Twilight of Empire

INDEX

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25th Infantry Division

36th Imperial and Royal Infantry Regiment

Abazzia

Abdul Aziz I, Sultan

Ajdukiewicz, Tadeusz

Albert, Prince (Queen Victoria’s consort)

Albert Edward, Prince of Wales

Albrecht, Archduke

Albrecht, Karl

Albrecht, Thomas

Alexander, Prince of Battenberg

Alexander, Tsar

Alexandra, Princess of Bavaria

Alleen, Maureen

anarchists

Andrássy, Count Gyula

Anet, Claude

Anonymous author, The Last Days of Archduke Rudolf

antisemitism

Apponyi, Count Ludwig

archdukes

palaces given to

service in the army

aristocracy

Austrian

British

Hungarian

parties and balls

pedigree of

Armas, Justo (pseudonym)

Army High Command conferences

Army Reform Bill (1889)

ashtray with inscription “revolver not poison”

assassinations

Auchenthaler, Dr. Franz

Auersperg, Princess Aglaia von

Auersperg, Prince Karl von

Ausgleich

Austria

Austro-Hungarian Empire

Bachrach, Adolf

Bad Homburg

Bad Ischl

Baden (village)

Balkans

Baltazzi, Alexander

arranges for Mary’s burial

horsemanship

plan to marry Mary

Baltazzi, Aristide

Baltazzi, Elizabeth (married Albert Nugent)

Baltazzi, Eveline (married Georg von Stockau)

Baltazzi, Hector

Baltazzi, Heinrich

Baltazzi, Marie Virginie (married Otto von Stockau)

Baltazzi, Theodor

Baltazzi brothers

Baltazzi family

Baltazzi-Scharschmid, Heinrich

baron (freiherr), title of

Bauer, Georg

Bavaria

Bayer, Edward

Belgium

Bernhardt, Sarah

Bismarck, Otto von

hostility to Rudolf

Bohemians

Bombelles, Heinrich von

Bombelles, Vice Admiral Count Karl von

Bosnia

Boyer, Charles

Bragança, Dom Duarte de

Braganza, Duke Miguel of

Braganza, House of

Bratfisch, Josef

asked to wait to return Mary to Vienna

heard to say “the Crown Prince is dead”

Rudolf’s favorite driver

Britain

aristocracy

travel to

Brook-Shepherd, Gordon

Brucks, Otto

Brussels, travels to

Burgtheater

Buska, Johanna

Bylandt-Rheydt, Count Hendrik von

Cairo

Capuchin Crypt

Carmelite nuns

Caspar, Marie (“Mitzi”)

introduced to Rudolf, becomes favorite mistress

later life

money of Rudolf’s bequeathed to

Rudolf speaks of suicide and a suicide pact to

Catholicism

refuses suicide burials

Chambige, Henri

Charles V, Emperor

Charlotte, Empress of Mexico (Princess of Belgium)

Chotek, Count Bohuslav

Chotek, Countess Sophie

Christmas celebrations (1888)

Clemenceau, Georges

coffeehouses

Congo Free State

Corriere della Sera

Corti, Egon Caesar Conte

Croats

Czechs

Czernin, Count Ottokar von

Darrieux, Danielle

Dediè, Father Malachias

Dual Monarchy

Dubray, Gabriel

duels

education of elite children

Eliot, T. S.

Elisabeth, Archduchess (Rudolf’s daughter “Erszi”)

birth

called the Red Archduchess

guardianship of

later life

Rudolf tries to see before leaving for Mayerling

Elisabeth, Empress

assassination of

attitude toward Marie Larisch

attitude toward Stephanie

avoidance of imperial duties

equestrian circle of

films about

infected by venereal disease, by Franz Josef

lineage, and mental illness

mourning for father’s death

and Rudolf

attitude toward Rudolf

informed of Rudolf’s death

as parent

Rudolf’s final letter to

upset at Rudolf’s mental derangement

worries about Rudolf

tomb of

travels of

Elisabeth, Princess of Thurn und Taxis

Elisabeth, Queen of Romania

England, relations with

Esterházy, Prince Nikolaus

Esterházy, Prince Paul

Eugen, Archduke

Eugénie, Empress of France

Eulalia, Infanta

Feigl, Erich

Ferdinand I, Emperor

Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany

Ferenczy, Ida von

Festetics, Countess Marie

Festetics, Vilmos

Ffoulkes, Maude

Flatzelsteiner, Helmut

France, relations with Austria

Franz Ferdinand, Archduke

assassination of

denied useful role in government

as heir

morganatic marriage to Sophie Chotek

Franz I, Emperor

Franz Josef I, Emperor

anger at Marie Larisch

attitude toward Stephanie after Rudolf’s death

falsely rumored to visit Mayerling

fifty-eighth birthday

at German embassy soiree

guardian of “Erszi”

