1. INTRODUCTION
1. Reginald Shepherd, “On Not Being White,” in Joseph Beam, ed., In the Life (Boston: Alyson, 1986), 53–54. Subsequent references are in the text. On white-on-black fixation, see Christopher Cutrone, “The Child with a Lion: The Utopia of Interracial Intimacy,” GLQ (Gay and Lesbian Quarterly) 6 (2000): 249–85.
2. Jonathan Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), 65.
3. See R. D. Laing and D. G. Cooper, Reason and Violence (New York: Pantheon, 1971), 22–25.
4. See Alan Sinfield, Cultural Politics—Queer Reading (1994), 2d ed. (London: Routledge, 2005), chs. 1 and 2.
5. Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, trans. Ben Brewster (London: New Left, 1997), 160–65.
6. Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy, 190–91, 200.
7. Herbert Marcuse, Eros and Civilization (New York: Random House, 1955).
8. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1978), 11. I return to Foucault and power in chapter 4.
9. Joan Riviere, “Womanliness as a Masquerade” (1929), in Victor Burgin, James Donald, and Cora Kaplan, eds., Formations of Fantasy (London: Methuen, 1986), 37–38. See Vicky Lebeau, Psychoanalysis and Cinema (London: Wallflower, 2001), 101–15.
10. Michael Warner, “Homo-Narcissism; Or, Heterosexuality,” in Joseph A. Boone and Michael Cadden, eds., Engendering Men (New York: Routledge, 1990), 200.
11. Lynne Segal, Straight Sex (London: Virago, 1994), 135.
12. For a defense and referencing of recent work, see Christopher Lane, “Psychoanalysis and Sexual Identity,” in Andy Medhurst and Sally R. Munt, eds., Lesbian and Gay Studies (London: Cassell, 1997).
13. Alan Sinfield, Out on Stage (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999).
14. Bertolt Brecht, “A Short Organum for the Theatre,” in John Willett, ed. and trans., Brecht on Theatre (London: Eyre Methuen, 1978), 186.
15. Jim Grimsley, interview in Gay Times 288 (September 2002): 77.
16. Alan Sinfield, Faultlines (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), ch. 2.
17. The terms erotic dissidence, dissident sexuality, and sexual dissidence are used for forbidden and/or stigmatized sex by Gayle S. Rubin in 1982. See Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 1993), 18, 22, 23. Sexual Dissidence is, of course, the title of Jonathan Dollimore’s book.
18. Alan Sinfield, Gay and After (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1998), ch. 3; Sinfield, “The Production of Gay and the Return of Power,” in Richard Phillips, Diane Watt, and David Shuttleton, eds., De-centring Sexualities (London: Routledge, 2000); Sinfield, “Transgender and Les/bi/gay Identities,” in David Alderson and Linda Anderson, eds., Territories of Desire in Queer Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000).
19. Sinfield, Gay and After, 91, 103.
2. TAXONOMIES
1. David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 109–110.
2. Halperin, How to Do the History, 133–34.
3. David Halperin, “Pal o’ Me Heart,” London Review of Books, May 22, 2003, 32–33. See Jamie O’Neill, At Swim, Two Boys (London: Scribner, 2001).
4. Halperin, How to Do the History, 110, 134.
5. Bruce R. Smith, Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare’s England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); G. S. Rousseau, Perilous Enlightenment (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), 9–13.
6. See David F. Greenberg, The Construction of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988); Stephen O. Murray, “The ‘Underdevelopment’ of Modern/Gay Homosexuality in MesoAmerica,” in Kenneth Plummer, ed., Modern Homosexualities (London: Routledge, 1992); Gilbert Herdt, Same Sex, Different Cultures (Boulder, Colo.: Westfield, 1997).
7. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge, 1985), 90.
8. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), 23 (Sedgwick’s emphasis).
9. Kenneth Lewes, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality (London: Quartet, 1989), 35–42; C. A. Tripp, The Homosexual Matrix (1975) 2d ed. (New York: Meridian, 1987), 72–73; Kaja Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins (New York: Routledge, 1992), ch. 8 (Silverman’s third category has two subdivisions).
10. Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 7: On Sexuality (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 56.
11. Sigmund Freud, Leonardo da Vinci (1910), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 14: Art and Literature (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985). For a critique of this essay, see Earl Jackson Jr., Strategies of Deviance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 53–73.
12. E. M. Forster, Maurice (1971) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972), 208.
13. Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins, 344. However, Silverman also gestures toward the importance of class, age, and nationality, remarking: “Because their object-choice defies the libidinal logic of conventional masculinity, gay men are frequently viewed through the alternative screen of femininity” (353).
14. Sheila Jeffreys, “Butch and Femme: Now and Then,” in Lesbian History Group, Not a Passing Phase (London: Women’s Press, 1993).
15. Teresa de Lauretis, The Practice of Love (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 240.
16. Elizabeth Grosz, Space, Time, and Perversion (New York: Routledge, 1995), ch. 10.
17. Rita Mae Brown, Rubyfruit Jungle (1973) (London: Corgi, 1978), 147. See Jonathan Dollimore, Sexual Dissidence (Oxford: Clarendon, 1991), 52–55.
18. Judith Butler, “Imitation and Gender Insubordination,” in Diana Fuss, ed., Inside/Out (New York: Routledge, 1991), 20.
19. Freud’s letter is quoted in Lewes, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality, 32.
20. Michael Warner, “Homo-Narcissism; Or, Heterosexuality,” in Joseph A. Boone and Michael Cadden, eds., Engendering Men (New York: Routledge, 1990), 192.
21. Carole-Anne Tyler, “Boys Will Be Girls: The Politics of Gay Drag,” in Diana Fuss, ed., Inside/Out, 34.
22. Sigmund Freud, “Female Sexuality” (1931), in Freud, The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 7, On Sexuality, 376–77 (my elision).
23. Sigmund Freud, “On Narcissism: An Introduction” (1914), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 11: On Metapsychology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 84. An editor’s note directs readers to Freud’s essay on Leonardo.
24. Freud, “On Narcissism,” 81–82 (my elision). Tim Dean argues that narcissism need not exclude otherness: Dean, “Homosexuality and the Problem of Otherness,” in Tim Dean and Christopher Lane, eds., Homosexuality and Psychoanalysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
25. Lewes, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Male Homosexuality, 72.
26. Audre Lorde, Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1982) (London: Pandora, 1996), 160, 165.
27. Freud, “Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego,” in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 12: Civilization, Society, and Religion (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985), 134.
28. Freud, “Group Psychology,” 134.
29. Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet, 62.
30. Judith Butler, Bodies That Matter (New York: Routledge, 1993), 239.
31. Wayne Koestenbaum, The Queen’s Throat (New York: Poseidon, 1993), 18.
32. John Fletcher, “Freud and His Uses: Psychoanalysis and Gay Theory,” in Simon Shepherd and Mick Wallis, eds., Coming On Strong (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 99. See Warner, “Homo-Narcissism; Or, Heterosexuality,” in Boone and Cadden, eds., Engendering Men, 197–98.
33. Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet, 86–90.
34. Ned Cresswell, A Hollywood Conscience (Brighton: Millivres, n.d.), 202.
35. James Robert Baker, Tim and Pete (1995) (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), 38 (my elision). Further on this novel, see below and ch. 4.
36. Quentin Crisp, The Naked Civil Servant (1968) (New York: Plume, 1977), 56.
37. Alan Sinfield, Gay and After (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1998), ch. 3.
38. Jay Prosser explains that “transgender” was used initially to denote a stronger commitment to living as a woman than “transvestite” or “cross-dresser,” and without the implications for sexuality in “transsexual.” However, the tendency now is to use “transgender” in a coalitionary politics, to include all those subjects. In this essay I do the latter while retaining an emphasis from the former. See Jay Prosser, “Transgender,” in Andy Medhurst and Sally R. Munt, eds., Lesbian and Gay Studies (London: Cassell, 1997); Prosser, Second Skins (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 176.
39. Leslie Feinberg, Stone Butch Blues (Ithaca: Firebrand, 1993), 143.
40. Judith Halberstam, “F2M: The Making of Female Masculinity,” in Laura Doan, ed., The Lesbian Postmodern (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 212.
