All documents prefaced by ‘National Archives’ are held at the United Kingdom National Archives at Kew.
Chapter One
1. National Archives HW3/169
2. National Archives HW14/151
3. Betty Flavell, interviewed for the Bletchley Park Trust: www.bletchleypark.org.uk
4. Neil Webster, quoted in Cribs for Victory: The Untold Story of Bletchley Park’s Secret Room (Polperro Press, 2011)
5. National Archives HW62/16
6. National Archives HW62/16
Chapter Two
1. Gene Grabeel, featured in National Security Agency archive features – www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic-heritage
2. National Archives HW8/36
3. Alan Stripp, in an essay contributed to Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)
4. As above
5. As above
6. The poem reproduced in the in-house Beaumanor magazine, The Woygian Winter 1948
7. Gwendoline Gibbs – her essays can be found at http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/resources/filer.rhtm/655471/gibbs+g.pdf
8. As above
9. National Archives HW62/16
Chapter Three
1. National Archives FO366/2221
2. National Archives HW14/164
3. National Archives HW64/68
4. National Archives HW14/164
5. National Archives HW64/68
6. As quoted in GCHQ – The Uncensored Story of Britain’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency by Richard Aldrich (Harper Collins, 2010)
7. Mass Observation diaries; available for consultation by appointment in file 48/1/A at Sussex University or the British Library
8. John Cane, as quoted on the BBC News website, www.bbc.co.uk/news in February 2014
9. National Archives HW14/164
Chapter Four
1. Arthur Levenson’s interview can be found in the National Security Agency online archive at www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/oral-history-interviews/index.shtml. Levenson’s interview is NSA-OH-40-80
2. As above
3. As quoted in Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges (Burnett/Hutchinson 1983)
Chapter Five
1. Aileen Clayton, writing in The Enemy Is Listening (Hutchinson, 1980)
2. This correspondence can be found on the National Security Agency online archive. Visit www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/friedman-documents/assets/files/correspondence/FOLDER_365/41733539077277.pdf
3. Alan Sillitoe, Life Without Armour (HarperCollins, 1995)
4. As above
5. The Woygian, Beaumanor magazine, Winter 1946 number
6. Veterans share their memories online at http://gwulo.com/RAF-Battys-Belvedere-Hong-Kong
Chapter Six
1. Neal Ascherson, writing in the London Review of Books, 20 December 2012
2. Spycatcher by Peter Wright (Viking, 1987)
3. Meredith Gardner, as featured in the National Security Agency archives. Visit www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/crypto-almanac-50th/assets/files/POLYGLOT.pdf
4. Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 by Tony Judt (Heinemann, 2005)
5. As quoted in The Cambridge History of the Cold War Volume 1 (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
6. As quoted in The Cambridge History of the Cold War Volume 1
Chapter Seven
1. Quoted from Enigma and the Eastcote Connection by Susan Toms. The essay can be read at www.ruislip.co.uk/eastcotemod/enigma.htm
2. Geoff Hardy, as quoted on the Cheltenham Civil Service RFC website www.pitchero.com/clubs/cheltenhamcivilservice/a/club-history-8718.html
3. Chris Barnes, writing for The Woygian, Beaumanor in-house magazine
4. As above
5. Kenneth Carling, writing at the website http://www.garatshay.org.uk/about_us/beaumanor.html
6. As above
7. As above
8. As above
Chapter Eight
1. For a splendid appreciation of Alexander from Stuart Milner Barry, go to: https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/assets/files/cono_hugh.pdf
2. As quoted in The Secret Sentry: The Untold Story of the National Security Agency by Matthew M Aid (Bloomsbury, 2009)
3. Stuart Milner Barry, writing in Codebreakers – The Inside Story of Bletchley Park (Oxford University Press, 1993)
4. William Millward, writing in Codebreakers, as above
5. Ralph Bennett, writing in Codebreakers, as above
6. Telford Taylor, writing in Codebreakers, as above
7. As quoted in GCHQ – The Uncensored Story of Britain’s Most Secret Intelligence Agency by Richard J Aldrich (HarperCollins, 2010)
8. As quoted in GCHQ – The Uncensored Story by Richard J Aldrich
9. As quoted in Gordon Welchman: Bletchley Park’s Architect of Ultra Intelligence by Joel Greenberg (Frontline Books, 2015)
10. For the National Security Agency’s appreciation of Wilma Zimmerman Davis, go to www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/crypto-almanac-50th/assets/files/Wilma_Z._Davis.pdf
11. Genevieve Grotjan, as featured in the National Security Agency online archives, as above
12. As quoted in The Defence of the Realm – the Authorized History of MI5 by Christopher Andrew (Penguin, 2009)
