Come forth into the light of things,
let nature be your teacher.
William Wordsworth
Florigraphy and Flower Folklore
The magick and folklore of flowers is a fascinating subject. An old term once used to describe the secret knowledge of the magickal properties of herbs, plants, and flowers is wort-cunning. “Wort” is an old English word for herb, and “cunning” is a synonym for craft. Therefore, the meaning of wort-cunning becomes crystal clear: herb craft.
The wisewomen and cunning men of the past knew the ways of spellweaving and herbal magicks, the correct time to plant and harvest the crops, the interpretations of weather signs, and the omens of animals in the wilderness around them. In an age where your family could live or die depending on how well your crops grew and how successfully you hunted and gathered, this was essential information.
This earthy wisdom was doubtless handed down through the family, from mother to daughter and father to son. Their inheritance is fruitful indeed. This practical knowledge of herbal magick and agricultural information was filtered down throughout the years as plant folklore, innocent charms, weather lore, home remedies, and country superstitions.
Enter the modern witch. You just know that the real earth magick and herbal knowledge is out there somewhere, if only you could find someone to teach you. Wait a minute. Try looking a little closer to home. Have you tried your grandparents? Ask them about old superstitions, cures, and home remedies that their parents used.
If you have an experienced gardener in the family, go make nice. Some of the best practical advice for gardening, along with plant folklore, that I have ever learned came innocently enough from a senior citizen. Go join a garden club or attend a free lecture, and sit and absorb some useful garden information. Behave yourself, now, and don’t scare the hell out of anyone by dropping your magickal interests into the conversation or by whipping out your latest Craft book. Not only is that bad manners, it won’t get you anywhere at all. Be discreet.
You are going to have to dig deep and do your homework. A good place to start is by taking a long, hard look at old superstitions and folklore. Hit the library and see what you can find. A clever little trick is to start by researching mythology, plant folklore, and florigraphy.
Florigraphy is known as the language of flowers. During the Victorian era, people often utilized flowers to declare their feelings. A romantic and “secret” way to communicate with members of the opposite sex, this custom developed into a language of flowers. This floral language was based on the traditions of older mythology and folklore.
There are many different modern versions of florigraphy to choose from. However, I wanted something with a little history. While researching this subject I came across several lists, all of which had been published in the late 1800s. By far, my most interesting find was an antique, massive “floral vocabulary” that was noted in the back of a modern-day gardening book, published about ten years ago. The modern author credited his source as belonging to a Miss Mary M. Griffin, from her book Drops from Flora’s Cup. My curiosity was piqued.
The full title of the book is Drops from Flora’s Cup, or the Poetry of Flowers. Published in Boston by G. W. Cottrell and Company, in the year 1845, Miss Griffin’s book is considered rare by both the author who perpetuated her work and the main branch of the St. Louis Public Library. As of the spring of 2001, there were no copies of it available within Missouri’s library systems. They could confirm that the book did indeed exist and that at one time the library did have a copy of it. Unfortunately, that might have been as long as over one hundred years ago.
This sent me on a quest for other antique “language of the flowers” lists. But where to find them? I contacted the Missouri Botanical Garden’s library and hit paydirt. The gracious ladies who work there informed me that they had at least thirteen books on the subject, many dating from Victorian times. The books were not available to check out, however they did have a copy machine. Was I interested? I assured them that I was. As soon as our work schedules permitted, my husband and I coordinated our days off and drove into the city to see what we could find.
We spent some interesting hours at the botanical library. You’d be amazed at what you discover when you look hard enough. There is older information on folklore and magick. Contrary to what you may have been told, you can uncover interesting magickal folklore that was published before the 1980s. Yes, sometimes it is over-romanticized or prejudiced, but it is there. I feel that a good-natured warning is appropriate here. When searching through antique books, you need to keep your sense of humor handy. You will need it.
During the time period of the mid to late 1800s, the Druids, it seems, were looked upon as noble, romantic figures, while witches were considered thoroughly evil. (No big surprise there.) When I found an entire chapter dedicated to plants used by witches in their “cruel sorcery,” not to mention their “nefarious trade,” I grumbled and hissed.
Nefarious trade? Oh, please . . . My husband just grinned at me, quietly made a rude remark, and made me laugh. Still, we kept researching. I took many notes and found some interesting information on faeries, weather lore, and floral love charms.
