Suggested further reading

This is not in any sense a comprehensive bibliography, rather some suggestions for those who would like to read more about the topics covered in this book.

Abbreviations

BSOAS
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
GMS
Gibb Memorial Series
IC
Islamic Culture
IJMES
International Journal of Middle East Studies
IQ
Islamic Quarterly
Islam
Der Islam
JAOS
Journal of the American Oriental Society
JESHO
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
JNES
Journal of Near Eastern Studies
JRAS
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
JSS
Journal of Semitic Studies
REI
Revue d’Etudes Islamiques
RSO
Rivista degli Studi Orientali
SI
Studia Islamica

General

  1. Antrim, Z., Routes and realms: the power of place in the early Islamic world, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012
  2. Berkey, J., The formation of Islam, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2003.
  3. Bloom, J. M., Paper before print: the history and impact of paper in the Islamic World, New Haven, CT and London, Yale University Press, 2001.
  4. Bosworth, C. E., The new Islamic dynasties, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1996.
  5. Bulliet, R., Conversion to Islam in the medieval period, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1979.
  6. Bulliet, R., Islam: the view from the edge, New York, Columbia University Press, 1994.
  7. Cambridge history of Egypt, vol. 1 ed. C. Petry, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  8. Cambridge history of Iran, vol. 4 ed. R. Frye, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1975.
  9. Cornu, G., Atlas du monde arabo-islamique à l’Epoque Classique IX–X siècles, Leiden, Brill, 1985.
  10. Crone, P. and Cook, M., Hagarism, the making of the Muslim world, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1977.
  11. Dennett, D., Conversion and poll-tax in early Islam, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1950.
  12. Eickelman, D., The Middle East: an anthropological approach, London, Prentice-Hall, 1981.
  13. Gil, M., A history of Palestine, 643–1099, trans. E. Broido, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  14. Goldziher, I., Muslim studies, ed. and trans. C. R. Barber and S. M. Stern, 2 vols, London, George Allen and Unwin, 1967, 1971.
  15. Hodgson, M. G. S., The venture of Islam, vol. 1, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1973.
  16. Humphreys, R. S., Islamic history: a framework for inquiry, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1991.
  17. Kennedy, H., The Armies of the Caliphs, London, Longman, 2001.
  18. Kennedy, H. ed., An historical atlas of Islam, Leiden, Brill, 2002.
  19. Kennedy, H., Caliphate: the history of an idea, London, Pelican, 2016.
  20. Le Strange, G., Palestine under the Moslems, London, Alexander Watt, 1890, reprint London, I. B. Tauris, 2014.
  21. Le Strange, G., Lands of the eastern caliphate, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1905; reprint London, I. B. Tauris, 2014.
  22. New Cambridge history of Islam, vol. 1 ed. C. F. Robinson and vol. 4 ed. R. Irwin, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  23. Shaban, M. A., Islamic history: a new interpretation, 2 vols, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971, 1976.
  24. Verkinderen, P., Waterways of Iraq and Iran in the early Islamic period: changing rivers and landscapes of the Mesopotamian plain, London, I. B. Tauris, 2015.

In addition, the reader should refer to the three editions of The Encyclopaedia of Islam. The first edition, 4 vols and supplement, Leiden, Brill, 1913–42, is still useful, but many of the articles are dated. The second edition, Leiden, Brill, 1954, is fuller and also accessible on CD-ROM. The third edition is in the course of publication, Leiden, Brill 2007–. Many of the articles are of great scholarly value and the Encyclopaedia should always be used to supplement other reading. Another important reference tool is the Encyclopaedia Iranica, ed. E. Yarshater (London and New York 1985–), which contains more discursive articles and is still incomplete. For bibliography, readers should use Index Islamicus: a bibliography of books, articles and reviews of Islam and the Muslim world from 1906 (published 1958 onwards and available on CD-ROM).

