale and, 4, 7, 170, 240, 272–73, 306, 308, 311–12, 320; Yom Kippur war and, 15–16
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 48, 62, 233
Otaybi, Juhayman al-, 27–28
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): Arafat of, 14, 20, 43, 49, 64–66; Hamas challenging, 42–43, 65–66; Israel and, 14, 21, 66; political party of, 11
Palestinian Brotherhood, 42
Partisans of Islamic Law (Ansar al-Sharia organization), 121, 124–25, 165
petromonarchies: Brotherhood countered by, 106; Egypt influenced by, 139–40, 169; GCC as, 174; internal conflict and, 48; Iran and goals of, 38; Khomeini against, 26; Libya and rivalries among, 162, 168–69; power monopoly of, 321–22; as rentier economy, 4–5, 16, 48, 240, 306, 308, 321–22; Saudi Arabia as, 4, 139–40; Syria funded by, 173, 203, 205; as UAE, Qatar, 139–40; wealth of, 17
political Islam, 4, 14, 17–18, 37, 75; expansion of, 320; Muslim Brotherhood as template and, 12, 42, 126; PLO and Baath as, 11; test for, 323
Putin, Vladimir, 6–7; B. al-Assad and vassal of, 217, 228; bin Salman welcomed by, 240, 298; Kurds protected by, 314; peace accord goal by, 296–97; Shiite crescent supported by, 116; Syria and, 217, 228, 284, 294–97; Trump in Helsinki meeting and, 301, 314; Turkey contained by, 313–14
al-Qaeda, 80, 107; of bin Laden, 34, 72; “blessed double raid” by, 34, 48, 74, 81–82, 86, 96, 125, 162, 235–36, 282; cyberspace messages by, 86–87; Al Jazeera broadcasting, 83, 86; Kenya and Tanzania attacks by, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88; Muslims not mobilized by, 87; suicide attacks by, 64; U.S. and Iran cooperation on, 282; War on Terror and, 91, 185, 193; Zarqawi allegiance to, 198–99
Qatar: Bahrain intervened by, 114; bin Jassim of, 234; bin Salman pressuring, 240; Erdoğan siding with, 238; Houthis communications with, 235; Iran closeness by, 238–39; Khashoggi and, 309; Kuwait and Oman on embargo and, 237; with LNG, 238; Muslim Brotherhood of, 126, 131, 134, 137, 145, 238; Al-Nusra Front paid by, 236; as petromonarchy, 139–40; Russia selling missiles to, 298–99; Tamim and power in, 234, 236; terrorism finance charges on, 236–37; Al Thani abdication in, 234, 237–38; Trump on, 239–40; Turkey collusion with, 219; U.S. Pentagon and, 240; World Cup and, 299, 322
Ramirez Sanchez, Illitch (Carlos), 69
Raqqa: ISIS in, 1–2, 86, 108–9, 116, 198, 209, 217; liberated from ISIS, 6, 173, 190–91, 193, 207, 225–28, 267, 272, 274, 284, 293, 302, 312
refugees, 2, 14, 248, 261; into Europe, 7, 166, 190–91, 219, 300, 320
rentier economy, 4, 306; bin Salman on, 5, 240, 308; petromonarchies with, 16–17, 26, 38, 48, 106, 139–40, 162, 168–69, 173–74, 203, 205, 308; power monopoly allowed by, 321–22
Revolutionary Guards: of Iran, 30, 62, 218, 250, 255, 257, 275, 277–78, 281–82, 311–12; Saudi Arabia attacked by, 310–12; Soleimani and, 257, 281–82
Russia: B. al-Assad and, 107, 173, 202, 292–96; bin Salman visiting, 240, 298; Iran cooperating with, 285, 291–92; ISIS striking back at, 223; Israel links to, 285–86; Kurds and, 121, 267, 290, 297; Libya concern for, 295–96; Netanyahu in, 286–87; oil income reliance by, 288, 320–21; Palmyra retaken by, 217–18; Primakov of, 206, 285, 293, 295–96; Putin of, 6–7, 116, 217, 228, 284, 294–98, 301, 313–14; Qatar buying missiles from, 298–99; Rafsanjani to, 292; Salman visiting, 263, 288, 298; Saudi Arabia and, 263, 285, 288, 320–21; Sunnis reassured by, 258; Syria and, 173, 216, 258, 284, 295, 324; Syria chemical weapons and, 206, 218, 262, 284; Syria rebels defused by, 260–61; Turkey relationship with, 220–21, 268, 285, 289–90; 2019 Syria and, p8; West and Syria role for, 264; World Cup in, 298. See also Soviet Union