illegitimate children of

lineage

long life, death in 1916

marriage to Elisabeth

and Mayerling tragedy

actions after Rudolf’s death

informed of Rudolf’s death

reaction to Rudolf’s death

viewing Rudolf’s corpse

mistress of (Katharina von Schratt)

opinion of Leopold II

personal life and interests

lack of interests

lonely work routine of

personality

political role

abdication rumor

assassination attempt

as divine ruler

early rule

heir of

learns of Hungarian conspiracy, supposedly

political views

and Rudolf

attitude toward Rudolf

conversations with Rudolf

disregards Rudolf’s ideas

has Rudolf introduced to sex

insists on Rudolf marrying

not aware of the Rudolf-Mary affair

as parent to Rudolf

titles

tomb of

Franz Karl, Archduke

Franz Salvator, Archduke

French Revolution

Freud, Sigmund

Freudenau racecourse

Friedrich, Empress of Germany (daughter of Queen Victoria)

Friedrich III, Kaiser

Friedrich August, Crown Prince of Saxony

Friedrich Wilhelm, Crown Prince (later Friedrich III)

Fritsche, Lieutenant Viktor von

Fugger, Prince

Fugger, Princess Nora

Galimberti, Monsignor Luigi

Ganglbauer, Cardinal Prince Cölestin

German Confederation

German Embassy, soiree at (January 27, 1889)

German Empire, Habsburg Empire alliance with

German language

German National Party

Gieslingen, Baron Artur Giesl von

Gilded Age (America)

Gisela, Archduchess

notes alarming change in Rudolf

Glaser (chorus girl)

Gödöllö, palace of

Gondrecourt, Major General Count Leopold

gonorrhea

Gorup (inspector)

Grant, Julia Dent

Graves, Dr. Armgaard Karl

Greene, Graham

Gross, Jenny

Grünböck, Abbot Heinrich

Habrda (police superintendant)

Habsburg empire

court balls

decay of

end of, in World War I

growth through marriage

Hungary in

male heirs to

Spanish etiquette of court

Habsburg family

Family Statute of 1839

genetic flaws in

protocol of

rule of

sentimentality about

Hamann, Brigitte

Hamilton, Lord Frederic

Haslip, Joan

Heiligenkreuz monastery

burial of Mary’s body at

Mary’s grave at

Heine, Heinrich

Helene of Bavaria (sister of Empress Elizabeth)

Hertz, Cornelius

Herzegovina

Hirsch, Baron Maurice

Hofburg imperial palace

Augustiner Bastion

indoor plumbing installed by Stephanie

Rudolf’s bachelor apartments in

Schweizerhof Wing

Stephanie’s apartments in

Vetsera Staircase in

Hofkapelle

Hofmann, Professor Eduard

Hohenlohe, Prince Constantine von

Hohnel, Ludwig Ritter von

Holler, Gerd

Holy Roman Empire

Hornsteiner (gamekeeper)

horse racing

horse society

horsemanship

Hotze, Major Friedrich

Hoyos-Sprintzenstein, Count Josef (“Josl”)

finds the two corpses

at German embassy soiree

at Mayerling

memo on tragedy at Mayerling

Hungarian language

Hungarians

nationalism of

Hungary

Apostolic King of

aristocratic estates in

conspiracy to separate from Empire

independence movement

Rudolf’s love of

Husarentempel at Mödling

Ireland, travel to

Italian provinces, loss of

Jahoda, Agnes

Jarosch, Dr. Klaus

Jesuits

asked to speak to Rudolf about his dissolute life, his outrage

Jews

Johann Salvator, Archduke of Tuscany (later known as Johann Orth)

