B.C.E.
| 586 | Babylonian Exile begins |
| 538 | Persians permit the Jews to return to Judah |
| 332 | Alexander defeats the Persians; Hellenistic period begins |
| 300–200 | Land of Israel falls under the control of the Ptolemies of Egypt |
| 200 | Land of Israel falls under the control of the Seleucids of Syria |
| 164 | Maccabean victory; Maccabean period begins |
| 63 | Romans capture Jerusalem; Roman period begins |
C.E.
| 70 | The Jerusalem temple is destroyed; |
| Tannaitic period begins (70–225) | |
| 132–135 | Bar Kokhba Revolt |
| 225 | Redaction of the Mishnah; |
| Amoraic period begins (225–550) | |
| 400 | Redaction of the Palestinian Talmud |
| 550–750 | Redaction of the Babylonian Talmud |