Salafism, 306; against B. al-Assad, 205; bin Laden and, 68; bin Salman on, 244; into Bosnia, 63; on Bouazizi, 124; “civil concord” with, 307; Copts targeted by, 149; democracy resisted by, 126; Ennahda versus, 124; on Gaddafi, 158; internet and, 321; as intransigent Muslims, 18–19, 25; Muslim Brotherhood disallowed by, 149–50; oil income financing, 308; Otaybi tied with, 27–28; Saudi-American relationship and, 48–49; of Saudi Arabia sheiks, 68; against Shiites, 203–4; on Sufi brotherhood, 19; Sunni jihad and, 4, 7, 89, 107; Tunisia and activities of, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; urban Syrians for, 192
Saudi Arabia, 63; Afghanistan jihad financed by, 32; on Al Jazeera shut down, 238; Zahran Alloush and asset of, 288–89; ARAMCO of, 17; Bahrain intervened by, 114; bin Abdullah of, 245–46; bin Laden and citizens of, 82; dynasty succession in, 241–43; economy reforms by, 308; Fahd as king and, 48–51, 73, 82, 177; Faisal as king and, 15–16, 18; on Iran and Syria, 289, 310–12; Iran attacking, 289, 310–12; Iran-Shiite versus Sunnis of, 172; jihadists turning against, 48; kamikaze attackers of, 80–82, 88, 94, 235; Khashoggi of, 309; Massʾari against, 51; Muslim Brotherhood supported by, 18; October War and, 25; oil income and, 240–41, 288, 320–21; as petromonarchy, 4, 139–40; on Qatar missile purchase, 298–99; Quincy Pact and, 17, 240–41; Russia links with, 263, 285, 288, 320–21; Salafist sheikhism of, 68; el-Sisi supported by, 137–38; Soviets challenging, 28; top-down revolution in, 246; Wahhabism influence on, 8, 106, 242–43, 320; women driving in, 4–5, 50, 308; Yemen and, 13, 183. See also bin Salman, Mohammad
September 11 attack (2001), 5, 67, 76; bin Laden and, 79–81; as “blessed double raid,” 34, 48, 74, 81–82, 86, 96, 125, 162, 235–36, 282; Iran helped by, 79–80; jihadism dominance after, 319; October 1973 war and, 11; Saudi kamikaze of, 80–82, 88, 94, 235; as symbolic code, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 77, 125, 162; World Trade Center in 1993 and, 32, 58, 70, 81; A. al-Zawahiri attack and media on, 36, 83
sharia (Islamic law), 12, 45–47; ISIS applying, 200, 208–9, 229, 247–48, 262, 302, 307, 322
Shiites, 23; Abadi as, 227, 250, 252, 256; Al Khalifa resisted by, 175; Zahran Alloush against, 262; Arafat and, 21; B. al-Assad labeled, 125; Bahrain demonstrations by, 174–75; Bosnia opportunity for, 62; Hamad doubted by, 175; Iran and Hezbollah for Lebanon, 22; Iranian revolution turning, 2–3; Iraq state-building by, p5; jihad against, 108; Khomeini of, 25; Lebanon with Hezbollah, 22, 41; Maliki as, 213, 247, 249–50, 252, 283; Salafists against, 203–4; Sistani as, 226, 249–52, 255, 283; Sunni contrasts with, 24; U.S. supporting Iraqi, 89; Zarqawi for exterminating, 99–100, 198
social networks: Facebook as, 2, 141, 189, 195; ISIS jihadism through, 303–4; mass killings posted on, 91; Twitter as, 189, 216; YouTube and, 100, 125
Soleimani, Qasem: of Iran, 277–83; Iran theocracy threat from, 277–79, 322–23; to Iraq, 257; ISIS fought by, 283; Israel targeted by, 287; Kurd agreement overseen by, 272; Revolutionary Guards and, 257, 272, 277–83, 287, 292–93, 322; Shiite crescent and, 292–93, 322; U.S. on, 279–80
Soviet Union, 45; Afghanistan invasion by, 5, 22, 26–27; communism and, 34–35, 43–44, 244, 291; Egypt aligning with, 13; jihadism and, 29, 69; Saudi Arabia challenged by, 28. See also Russia
Sudan: Abu B. al-Baghdadi on, 304–5; Bashir of, 47, 68, 71, 307; bin Laden in, 68, 71; Turabi of, 46–47, 51, 68–71, 307