renounces titles, and disappears

Judtmann, Fritz

Kaisergruft

Kálnoky, Count Gustav

Karl I, Emperor

Karl Ludwig, Archduke

Karl Theodor, Duke in Bavaria

Karolina Augusta of Bavaria

Károly, Countess Lajos

Károlyi, Count István (“Pista”)

telegrams to Rudolf

Kégl, István

Kerzl, Dr. Josef

Ketterl, Eugen

Khevenhüller-Metsch, Franz Karl, Prince

Kinsky, Count Eugen

Kinsky, Count Karl

Kirschner, Ferdinand

Klein, Alois

Klimt, Gustav

Königgrätz, battle of

Kossuth, Lajos

Krauss, Baron Franz von

Mary’s disapearance reported to

Mitzi reports Rudolf’s suicide threat to

Kubasek, Rudolf

Kundrath, Hans

Larisch, Count Georg von

Larisch, Heinrich Georg (illeg.)

Larisch, Countess Marie

delivers Mary for Mayerling

exiled from Viennese court

facilitated Rudolf-Mary affair

given a locked box by Rudolf

later life

memoirs

notes alarming change in Rudolf

Larisch, Marie Henriette (illeg.)

Latour von Thurmberg, Colonel Josef

correspondence with Rudolf

opinion of Rudolf

Le Figaro

Le Gaulois

Le Matin

Le Temps

Leiningen-Westerburg, Count Reinhard von

Leo XIII, Pope

Leopold, Archduke of Tuscany

Leopold, Prince of Bavaria

Leopold II, king of Belgium

Leopold Salvator, Archduke (later Leopold Wölfing)

Libényi, János

liberalism

Liechtenstein, Prince Heinrich von

Listowel, Judith

Litvak, Anatole

locked box, Rudolf’s

with code RIUO

Lombardy

Lónyay, Count Elemér

Loschek, Johann

finds the two corpses

gunshots heard

memoirs

Louise, Archduchess of Tuscany

Louise, Princess of Coburg (Princess of Belgium)

appearance

introduces Stephanie to Rudolf

later life

marries Philipp of Coburg

Ludovika, Princess of Bavaria

Ludwig, Duke in Bavaria

Ludwig I, king of Bavaria

Ludwig II, king of Bavaria

Ludwig Viktor, Archduke

madams and prostitutes

Madeira

Magyars. See also Hungary

Mahler, Gustav

Margutti, Baron Albert von

Maria Antonia, daughter of Ferdinand IV

Maria Josépha of Braganza

Maria Theresa, Archduchess (wife of Karl Ludwig)

Maria Theresa, Empress

Maria Theresa of Braganza

Marie, Archduchess (sister of Ferdinand I)

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France

Marie Henriette, Queen of Belgium

Marie of Bavaria (sister of Empress Elizabeth)

Marie Valerie, Archduchess

attitude toward Stephanie

diary of

dinner to celebrate her engagement

informed of Rudolf’s death

mother’s pet

notes alarming change in Rudolf

Markus, Georg

marriage

incestuous, in Habsburg lineage

Rudolf’s cynical view of

Marschall, Bishop Dr. Gottfried

Mathilda, princess of Saxony

Mathilde of Bavaria (sister of Empress Elizabeth)

Mattacic, Count Géza

Max, Duke in Bavaria

Maximilian, Archduke, Emperor of Mexico

Maximilian I Josef, King of Bavaria

Maximilian II, King of Bavaria

Mayer, Dr. Laurenz

Mayerling hunting lodge

description of

imperial jurisdiction of

Rudolf goes to (January 28)

Rudolf planned to go in February

transformed into a convent for Carmelite nuns

Mayerling tragedy

books and memoirs about

facts of the case

the bullets and the gun

discovery of bodies

gunshots heard

informing Vienna about

Mary naked

Rudolf decides to go to Mayerling on Tuesday (January 29)

sight of corpses

after the tragedy

films about

investigation of

investigation called off, reporting ceased

official concealment of facts

rumors about what happened

Taaffe papers on

motives for

Habsburg descendants’ desire to find other motivation than murder-suicide

“secret” of, alluded to by Otto

speculation of cause

quotes about

“anything was better than the truth”

