Empires of the Dead

NOTES

Abbreviations

Baker	H. Baker, Architecture and Personalities, London, 1944
Birkenhead	Lord Birkenhead, Rudyard Kipling, New York, 1978
Blomfield	R. Blomfield, Memoirs of an Architect, London, 1932
Blythe	R. Blythe, The Age of Illusion, London, 1963
CWGC	Commonwealth War Graves Commission Archives
Immortal Heritage	F. Ware, The Immortal Heritage: An Account of the Work and Policy of the Imperial War Graves Commission during Twenty Years, 1917–1937, London, 1937
Kenyon	F. Kenyon, War Graves: How the Cemeteries Abroad Will Be Designed, HMSO, London, 1918
Longworth	P. Longworth, The Unending Vigil, London, 1967
Lutyens Letters	ed. C. Percy and J. Ridley, The Letters of Edwin Lutyens to his Wife Lady Emily, London, 1985
Milner	Bodleian Library, Milner Papers
Stamp	G. Stamp, The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme, London, 2007
Wilson	K. M. Wilson, A Study in the History and Politics of the Morning Post 1905–1926, Lampeter, 1990
The Worker	F. Ware, The Worker and His Country, London, 1912

Prologue

Ioannes Acutus … F. Saunders, Hawkwood, Diabolical Englishman, London, 2005, p. xvii

holy, haunted ground … Lord Byron, Childe Harold Canto II, London, 1812

Would it have been … D. A. Reid, Memoirs of the Crimean War, London, 1911, p. 161

Imagine them moving … Immortal Heritage, p. 27

corner of a foreign field … R. Brooke, The Collected Poems of Rupert Brooke, London, 1918, p. 148

Chapter 1

Now, God be thanked … Ibid., p. 144

this Rupert of the pen … Violet Markham, Queen, 28 May 1921, p. 25

dared question … J. R. Brooke, Westminster Gazette, 1911, CWGC PO1/1

My academic qualifications … Milner, d38 ff.36–7

pity and indignation … Morning Post, 1 February 1906

As an undergraduate … W. Nimocks, Milner’s Young Men: The ‘Kindergarten’ in Edwardian Imperial Affairs, London, 1970, quoted, p. 13

For you your job … The Worker, p. vi

I was working late … Milner, d38 ff.149–50

It is magnificent … W. Beveridge, Power and Influence, London, 1953, quoted, p. 40

I told him of course … Ibid., p. 33

erratic but brilliant … J. R. Brooke, Westminster Gazette, 1911, CWGC PO1/1

At the time of … Ibid., quoted, p. 15

awake and ‘miserable’ … Ibid., quoted, p. 13

has been wanting … Ibid., quoted, p. 15

party hack … Ibid., quoted, p. 28

I am to take the views … Ibid., quoted, p. 20

The existence of … The Worker, pp. vii, 14–15, 276

highest attainment … Ibid., p. 25

third-class carriages … C. Carrington, Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work, London 1955, quoted, p. 326

ready to perform … F. Ware, Educational Foundations of Trade and Industry, London, 1901, pp. 57–148

So long as … The Worker, p. 276

Chapter 2

The Royal Automobile Club … P. Longworth, Unpublished First Draft of ‘The Unending Vigil’, CWGC

no objection … Ibid.

The Mobile Unit was organised … CWGC MU1, Spring Report 1915

October 29^th … CWGC MU1, November Report 1914

To be fair to them … CWGC MU1, 26 February 1915

The strong and able … Ibid.

It is good work … Milner, d349 ff.332–33

from ‘all the muddle … CWGC MU1, 21 December 1914

The British Red Cross … CWGC MU1, 21 February 1915

I shall never forget … L. Earle, Turn Over the Page, London, 1935, p. 102

when one day … Ibid., p. 104

The experience gained … CWGC MU1, Spring Report 1915

It was while … visiting … Ibid.

I may add … CWGC MU1, 6 December 1914

Another and very ingenious … Ibid.

the proud satisfaction … Ibid.