suicide attacks: by Hamas, 64, 66–67; from Iran-Iraq war, 30; lawfulness of, 78; martyrdom operations and, 76, 78; political economics of, 75; by al-Qaeda, 64; Qaradawi supporting, 78–79; Zarqawi and, 198
Sunnis, 23; against B. al-Assad, 233; Brotherhood countered by, 106; conflicts among, p1; divisions and accomplishments among, 233–35, 308; Al Farooq rebel brigade as, 204; Hezbollah and, 41, 209; Iran imitated by, 31, 283; Iran on radicalization and, 278–79; Iran viewed by, 26, 31, 283; Iraq with weakened, 248, 251; ISIS and, 116, 213, 246–47, 260; to jihadists, 89; Maronites struggle against, 2; Morsi ousting and split among, 308; as reactionary and anti-socialist, 4; Russia reassuring, 258; Salafism and jihad of, 4, 7, 89, 107; Saudi-American relationship and, 48–49; Shiite contrasts with, 24; on suicide attack lawfulness, 78–79; Syria and, 115, 293–94; U.S. abandoning Iraq, 176–77; U.S. weakening, 89
Sunni-Shiite conflict, 24, p1; Arab Spring overtaken by, 113–14; B. al-Assad as Shiite and, 125; Iran and Bahrain and, 172; Iran-Iraq war and, 37; in Iraq, 115; ISIS inflaming, 117; Israel subordinated to, 319; oil prices and, 25–26; over Islamization, 30; as principle fault line, 101; sharpening of, 107; in Syria, 115, 173, 191, 205; in Yemen, 172–73, 187
Supporters of the Holy Sanctuary (Ansar Bait al-Maqdis), 151
Suri, Abu Khalid al-, 193, 210
Suri, Abu Musab al-, 217; Al-Ansar bulletin edited by, 54–55, 75, 98; A Call for a Global Islamic Resistance by, 98–99, 199; jihad strategy by, 101, 106–7, 116, 189, 193
symbolic codes, 83; August 7 as, 48–49, 51, 73, 75–76, 82, 88, 198; September 11 as, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 77, 82, 125, 162
Syria: Alawites as minority regime and, 194–95, 233, 258–59, 308, 311; Alawite-Zaydi rift and, 172; Aleppo battle in, 218; Zahran Alloush of, 261–63, 288–89; apocalyptic theme for, 197, 202, 204; Arab Spring of, 6, 106, 189–91; H. al-Assad of, 3, 21–22, 192; Baath political party in, 11; A. B. al-Baghdadi and Julani scouting, 197–98; Daraa uprising crushed by, 194–95; democratic revolt in, 189, 191; destruction of, 228–29; Facebook involvement in, 195; Al Farooq rebel brigade against, 204; Free Syrian Army and democracy of, 202; GCC and Alawites of, 172–73; Ghouta city and threat in, 261, 263–64; Hezbollah in, 209–10; Idlib deconfliction zone in, 223–25, 236, 258, 260, 263–64, 268, 289–90, 294, 296–97, 307, 316; Iran upholding B. al-Assad and, 107, 116, 173, 202, 218, 283, 294; Iraq jihadists helped by, 192; ISIS caliphate and, 189–90; ISIS in, 107, p7; ISIS not fought by, 211; ISIS selling oil of, 220, 266, 321–22; Israel on Iran and, 286–87; JCPOA on civil war, 274; jihad defeat and rebellion in, 173, 192–97, 207, 258; Kurds of, 192–93, 272; Lebanon, Iran, Turkey, Jordan in, 173; mujahideen in, 204; opposition militarization in, 196; petromonarchies funding in, 173, 203, 205; population of, 191–92; Putin and, 217, 228, 284, 294–97; refugees in, 261; Russia and chemical weapons of, 206, 218, 262, 284; Russia and Iran cooperating on, 291–92; Russia and peace for, 324; Russia convoying rebels of, 258; Russia intervening in, 216; Russia on importance and, 295; Russia-Turkey power in, 260–61; Saudi Arabia on Iran and, 289, 310–12; secularism in, 192; Shām as, 1; Sunni numbers in, 293–94; Sunni opposition in, 115; Sunni-Shiite conflict in, 115, 173, 191, 205; Tahrir Square of, 196; treaty sabotaged by, 40; Turkey containing rebels of, 260–61; Turkey on territory and, 270; Turkey route and aid for, 219; 2019 world politics and, p8; unemployed and uprising in, 194; upheaval of 2011-2012 and, p6; War on Terror and, 274; West on chemical weapons and, 211, 258, 264; West on insurgents and, 206, 218; Zaitouneh of, 262. See also Assad, Bashar al-