“death alone can save my good name”

“I am not worthy to be his son”

“I have killed”

reporting of

foreign accounts of

news of, in Vienna

newspapers on

stories and theories about

abortion story

arrest-for-treason story

assassin story

castration story

Champagne bottle strike story

conspiracy theories

cover-up story

French assassination story

German assassination story

gossip and rumors about

heart attack story

Hungarian plot story

killed-by-wronged-husband story

love affair story

Mary shot at raucous party at Mayerling story

mental derangement story

as murder-suicide

official stories about, changing

poisoning story

political motivation story

raucous party story

Rudolf-didn’t-die-but-disappeared story

shot-in-duel story

struck by a bottle or stick story

suicide letters claimed to be forgeries

theories and stories about, because of official concealment of facts

vengeful gamekeeper story

tourist sites relating to

what actually happened

a plausible version of events

Meissner, Florian

Mendel, Henriette (Baroness Wallersee)

Menger, Karl

Mexico

Middleton, Captain George (“Bay”)

military

archdukes serving in

language used in (German)

venereal disease in

Miller, Emil

Miller, Theresia

Miramar, Trieste

Mitis, Baron Oskar von

Modena

monarchy

Montenuovo, Prince Alfred

Montez, Lola

Monts, Count Anton

Moravians

morphine

Morton, Frederic

Muslims

Naples

Napoleon III

nationalism

nationalities, autonomy to

Nazis

Neue Freie Presse

Neues Wiener Tagblatt

Neuhammer, Karl

New York Times

newspapers

confiscation of

reporting the Mayerling tragedy

special printings to eliminate unpleasant news

Nicholas, Tsarevich (future Nicholas II)

Nicholas I, Tsar

Nigra, Count Constantine

Nopcsa, Baron Ferenc

Nugent, Baron Albert

Nugent, Lady Elizabeth

Orsini und Rosenberg, Count Maximilian

Orth, Johann (pseudonym)

Otto, Archduke (b. 1912)

Otto, Archduke (Rudolf’s cousin)

Otto, Prince of Bavaria

Otto-Kreckwitz, Friedrich Karl von

Otto-Kreckwitz, Karl Ernst von

Paar, Count Eduard

Paget, Sir Augustus

Paget, Lady Walburga

Palmer, Eduard

Paris

Parma

Paul I of Russia

Petznek, Leopold

Philipp, Prince of Coburg

coarse-natured, and Rudolf’s good friend

in duel

finds the two corpses

later life

at Mayerling

testimony of

Philippe, Count of Flanders

Pick, Anna

Pius, Duke

Pius X, Pope

Planker-Klaps, Sophie von

Poles

Poliakowitz, Nikolaus

Polzer-Hoditz, Count Artur

Portugal

Potocki, Count Artur

Pötschner, Dr. Peter

Prague

Prussia

Püchel, Rudolf

radicalism

Radziwill, Princess Catherine

Raffé, Rolf

Rampolla, Mariano

Rathaus (Vienna City Hall)

reactionaries

Reiter, Dr. Christian

Ressegtier, Count Roger de

Reuss, Prince Heinrich VII

Revolutions of 1848

Riefenstahl, Leni

Ringtheater fire

Robert, Duke of Parma

Roll Commando sharpshooters

Rónay, Jácinth János von

Roosevelt, Theodore

Rothschild, Baron Albert

Rothschild, Nathaniel

royal families of Europe

fall of, after World War I

heirs of, lack of meaningful work for

Rudolf, Count (founder of Habsburg dynasty)

Rudolf, Crown Prince

ancestry

birth and upbringing

character as child

education and tutoring

parents’ failure to nurture

religious upbringing and doubts

the body

autopsy report

body returned to Vienna

casket for

path of bullet

skull and brain

view of corpse

family relations

conversations with Franz Josef

fear of, among family

pain of memory of

farewell letters

no final letter for Franz Josef

Franz Josef quoted

“died like a Schneider” (coward)