Many of the flower folklore books at the botanical library were indeed over 120 years old and fragile. Filled with the fanciful style of poetry that was popular at the time and some beautiful color plates of botanical drawings, what I would have given for a color copier! A few of the books that had floral languages matched up word for word with Mary Griffin’s. It is interesting to note that these books had been published approximately twenty to forty years later than Griffin’s.
I believe that Miss Griffin’s work deserves to see the light of day once again. Her original floral vocabulary is immense, and many of the plants are difficult to find. Listed below are some highlights of the more familiar plants. From Mary M. Griffin’s Drops from Flora’s Cup, in the language of the period (1845).
Miss Mary's Floral Vocabulary
Allysum: Worth beyond beauty
Angelica: Inspiration
Aster: Beauty in retirement
Bachelor's Button: Hope in misery
Betony (Lamb's Ear): Surprise
Bluebell: Constancy
Buttercup: Ingratitude
Chamomile: Energy in adversity
Chrysanthemum: Cheerfulness
Clematis: Mental beauty
Columbine: Folly
Coreopsis: Ever cheerful
Daffodil: Delusive hope
Daisy: Innocence
Dahlia: Dignity and elegance
Dandelion: Oracle
Dogwood: Durability
Elder: Compassion
Elm: Dignity
Fern: Symmetry
Fennel: Strength
Forget-Me-Not: True love
Foxglove: I am ambitious for your sake
Fuchsia: Confiding love
Geranium, Rose: Preference
Geranium, Scarlet: Consolation
Heartsease (Pansy): Think of me
Heliotrope: Devotion
Honeysuckle: Bonds of love
Ice Plant: Your looks freeze me
Iris: A message for you
Ivy: Friendship
Jasmine, White: Amiability
Jasmine, Yellow: Elegant gracefulness
Larkspur: Fickleness
Lavender: Acknowledgment
Lilac: First emotion of love
Lily of the Valley: Return of happiness
Lily, White: Purity and modesty
Love-in-a-mist: Perplexity
Magnolia: Love of nature
Marigold: Inquietude
Mimosa: Sensitiveness
Peony: Ostentation
Periwinkle: Sweet remembrances
Phlox: We are united
Primrose, Pink: I am more onstant than thou
Rosemary: Remembrance
Rose: Beauty
Sage: Domestic virtues
Snapdragon: Presumption
Tansy: Resistance
Thistle: I will never forget thee
Thyme: Activity
Tulip: Declaration of love
Verbana: Sensibility
Violet, Blue: Modesty
Violet, White: Candor
Witch Hazel: A spell
Yarrow: Thou alone canst cure
Zinnia: Absence
A kiss of the sun for pardon,
The song of the birds for mirth,
One is nearer God’s heart in a garden
Than anywhere else on earth.
Dorothy Frances Gurney
Cottage Flower Folklore
Old cottage gardens were thickly planted with flowers and herbs, not only for their appearance but for their magickal properties. Part of the tradition and mystique of the wisewoman was her cottage garden stuffed full of aromatic and mysterious herbs and plants. Oldfashioned, romantic, and a reminder of less-complicated times, cottage-style gardens are once again becoming popular.
Forget the slick, modern, and formal garden. A cottage garden places the emphasis on comfort and easy maintenance. There are no hard and fast rules on plant arrangement and color combinations in cottage gardening. Do you like orange marigolds and purple petunias together? Go ahead. Plant some silvery betony (lamb’s ears) with them as a neutral blending color and enjoy. A cottage garden offers a miscellany of plants, all with different heights, colors, textures, and bloom times. Vegetables, flowers, and herbs may be grown together in a whimsical arrangement. The more the merrier!
A cottage garden can be any size and shape. Think of an enchanted garden, complete with ivied walls and old clay pots overflowing with flowers . . . rustic privacy fences for seclusion or charming white picket fences to frame the garden . . . trellises and arbors that support climbing roses, clematis, and morning glories . . . a bird bath for the songbirds to splash about in, and . . . oops! Sorry, I got carried away. Back to cottage garden flowers.
When choosing plants for your new cottage garden, or for pumping up your established garden, look for easy-to-grow varieties. Be sure to add wildflowers that are native to your area, such as California poppies for the West Coast or purple coneflowers for the Midwest.