Tahrir Square, 196; of Egypt, 106, 110–11, 114, 134–48, 151, 169, 174–76, 304–6; of Libya, 153–54, 159, 165
Taif Agreement (1989), 22, 41, 47
Tamim (Qatar crown prince), 234, 236
terrorism, 5, 7, 25, 28–31, 248; Charlie Hebdo attack by, 36, 87, 97, 128, 164, 185, 216, 274, 302; ISIS reign of, 6, 209, 215–16; Libyan support of, 157; Qatar and funds to, 236–37; Turkey with ISIS, 218, 223, 266; U.S. embassy attacks as, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88
Trump, Donald, 6–7, 228–29, 235–36, 239–40, 265, 273, 320; bin Salman supported by, 309–10; impeachment of, 312, 315; Kurds abandoned by, 272–73; NATO confronted by, 299–300; Putin in Helsinki meeting and, 301, 314; reelection priorities of, 310–12
Tunisia: anti-corruption campaign in, 130; Arab Spring first in, 6, 109–10, 117–18; Ben Ali corruption in, 110, 119–20; Ben Jafar of, 121–22; Bouazizi self immolation in, 105, 109, 118–19; Bourguiba as prime minister and, 11; Chahed of, 130–31; Commission for Objectives of Revolution in, 121; democracy of, 113, 117–18, 121–22, 130–33, 169, 304; El Hakim jihadism in, 108–9, 126–27; Ennahda and Ghannouchi in, 120, 123, 126–27, 132–33; Essebsi of, 118, 128–32, 304; Europe closeness to, 117, 122, 131, 137, 169; Ghannouchi as parliament president and, 126, 133, 265; history of, 132; human rights and, 152; ISIS and, 128–29; Islamists versus, 122–23; Jebali of, 122, 127; jihad in, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; Marzouki in, 118–19, 121–22, 129; S. Masri and anomaly of, 132, 169; middle class influence in, 117–19, 121–23, 131, 169; moderate Islamist versus secularist in, 122–23; National Dialogue Quartet of, 127–28, 160, 306; Nobel Peace Prize and, 128; Qatar donating to, 126; Salafists active in, 120–21, 123–24, 126–27; social conflicts in, 129–30; two parts of, 130–31, 133; UAE helping, 128, 131; unemployed graduates in, 111, 119; vulnerabilities in, p2; Zayd and wife of, 59, 124
Turkey, 6; Atatürk of, 269–72, 290; borders and military logic of, 268–70; on chemical weapon airstrikes, 268; Davutoğlu of, 219, 221, 265, 269; democracy and, 221; Erdoğan of, 106, 161, 218, 221, 227, 238, 265, 289–90, 313; Erdoğan propaganda in, 269–70; Euphrates Shield and Kurds by, 265, 272; Gülen and, 221, 266, 269–70, 289; Iran closeness by, 238–39; ISIS and, 218, 220, 223, 266; ISIS and Euphrates Shield by, 221–22, 265, 272; ISIS and Tel Abyad to, 215; ISIS supplies stopped by, 218; ISIS terrorism through, 218, 223, 266; Kurd concern by, 220, 270; on Kurdish irredentism, 38, 266, 289, 313, 322; Kurds attacked by, 222, 267–68, 270; Muslim Brotherhood rift with, 308; Öcalan imprisoned by, 212; Putin containing, 313–14; Qatar collusion with, 219; Russia relationship with, 220–21, 268, 285, 289–90; Syria aid via, 219; Syria drawing in, 173; Syria rebels contained by, 260–61; on Syria territory, 270; 2019 Syria and, p8; U.S. deal with, 290
Union of Islamic Organizations in France (UOIF), 56
United Arab Emirates (UAE): Bahrain intervened by, 114; on Ennahda Movement, 128, 131; Morsi undermined by, 137–38; Muslim Brotherhood rift with, 308; as petromonarchy, 139–40; Saleh and, 183; el-Sisi supported by, 137–38; Tunisia helped by, 128, 131; 2019 sea policy by, p4; Yemen control by, 183, 188–89