I feel sure … CWGC MU1, 6 December 1914

With very few exceptions … CWGC MU3, 10 May 1915

I was endeavouring … CWGC MU1, 6 December 1914

our soldiers in the shell … CWGC WG1298, 25 May 1916

We had one poor fellow killed … I. Mackay, Tell Them of Us, privately printed letters, 26 February 1915, ed. D. Mackay, 1994

Dear Miss F. Robertson … J. Robertson, The Hair Trunk, unpublished manuscript, p. 200

words of rough regret … CWGC WG548, undated press cutting

It is fully recognised … Longworth, quoted, p. 7

a lot of trouble over … CWGC SDC22, 25 September 1916

Into the old-fashioned … CWGC WG789, undated press cutting

At the beginning … CWGC SDC22, 28 September 1916

There is not, of course … CWGC Add4/1/3, 12 March 1915

It would be a matter … CWGC GRC2, 11 March 1915

neither cares nor understands … Milner, d350 ff.103–07

By means of this … CWGC GRC1, 21 August 1915

I saw the AG … CWGC GRC1, 31 August 1915

I am sorry … CWGC GRC1, 28 October 1915

to the crokers … I. Mackay, Tell Them of Us, privately printed letters, 1 October 1914, ed. D. Mackay, 1994

Chapter 3

the sole intermediary … Longworth, quoted, p. 39

The dug-outs … V. Brittain, Testament of Youth, London, 2004, p. 174

I told you … Milner, d350 ff.103–07

I have warned the Press … CWGC WG1076, 2 July 1915

In all ages … Ibid., Report of the French Commission of Public Health, Summer 1915

As regards the question … CWGC Add4/1/3, 27 February 1915

The noise is just like … Viscount Gladstone, W. G. C. Gladstone: A Memoir, London, 1918, quoted, p. 113

Heaven knows … Ibid., quoted, p. 107

We have been … Ibid., quoted, p. 116

I thoroughly enjoyed it … Ibid.

This unfinished letter … Ibid.

He had been warned … Ibid., p. 122

It was the earnest wish … Ibid., p. 124

I notice Gladstone’s body … CWGC GRC1, 16 April 1915

CONFIDENTIAL … CWGC GRC1, 5 May 1915

detestable … alien … Viscount Gladstone, W. G. C. Gladstone, London, 1918, p. 100

Here the Germans … Immortal Heritage, quoted, pp. 20–21

I believe that you … CWGC GRC1, 17 July 1915

Chapter 4

Collectivist, individualist … The Worker, p. 24

To Fabian Ware … Violet Markham, Queen, 28 May 1921, p. 24

keenness of all … CWGC MU1, undated report of Colonel Stewart

Vitalisers are few … Violet Markham, Queen, 28 May 1921, p. 24

With such examples … CWGC SDC22, 7 March 1917

He had heard rumours … Ibid., 25 September 1916

class-bound and incompetent … D. Stevenson, 1914–18: The History of the First World War, London, 2005, p. 117

I am sending you … CWGC WG1298, 7 July 1916

The French government … General Routine Orders 1104, December 1915

At the time of burial … CWGC GRC7, 17 April 1916

In special cases … Ibid.

On no account … CWGC Add3/1/3, 1 February 1918

We were not aware … J. C. Smuts, Jan Christian Smuts, London, 1952, p. 195

In April, 1916 … L. Earle, Turn Over the Page, London, 1935, p. 113

South Africa … CWGC Add3/1/3, 25 February 1919

[footnote] It was all Australia … R. Kipling, The Five Nations, London, 1903, p. 191

Beyond the area … E. Blunden, Undertones of War, London, 1936, p. 131

Crossing the Ancre again … Ibid.

the measurements and description … CWGC Add3/1/3, 30 June 1917

We are on the verge … CWGC SDC4, 29 June 1917

I am held up on my work … Longworth, quoted, p. 18

[footnote] My Dear Ware … CWGC SDC4, 13 December 1916

The field of Gommecourt … R. Holmes, Tommy, London, 2004, quoted, p. 46

Chapter 5

the great expansion … F. Ware, General Report for the period 21^st May 1917, to 31^st March 1920, II, HMSO, 1920, p. 5

It was vital … CWGC SDC22, 15 March 1917

old bait … Longworth, quoted, p. 27

In looking forward … CWGC SDC22, 15 March 1917

the first organisation … Longworth, p. 28

to keep alive … Ibid., quoted, p. 28

the freedom of the individual … H. Strachan, The First World War, London, 2005, quoted, p. 237