Historiography

  1. Conrad, L. I., “The conquest of Arwād: a source-critical study in the historiography of the early medieval Near East”, in A. Cameron and L. I. Conrad (eds.), The Byzantine and early Islamic Near East I: problems in the literary source material, Princeton, NJ, Darwin Press, 1992, 317–401.
  2. Cooperson, M., Classical Arabic biography, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  3. Donner, F. M., Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing, Princeton, NJ, Darwin Press, 1998.
  4. Duri, A. A., The rise of historical writing among the Arabs, ed. and trans. L. I. Conrad, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1983.
  5. El-Hibri, T., Reinterpreting Islamic historiography: Hārūn al-Rashīd and the narrative of the ‘Abbāsid caliphate, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  6. Howard-Johnston, J., Witnesses to a world crisis: historians and histories of the Middle East in the seventh century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2010.
  7. Hoyland, R., Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian writings on early Islam, Princeton, NJ, Darwin Press, 1997.
  8. Kennedy, H. ed., Al-Tabari: a medieval historian and his work, Princeton, NJ, Darwin Press, 2008.
  9. Meisami, J. S., Persian historiography to the end of the twelfth century, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1999.
  10. Robinson, C. F., Islamic historiography, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  11. Shoshan, B., Poetics of Islamic historiography: deconstructing Tabari’s history, Leiden, Brill, 2004.

Historical and geographical sources in English translation

Arabic and Persian

  1. Abū Yūsuf Ya‘qūb b. Ibrāhīm, Kitāb al-Kharāj: taxation in Islam, III, trans. A. Ben Shemesh, Leiden, Brill, 1969.
  2. al-Balādhurī, Aḥmad b. Yaḥyā, Futūh al-Buldān trans. H. Kennedy as The Arab Invasions, London, Bloomsbury, 2022
  3. al-Mas‘ūdī, Murūj al-dhabab: the meadows of gold: the Abbasids, partial trans. P. Lunde and C. Stone, London and New York, Kegan Paul, 1989.
  4. al-Māwardī, Aḥkām al-Sulṭāniyya: the ordinances of government, trans. W. H. Wahba, Reading, Garnet, 1996.
  5. al-Muqaddasī, Aḥsan al-Taqāsim: the best divisions for knowledge of the regions, trans. B. Collins, Reading, Garnet, 2001.
  6. al-Sīrāfī, AbūZayd, Accounts of China and India, ed. and trans. T. Macintosh-Smith, New York, New York University Press, 2014.
  7. al-Ṭabarī, Ta’rīkh: the history of al-Ṭabarī, ed. Y. Yarshater, 38 vols, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1985–2000.
  8. Ibn al-Ḥaytham, Kitāb al-Munāẓarāt: the advent of the Fatimids, trans. W. Madelung and P. E. Walker, London, I. B. Tauris, 2000.
  9. Ibn Ḥabīb, Muhammad, Prominent murder victims of the pre- and early Islamic periods, ed. and trans. G. J. van Gelder, Leiden, Brill, 2020
  10. Ibn Isḥāq, Sīrat Rasūl Allāh: the life of Muhammad, trans. A Guillaume, Karachi, 1955, repr. 1967.
  11. Ibn Khallikān, Wafayāt al-a‘yān: Ibn Khallikān’s biographical dictionary, trans. M. de Slane, 4 vols, Paris, 1842–71.
  12. Idrīs ‘Imād al-Dīn, ‘Uyūn al-akhbar, trans S. Jiwa, “The Founder of Cairo”, London, I. B. Tauris, 2013.
  13. Khalīfa ibn Khayyāṭ, History of the Umayyad Dynasty, trans. C. Wurtzel and R. Hoyland, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2015
  14. Miskawayh, Tajārib al-Umam: the eclipse of the ‘Abbasid caliphate, trans. S. D. Margoliouth, 3 vols, London, I. B. Tauris, 2015.
  15. Nāṣir-i Khusraw, Safarnāma: book of travels, trans. W. M. Thackston, Costa Mesa, Mazda, 2001.
  16. Qudāma b. Ja‘far, Kitāb al-Kharaj: taxation in Islam, II, trans. A. Ben Shemesh, Leiden, Brill, 1965.
  17. Yaḥyā b. Ādam, Kitāb al-Kharāj: taxation in Islam, I, trans. A. Ben Shemesh, Leiden, Brill, 1967.