41. Don Kulick, “A Man in the House: The Boyfriends of Brazilian Travesti Prostitutes,” Social Text 52–53 (1997): 133–60.
42. Prosser, Second Skins, ch. 5; Kate Bornstein, Gender Outlaw (New York: Routledge, 1994), 4. See Alan Sinfield, “Transgender and Les/bi/gay Identities,” in David Alderson and Linda Anderson, eds., Territories of Desire in Queer Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000).
43. Feinberg, Stone Butch Blues, 147.
44. See David Valentine and Riki Anne Wilchins, “One Percent on the Burn Chart: Gender, Genitals, and Hermaphrodites with Attitude,” Social Text 52–53 (1997): 215–22; Anne Fausto-Sterling, “How to Build a Man,” in Vernon A. Rosario, ed., Science and Homosexualities (New York: Routledge, 1997); Cheryl Chase, “Hermaphrodites with Attitude: Mapping the Emergence of Intersex Political Activism,” GLQ (Gay and Lesbian Quarterly) 4 (1998): 189–211; Iain Morland, “Is Intersexuality Real?” Textual Practice 15 (2001): 527–47.
45. Clifford Geertz, Local Knowledge (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
46. See Sally R. Munt, ed., Butch/Femme (London: Cassell, 1998), 1, 41, 105, 143, 154, 159.
47. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 123.
48. Halberstam, “F2M: The Making of Female Masculinity,” 220.
49. Stephen Maddison, Fags, Hags, and Queer Sisters (London: Macmillan, 2000), 191–92. This topic is much disputed; see Zachary I. Nataf, Lesbians Talk Transgender (London: Scarlet Press, 1996), 35–54.
50. Sigmund Freud, “A Case of Homosexuality in a Woman” (1920), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 9: Case Histories II (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), 383–84.
51. Freud, “Group Psychology,” 138.
52. Judith Halberstam, Female Masculinity (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 57.
53. Maddison, Fags, Hags, and Queer Sisters, 12.
54. Halberstam, Female Masculinity, 57–58.
55. See Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), ch. 6; Sinfield, Out on Stage (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), 154–77.
56. Prosser, Second Skins, 165.
57. Baker, Tim and Pete, 35, 37.
58. Felice Picano, Like People in History (1995) (London: Abacus, 1996), 50.
59. Edmund White, The Beautiful Room Is Empty (London: Picador, 1988), 104.
60. Teresa de Lauretis, “The Essence of the Triangle; Or, Taking the Risk of Essentialism Seriously: Feminist Theory in Italy, the U.S., and Britain,” in Naomi Schor and Elizabeth Weed, eds., The Essential Difference (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 24.
61. Freud, Three Essays, 56.
62. See Arlene Stein, Sex and Sensibility (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Lisa Power, “Forbidden Fruit,” in Mark Simpson, ed., Anti-Gay (London: Cassell, 1996).
63. Aiden Shaw, Wasted (London: Gay Men’s Press, 2001), 240.
64. Sarah Schulman, Empathy (1992) (London: Sheba Feminist Press, 1993), 4.
65. David T. Evans, Sexual Citizenship (London: Routledge, 1993), 45. See Donald Morton, “Queerity and Ludic Sado-Masochism: Compulsory Consumption and the Emerging Post-al Queer,” in Mas’ud Zavarzadeh, Terese L. Ebert, and Donald Morton, eds., Post-ality: Marxism and Postmodernism (Washington, D.C.: Maisonneuve Press, 1995), 189–215; Sinfield, Gay and After, ch. 9.
66. Feinberg, Stone Butch Blues, 148.
3. FANTASY
1. Esther Newton and Shirley Walton, “The Misunderstanding: Toward a More Precise Sexual Vocabulary,” in Carole S. Vance, ed., Pleasure and Danger (London: Routledge, 1984), 250.
2. Vicky Lebeau, Psychoanalysis and Cinema (London: Wallflower, 2001), 29.
3. Leo Bersani, Homos (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 103–104.
4. See Leslie J. Moran, The Homosexual(ity) of the Law (London: Routledge, 1996), 180–91.
5. Laura Mulvey, “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema,” in Antony Easthope, ed., Contemporary Film Theory (London: Longman, 1993).
6. For Mulvey’s later comments and a full debate, see Easthope, ed., Contemporary Film Theory. For an independent-minded assessment, see Brett Farmer, Spectacular Passions (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000). Teresa de Lauretis points out that there are important differences between film and fantasy: de Lauretis, The Practice of Love (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 148.
7. Jean Laplanche and Jean-Bertrand Pontalis, “Fantasy and the Origins of Sexuality,” in Victor Burgin, James Donald, and Cora Kaplan, eds., Formations of Fantasy (London: Methuen, 1986), 26, 22–23 (their emphases).
8. Sigmund Freud, “‘A Child Is Being Beaten’” (1919), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 10: On Psychopathology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979).
9. James Robert Baker, Boy Wonder (1988) (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), 40 (Baker’s emphases).
10. Chris Straayer, Deviant Eyes, Deviant Bodies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 18–22.
11. Dorothy Allison, Skin (London: Pandora, 1995), 109–10.
12. Constance Penley, “Feminism, Psychoanalysis, and the Study of Popular Culture,” in Lawrence Grossberg, Cary Nelson, and Paula A. Treichler, eds., Cultural Studies (New York: Routledge, 1992), 489. Star Trek is discussed also in Joanna Russ, Magic Mommas, Trembling Sisters, Puritans, and Perverts (Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press: 1985), and in Allison, Skin, 95–97.
13. Richard Dyer, Heavenly Bodies (London: Macmillan, 1987), 168, 155–56.
14. Stephen Maddison, Fags, Hags, and Queer Sisters (London: Macmillan, 2000), 6.
15. David Wojnarowicz, Close to the Knives (1991) (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1992), 26.
16. Lynne Segal, Straight Sex (London: Virago, 1994), 233; see 233–45.
17. Cora Kaplan, “‘A Cavern Opened in My Mind’: The Poetics of Homosexuality and the Politics of Masculinity in James Baldwin,” in Marcellus Blount and George P. Cunningham, eds., Representing Black Men (London: Routledge, 1996), 32.
18. Cheryl Clarke, “Living the Texts Out: Lesbians and the Uses of Black Women’s Traditions,” in Stanlie M. James and Abena P. A. Busia, eds., Theorizing Black Feminisms (New York: Routledge, 1993), 214.
19. Bia Lowe, “Mothers and Others, But Also Brothers,” in Joan Nestle and John Preston, eds., Sister and Brother (London: Cassell, 1994), 127–28.
20. Sue-Ellen Case, “Tracking the Vampire,” Differences 3.2 (Summer 1991): 1–20 (quote at 1).
21. Valerie Walkerdine, “Video Replay: Families, Films, and Fantasy,” in Burgin, Donald, and Kaplan, eds., Formations of Fantasy, 169 (Walkerdine’s emphasis; my elision).
22. Kaplan, “‘A Cavern Opened in My Mind,’” 30.
23. Segal, Straight Sex, 234.
24. Pai Hsien-yung, Crystal Boys (1990), trans. Howard Goldblatt (San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1995), 27, 100. See Alan Sinfield, Gay and After (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1998), 59–68.
25. Alec Waugh, Public School Life (London: Collins, 1922), 137–38.
26. See Alan Sinfield, Out on Stage (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), 124–25.
27. Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 7: On Sexuality (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 56.
28. Michel Foucault, The Uses of Pleasure, trans. Robert Hurley (Harmondsworth: Viking, 1986), 200.
29. See David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2002), 188–89.
30. Edmund White, The Farewell Symphony (London: Chatto, 1997), 402.
31. Jacqueline Rose, The Haunting of Sylvia Plath (London: Virago, 1991), 210.
32. Reginald Shepherd, “On Not Being White,” in Joseph Beam, ed., In the Life (Boston: Alyson, 1986), 53–54.
33. Gary Fisher, Gary in Your Pocket, ed. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1996), 203.
34. Earl Jackson Jr., Strategies of Deviance (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995), 173, 132.
35. See Segal, Straight Sex, 282–97.
36. Robert Chesley, Jerker, or the Helping Hand (1986), in Chesley, Hard Plays / Stiff Parts (San Francisco: Alamo Square, 1990), 112 (Chesney’s emphases [sic]).