Democracy is not going … A. M. Gollin, Proconsul in Politics, New York, 1964, quoted, p. 238

When I visited … A. W. Hill, Our Soldiers’ Graves, Lecture to Royal Horticultural Society, CWGC Add3/1/3, 25 February 1919

The Commission recognised … CWGC SDC51, 19 November 1918

There is in art … Stamp, quoted, p. 60

For its character … R. Byron, Country Life, January 1931

Schooled under Rhodes … C. Hussey, The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens, London, 1950, p. 322

I realised … Baker, p. 88

The cemeteries, the dotted graves … Lutyens Letters, p. 350

I most earnestly advise … Stamp, quoted, p. 78

I have not had the courage … CWGC Add1/1/3, 3 August 1917

The first person I saw … Lutyens Letters, p. 357

I bearded the Archbishop … CWGC Add1/1/3, 7 August 1917

There must be nothing … Ibid., 28 August 1917

The most beautiful … Lutyens Letters, p. 354

Such a rush … Ibid., p. 351

Afterwards went and saw … Ibid., p. 355

Lytton said … CWGC Add1/1/3, 20 August 1917

I see a bell-fry … Ibid., 25 July 1917

Professional jealousy … Lutyens Letters, quoted, p. 369

You are a werry nice man … Ibid., p. 348

The Commission recognised … Kenyon, p. 2

Chapter 6

He is an interesting … CWGC WG517, Chicago Tribune, 25 January 1920

The cemeteries, carefully … Blomfield, p. 178

in the squalid surrounding … Kenyon, p. 3

I have also had … Ibid.

It was felt that … Ibid., p. 6

It is necessary … Ibid.

My endeavour … Ibid., p. 4

be marked … Ibid., p. 7

There is some … Ibid., p. 9

It would meet … Ibid., p. 10

That the principle … F. Ware, General Report for the period 21^st May 1917, to 31^st March 1920, II, HMSO, 1920, p. 6

green coverlets … Immortal Heritage, p. 10

The beauty, the serenity … Ibid.

Those gruesome rags … V. Brittain, Testament of Youth, London, 2004, p. 225

We see men go on … E. Remarque, All Quiet on the Western Front, trans. B. Murdoch, London, 1996, p. 46

three rather gamy Germans … I. Mackay, Tell Them of Us, privately printed letters, 20 March 1915, ed. D. Mackay, 1994

Kiss me … R. Holmes, Tommy, London, 2004, quoted, p. 569

Covered with snow … E. C. Vaughan, Some Desperate Glory, London, 1917, p. 73

Chapter 7

I have not considered … Kenyon, p. 21

of specifications … Longworth, quoted, p. 38

The resting places … CWGC WG237/1, Kipling Advertisement

The cemeteries were often … Blomfield, p. 176

The total number … F. Ware, General Report for the period 21^st May 1917, to 31^st March 1920, II, HMSO, 1920, p. 9

Exhumation was a routine … J. Summers, Remembered: The History of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, London, 2007, quoted, p. 30

committee of architects … Kenyon, p. 21

The Principal Architects … Blomfield, p. 177

unspeakable tyranny … The Times, 3 May 1919

the most heartless … Ibid., various, 1919–1920

I know how English people dislike … CWGC WG219 pt 1, 8 July 1919

Nothing could put … Spectator, 1 February 1919

The last thing … Ibid.

when they left us … Ibid.

Your Royal Highness … CWGC Add4/2/7, Petition to the Prince of Wales, 1919

Lost three sons … Ibid.

[footnote] CWGC SDC30 various, September 1919

When the widows … W. Burdett-Coutts, War Graves – Statement of Reasons in Support of the Proposal of the Imperial War Graves Commission, London, 1920, p. 4

As I see the position now … CWGC WG999, 16 April 1920

as one who is strongly … W. Burdett-Coutts, War Graves, p. 2

An attack on … CWGC WG999, 15 April 1920

I understand that you … Ibid.

The Imperial War Graves Commission … W. Burdett-Coutts, War Graves, p. 10

No one could be … Hansard, 4 May 1920 [and subsequent quotations passim]