Eastern Christian sources

  1. Anon., The chronicle of Zuqnin Parts III and IV AD 488–773, trans. A. Harrak, Toronto, 1999.
  2. Anon., The Life of St Simeon of the Olives: an Entrepreneurial Saint in Islamic North Mesopotamia, ed. and trans. R. Hoyland, S. Brock, K. Brunner, and J. Tannous, Piscataway, NJ, Gorgias Press, 2021.
  3. Den Heijer, Mawhūb Ibn Manṣūr Ibn Mufarriǧ et l’historiographie copto-arabe, Louvain, 1989.
  4. Sebeos, The Armenian history, trans. R. W. Thomson with notes by J. Howard-Johnston, 2 vols, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 1999.
  5. Theophanes, The chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor: Byzantium and Near Eastern history AD 284–813, trans. C. Mango and R. Scott, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1997.
  6. Various, The seventh century in Western Syrian chronicles, trans. A. Palmer, Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 1993.
  7. Wood, P., The Chronicle of Seert: the Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  8. Wood, P., The Imam of the Christians: the World of Dionysius of Tel-Mahre c.750–850, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2021.

The matrix of the Muslim world

  1. Bowersock, G. W., Roman Arabia, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1982.
  2. Bowersock, G. W., Brown, P. and Grabar, O., eds., Interpreting late antiquity: essays on the postclassical world, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2001.
  3. Cambridge history of Iran, III “The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods”, ed. E. Yar-Shater, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983.
  4. Daryaee, T., Sasanian Persia: the rise and fall of an empire, London, I. B. Tauris, 2009.
  5. De la Vassiere, E., Soghdian traders. A history, Leiden, Brill, 2005.
  6. El Cheikh, N. M., Byzantium viewed by the Arabs, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2004.
  7. Foss, C., “The Near Eastern countryside in late antiquity: a review article”, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series, 14, 1995, 213–34.
  8. Foss, C., “Syria in transition, AD 550–750”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, li, 1997, 189–270.
  9. Fowden, G., Empire to commonwealth: consequences of monotheism in late antiquity, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1993.
  10. Frye, R., The heritage of Persia, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1964.
  11. Haldon, J., Byzantium in the seventh century, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  12. Horden, P. and Purcell, N., The corrupting sea: a study of Mediterranean history, Oxford, Blackwell, 2000.
  13. Hoyland, R., Arabia and the Arabs: from the bronze age to the coming of Islam, London, Routledge, 2001.
  14. Kennedy, H., “From polis to medina: urban change in late antique and early Islamic Syria”, Past and Present, 106, 1985, 3–27.
  15. Kennedy, H., “Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia”, in A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins and M. Whitby (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, XIV, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 588–611.
  16. Kennedy, H., “From Shahristan to Medina”, Studia Islamica 102/3, 2006, 5–34.
  17. Morony, M., Iraq after the Muslim conquest, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1984.
  18. Pourshariati, P., The decline and fall of the Sasanian Empire, London, I. B. Tauris, 2008.
  19. Retso, J., The Arabs in antiquity: their history from the Assyrians to the Umayyads, London, Routledge, 2003.
  20. Rubin Z., “The Sasanian monarchy”, in A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins and M. Whitby (eds.), Cambridge ancient history, XIV, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 638–61.
  21. Tannous, J., The making of the Medieval Middle East: religion, society and simple believers, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2018
  22. Wickham, C., Framing the early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005.
  23. Wiesehofer, J., Ancient Persia, London, I. B. Tauris, 1996.
  24. Bedouin society and the birth of the Islamic stateCole, D. P., Nomads of the nomads: the Āl Murrah bedouin of the Empty Quarter, Chicago, Aldine, 1975.
  25. Conrad, L. L., The Arabs, in A. Cameron, B. Ward-Perkins and M. Whitby (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History, XIV, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 678–700.
  26. Cook, M., Muhammad, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983.
  27. Crone, P., Meccan trade and the rise of Islam, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.
  28. Donner, F. M., Muhammad and the believers: at the origins of Islam, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2010.
  29. Hawting, G. R., The idea of idolatry and the emergence of Islam: from polemic to history, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  30. Heck, G. W., “Gold mining in Arabia and the rise of the Islamic State”, JESHO, 42, 1999, 364–95.
  31. Kister, M. J., Studies in Jahiliyya and early Islam, London, Variorum, 1980.
  32. Lancaster, W., The Rwala bedouin revisited, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
  33. Lings, M., Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources, Cambridge, Islamic Texts Society, 1991.
  34. Munt, H., The Holy City of Medina: sacred space in early Islamic Arabia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.
  35. Peters, F. E., Muhammad and the origins of Islam, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1994.
  36. Rubin, U., The eye of the beholder: the life of Muhammad as viewed by early Muslims – a textual analysis, Princeton, Darwin Press, 1995.
  37. Watt, W. M., Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1953.
  38. Watt, W. M., Muhammad at Medina, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1956.
  39. Watt, W. M., Muhammad, prophet and statesman, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1961.