37. Edmund White, A Boy’s Own Story (1982) (London: Picador, 1983), 162.
38. Jonathan Dollimore, “Bisexuality, Heterosexuality, and Wishful Theory,” Textual Practice 10 (1996): 523–39 (quote at 529; Dollimore’s emphasis). For a slightly different version, see Dollimore, Sex, Literature, and Censorship (Cambridge, Eng.: Polity, 2001), 28-9.
39. Guy Willard, Mirrors of Narcissus (London: Millivres, 2000), 20–21, 25 (my elision).
40. Constance Penley, “Time Travel, Primal Scene, and the Critical Dystopia,” in James Donald, ed., Fantasy and the Cinema (London: British Film Institute, 1989), 202.
41. De Lauretis, The Practice of Love, 140.
42. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 149.
43. Henning Bech, When Men Meet, trans. Teresa Mesquit and Tim Davies (Cambridge, Eng.: Polity, 1997), 217 (Bech’s emphases; my elision).
44. John Clarke, “Style,” in Stuart Hall and Tony Jefferson, eds., Resistance Through Rituals (London and Birmingham: Hutchinson/Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, 1976), 177.
45. R. D. Laing, Self and Others (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971), 136.
46. Dollimore, Sex, Literature, and Censorship, 56.
47. Andrew Holleran, Dancer from the Dance (1978) (London: Cape, 1979), 146.
48. Segal, Straight Sex, 161.
49. Jeanette Winterson, The PowerBook (2000) (London: Vintage, 2001), 4–5.
50. Mark Ravenhill, Shopping and Fucking (London: Methuen, 1996), 83.
51. Dennis Cooper, Frisk (1991) (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1992), 44.
52. Oscar Wilde, The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 18.
53. Claudia Card, Lesbian Choices (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 231–35.
54. Dennis Cooper, Try (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1994), 185 (Cooper’s pause).
55. Dennis Cooper, Guide (1997) (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1998), 155.
4. POWER
1. Jean Genet, The Balcony (1957), trans. Bernard Frechtman (London: Faber, 1966), 47 (my elision).
2. Paul Monette, Becoming a Man (1992) (London: Abacus, 1994), 66–68 (Monette’s emphasis).
3. Paul Monette, Borrowed Time (New York: Avon, 1988), 13 (Monette’s emphasis).
4. Becoming a Man, 175.
5. Theodore Redpath, ed., The Songs and Sonets of John Donne (London: Methuen, 1967), 2. Donne is usually thought of as a heterosexual poet, but see George Klawitter, “Verse Letters to T. W. from John Donne: ‘By You My Love Is Sent,’” in Claude J. Summers, ed., Homosexuality in Renaissance and Enlightenment England (New York: Harrington Park, 1992).
6. Walt Whitman, The Complete Poems, ed. Francis Murphy (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1996), 162.
7. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1978), 11; and 92–98.
8. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish, trans. Alan Sheridan (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), 27. See Gail Mason, The Spectacle of Violence (New York: Routledge, 2002), ch. 6; Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 91–106.
9. Teresa de Lauretis, The Practice of Love (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 146 (my elision).
10. Geoffrey Gorer, Sex and Marriage in England Today (London: Nelson, 1971), 62, 65.
11. See Lillian Faderman, Odd Girls and Twilight Lovers (New York: Penguin, 1992); George E. Haggerty, Men in Love (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
12. David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 133–34.
13. Jeffrey Weeks, Brian Heaphy, and Catherine Donovan, Same Sex Intimacies (London: Routledge, 2001), 105.
14. Lynda Hart and Joshua Dale, “Sadomasochism,” in Andy Medhurst and Sally R. Munt, eds., Lesbian and Gay Studies (London: Cassell, 1997), 345–46.
15. David Leavitt, The Lost Language of Cranes (1986) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1987), 169.
16. See Larry Gross, Up from Invisibility (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), 146–47.
17. A. M. Homes, Jack (1989) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1991).
18. Anthony McDonald, Adam (London: Gay Men’s Press, 2003).
19. Michael Cunningham, Flesh and Blood (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995), 302, 303, 305 (my elision).
20. Edmund White, The Farewell Symphony (London: Chatto, 1997), 414–15, 298.
21. Samuel R. Delany, The Motion of Light in Water (1988) (London: Paladin, 1990), 267 (Delany’s emphasis).
22. David Wojnarowicz, Close to the Knives (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1992), 17 (my elision).
23. Ben Gove, Cruising Culture (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 156–59.
24. Dennis Altman, The Homosexualization of America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1982), 79–80; Leo Bersani, “Is the Rectum a Grave?” in Douglas Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis, Cultural Activism (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988), 206.
25. Andrew Holleran, Dancer from the Dance (1978) (London: Cape, 1979), 40–43.
26. White, The Farewell Symphony, 298, 416.
27. Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man? (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1988), 220.
28. Larry Kramer, Faggots (1978) (London: Minerva, 1990), 382.
29. Oscar Moore, A Matter of Life and Sex (1991) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992).
30. William M. Hoffman, As Is (1985), in Michael Feingold, ed., The Way We Live Now (New York: Theatre Communications Group, 1990), 25. The film was directed by Michael Lindsay-Hogg in 1986.
31. Thom Gunn, The Man with Night Sweats (London: Faber, 1992), 80.
32. Bersani, “Is the Rectum a Grave?” in Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis, 215.
33. Leo Bersani, Homos (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995), 162, 170–71 (Bersani’s emphases). Cf. Alan Sinfield, Gay and After (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1998), ch. 7.
34. Leo Bersani, “Genital Chastity,” in Tim Dean and Christopher Lane, eds., Homosexuality and Psychoanalysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 365 (Bersani’s emphasis).
35. Sigmund Freud, “From the History of an Infantile Neurosis” (1918 [1914]), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 9: Case Histories II (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979), 280.
36. Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 7: On Sexuality (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 61–62 (Freud’s emphases).
37. Freud, “‘A Child Is Being Beaten,’” (1919) in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 10: On Psychopathology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 180.
38. Ibid., 184–85 (Freud’s emphasis).
39. Sigmund Freud, “The Economic Problem of Masochism” (1924), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 11: On Metapsychology (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 419; “‘A Child Is Being Beaten,’” 166.
40. Luce Irigaray, Je, Tu, Nous (New York: Routledge, 1993), 12 (Irigaray’s emphasis).
41. Jean Laplanche, New Foundations for Psychoanalysis, trans. David Macey (Oxford: Blackwell, 1989); for Fletcher, see below. For some of the take-up of Laplanche’s concept of implantation, see Elizabeth Cowie, “The Seductive Theories of Jean Laplanche: A New View of the Drive, Passivity, and Femininity,” in John Fletcher and Martin Stanton, eds., Jean Laplanche (London: Institute of Contemporary Art, 1992); Catherine Belsey, Desire: Love Stories in Western Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994), 51–52; Lynne Segal, Why Feminism? (Cambridge: Polity, 1999), 184–85.
42. Jean Laplanche, “Implantation, Intromission,” in Laplanche, Essays on Otherness, ed. John Fletcher (London: Routledge, 1999), 135 (Laplanche’s emphasis).
43. John Fletcher, “Gender, Sexuality, and the Theory of Seduction,” Women: A Cultural Review 11 (2000): 102, 104 (Fletcher’s emphasis).
44. “Interview: Jean Laplanche Talks to Martin Stanton,” in John Fletcher and Martin Stanton, eds., Jean Laplanche, 10.
45. Fletcher, “Gender, Sexuality,” 104.
46. Ibid., 106 (Fletcher’s emphasis).
47. John Fletcher, “Recent Developments in the General Theory of Primal Seduction,” New Formations 48 (2002–2003): 5–25 (quote at 9). See Dominique Scarfone, “‘It was not my mother’: From Seduction to Negation,” New Formations 48 (2002–2003): 69–76.