Roses in cottage gardens are traditional. If you’re leery of growing roses, consider English or Rugosa roses for a low-maintenance rose. Usually disease resistant, they require no spraying and are more cold hardy than fussier hybrid teas. Rugosa and some varieties of English roses may only bloom once per season; however, they are carefree and their blooms are very old-fashioned.
The symbolism of cottage garden flowers can be a useful tool for the garden witch. Growing a magickal garden is easy if we know something of the old flower folklore. Refer to this list of blooming shrubs, garden plants, and flowers as you design spells of your own creation. You may care to coordinate these flowers with color magick for an extra boost. This fragrant vocabulary may include the following nostalgic favorites.
“We can talk,” said the Tiger-lily,
“when there’s anybody worth talking to.”
Lewis Carroll,
Through the Looking Glass (1871)
The Language of Cottage Flowers
Alyssum: Sweet purity
Apple Blossom: Beauty and goodness
Astilbe: Earthly pleasures
Azalea, White: First love
Balloon Flower: Faraway friends
Begonia: Premonition
Black-eyed Susan: Fairness
Bleeding Heart: Brokenhearted
Bee Balm: Irresistible
Bridal Wreath Spriea: Victory
Butterfly Bush: Wantonness
Caladium: Joy
Carnation, Pink: Encouragement
Carnation, Red: Passion
Carnation, White: Pure devotion
Cinquefoil: Beloved daughter
Cockscome: Humor
Coneflower, Purple: Skill and resilience
Coral Bells: Study and hard work
Crepe Myrtle: Eloquence
Daylily: Siren
Dusty Miller: Respected grandmother
Enchanter's Nightshade: Witchcraft
Evening Primrose: Humble devotion
Everlasting Flower: Death of hope
Fern: Tempestuous passion
Feverfew: Protection
Flowering Almond: Hope
Forsythia: Good nature
Hollyhock: Enthusiasm and zeal
Hosta: Devotion
Hydrangea: Moodiness
Impatiens: Speed
Lamb's Ear: Support
Lavender: Distrust
Lemon Balm: Health
Lupin: Overassertiveness
Meadowsweet: Lovely bride
Mock Orange: Virgin bride
Morning Glory: Greet the new day
Nigella: Kiss me
Pansy, Purple: Happy memories
Pinks (Dianthus): Forever lovely
Plum (Blossoms): Fertility
Pussy Willow: Friendship
Queen Anne's Lace: Return home
Quince: Temptation
Rose: Love
Santolina: Protection from harm
Sedum: Peace
Sunflower: Royalty
Sweet Pea: Tenderness
Sweet Woodruff: Eternal life
Tansy: Safe pregnancy
Tiger Lily: Erotic love
Trumpet Flower: Fiery passion
Verbena: Spellbound
Vervain: Witchcraft
Weigela (Bloom): A heart that’s true
Yarrow: Witch’s herb
Zinnia: Faraway friends
I met a Lady in the Meads
Full beautiful, a fairy’s child
Her hair was long, her foot was light
And her eyes were wild—
Keats
Flowers for the Lady: Goddesses and Associated Plants
If you are calling on a particular goddess, it certainly doesn’t hurt to have as many things in sympathy with her as you can find. I have found that the Lady seems to appreciate the extra work and thoughtfulness of the gesture. Most modern magickal books have a candle and color correspondence chart, and the text will tell you what lunar associations the goddesses have. But what about plant, flower, and even fruit correspondences for the ladies? Those are harder to find. Never fear, I’ve got some for you.
In keeping with our backyard magick, these everyday plants are easy to obtain. The fruit shouldn’t be any more difficult to produce (sorry, bad pun) than a trip to the grocery store. If you have trouble locating vervain, try growing annual flowering verbena—you may use those brightly colored blooms as a substitute.