Conquest and division in the time of the Rāshidūn caliphs

  1. Afsaruddin, A., Striving in the path of God: jihad and martyrdom in Islamic thought, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  2. Butler, A. J., The Arab conquest of Egypt, ed. P. M. Fraser, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1978.
  3. Donner, F. M., The early Islamic conquests, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1981.
  4. Firestone, R., Jihad: the origin of holy war in Islam, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1999.
  5. Hill, D. R., The termination of hostilities in the early Arab conquests, London, Luzac, 1971.
  6. Hinds, G. M., Studies in early Islamic history, Princeton, Darwin Press, 1996.
  7. Hoyland, R., In God’s path: the Arab conquests and the creation of an Islamic empire, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015.
  8. Jafri, S. M., The origins and early development of Shi‘a Islam, London, Longman, 1979.
  9. Kaegi, W. E., Byzantium and the early Islamic conquests, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
  10. Kennedy, H., The great Arab conquests, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2007.
  11. Madelung, W., The succession to Muḥammad: a study of the early caliphate, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  12. Petersen, E. L., ‘Alī and Mu‘āwiya in early Arabic tradition, Copenhagen, Scandinavian University Books, 1964.
  13. Shoufani, E., Al-Riddah and the Muslim conquest of Arabia, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1972.
  14. Wellhausen, J., The politico-religious factions in early Islam, trans. R. C. Ostle, Amsterdam, New-Holland, 1975.