48. Laplanche, “Implantation, Intromission,” 136.
49. Sheila Jeffreys, “Butch and Femme: Now and Then,” in Lesbian History Group, Not a Passing Phase (London: Women’s Press, 1993), 178.
50. Amber Hollibaugh and Cherríe Moraga, “What We’re Rollin’ Around in Bed With: Sexual Silences in Feminism,” in Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, eds., Desire: The Politics of Sexuality (London: Virago, 1984), 410–11.
51. Jeffreys, “Butch and Femme,” 184 (my elision).
52. Hollibaugh and Moraga, “What We’re Rollin’ Around in Bed With,” 406.
53. Cherrié Moraga, Loving in the War Years (Boston: South End Press, 1983), 125–26 (Moraga’s emphasis).
54. Judith Halberstam, “Sex Debates,” in Medhurst and Munt, eds., Lesbian and Gay Studies, 335.
55. Esther Newton and Shirley Walton, “The Misunderstanding: Toward a More Precise Sexual Vocabulary,” in Carole S. Vance, ed., Pleasure and Danger (London: Routledge, 1984), 247.
56. Ursula Zilinsky, Middle Ground (1968) (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1987), 146.
57. Sir Philip Sidney, The Old Arcadia, ed. Katherine Duncan-Jones (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 167.
58. Christopher Ricks, ed., The Poems of Tennyson (London: Longmans, 1969): In Memoriam, sec. 25 and 42.
59. W. H. Auden, Collected Shorter Poems, 1927–1957 (London: Faber, 1969), 107–108.
60. Lynne Segal, Straight Sex (London: Virago, 1994), 248.
61. John Rechy, The Sexual Outlaw (1977) (London: W. H. Allen, 1978), 68 (my elision).
62. “Michel Foucault: Sex, Power, and the Politics of Identity,” interview with Bob Gallagher and Alexander Wilson, The Advocate 400 (August 7, 1984): 30; quoted in Bersani, Homos, 88.
63. Bersani, Homos, 88.
64. Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge, 1985), 44; Bersani, “Is the Rectum a Grave?” in Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis, 220–21.
65. Claudia Card, Lesbian Choices (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 221.
66. James Robert Baker, Tim and Pete (1995) (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), 150.
67. See Sadie Plant, The Most Radical Gesture (London: Routledge, 1992), 143–47.
68. See Graham White, “Direct Action, Dramatic Action: Theatre and Situationist Theory,” New Theatre Quarterly 9.36 (November 1993): 329–40 (see 337).
69. See Peter Dickinson, “‘Go-go Dancing on the Brink of the Apocalypse’: Representing AIDS,” in Richard Dellamora, ed., Postmodern Apocalypse (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1995).
70. Wojnarowicz, Close to the Knives, 81.
71. Sinfield, Gay and After, ch. 2 and 6. See Dennis Altman, AIDS and the New Puritanism (London: Pluto, 1986), ch. 8: “A Very American Epidemic?”
72. Andrew Sullivan, Love Undetectable (London: Chatto and Windus, 1998), 18.
73. Bersani, “Is the Rectum a Grave?” in Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis, 212.
74. Halberstam, “Sex Debates,” in Medhurst and Munt, eds., Lesbian and Gay Studies, 333.
75. Bersani, Homos, 64.
5. GENDER
1. From Ned Ward, The History of the London Clubs (1709), printed in Ian McCormick, ed., Secret Sexualities (London: Routledge, 1977), 131.
2. Alan Bray, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, 2d ed. (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1988), 86.
3. Ibid., 92.
4. Rictor Norton, Mother Clap’s Molly House (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1992).
5. Terry Castle, The Apparitional Lesbian (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), ch. 5; Rictor Norton, The Myth of the Modern Homosexual (London: Cassell, 1997), 196–202.
6. Judith Halberstam, Female Masculinity (Durham: Duke University Press, 1998), 65–73.
7. Emma Donoghue, Passions Between Women (London: Scarlet Press, 1993), 61.
8. Terry Castle, ed., The Literature of Lesbianism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003), 20.
9. George Chauncey Jr., “From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality: Medicine and the Changing Conceptualization of Female Deviance,” Salmagundi 58–59 (1982–83): 114–46 (quote at 123).
10. Gayle S. Rubin, “Thinking Sex: Notes for a Radical Theory of the Politics of Sexuality,” in Henry Abelove, Michèle Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 1993), 33; Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), 27–35.
11. John Fletcher, “Gender, Sexuality, and the Theory of Seduction,” Women: A Cultural Review 11 (2000): 95–108, 95–96.
12. Tamsin Wilton, “Which One’s the Man?” in Diane Richardson, ed., Theorising Heterosexuality (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1996), 137; William J. Spurlin, “Sissies and Sisters: Gender, Sexuality, and the Possibilities of Coalition,” in Mandy Merck, Naomi Segal, and Elizabeth Wright, eds., Coming Out of Feminism? (Oxford: Blackwell, 1998).
13. David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), ch. 4.
14. See Jennifer Terry, An American Obsession (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 93–97.
15. Havelock Ellis and John Addington Symonds, Sexual Inversion (London: Wilson and Macmillan, 1897; New York: Ayer, 1994), 136–37; Sigmund Freud, Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 7: On Sexuality (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 48–49. Only the suppressed first edition of Sexual Inversion bore Symonds’ name, so in my text I follow the convention of referring to Ellis as the author.
16. Ellis and Symonds, Sexual Inversion (1897), 133.
17. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1978), 119.
18. Martin Scherzinger and Neville Hoad, “A/Symmetrical Reading of Inversion in Fin-de-Siècle Music, Musicology, and Sexology,” in C. Lorey and J. Plews, eds., Queering the Canon (New York: Camden House, 1998).
19. Chauncey, “From Sexual Inversion to Homosexuality,” 124. See Halberstam, Female Masculinity, 75–83.
20. David M. Halperin, One Hundred Years of Homosexuality (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 16. A similar claim is made by Arnold Davidson, “How to Do the History of Psychoanalysis: A Reading of Freud’s Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality,” in François Meltzer, ed., The Trial(s) of Psychoanalysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), and by Jeffrey Weeks, Sexuality and Its Discontents (London: Routledge, 1985), 153–54.
21. Ellis and Symonds, Sexual Inversion (1897), 32.
22. Havelock Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2: Sexual Inversion (Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1901); quoted from Aron Krich, ed., The Sexual Revolution: Pioneer Writings on Sex: Krafft-Ebing, Ellis, Freud (New York: Delta, 1964), 152, 156. These passages are revised and elaborated in Ellis’s third edition of 1915: see Ellis, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, vol. 2, part 2 (New York: Random House, 1936), 2–4.
23. Ellis and Symonds, Sexual Inversion (1897), 119 (my elision; Ellis and Symonds’ emphasis).
24. Ellis and Symonds, Sexual Inversion (1897), 120. Krafft-Ebing actually lists four stages or degrees: attraction to the same sex without effect on the manliness of a man; change of character, the man feeling himself to be a woman; sensation of physical transformation; delusion of sexual change. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (1886; 12th ed., 1903), trans. Franklin S. Klaf (New York: Scarborough, 1978), 190, 195, 200, 216.
25. Freud, Three Essays, 46. Freud’s persistence in a gendered model of homosexuality is demonstrated by Christopher Craft, Another Kind of Love (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 36–43. See also Sinfield, The Wilde Century, ch. 7.
26. C. A. Tripp, The Homosexual Matrix (1975), 2d ed. (New York: Meridian, 1987), 20, 71–74.
27. Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet, 45–47, 157–59.
28. Foucault, The History of Sexuality 1:43 (my emphases).
29. Gert Hekma, ‘ “A Female Soul in a Male Body’: Sexual Inversion as Gender Inversion in Nineteenth-Century Sexology,” in Gilbert Herdt, ed., Third Sex, Third Gender (New York: Zone, 1994), 236, 238.