Aradia: Rue, vervain/verbena, and apple
Artemis: Artemesia, daisy, and cypress
Astraea: Aster, Michaelmas daisy
Bast: Catnip
Brighid or Bride: Dandelion, crocus, helebores, and blackberries
Cerridwen: Vervain/verbena
Demeter or Ceres: Red poppy, wheat
Diana: Apple, rue, and rose
Freya: Maidenhair fern, daisy, rose, primrose, and strawberries
Hathor: Rose, grapes
Hecate: Cyclamen, willow, and monkshood (aconite)
Hera: Iris, willow, and apples
Holda: Rose in full bloom
Iris (Greek goddess of the rainbow): Iris (in all colors), rose
Isis: Rose, heather, and purple iris
Lady of Guadalupe: Red and pink roses, poinsettias
Lilith: Lily; deep-red, thorny, garden-style roses; and the willow
Minerva: Thistle, olive, and mulberries
Nephthys: Lily
Persephone: Parsley, pomegranate
Selene: Rose, bluebell, nicotiana, and all white and night-blooming flowers
Venus or Aphrodite: Violet, morning glory, rose, and all true blue flowers
The more simple we are,
the more complete we become.
August Rodin
Flower Fascinations: The Art of Simpling
Fascination is defined as “to bewitch and hold spellbound by an irresistible power.” Flower fascinations are elementary flower spells and charms for various magickal uses.
A simple is described as a medicine plant. A simple is also known as a basic element, having only one ingredient, such as a flower or an herb. The yarrow love charm in chapter 8 is one example of a simple. The art of simpling consists of working with select magickal herbs and flowers. You can sew them up into charm bags, or fashion flowers, foliage, and herbs into a small enchanted bouquet, or posy.
Working within the legacy of the folklore of plants, you can create your own simples and flower fascinations. Try herbs for protection and prosperity, or flowers for love and healing. These flower fascinations and charms, of my own design, were inspired by my research into the 1800s flower folklore. Work these enchantments with positive intentions and they will make you smile. Basically, these are fun, fast, and—dare I say it?—simple.
A small nosegay of lily of the valley, bleeding hearts, and violets, arranged in a tiny jar, will bestow blessings from the faeries and help cheer you up after a hard day at work. Tie the flowers up with a white satin ribbon, and breathe in the scent! (All of these flowers should be blooming at the same time in your garden, late April through early May.) My daughter calls these miniature flower arrangements “faery bouquets.”
Faery posy of white, pink, and blue
Help me out here, my boss is a shrew.
Safe now at home, I’m so glad to be
Rid me of anger and negativity.
Walking around a blooming snapdragon three times in a widdershins (counterclockwise) direction is thought to cure you of any bewitchment. Likewise, a few stems of snapdragons in a vase will help to protect you from manipulative intentions.
An archaic example of a simple is to place snapdragon seeds inside of a small blue linen bag and wear the bag around your neck. This will prevent any negative energy from affecting you. Nowadays, tuck the little bag in your pocket or purse. Try this charm to go along with it.
Snapdragon seeds in a pouch of blue,
I request your magick, my need is true.
Now protect me from hatred, send evil away,
Lord and Lady, bless and guide me each day.
Heliotrope has the folk name of “cherry pie,” and was thought to grant the power of invisibility. If you plant this herb in the garden close to the area where you perform magick, it will help you to keep a low magickal profile. Your discreet magickal actions should pass unnoticed by those curious neighbors or your in-laws. (Of course, if you are lighting a huge bonfire and the coven is dancing around the backyard skyclad on Friday nights, I don’t know how effective this will be.) Ahem. Anyway, try planting this perennial in the waning moon. As you add this herb to your gardens, intone the following:
Heliotrope was called cherry pie,
Help shield my magick from mundane eyes.
By the dark of the moon and power of the sun,
Grant me privacy and peace, an’ let it harm none.
A decorative broom adorned with ribbons, dried yarrow, and rosemary would be a excellent gift for a wedding or a handfasting. The herb yarrow was thought to have the power to keep a couple happily together for seven years. Rosemary signifies faithfulness and remembrance.
Place a clover in your lover’s shoe before they leave on a trip, and they will remain faithful during their absence.
Carry the flowers of the blue bachelor's buttons’ in your pocket to draw success in love. (This is another example of a Venus flower hard at work.)
Keeping a few acorns in your pocket is a charm for fertility, love, and attraction.
A blooming redbud tree contains great magick. In areas of the Ozarks, it was once thought that to cut branches off a redbud while the tree was in bloom would call down extreme bad luck on yourself. Instead, try tying a ribbon on a blossoming branch as you make a wish.
Oak or rowan twigs bound together with red thread into a solar cross or a pentagram will make a mighty protective talisman for the home, car, or in your desk or locker at work. I adapted this modern charm from an old English rhyme.
Oaken/Rowan twigs and strings of red,
Deflect all harm, gossip, and dread.