The Umayyad caliphate

  1. Borrut, A. and Cobb, P. eds., Umayyad legacies. Medieval memories from Syria to Spain, Leiden, Brill, 2010
  2. Borrut, A. and Donner, F. eds., Christians and others in the Early Islamic state, Chicago, Oriental Institute, 2016
  3. Crone, P., Slaves on horses, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1980.
  4. Crone, P. and Hinds, G. M., God’s caliph: religious authority in the first centuries of Islam, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  5. Fowden, G., Quṣayr ‘Amra: Art and the Umayyad elite in late antique Syria, Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 2004.
  6. Hamilton, R., Walīd and his friends: an Umayyad tragedy, Oxford, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art, VI, 1988.
  7. Hawting, G. R., The first dynasty of Islam: the Umayyad caliphate A.D. 661–750, London, Routledge, 2000.
  8. Khalek, N., Damascus after the Muslim Conquest: text and image in early Islam, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011.
  9. Marsham, A., Rituals of Islamic Monarchy: accession and succession in the first Muslim Empire, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2008
  10. Marsham, A. ed., The Umayyad World, London, Routledge, 2021
  11. McMillan, M. E., The meaning of Mecca: the politics of pilgrimage in early Islam, London, Saqi Books, 2011.
  12. Robinson, C., Empire and élites after the Muslim conquest: the transformation of northern Mesopotamia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  13. Robinson, C., ‘Abd al-Malik, Oxford, Oneworld, 2005.
  14. Savant, S. M., The new Muslims of post-conquest Iran: tradition, memory, and conversion, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  15. Sijpesteijn, P. M., Shaping a Muslim state: the world of a mid-eighth-century Egyptian official, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  16. Walmsley, A., “Production, exchange and regional trade in the Islamic East Mediterranean: old structures, new system?” in L. I. Hansen and C. J. Wickham (eds.), The long eighth century, Leiden, Brill, 2000.
  17. Wellhausen, J., The Arab kingdom and its fall, trans. M. G. Weir, Calcutta, Calcutta University Press, 1927.

The early ‘Abbasid caliphate

  1. Agha, S., The revolution which toppled the Umayyads. Neither Arab nor ‘Abbāsid, Leiden, Brill, 2003.
  2. Bennsion, A., The great caliphs: the golden age of the Abbasid empire, London, I. B. Tauris, 2009.
  3. Bernheimer, T., The ‘Alids: the first family of Islam, 750–1200, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2013.
  4. Bonner, M., Aristocratic violence and holy war. Studies in the jihad and the Arab-Byzantine frontier, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1996.
  5. Cobb, P. M., White banners: contention in ‘Abbasid Syria, 750–880, Albany, State University of New York Press, 2001.
  6. Cooperson, M., Al-Ma’mun, Oxford, Oneworld, 2005.
  7. Crone, P., The nativist prophets of early Islamic Iran: rural revolt and local Zoroastrianism, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  8. Daniel, E. L., The political and social history of Khurasan under Abbasid rule, Minneapolis and Chicago, Bibliotheca Islamica, 1979.
  9. El Cheikh, Nadia, Women, Islam and Abbasid identity, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2015
  10. El-Hibri, T., Reinterpreting Islamic historiography: Hārūn al-Rashīd and the narrative of the ‘Abbāsid caliphate, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  11. El-Hibri, T., The Abbasid Caliphate; A history, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2021
  12. Kennedy, H., “Central government and provincial élites in the early ‘Abbāsid caliphate”, BSOAS, 44, 1981, 26–38.
  13. Kennedy, H., The early Abbasid caliphate: a political history, London, Croom Helm, 1981.
  14. Kennedy, H., The court of the caliphs: the rise and fall of Islam’s greatest dynasty, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 2005 (published in the US as When Baghdad ruled the Muslim world, Cambridge, MA, Da Capo, 2004).
  15. Lassner, J., The topography of Baghdad in the early Middle Ages: text and studies, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1970.
  16. Lassner, J., The shaping of ‘Abbāsid rule, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1980.
  17. Lassner, J., Islamic revolution and historical memory: an inquiry into the art of ‘Abbāsid apologetics, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1986.
  18. Le Strange, G., Baghdad during the Abbasid caliphate, London, Cambridge University Press, 1909, reprint, London, I. B. Tauris, 2014.
  19. Shaban, M. A., The Abbasid revolution, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970.
  20. Sharon, M., Black banners from the East, Leiden, Brill, 1983.
  21. Sharon, M., Revolt: the social and military aspects of the ‘Abbasid revolution, Jerusalem, Hebrew University Press, 1990.
  22. Sourdel, D., Le vizirat abbaside, 2 vols, Damascus, Institut Francais de Damas 1959–60.
  23. Yücesoy, H., Messianic beliefs and imperial politics in Medieval Islam: The Abbasid Caliphate in the early ninth century, Columbia, SC, University of South Carolina Press, 2009.
  24. Zaman, M. Q., Religion and Politics under the Early Abbasids Leiden, Leiden Brill, 1997.