30. Kaja Silverman, Male Subjectivity at the Margins (New York: Routledge, 1992), 342.
31. Neil Bartlett, Who Was That Man? A Present for Mr. Oscar Wilde (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1988), xx (Bartlett’s emphasis).
32. Gregg Blachford, “Male Dominance and the Gay World,” in Kenneth Plummer, ed., The Making of the Modern Homosexual (London: Hutchinson, 1981); Jamie Gough, “Theories of Sexual Identity and the Masculinization of the Gay Man,” in Simon Shepherd and Mick Wallis, eds., Coming on Strong (London: Unwin Hyman, 1989).
33. Dennis Altman, The Homosexualization of America (Boston: Beacon Press, 1982), 1.
34. Richard Dyer, Only Entertainment (London: Routledge, 1992), 165–66.
35. Simon Fraser, “Visions of Love,” interview with Neil Bartlett, Rouge 8 (October-December 1991): 20–22 (quote at 21). See Alan Sinfield, “‘The Moment of Submission’: Neil Bartlett in Conversation,” Modern Drama 39 (1996): Special Issue on Lesbian/Gay/Queer Drama, ed. Hersh Zeifman, 211–21 (see 215).
36. Neil Bartlett, Ready to Catch Him Should He Fall (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1990), 162.
37. See Harry Oosterhuis and Hubert Kennedy, eds., Homosexuality and Male Bonding in Pre-Nazi Germany (New York: Harrington Park Press, 1991).
38. George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 13.
39. Quoted in Donald Webster Cory, The Homosexual in America (1951), with a retrospective foreword (New York: Arno Press, 1975), 188.
40. David K. Johnson, “The Kids of Fairytown: Gay Male Culture on Chicago’s Near North Side in the 1930s,” and Allen Drexel, “Before Paris Burned: Race, Class, and Male Homosexuality on the Chicago South Side, 1935–1960,” both in Brett Beemyn, ed., Creating a Place for Ourselves (New York: Routledge, 1997).
41. Edmund White, The Beautiful Room is Empty (London: Picador, 1988), 102-3, 33. The latter thought recurs: see 36 and 71.
42. John Marshall, “Pansies, Perverts, and Macho Men: Changing Conceptions of Homosexuality,” in Plummer, ed., The Making of the Modern Homosexual, 135. See also Sinfield, The Wilde Century, ch. 6.
43. Quentin Crisp, The Naked Civil Servant (1968) (New York: Plume, 1977), 21.
44. Peter Wildeblood, Against the Law (London: Weidenfeld, 1955), 7.
45. Michael Bronski, Culture Clash (Boston: South End Press, 1984), 79–80.
46. Kenneth Marlowe, The Male Homosexual (Los Angeles: Medco, 1968), 12–13, 18.
47. Hall Carpenter Archives and Gay Men’s Oral History Group, Walking After Midnight (London: Routledge, 1989), 87.
48. Mart Crowley, The Boys in the Band (New York: French, 1968), 45, 87 (Crowley’s emphasis; my elision).
49. Leslie Feinberg, Stone Butch Blues (Ithaca: Firebrand, 1993), 11, 135–36.
50. Andrew Sullivan, Virtually Normal, 2d ed. (London: Picador, 1996), 4.
51. Andrew Sullivan, Love Undetectable (London: Chatto and Windus, 1998), 12–13.
52. Andrew Sullivan, “Mainlining Manhood,” Guardian Saturday Review, April 8, 2000, 1–3.
53. Sullivan, Love Undetectable, 153.
54. Paul Monette, Halfway Home (New York: Crown, 1991), 246.
55. Joseph Hansen, Steps Going Down (1985) (London: Arlington, 1986), 24 (Hansen’s emphasis).
56. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble (New York and London: Routledge, 1990), 25; Kate Bornstein, Gender Outlaw (New York: Routledge, 1994), 125, 138.
57. Sinfield, The Wilde Century, 75–78.
58. Tennessee Williams, A Streetcar Named Desire (1947), in Williams, “Sweet Bird of Youth,” “A Streetcar Named Desire,” “The Glass Menagerie,” ed. E. Martin Browne (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), 182–83.
59. John Rechy, City of Night (1963) (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1964), 34.
60. John Rechy, Bodies and Souls (1983) (London: Star Books, 1985), 302–305 (Rechy’s emphasis).
61. John Rechy, The Sexual Outlaw (1977) (London: W. H. Allen, 1978), 243 (Rechy’s emphasis).
62. Ben Gove, Cruising Culture (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000), 43–46.
63. Edmund White, The Farewell Symphony (London: Chatto, 1997), 301.
64. Joseph Mills, “Dreaming, Drag,” in Mills, Obsessions (Brighton: Millivres, 1998), 74.
65. Leo Bersani, “Is the Rectum a Grave?” in Douglas Crimp, ed., AIDS: Cultural Analysis, Cultural Activism (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1988), 208–209.
66. Leo Bersani, Homos (Cambridge.: Harvard University Press, (1995), 60–61.
67. See Patrick Paul Garlinger, “‘Homo-ness’ and the Fear of Femininity,” Diacritics 29 (1999): 57–71.
68. Tim Bergling, Sissyphobia: Gay Men and Effeminate Behavior (New York: Harrington Park, 2001), 9; Richard Green, The “Sissy Boy Syndrome” and the Development of Homosexuality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 141–43, 159–60, 169, 191.
69. Gove, Cruising Culture, 64–72 (at 50).
70. Jean Genet, Our Lady of the Flowers (1943), trans. Bernard Frechtman (London: Panther, 1966).
71. Ben Gove, “Framing Gay Youth,” Screen 37 (1996): 174–92 (at 186–87).
72. John Hopkins, Find Your Way Home (1970) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
73. See Stephen Maddison, Fags, Hags and Queer Sisters (London: Macmillan, 2000), 1–6.
74. Harvey Fierstein, Torch Song Trilogy (1979) (London: Methuen, 1984).
75. Richard Goldstein, The Attack Queers (London: Verso, 2002), 78.
76. Edmund White, A Boy’s Own Story (1982) (London: Picador, 1983), 169.
77. White, The Farewell Symphony, 34.
78. James Kenneth Melson, The Golden Boy (New York: Harrington Park, 1992), 191.
79. Richard Green, The “Sissy Boy Syndrome” and the Development of Homosexuality (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987), 124; Todd’s emphasis.
80. Bornstein, Gender Outlaw, 191.
81. See Paradise Bent, a documentary film produced and directed by Heather Croall (ReAngle Pictures, 1999).
82. Hugh McLean and Linda Ngcobo, “Abangibhamayo bathi ngimnandi (Those who fuck me say I’m tasty): Gay Sexuality in Reef Townships,” in Mark Gevisser and Edwin Cameron, eds., Defiant Desire (London: Routledge, 1995), 164–65.
83. See Del LaGrace Volcano and Judith “Jack” Halberstam, The Drag King Book (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1999).
84. Judith Halberstam, “What’s That Smell? Queer Temporalities and Subcultural Lives,” International Journal of Cultural Studies 6 (2003): 313–33.
85. Radclyffe Hall, The Well of Loneliness (London: Falcon Press, 1949), 29 (Hall’s emphasis).
86. Jay Prosser, Second Skins (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 155–56.
87. For substantial evidence of the confused and formative reception of The Well, see Laura Doan, Fashioning Sapphism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), and Laura Doan and Jay Prosser, eds., Palatable Poison (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
88. Halberstam, Female Masculinity, 98.
89. Esther Newton, “The Mythic Mannish Lesbian: Radclyffe Hall and the New Woman,” in Martin Duberman, Martha Vicinus, and George Chauncey Jr., eds., Hidden from History (New York: Meridian, 1990).
90. Prosser, Second Skins, ch. 4; Halberstam, Female Masculinity, 110.
91. Jean E. Mills, “Gertrude Stein Took the War Like a Man,” The Gay and Lesbian Review 10.2 (March-April 2003): 16–17.
92. Feinberg, Stone Butch Blues, 13.
93. Sandy Stone, “The ‘Empire’ Strikes Back: A Posttranssexual Manifesto,” in Julia Epstein and Kristina Straub, eds., Bodyguards (New York: Routledge, 1991), 298.