The lilac is beloved by the faery kingdom. The fragrance of lilacs encourages clairvoyance and is a good aromatherapy scent for any type of psychic work. Try placing a vase of lilacs on your altar and repeat the following charm.
Fragrant lilac blooms are purple in hue,
The gift of second sight this scent grants you.
Sacred to the faeries this forever shall be,
Lady, open my heart and allow me to see.
Lilac is a great fragrance to be used whether you are an old hand at the Tarot or trying to learn the cards for the first time. Lighting a purple, lilac-scented candle will also aid you in your psychic endeavors. It will help you to open up the third eye and receive psychic impressions more easily. Also, a drop or two of lilac oil in your bath water is a powerful way to clear yourself of any psychic residue that you may have picked up during the day.
Lavender counteracts the evil eye. A few drops of lavender oil in your bath water will help to protect you. Ditto for lavender-scented soaps, perfumes, and body lotions. Lavender planted in the garden will bring good luck to your family.
An old cure for bed-wetting was to make a child smell a dandelion on Beltane. Then they would stop their bed-wetting for a year. This may explain the old folk name for dandelions . . . are you ready? It’s “Piss-a-bed”!
There is an old Scottish custom of eating an apple on Samhain night while looking into the mirror. Legend says that you will see your true love reflected there. A Victorian Halloween card states the following verse:
On Halloween look in the glass,
Your future husband’s face will pass.
A modern adaptation of this charm could include standing before the mirror at midnight on Samhain. This new charm will help you to recognize a future or potential love. Slice the apple crosswise to expose the star-shaped arrangement of seeds inside. Light a tealight candle and place the apple slices and the candle before the mirror. (Make sure the candle is in a safe place to burn. If you have to, place the tealight in a heatproof bowl or small cauldron.) At midnight, say the following charm three times:
As this Samhain night rushes past,
Reveal to me a love that shall last.
May I know them when next we meet
May our love be both strong and sweet.
Allow the candle to burn out and, the next morning, leave the apple pieces outside as an offering to the nature spirits. Pay attention and see who you “meet” within the next thirty days.
Flowers blooming out of season are considered to be omens, such as violets blooming in the fall. As this old rhyme warns,
Flowers out of season, trouble without reason.
Blue garden veronica has the folk name of speedwell. Use this perennial flower in posies and charm bags for healing and speedy recoveries.
When flower stalks bend, the Irish say that they are bowing to the Fae Queen, who is somewhere nearby.
Gather from the garden a posy (a posy is an old term for a nosegay or tussie-mussie) of snapdragons, mullein, betony, lavender, and dill. On the night of the full moon, as the moon rises in the east, present it to the Goddess Selene and request her magickal aid and protection. These magickal herbs tied together with red and white ribbons will safeguard you from harm and melancholy.
Snapdragons, mullein, betony, and dill,
Protect me from harm, shield me from ill will.
Lavender counteracts the evil eye,
While Selene gives her blessing from on high.
In Eastern lands they talk in flowers,
And they tell in a garland their love and cares;
Each blossom that blooms in their garden bowers,
On its leaves a mystic language bears.
James G. Percival
Tussie-Mussies
Posies, nosegays, and tussie-mussies date back to the sixteenth century. These miniature, handheld bouquets are filled with aromatic herbs and flowers. Tussie-mussies were carried for protection against sickness and to disguise bad odors (hence the name “nosegay”), and to ward off evil spirits. These dainty “talking bouquets” became popular because they held hidden messages based on the symbolic meaning of the plants.
By incorporating the language of flowers and through selecting your blooms and foliage with care, you can create a powerful flower fascination—not bad for such a little bouquet. Apply some of that garden witch know-how and kick it up a few notches with floral color magick and by coordinating various colored blooms and ribbons for specific magickal intent. Here are a few ideas to get you started.
First love: A pink rosebud, white azalea blooms, hosta leaves, feverfew blossoms, and blue forget-me-nots. Add a few satin ribbons in baby blue and pink for a little extra color magick. The pink, white, and blue colors of the flowers and ribbons in this tussie-mussie invoke love, peace, and hope. The significance of the blooms are as follows: the pink rosebud brings an innocent love; the azalea is for a first love; hosta leaves are for devotion; the feverfew stands for protection; and the forget-me-nots conjure true love.