The middle ‘Abbasid caliphate

  1. Ayalon, D., “The military reforms of Caliph al-Mu‘taṣim: their background and consequences”, in D. Ayalon (ed.), Islam and the abode of war, Aldershot, Variorum, 1994, 1–39.
  2. Bowen, H., The life and times of ‘Alī b. ‘Īsā, the good vizier, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1928.
  3. Gordon, M. S., The breaking of a thousand swords: a history of the Turkish military of Samarra (AH 200–275/815–889 CE), Albany, State University of New York Press, 2001.
  4. Gutas, D., Greek thought, Arabic literature: the Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early ‘Abbāsid society, London, Routledge, 1998.
  5. Kennedy, H., “Caliphs and their chroniclers in the middle Abbasid period (third/ninth century)”, in C. F. Robinson, (ed.), Texts, documents and artefacts: Islamic studies in honour of D. S. Richards, Leiden, Brill, 2003, 17–35.
  6. Melchert, C., “Religious policies of the caliphs from al-Mutawwakil to al-Muqtadir, AH 232–295/AD 847–908”, Islamic Law and Society, iii, 1996, 316–42.
  7. Popovic, A., The revolt of the African slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th century, Princeton, Markus Wiener, 1999.
  8. Robinson, C. ed., A medieval Islamic city reconsidered: an interdisciplinary approach to Samarra, Oxford, Oxford Studies in Islamic Art XIV, 2001.
  9. Stetkevych, S. P., Abū Tammām and the poetics of the ‘Abbāsid age, Leiden, Brill, 1991.
  10. Turner, J. P., Inquisition in early Islam: the competition for political and religious authority in the Abbasid empire, London, I. B. Tauris, 2013.
  11. van Berkel, M., El-Cheikh, N., Kennedy, H. and Osti, L., Crisis and continuity at the Abbasid court: formal and informal politics in the caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295–320/908–32), Leiden, Brill, 2013.
  12. Waines, D., “The third century internal crisis of the ‘Abbasids”, JESHO, xx, 1977, 282–306.
  13. Zaman, M. Q., Religion and politics under the early ‘Abbāsids: the emergences of the proto-Sunni élite, Leiden, Brill, 1997.

The economic foundations of early Islamic history

  1. Ashtor, E., Social and economic history of the Near East, London, Collins, 1976.
  2. Bates, M., “History, geography and numismatics in the first century of Islamic coinage”, Revue Suisse de Numismatique, 65, 1986, 231–65.
  3. Bessard, F., Caliphs and merchants: cities and economies of power in the Near East (700–950), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2020.
  4. Bulliet, R., Cotton, climate and camels in early Islamic Iran, New York, Columbia University Press 2005
  5. Cooper, J., The Medieval Nile: route, navigation and landscape in Islamic Egypt, Cairo, American University Press, 2015.
  6. Gruszczynski, J., Jankowiak, M. and Shepard, J., Viking Age trade: silver, slaves and Gotland, London, Routledge, 2020.
  7. Heidemann, S., “The merger of two currency zones in early Islam”, Iran, 36, 1998, 95–112.
  8. Kennedy, H., “Military pay and the economy of the early Islamic state”, Historical Research, 75, 2002, 155–69.
  9. Kennedy, H. and Bessard, F., Land and trade in early Islam, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2022.
  10. Kovalev, R., and Kaelin, A., “Circulation of Arab silver in Medieval Afro-Eurasia,” History Compass, 5/1, 2007, 1–21.
  11. Lombard, M., The Golden Age of Islam, new ed., Princeton, Markus Wiener, 2004.
  12. Noonan, T. S., “Early ‘Abbasid mint output”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, xxix, 1986, 113–75.
  13. Shatzmiller, M., Labour in the medieval Islamic World, Leiden, Brill, 1993
  14. Shatzmiller, M., “Plague, wages and economic change in the early Islamic Middle East 700–1500”, Journal of Economic History, 74, 2014, 196
  15. Shatzmiller, M. and I. Pamuk, “Economic performance and economic growth in the early Islamic world”, JESHO 54, 2011, 132–184
  16. Watson, A., Agricultural innovation in the early Islamic world: the diffusion of crops and farming techniques, 700–1100, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1983.