94. Butler, Gender Trouble, 137. Butler revises this argument in her book Bodies That Matter (New York: Routledge, 1993), 125. See further Moe Meyer, The Politics and Poetics of Camp (London: Routledge, 1994), and Fabio Cleto, Camp: Queer Aesthetics and the Performing Subject (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999).
95. Prosser, Second Skins, 204–205 (Prosser’s emphasis).
96. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Tendencies (London: Routledge, 1994), 221, 157–58.
97. Neil Duncan, Sexual Bullying (London: Routledge, 1999), 107–108. Girls in this school were more tolerant of male and female homosexuality, and tended to support each other in the face of accusations of lesbianism from boys (121–24).
98. Richard Smith, “Pretty Hate Machine,” Gay Times 263 (August 2000): 19–20.
99. Wendy Wallace, “Is This Table Gay?” Times Educational Supplement, January 19, 2001, 9–10.
100. Moisés Kaufman, The Laramie Project (New York: Vintage, 2001), 90 (my elision).
6. AGE
1. Armistead Maupin, The Night Listener (London: Bantam, 2000), 42–43 (my elision).
2. The Long Goodbye, featuring Maupin and his partner Terry Anderson, BBC television, June 1, 1995. The series is about bereavement, in anticipation of Anderson’s death.
3. Armistead Maupin, “Coming Home,” in Edmund White, ed., The Faber Book of Gay Short Fiction (London: Faber, 1991), 355–56.
4. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Tendencies (London: Routledge, 1994), 57–58 (my elision).
5. David M. Halperin, How to Do the History of Homosexuality (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 115–16 (Halperin’s emphases; my elision). Halperin, commenting on a draft from the present work, says that he means in this passage only “a largely lop-sided or non-reciprocal pattern of desire and pleasure” (ibid., 190). However, this strikes me as tautologous: when he writes of anomic relations, he only means anomic relations. This is the only place in his essay where Halperin addresses age difference.
6. Raymond Williams, Problems in Materialism and Culture (London: New Left Books, 1980), 38-42.
7. Simon LeVay and Elisabeth Nonas, City of Friends (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995), 30–31. See Barry D. Adam, “Age Preferences Among Gay and Bisexual Men,” GLQ (Gay and Lesbian Quarterly) 6 (2000): 423–33.
8. Edmund White, The Married Man (London: Chatto, 2000), 11.
9. Gregory Woods, We Have the Melon (Manchester: Carcanet, 1992), 60. See also Woods’s Carcanet volumes, May I Say Nothing (1998) and The District Commissioner’s Dreams (2002).
10. Paul Monette, Halfway Home (New York: Crown, 1991), 108 (Monette’s emphasis).
11. Jack Dickson, Oddfellows (Brighton: Millivres, 1997), 50.
12. Simon Lovat, Disorder and Chaos (Brighton: Millivres, 1996), 159.
13. Paul Rabinow, ed., The Foucault Reader (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 344–45.
14. David Leeming, James Baldwin (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1995), 286–87.
15. Alan Hollinghurst, The Swimming-Pool Library (New York: Random House, 1988), 284.
16. Lovat, Disorder and Chaos, 132.
17. Larry Kramer, Faggots (1978) (London: Minerva, 1990), 238–43.
18. Philip Osment, This Island’s Mine, in Osment, ed., Gay Sweatshop: Four Plays and a Company (London: Methuen, 1989).
19. Paul Robinson, Gay Lives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), 100.
20. Christopher Isherwood, A Single Man (1964) (London: Minerva, 1991) 130–31 (Isherwood’s emphasis).
21. H. Montgomery Hyde, ed., The Trials of Oscar Wilde (London: Hodge, 1948), 236 (my elision).
22. See Jonathan Dollimore, Death, Desire and Loss in Western Culture (London: Routledge, 1998), ch. 19.
23. Mary Renault, The Charioteer (1953) (London: New English Library, 1990), 114. See Sinfield, The Wilde Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 143–45.
24. Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987), 132–33.
25. Saul Bellow, Ravelstein (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000), 160.
26. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), 56–57 (my elision).
27. Patricia Duncker, Hallucinating Foucault (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1996).
28. James Baldwin, Another Country (London: Michael Joseph, 1963), 181–82 (my elision, Baldwin’s emphasis).
29. Kenneth Martin, Aubade (1957) (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1989), 104.
30. Timothy Ireland, Who Lies Inside (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1984), 17.
31. Guy Willard, Mirrors of Narcissus (London: Millivres, 2000), 121.
32. Jill Posener, Any Woman Can (1975), in Jill Davis, ed., Lesbian Plays (London: Methuen, 1987).
33. Jeanette Winterson, Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit (1985) (New York: Vintage, 1996), 153.
34. P-P Hartnett, I Want to Fuck You (London: Pulp Faction, 1998), 25.
35. Anonymous, The Scarlet Pansy (New York: Badboy, 1992), 42).
36. Edmund White, A Boy’s Own Story (1982) (London: Picador, 1983), preface. See Ben Gove, “Framing Gay Youth,” Screen 37 (1996): 174–92.
37. Iris Murdoch, A Fairly Honourable Defeat (1970) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972).
38. Neil Bartlett, Ready to Catch Him Should He Fall (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1990), 14.
39. Adam Mars-Jones, “Camp for Internal Exiles,” The Independent on Sunday, October 14, 1990, Sunday Review 32. For this reference, and many rewarding exchanges about Bartlett, I am indebted to Linda Logie.
40. Alan Sinfield, “‘The Moment of Submission’: Neil Bartlett in Conversation,” Modern Drama 39 (1996): Special Issue on Lesbian/Gay/Queer Drama, ed. Hersh Zeifman, 211–21 (quote at 212–13).
7. CLASS
1. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Epistemology of the Closet (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991), 31 (Sedgwick’s emphases).
2. On Trotskyism, see Simon Edge, With Friends Like These (London: Cassell, 1995).
3. See Jeffrey Weeks, Coming Out (London: Quartet, 1977), 21; Ed Cohen, Talk on the Wilde Side (New York: Routledge, 1993), 145–48; Alan Sinfield, The Wilde Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
4. See Alan Sinfield, Literature, Politics, and Culture in Postwar Britain, 2d ed. (London: Athlone, 1997), ch. 5; Sinfield, Gay and After (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1998), 95–99.
5. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. 1: An Introduction, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Vintage, 1978), 120–21.
6. George Chauncey, Gay New York (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 118–21. See chapter 5, this volume.
7. Murray Healy, Gay Skins (London: Cassell, 1996), 16–36.
8. Sigmund Freud, “On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love” (1912), in The Penguin Freud Library, vol. 7: On Sexuality (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977), 248 (Freud’s emphases).
9. H. Montgomery Hyde, ed., The Trials of Oscar Wilde (London: Hodge, 1948), 138.
10. C. H. Rolph, ed., The Trial of Lady Chatterley (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961), 17.
11. Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, The Politics and Poetics of Transgression (London: Methuen, 1986), 156, 153. See Leonore Davidoff, “Class and Gender in Victorian England: The Diaries of Arthur J. Munby and Hannah Cullwick,” Feminist Studies 5 (1979): 87–141.
12. Liz Stanley, ed., The Diaries of Hannah Cullwick, Victorian Maidservant (London: Virago, 1984), 193.
13. Rodney Garland, The Heart in Exile (1953) (Brighton: Millivres, 1995), 179.
14. Jeffrey Weeks, “Inverts, Perverts, and Mary-Annes: Male Prostitution and the Regulation of Homosexuality in England in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries,” in Salvatore J. Licata and Robert P. Petersen, eds., Historical Perspectives on Homosexuality (New York: Haworth Press, 1985), 121.
15. Stephen Spender, World within World (London: Readers Union, 1953), 151.
16. Jonathan Harvey, Beautiful Thing (1993), in Michael Wilcox, ed., Gay Plays 5 (London: Methuen, 1994); filmed by Hettie Macdonald (1995).