I desire you: An orange rose, fern foliage, nigella (love-in-a-mist), bergamot blooms, and a tiger lily. Tie with red ribbons for desire and orange for energy and stamina. Hey, is it warm in here? Floral meanings are: vitality and energy from the orange rose; passion from the ferns; “kiss me” from the nigella; “you are irresistible” from the bergamot; and, finally, erotic love from the tiger lily.
Get well soon: A yellow rose, golden yarrow, lemon balm leaves, daisies, and a spray of bachelor’s buttons. Coordinate the color of the ribbons with the flowers or with your own chosen color for healing magick. Floral meanings are as follows: yellow rose for joy and happiness; yarrow blossoms for healing magick; lemon balm for freshness and health; daisies for cheerfulness; and bachelor’s buttons for healing energies.
Before making a tussie-mussie, posy, or nosegay, consider its theme and select the ingredients for their appearance and symbolism. Take a look at all those floral language charts from earlier in this chapter. They will provide you with the information that you will need.
Start the arrangement with a larger central bloom such as a rose, peony, or geranium as a focal point. Then encircle it with contrasting flowers and foliage. Work out from the center in a circular pattern. Bind the stems with green florist’s tape as you go, to keep the posy tight. Build up the layers and emphasize the outer rim with large-leafed herbs.
The fuzzy leaves from lady’s mantle are excellent for this purpose, as are variegated ivy, hosta foliage, ferns, angelica’s glossy leaves, and the leaves from the common violet.
Finish off the bouquet by tying the coordinating ribbons around the stems in a decorative bow. Nosegays should stay fresh in water for about seven days, and can be dried by hanging them upside down in a warm, well-ventilated, dark room.
If you would like to create a tussie-mussie for a gift or even venture planting an old-fashioned posy or tussie-mussie garden for yourself, check the Cottage Flower Chart for plant suggestions. You may also try working with and growing any of these other magickal plants. See also the garden layout illustration, page 69.
Angelica: Use the blooms, feathery leaves, and the seed pods for inspiration.
Bay: Tuck in a leaf or two for glory.
Campanula: Also known as bellflower, those perky blue blossoms signify gratitude.
Chamomile: Flowers and foliage for strength in difficult situations.
Coreopsis: Those bright yellow flowers have the meaning of “always cheerful.”
Daisy: For cheer and innocence.
Elder: The blossoms signify zealousness, energy, and action.
Fennel: Conveys strength.
Fern: For passion and faery magick.
Feverfew: Brings protection from illness. Incorporate both the ferny foliage and the tiny daisylike blooms.
Forget-me-not: Stands for true love. These lovely blue flowers soften the bouquet.
Geranium: A scarlet geranium for comfort, a pink geranium for love, and a white geranium for fertility. A geranium bloom makes another large, respectable central flower to build from.
Golden Marjoram: Means “blushes.” Perfect for a young girl or a bride.
Hyssop: Traditionally used since medieval times for cleanliness.
Ivy: The leaves and tendrils stand for fidelity and love.
Lady's Mantle: Protection—use the fuzzy leaves for the outer leaves and the chartreuse flowers as fillers.
Lemon Balm: For sympathy and for a pick-me-up. A wonderful aromatic herb.
Lindon Blossom: For conjugal love.
Mints: Mint is traditionally used to convey virtue. There are so many colors and scents of mint to choose from—chocolate, orange, pineapple . . .
Pansies: A cure for the brokenhearted.
Rosemary: For remembrance. Work in the sprigs and blooming tops.
Rosebud: A new love and various other magickal uses, according to the bloom’s color. A rose is often the central flower in a tussie-mussie.
Sage: Sage stands for wisdom. Try using purple sages and tricolor sages for variety.
Sweet Pea: Symbolizes delicate pleasures. This flower is fragrant and very old-fashioned.
Thyme: Use both the flowers and leaves for starting a new project.
Veronica: Brings about a rapid recovery and continued vitality.
Wild Strawberries: Perfection—and you thought those wild strawberry “weeds” growing in your yard weren’t good for anything! I’ve said it before, but it bears repeating: Magick is to be found all around you.
1 Hybrid Tea Rose
2 Thyme
3 Lavender
4 Chamomile
5 Feverfew
6 Coreopsis
7 Pansy
8 Blackeyed Susan
9 Daisy
10 Nigella
11 Geranium