The Buyid confederation

  1. Bosworth, C. E., “Military organization under the Buyids of Persia and Iraq”, Oriens, xviii–xix, 1965–6, 143–67.
  2. Bowen, H., “The last Buwayhids”, JRAS, 1929, 225–45.
  3. Cahen, C., “L’évolution de l’iqṭā‘ du IXe au XIIIe siècle”, Annales, viii, 1953, 25–52.
  4. Donohue, J., The Buwayhid dynasty in Iraq 334H./945 to 403H./1012. Shaping Institutions for the Future, Leiden, Brill, 2003.
  5. Frye, R., The golden age of Persia, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1975.
  6. Madelung, W., “The assumption of the title shāhanshāh by the Būyids”, JNES, xxviii, 1969, 84–105, 168–83.
  7. Makdisi, G., Ibn ‘Āqīl: religion and culture in classical Islam, Edinburgh, Edinburgh Press, 1997.
  8. Mez, A., The renaissance of Islam, trans. Khuda Bakhsh, New Delhi, Kitab Dhavan, 1937.
  9. Minorsky, V., La domination des Dailamites, Paris, Leroux, 1932.
  10. Mottahedeh, R., Loyalty and leadership in an early Islamic society, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2nd edn, 2001.
  11. Richards, D. S. ed., Islamic civilisation, 950–1150, Oxford, Cassirer, 1973.

The Kurds and Azarbayjān

  1. Amedroz, H. F., “The Marwanid dynasty of Mayyāfāriqīn”, JRAS, 1903, 123–54.
  2. Madelung, W., “Abū Isḥāq al-Ṣābī on the Alids of Ṭabaristān and Gīlān”, JNES, xxvi, 1967, 27–57.
  3. Minorsky, V., A history of Sharvan and Darband in the 10th–11th centuries, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1958.
  4. Vanly, I. C., “Le déplacement du pays Kurde vers l’ouest”, RSO, 1, 1976, 353–63.

The Hamdanids and the Byzantine frontier

  1. Bosworth, C. E., “The city of Tarsus and the Arab–Byzantine frontiers in early and middle ‘Abbasid times”, Oriens, xxxiii, 268–86.
  2. Canard, M., Histoire de la dynastie des H’amdanides de Jazîra et de Syrie, Paris, 1953.
  3. Dagron, G., “Minorités ethniques et religieuses dans l’Orient byzantin à la fin du Xe et au XIe siècles: l’immigration syrienne”, Travaux et Memoirs, vi, 1976, 177–216.
  4. Eger, A., The Islamic-Byzantine frontier: interaction and exchange among Muslim and Christian communities, London, I. B. Tauris, 2014.
  5. Haldon, J. F. and Kennedy, H., “The Arab–Byzantine frontier in the eighth and ninth centuries”, Recueil des travaux de l’Institut d’Etudes byzantines (Belgrade), Presses Universitaires de France, xix, 1980, 79–116.
  6. Honigmann, E., Die Ostgrenze des byzantinischen Reiches, Brussels, Institut de philologie et d’histoire orientales, 1961.
  7. Von Sievers, P., “Merchants and nomads: the social evolution of the Syrian cities and countryside, 780–969/164–358”, Islam, lvi, 1979, 212–44.
  8. Von Sievers, P., “Taxation and trade in the ‘Abbasid Thughur”, JESHO, xxv, 1982, 71–99.