“you are not worthy to be my successor”

funeral and burial

Catholic funeral

lying in state

tomb of

German press campaign against

habits of abuse

Champagne, Cognac, and morphine regime

drug use

drunkenness

health

erectile dysfunction (impotence) due to drugs and drinking

medical records

physical decline

sleeping 4 to 5 hours a night

venereal disease contracted

“honor” important to

intelligent mind of

interests

horses

indifference to music and art

lust for killing

obsession with death

life style

bachelor apartment in Hofburg

contents of his rooms

introduced to women and alcohol

lack of meaningful work

nervous and careless life of

pleasure-seeking life

reaches majority, annual stipend awarded

reckless behavior

self-destructive way of life

shooting accident, terrifies Franz Josef

thirtieth birthday reflections

visiting seedy nightspots

“a wasted life, a needless death” (the late Archduke Otto)

and Mayerling tragedy

goes to Mayerling

at Mayerling

pursued by Mary Vetsera

suicide of, after killing Mary

mental state

anxiety and depression of

Bipolar I disorder, possible

change noticed in

emotional breakdown at 1889 Christmas

mental derangement supposed

moody appearance

not insane, but manic

psychological damage in childhood

military positions

colonel

inspector general of infantry

stationed in Prague

murder-suicide by, shame of

at the opera

personal traits

appearance

speaking voice

political role

belief he could have transformed Habsburg empire

and Bismark (mutual dislike)

conspiracy against Franz Josef

“enlightened prince”

excluded from political influence by Franz Josef

Hungarian plot

memoranda on military matters, given to Franz Josef

political impotence, empty life

political views (liberal)

shadowing of and spying on, by government

prayers for his unhappy soul

at Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee

at the races

sex life

consorting with prostitutes

illegitimate children produced

“nothing I could teach him” (Prince of Wales)

seduced by Helene von Vetsera

sexual behavior

sexual partners of, frequent changes of

suicidal thoughts and talk

wills

the first

the second, of 1887

writings by

anonymous articles for liberal newspapers

memoranda to Franz Josef

on nonpolitical topics (e.g., on his travels)

See also Mayerling tragedy; next entries

Rudolf-Mary affair

blackmail potential

facilitators of

Franz Josef learns of

Franz Josef orders it ended

Helen Vetsera’s attempts to end

Krauss investigates

length of, publicly admitted and actual

Mary reveals she’s pregnant (January 13)

romantic myth of

Rudolf promises Franz Josef to end

Rudolf’s attempts to end

scandal of

Rudolf-Stephanie marriage

marriage proposal

marriage strains

Rudolf’s annulment request

Rumanians

Russians

Rustimo (African boy kept as pet)

Salisbury, Lord

Salm family

Sarajevo

assassination at

travels to

Sáromberke estate

Sarrell, Eliza

Sarto, Cardinal Giuseppe

Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty

Saxony

Schloss Ellischau

Schloss Laxenburg

Schloss Oroszvár

Schloss Orth

Schloss Schwarzau

Schönborn-Buchheim, Archbishop Count

Schönbrunn palace

Schönerer, Georg von

Schratt, Katharina von

Schuldes, Julius

Schuselka, Franz

Schwarz-Gelb

Semitic influences

Serbia

Serbs

Seven Weeks’ War

Sicily

silver boxes presented to Rudolf’s ex-lovers

Sixtus, Prince of Bourbon-Parma

Skedl, Artur

Slatin, Dr. Heinrich

Slavs

Slovenians

smart set

Social Democratic Party

society

newspaper accounts of

social season in Vienna

tiers of

Sophie, Archduchess (died young)

Sophie, Archduchess (Princess of Bavaria, and grandmother of Rudolf)

and Rudolf’s upbringing

Sophie of Bavaria (sister of Empress Elizabeth)

South Slavs

Soviet troops

Mary’s grave desecrated by

Spain

Spindler, Heinrich Ritter von

Stephanie, Crown Princess (Princess of Belgium)

appearance

blamed for Rudolf’s death

confrontations with Mary Vetsera

critics of

health

infected by Rudolf’s venereal disease

infertility from gonorrhea infection

later life

married life

early contentment

marriage proposal

marriage strains

quarrels with Rudolf

ring of iron given to

Rudolf’s last letter to

memoirs

and Queen Victoria’s Golden Jubilee (did not go)

remarries, stripped of titles

rivalry with Mary

after Rudolf’s death

takes a lover (Artur Potocki)

worries about Rudolf