17. Jay Quinn, “The Kitchen Table,” in Quinn, ed., Rebel Yell 2 (New York: Harrington Park, 2002), 189.
18. Tom Wakefield, Mates (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1983), 18.
19. Edmund White, The Married Man (London: Chatto, 2000), 88.
20. Sally R. Munt, “Introduction,” in Munt, ed., Cultural Studies and the Working Class (London: Cassell, 2000), 9. See Mary McIntosh, “Class,” in Andy Medhurst and Sally R. Munt, eds., Lesbian and Gay Studies (London: Cassell, 1997).
21. Jean E. Howard and Scott Cutler Shershow, “Introduction: Marxism Now, Shakespeare Now,” in Howard and Shershow, eds., Marxist Shakespeares (London: Routledge, 2001), 7–8. See also, in the same collection, Richard Halpern, “An Impure History of Ghosts: Derrida, Marx, Shakespeare,” 43.
22. Leslie J. Moran, “Homophobic Violence: The Hidden Injuries of Class,” in Munt, ed., Cultural Studies and the Working Class, 211–12, with reference to Ken Plummer, ed., Modern Homosexualities (London: Routledge, 1992), 22.
23. Carol M. Ward, Rita Mae Brown (New York: Twayne, 1993), 6. Ward’s account is based on published interviews.
24. Dorothy Allison, Bastard Out of Carolina (London: Flamingo, 1993).
25. Dorothy Allison, Skin (London: Pandora, 1995), 23–24. Compare the arguments of Cherríe Moraga, discussed in chapter 4 above.
26. Andrew Holleran, Dancer from the Dance (1978) (London: Cape, 1979), 83.
27. David Bergman, Gaiety Transfigured (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), 96–102. Other gay critics who have contributed to Whitman’s importance, include Thomas Yingling, “Homosexuality and Utopian Discourse in American Poetry,” in Betsy Erkkila and Jay Grossman, eds., Breaking Bounds (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996); Gregory Woods, A History of Gay Literature (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), 154–59, 176–80.
28. Jon Barrett, Mark Bingham (Los Angeles: Advocate, 2002), 71.
29. See Alan Sinfield, Cultural Politics—Queer Reading (1994), 2d ed. (London: Routledge, 2005), 35–36.
30. Ethan Mordden, I’ve a Feeling We’re Not in Kansas Anymore (1983) (New York: St. Martin’s, 1985), 105.
31. James Kenneth Melson, The Golden Boy (New York: Harrington Park, 1992), 58.
32. Steven Epstein, “Gay Politics, Ethnic Identity,” in Edward Stein, ed., Forms of Desire (New York: Routledge, 1992), 282. See Sinfield, Gay and After, ch. 2.
33. James Robert Baker, Tim and Pete (1995) (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), 142.
34. Paul Monette, Becoming a Man (1992) (London: Abacus, 1994), 19.
35. Neal Drinnan, Glove Puppet (Camberwell, Victoria, Australia: Penguin, 1998), 158.
36. Paul Russell, Boys of Life (1991) (New York: Plume, 1992), 52.
37. Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis (1886; 12th ed., 1903), trans. Franklin S. Klaf (New York: Scarborough, 1978), 250 (my elision).
38. Richard House, Bruiser (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1997), 77.
39. Joseph Hansen, Steps Going Down (1985) (London: Arlington, 1986), 74.
40. Phil Andros, Below the Belt and Other Stories (1982) (Boston, Mass.: Perinium Press, 1992). These stories were written by Samuel M. Steward.
41. Scott O’Hara, Autopornography (New York: Harrington Park, 1997), 151.
42. John Rechy, City of Night (1963) (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1964), 32 (Rechy’s elision).
43. Oscar Moore, A Matter of Life and Sex (1991) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1992), 162.
44. Donald J. West in association with Buz de Villiers, Male Prostitution (New York: Harrington Park, 1993), 162.
45. Michael Arditti, Easter (London: Arcadia, 2000), 335.
46. See Alan Sinfield, Out on Stage (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999), 180–85.
47. Terrence McNally, Love! Valour! Compassion! (1994) (New York: Plume, 1995), 35.
48. Peter Cameron, The Weekend (1994) (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), 112.
49. Alan Hollinghurst, The Spell (London: Chatto, 1998), 47 (Hollinghurst’s pause).
8. RACE
1. Ward Houser, “Black Gay Americans,” in Wayne R. Dynes, ed., The Encyclopaedia of Homosexuality (Chicago and London: St. James Press, 1990), 149–50.
2. Edmund White, The Farewell Symphony (London: Chatto, 1997), 25, 90.
3. Andrew Holleran, Dancer from the Dance (1978) (London: Cape, 1979), 54.
4. David B. Feinberg, Eighty-Sixed (1989) (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1991), 4.
5. Lyle Glazier, “Chester,” in Michael J. Smith, ed., Black Men—White Men (San Francisco: Gay Sunshine Press, 1983), 101.
6. Rhonda Cobham, “Jekyll and Claude: The Erotics of Patronage in Claude McKay’s Banana Bottom,” in Cindy Patton and Benigno Sánchez-Eppler, eds., Queer Diasporas (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000).
7. Paul Thomas Cahill, “The Reunion,” in Smith, ed., Black Men—White Men, 183 (Cahill’s pause).
8. James Baldwin, Another Country (London: Michael Joseph, 1963), 337.
9. Eldridge Cleaver, Soul on Ice (London: Panther, 1970), 97, 100. See David Bergman, Gaiety Transfigured (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1991), ch. 9; Lee Edelman, Homographesis (New York: Routledge, 1994), ch. 3.
10. Georges-Michel Sarotte, Like a Brother, Like a Lover, trans. Richard Miller (New York: Anchor/Doubleday, 1978), 97.
11. Marshall Moore, “Everybody Loves the Musée d’Orsay,” in Jay Quinn, ed., Rebel Yell 2 (New York: Harrington Park, 2002).
12. See bell hooks, Outlaw Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994); Lola Young, “‘Nothing Is As It Seems’: Re-viewing The Crying Game,” in Pat Kirkham and Janet Thumin, eds., Me Jane: Masculinity, Movies, and Women (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1995).
13. Abdul JanMohamed, “The Economy of Manichean Allegory: The Function of Racial Difference in Colonialist Literature,” Critical Inquiry 12 (1985): 59–87 (quote at 62).
14. John Sandys, Against the Tide (Penzance, Cornwall: United Writers Publications, 1984), 7.
15. Stephen Gray, Time of Our Darkness (London: Frederick Muller, 1988), 76.
16. Quoted in Shaun de Waal, “A Thousand Forms of Love: Representations of Homosexuality in South African Literature,” in Mark Gevisser and Edwin Cameron, eds., Defiant Desire (London: Routledge, 1995), 240.
17. Tony Peake, “A Son’s Story,” in Peter Burton, ed., The Mammoth Book of Gay Short Stories (London: Robinson, 1997).
18. Patricia Duncker, Writing on the Wall (London: Pandora, 2002), 167–71. See J. M. Coetzee, Disgrace (London: Secker and Warburg, 1999).
19. V. S. Naipaul, In a Free State (1971) (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), 106.
20. Angus Wilson, As If by Magic (London: Secker and Warburg, 1973), 283 (Wilson’s emphasis).
21. Alan Hollinghurst, The Swimming-Pool Library (New York: Random House, 1988), 1. For a discussion of other aspects, see Alan Sinfield, “Culture, Consensus, and Difference: Angus Wilson to Alan Hollinghurst,” in Alistair Davies and Alan Sinfield, eds., British Culture of the Postwar (London: Routledge, 2000).
22. David Alderson, “Desire as Nostalgia: The Novels of Alan Hollinghurst,” in Alderson and Linda Anderson, eds., Territories of Desire in Queer Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 33.
23. Valerie Mason-John and Ann Khambatta, eds., Lesbians Talk: Making Black Waves (London: Scarlet Press, 1993), 30. See further B. Ruby Rich, “When Difference Is (More Than) Skin Deep,” in Martha Gever, John Greyson, and Pratibha Parmar, eds., Queer Looks (New York: Routledge, 1993), 319–20; Biddy Martin, “Sexualities Without Gender and Other Queer Utopias,” Diacritics 24.2–3 (1994): 104–21; see 114–15.