Bedouin political movements and dynasties

  1. Cahen, Cl., “Mouvements populaires et autonomisme urbain dans l’Asie musulmane du moyenage”, Arabica, v, 1958, 225–50, vi, 1959, 25–56, 223–65.
  2. Heidemann, S., Die Renaissance der Stadte in Nordsyrien und Nordmesopotamien: Stadtische Entwicklung und wirtschaftliche Bedingungen in ar-Raqqa und ḥarrān von der Zeit der beduinischen Vorherrschaft bis zu den Seldschuken, Leiden, Brill, 2002.
  3. Makdisi, G., “Notes on Ḥilla and the Mazyadids in medieval Islam”, JAOS, lxxiv, 1954, 249–62.
  4. Zakkar, S., The emirate of Aleppo 1004–1094, Beirut, Dar al-Amanah, 1971.

Eastern Iran

  1. Barthold, V., Turkestan down to the Mongol invasions, London, Gibb Memorial Series, 1968.
  2. Biran, M., “Qarakhanid studies: a view from the Qara Khitai edge”, Cahiers d’Asia Centrale, 9, 2001, 73–85.
  3. Bosworth, C. E., The Ghaznavids: their empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994–1040, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 1963
  4. Bosworth, C. E., “The rulers of Chaghāniyān in early Islamic times’, Iran, 19, 1981, 1–20
  5. Folz, R., A history of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, London, Bloomsbury, 2019.
  6. Frye, R., Bukhara: the medieval achievement, Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 1965
  7. Frye, R., The golden age of Persia: the Arabs in the East, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1988
  8. Peacock, A, Medieval Islamic historiography and political legitimacy; Balʿami’s Tarikhnāma, London, Routledge, 2007
  9. Soucek, S., A history of inner Asia, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  10. Treadwell, L., “The Samanids: the first Islamic Dynasty of Central Asia”, in E. Herzig and S. Stewart (eds.), Early Islamic Iran. The idea of Iran. London and New York, I.B. Tauris, 2011, 3–15

Early Islamic Egypt and the Fatimid empire

  1. AbūIzzeddin, N. M., The Druzes. A new study of their history, faith and society, Leiden, Brill, 1984.
  2. Bacharach, J. L., “The career of Muḥammad ibn Ṭughj al-Ikhshīd”, Speculum, 50, 1975, 586–612.
  3. Bareket, E., Fustat on the Nile: the Jewish élite in medieval Egypt, Leiden, Brill, 1999.
  4. Barrucand, M. ed., Egypte fatimide: son art et son histoire, Paris, Presses d’universite Paris-Sorbonne, 2000.
  5. Bianquis, T., “La prise de pouvoir par les Fatimides en Egypte”, JESHO, 23, 1980, 67–101.
  6. Bianquis, T., Damas et la Syrie sous la domination Fatimide (359–468/969–1076), 2 vols, Damascus, Institut Francais de Damas, 1986–89.
  7. Cortese, D., Women and the Fatimids in the world of Islam, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
  8. Daftary, F., The Ismīā’īlīs: their history and doctrines, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1990.
  9. Goitein, S., A Mediterranean society, 4 vols, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1967–83.
  10. Halm, H., The empire of the Mahdi: the rise of the Fatimids, Leiden, Brill, 1996.
  11. Halm, H., The Fatimids and their traditions of learning, London, I. B. Tauris, 1997.
  12. Lev, Y., State and society in Fatimid Egypt, Leiden, Brill, 1991.
  13. Petry, C., The Cambridge history of Egypt, I, Islamic Egypt, 640–1517, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1998.
  14. Rustow, M., Heresy and the politics of community: the Jews of the Fatimid caliphate, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2008.
  15. Saunders, P., Ritual, politics and the city in Fatimid Cairo, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1994.
  16. Staffa, S., Conquest and fusion: the social evolution of Cairo, Leiden, Brill, 1977.
  17. Walker, P. E., Exploring an Islamic empire: Fatimid history and its sources, London, I. B. Tauris, 2002.