United States (U.S.): Afghanistan jihad financed by, 32; Azzam and intelligence agency of, 32; Bahrain base and navy of, 177; Benghazi killing and ambassador of, 162–63; bin Laden protected by, 71, 87–88; Bolton of, 235, 279–80, 309–11; Bosnia and Dayton accords of, 63; Brzezinski of, 33–34; chemical weapons and, 274; Clinton of, 66, 69–70, 72; Egypt and aid of, 140, 149; FIS and ISIS with weapons of, 212–13; Freedom Fighters trained by, 28, 244; Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib abuse by, 90; on Hussein, 253; Iran and, 27, 40, 279–80, 293, 311; Iran cooperation with, 226, 251, 282–83; Iraq and media utilized by, 88; Iraq Shiites supported by, 89; Iraq Sunnis abandoned by, 176–77; Islamization misunderstood by, 34; Israel prioritized by, 17; JCPOA withdrawal by, 284, 294, 297, 301, 309–10, 320, 323; jihadism fought by, 165; jihadism substituting for, 69; Kenya and Tanzania embassies of, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88; Khashoggi of, 309; Khomeini against, 26; Kurds abandoned by, 272–73, 297, 312–14; Kurds and special forces of, 267–68, 313; Kurds supplied by, 89–90, 215, 220–21, 227–29; Mubarak supported by, 138; mujahideen trained by, 32–34; Omar region destroyed by, 85; Oslo Accords and, 66; Pelosi of, 312, 316–17; Pence of, 314–15; Pompeo of, 235, 240, 274, 280, 290, 309–11; Powell of, 88, 99; Qatar and Pentagon of, 240; Quincy Pact and, 17, 240–41; Rahman recruiting in, 70–71; Sadat and aid from, 140; shale oil and gas from, 4, 7, 170, 240, 272–73, 306, 308, 311–12, 320; on Soleimani, 279–80; Strait of Hormuz independence by, 311; on Sunni weakening, 89; Syria drawing in, 173; on Syria oil, 229, 297; targeting of, 76; terrorism on embassies of, 51, 70, 73, 75, 82, 88; Tillerson of, 240; Turkey deal with, 290; 2019 Syria and, p8; War on Terror of, 74, 80, 84, 88, 91, 142, 185, 193, 235, 274; Yemen and aid from, 185
veil, affair of the, 43–44
War on Terror, 74, 80, 84, 88, 274; al-Qaeda and, 91, 185, 193; U.S. after, 142, 235
Western nations: activities against, 41; against B. al-Assad, 233; ISIS and accusation of, 323; Kurds supported by, 212; Libya and intervention by, 113, 152, 154–55, 168, 170; refugees into, 7, 166, 190–91, 219, 300, 320; Russia role allowed by, 264; Salafist and jihad blindness of, 201–2; on Syria chemical weapons, 211, 258, 264; Syria inaction by, 206, 218; Syria peace from, 324; terrorism created by, 248; on Turkish democracy, 221; 2019 Syria and, p8; Yemen and influence of, 173
“World Islamic Front for Jihad Against the Jews and Crusaders,” 72, 74, 76, 80
World Trade Center attacks: of 1993, 32, 58, 70, 81; of 2001, 5, 11, 32, 34–35, 48, 67, 74, 81; by Rahman, 32, 70–72. See also September 11 attack (2001)
Yemen: Arab Spring of, 6, 106, 179–82; bin Hadi al-Wadiʿi in, 182–83; bin Laden family and south, 184; “Change Square” in, 179–81, 184; corruption level in, 179; Egypt supporting, 13; as fractured, 188; Hadi of, 186–87; Houthis and GCC fighting in, 187; Houthis and jihadists taking, 181–82; Houthi Shiites in, 114–15, 180; ISIS appearing in, 186; Jews fleeing, 183; jihadists in, 181–82, 184–85; khat high in, 179, 181, 189; al-Qaeda versus Houthis in, 107; Saleh and, 115, 173, 178, 183, 186–88; Sunni-Shiite rift and, 172–73, 187; tribal and local politics in, 178–79, 181; tribes versus democracy in, 180–82; 2019 strife in, p3; UAE control of, 183, 188–89; unemployment and malnutrition in, 179; U.S. aid to, 185; Western influence in, 173; Zaydi and Houthi movement in, 114–15; Zaydism and Chafeite moderates in, 182
Zapata Petroleum Company, 17
Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 33, 48, 72–73, 198; Knights Under the Prophet’s Banner by, 36, 74–76, 80, 83, 95, 97, 201–2, 208, 210; of Jordan, 90, 99–100, 106–7, 116, 198–99
zbiba (“dry raisin” callus), 19–20