24. Steven Corbin, Fragments That Remain (1985) (London: Gay Men’s Press, 1993), 69.
25. Chris Straayer regrets a similar lack of explicitness in Marlon Riggs’s Tongues Untied (on which see below): Straayer, Deviant Eyes, Deviant Bodies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), 171.
26. Larry Duplechan, Eight Days a Week (Boston: Alyson, 1985), 17.
27. See further Wei-cheng Raymond Chu, “Some Ethnic Gays Are Coming Home; Or, the Trouble with Interraciality,” Textual Practice 11 (1997): 219–36; Darieck Scott, “Jungle Fever? Black Gay Identity Politics, White Dick, and the Utopian Bedroom,” GLQ (Gay and Lesbian Quarterly) 1 (1994): 299–321.
28. Audre Lorde, Zami: A New Spelling of My Name (1982) (London: Pandora, 1996), 100.
29. See Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider (Freedom, Calif.: Crossing Press, 1984), 74–77.
30. Anna Wilson, “Audre Lorde and the African-American Tradition: When the Family Is Not Enough,” in Sally Munt, ed., New Lesbian Criticism (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1992), 87.
31. Katie King, “Audre Lorde’s Lacquered Layerings: The Lesbian Bar as a Site of Literary Production,” in Munt, ed., New Lesbian Criticism, 71.
32. Ekua Omosupe, “Black/Lesbian/Bulldagger,” Differences 3.2 (Summer 1991): 101–11 (quote at 104).
33. Jackie Goldsby, “What It Means to Be Colored Me,” Outlook: National Gay and Lesbian Quarterly 9 (Summer 1990): 11; quoted in Rich, “When Difference Is (More Than) Skin Deep,” in Gever, Greyson, and Parmar, eds., Queer Looks, 327 (Goldsby’s emphasis)
34. William G. Hawkeswood, One of the Children (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 155–57.
35. Joseph Beam, ed., In the Life (Boston: Alyson, 1986); Essex Hemphill, ed., Brother to Brother (Boston: Alyson, 1991).
36. Reginald T. Jackson, “The Absence of Fear,” in Hemphill, ed., Brother to Brother, 207.
37. Quoted from Marlon Riggs’s poem, “Tongues Untied,” in Hemphill, ed., Brother to Brother, 202. The poem affords the backbone to the film.
38. Joseph Beam, “Brother to Brother: Words from the Heart,” in Beam, ed., In the Life, 240.
39. See Ron Simmons, “Tongues Untied: An Interview with Marlon Riggs,” in Hemphill, ed., Brother to Brother.
40. Rich, “When Difference Is (More Than) Skin Deep,” in Gever, Greyson, and Parmar, eds., Queer Looks, 333.
41. Jackie Goldsby, “Queens of Language: Paris Is Burning,” in Gever et al., eds, Queer Looks, 114.
42. Marlon Riggs, “Black Macho Revisited,” in Hemphill, ed., Brother to Brother, 254 (Riggs’s emphasis).
43. Kobena Mercer and Isaac Julien, “Race, Sexual Politics, and Black Masculinity: A Dossier,” in Rowena Chapman and Jonathan Rutherford, eds., Male Order (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988), 112 (my elision). See Lynne Segal, Slow Motion (London: Virago, 1990), ch. 7.
44. Phillip Brian Harper, Are We Not Men? (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), x.
45. Kheven L. LaGrone, “Beneath the Veneer,” in Charles Michael Smith, ed., Fighting Words (New York: Avon, 1999). On continuities in images of slavery, see David Marriott, On Black Men (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2000). The issue is flagged in Lynda Hart and Joshua Dale, “Sadomasochism,” in Andy Medhurst and Sally R. Munt, eds., Lesbian and Gay Studies (London: Cassell, 1997), 351.
46. Kevin J. Mumford, Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 73.
47. Mercer and Julien, “Race, Sexual Politics, and Black Masculinity,” in Chapman and Rutherford, eds., Male Order, 128. This Gary has no connection with Gary Fisher (on whom see below).
48. See Marcus Wood, Blind Memory (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 43–46.
49. Isaac Julien, “Confessions of a Snow Queen: Notes on the Making of The Attendant,” Critical Quarterly 36.1 (Spring 1994): 120–26 (quotes at 123).
50. Gary Fisher, Gary in Your Pocket, ed. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1996), 230–31. See Eric L. McKitrick, Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
51. Fisher, Gary in Your Pocket, 282.
52. David Wojnarowicz, Close to the Knives (1991) (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1992), 255, 266, 271.
53. John Rechy, City of Night (1963) (London: MacGibbon and Kee, 1964), 15–21.
54. Paul Monette, Halfway Home (New York: Crown, 1991), 32, 41 (Monette’s emphasis).
55. James Robert Baker, Tim and Pete (1995) (London: Fourth Estate, 1996), 35–36, 166.
56. From a letter from Fisher to his sister, quoted in Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, “Gary Fisher in Your Pocket,” in Joshua Oppenheimer and Helena Reckitt, eds., Acting on AIDS (London: Serpent’s Tail and ICA, 1997), 414.
57. See Alan Sinfield, Literature, Politics, and Culture in Postwar Britain, 2d ed. (London: Athlone, 1997), 121–24; Erroll Lawrence, “Just Plain Common Sense: The ‘Roots’ of Racism,” in Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies, The Empire Strikes Back (London: Hutchinson, 1982).
58. See Marriott, On Black Men, 34–41.
59. Tennessee Williams, “Desire and the Black Masseur,” in Williams, Collected Short Stories (New York: Ballantine, 1985), 220.
60. Bergman, Gaiety Transfigured, 156–57. Bergman finds cannibalism linked with homosexuality also by Yukio Mishima, Herman Melville, Freud, and Tobias Schneebaum.
61. Tennessee Williams, Suddenly Last Summer (1958), in Williams, “Orpheus Descending,” “Something Unspoken,” “Suddenly Last Summer” (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1961), 188, 142.
62. James Robert Baker, Testosterone (Los Angeles: Alyson Books, 2000), 7.
63. Eve Kosofsy Sedgwick, “Queer Performativity: Henry James’s The Art of the Novel,” GLQ (Gay and Lesbian Quarterly) 1 (1993): 1–16; Judith Butler, “Critically Queer,” ibid., 17–32. See further Sally R. Munt, Heroic Desire (London: Cassell, 1998), ch. 4; Michael Warner, The Trouble with Normal (New York: Free Press, 1999), ch. 1; Douglas Crimp, “Mario Montez, For Shame,” in Stephen M. Barber and David L. Clark, eds., Regarding Sedgwick (New York: Routledge, 2002).
64. Tennessee Williams, Sweet Bird of Youth (1959), in Williams, “Sweet Bird of Youth,” “A Streetcar Named Desire,” “The Glass Menagerie” (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1962), 42 (my emphasis). See Neil Bartlett, Ready to Catch Him Should He Fall (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1990), 13.
9. FICTION
1. The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 3d ed. (Oxford: Clarendon, 1964). The rules and books specified in the dictionary are those of the Christian churches. See Reed Woodhouse, Unlimited Embrace: A Canon of Gay Fiction, 1945–1995 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998).
2. Alison Hennegan, “On Becoming a Lesbian Reader,” in Susannah Radstone, ed., Sweet Dreams (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1988), 169–71.
3. Stanley Fish, Professional Correctness (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995), 2; Alan Sinfield, Faultlines (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), 288–90.
4. Fish, Professional Correctness, 44–45 (his emphasis).
5. John Guillory, Cultural Capital (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 1–14.
6. Stuart Hall, “New Ethnicities,” in James Donald and Ali Rattansi, eds., “Race,” Culture, and Difference (London: Sage, 1992), 254 (Hall’s emphasis). See Alan Sinfield, Gay and After (London: Serpent’s Tail, 1998), chs. 1 and 2; Carrie Tirado Bramen, “Why the Academic Left Hates Identity Politics,” Textual Practice 16 (2002): 1–11.