Chapter Nine
1. George Kennan, as quoted in Post-War: A History of Europe Since 1945 by Tony Judt
2. ES Turner, writing in the London Review of Books, 29 September 1988
3. Reflections on Intelligence by RV Jones (William Heinemann, 1989)
Chapter Ten
1. Norman Logan, writing online at 14threunion.blogspot.com/2011/05/royal-signals-hands-over-to-corps-of.html
2. Alan Stripp, writing in Codebreakers
3. As recalled for www.bbc.co.uk/history/ww2peopleswar
4. As above
5. As above
6. As above
7. Dennis Underwood, writing at http://www.burmastar.org.uk/stories/dennis-underwood-war-office-y-group/
Chapter Eleven
1. Walter Eytan, writing in Codebreakers
2. As above
3. Martin Sugarman, ‘Jewish Personnel at Bletchley Park’ which can be found at www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org
4. An interview with Dr Solomon Kullback – and interviews with his notable peers and contemporaries in American codebreaking – can be read at https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/oral-history-interviews/
5. As above
6. Arthur Levenson interview, available at https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/oral-history-interviews/
7. From the Financial Times, 10 July 2015
Chapter Twelve
1. National Archives HW50/50
2. As above
3. National Archives HW14/1
4. National Archives HW50/50
5. As above
6. As above
7. As above
8. As above
9. As above
Chapter Thirteen
1. Life Without Armour by Alan Sillitoe
2. As quoted in The Cambridge History of the Cold War Volume 1
3. Chris Barnes, writing for The Woygian, Beaumanor in-house magazine, Winter 1948
Chapter Fourteen
1. Hugh Foss, as quoted in The Emperor’s Codes: The Breaking of Japan’s Secret Ciphers by Michael Smith (Biteback, 2010)
2. As above
3. Joan Clarke, writing in Codebreakers
4. As above
5. As above
6. Jack Good, writing in Codebreakers
7. As quoted in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
8. Chess by C H O’D Alexander (Pitman and Sons, 1937)
9. As above
10. As above
11. Alexander on Chess by C H O’D Alexander (Pitman, 1974)
12. As above
13. As above
14. As above
15. As above
16. This tribute can be found on the NSA’s website at www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/assets/files/in_memoriam.pdf
Chapter Fifteen
1. Melita Norwood quoted in The Guardian, September 1999
2. As quoted in GCHQ – The Uncensored History by Richard J Aldrich
3. Alexander Kendrick, writing in New Republic, 26 July 1948
4. As quoted in Intercept: The Secret History of Spies and Computers by Gordon Corera (Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 2015)
Chapter Sixteen
1. As quoted in The Cambridge History of the Cold War
2. As above
3. As above
4. Michael L Peterson, National Security Agency online archives, at www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-quarterly/assets/files/maybe_you_had_to_be_there.pdf
5. As above
6. National Archives FO 1093/485
7. As above
8. As above
9. As above
10. As above
Chapter Seventeen
1. ‘The Beginning of Intelligence Analysis in CIA’, which can be found at https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/the-beginning-of-intelligence-analysis-in-cia.html
2. Know Your Enemy – How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the World by Percy Cradock (John Murray, 2002)
3. As quoted in The Korean War by Max Hastings (Michael Joseph, 1987)
4. Brian Hough, quoted in The Guardian, 25 June 2010
5. What’s It All About? by Michael Caine (Arrow, 1993)
6. British Intelligence, Strategy and the Cold War 1945–41 edited by Richard J Aldrich (Routledge, 1992)
7. Espionage, Security and Intelligence in Britain 1945–70 by Richard J Aldrich (Manchester University Press, 1998)
8. As above
Chapter Eighteen
1. From the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2. As above
3. As quoted by Andrew Hodges in Alan Turing: The Enigma
4. As above
5. As above
6. As above
7. As above
8. As above
Chapter Nineteen
1. Edward Said writing in the London Review of Books, 7 May 1998
2. Tom Nairn, quoted by Perry Anderson in the London Review of Books, 24 April 2008
Chapter Twenty
1. GCHQ memo in the National Archives FO 1093/485
2. Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges
Chapter Twenty-Two
1. ‘The Battle of Hastings’, article by Edward Crankshaw, Observer, 10 January 1954
2. As above
3. As above
4. Conel Hugh O’Donel Alexander: A Personal Memoir by Stuart Milner-Barry, which can be found online at www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/cryptologic-spectrum/assets/files/cono_hugh.pdf
5. Alatortsev’s newspaper report, picked up by Sir John Rennie’s department in 1954, can now be found in the National Archives FO 371/111787
6. As above
7. Barbara Greenbaum interviewed on Turing by the BBC, 6 June 2014
8. The Manchester Guardian, 11 June 1954
9. The Times, 11 June 1954